Patent Application
20170362944
The present invention relates to a gas turbine engine component with a protective coating.
Gas turbine engines have numerous sealing elements to limit or control air movement within the engine. For example, such elements can control leakage of hot working gas from the working gas annulus to disc cavities in the engine that contain cooling fluid. One method of forming a rotating seal is to reduce the clearance between adjacent components at a seal fin. This approach is used, for example, in labyrinth seals, which create resistance to airflow by forcing the air to traverse a series of such fins.
To obtain a small clearance between the components, an abrasive coating may be applied to the seal fins.
The embodiment of hard particles such as boron nitride in such a coating may produce regions of high stress concentration in the coating adjacent to sharp points on the embedded particles. Cracks can initiate from these points, but in normal usage these cracks are deflected along the coating interfaces and thus do not enter the body of the component.
However, at high temperatures (e.g. temperatures greater than 600° C.) the coating may diffusion bond to the body of the component. This can be problematic because cracks initiated adjacent to the hard particles can then more easily propagate from the coating into the component across the diffusion bonded interface. Such cracks may eventually lead to fatigue failure of the component and thus reduce the component's functional lifespan.
In general terms the present invention provides a component with a protective coating which reduces or prevents diffusion bonding of the coating to the component.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a gas turbine engine component made of a nickel-based superalloy, the gas turbine engine component comprising a protective coating including:
The inner diffusion barrier layer reduces or prevents diffusion bonding of the outer layer to the component. The diffusion barrier layer may reduce or prevent diffusion bonding of the outer layer to the component by providing a limited mutual solubility between itself and one or more elements for immobilisation. In some examples, the diffusion barrier layer may prevent one or more selected elements from being transferred between the outer layer and the component. The diffusion barrier layer may also prevent one or more selected elements from being transferred between the diffusion barrier layer and the component. Thus, the diffusion barrier layer may not be diffusion bonded, in use, to the component. To ensure diffusion does not take place, the driving force for material migration may be limited to a driving force, according to the one or more selected elements, below the driving force required for diffusion bonding to occur.
The diffusion barrier layer may be any one or more of an inert material, metal or alloy. The diffusion barrier layer may be inert during use. The diffusion barrier layer may be inert in the environment of interest. The diffusion barrier layer may be either or both of a noble metal or alloy. The diffusion barrier layer may exclude the one or more elements selected for immobilisation. The diffusion barrier layer may exclude the element nickel, as an element selected for immobilisation, to reduce the driving force for material migration between either or both of the outer layer and the diffusion barrier layer and the component. Thus, in some examples, diffusion bonding between the component and either or both of the outer layer and the diffusion barrier layer may be at least partially reduced. In further examples, by the diffusion barrier layer excluding the element nickel, diffusion bonding between the component and either or both of the outer layer and the diffusion barrier layer may be prevented. Thus, the diffusion barrier layer may exclude the element nickel.
The diffusion barrier layer may provide the further advantage of reducing the propagation of cracks from the outer layer, and particularly cracks emanating from a stress-concentrating feature or particle at least partially contained within the composite layer, into the component. The diffusion barrier layer may provide the further advantage of preventing the propagation of cracks from the outer layer, and particularly cracks emanating from a stress-concentrating feature or particle at least partially contained within the composite layer, into the component. In some examples, the diffusion barrier layer may be provided in a structure comprising one or more layers. In some examples, the diffusion barrier layer may be provided in a structure comprising two or more layers. Thus, the inner diffusion barrier layer may comprise two or more layers. The or each layer may have a thickness of between 00.1 μm and 5 mm. The or each layer may have a thickness of between 0.1 μm and 3 mm. The or each layer may have a thickness of between 1 μm and 2 mm. The or each layer may have a thickness of between 10 μm and 1 mm. Thus, the diffusion barrier layer may retain a layered structure, in use. In some examples, the layered structure may retard or deflect crack propagation. This may be achieved by cracks propagating along or being blunted by a boundary between a first and second layer of the diffusion barrier layer. This damage mechanism may be preferable to cracks propagating either or both of from the outer layer to the component, or from the outer layer towards the component via the diffusion barrier layer.
In further examples, the diffusion barrier layer may be comprised of a material, metal or alloy having a vickers hardness which is lower than the vickers hardness of the outer layer. In further examples, the diffusion barrier layer may be comprised of a material, metal or alloy having a vickers hardness which is lower than the vickers hardness of the component. In further examples, the diffusion barrier layer may be comprised of a material, metal or alloy having a ductility which is greater than the ductility of the outer layer. In further examples, the diffusion barrier layer may be comprised of a material, metal or alloy having a ductility which is greater than vickers hardness of the component. Thus, cracks propagating into the diffusion barrier layer from either or both of the component or the outer layer may be arrested. This may be due to a plastic region being formed around the crack tip. The plastic region may provide any one of crack closure, no appreciate crack growth, or a retardation of crack growth rate relative to the crack growth rate expected under equivalent loading conditions should the plastic region not be present.
Thus, the diffusion barrier layer may increase the component's functional lifespan. By inhibiting this interdiffusion the barrier layer also facilitates removal of the coating at repair and overhaul.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a gas turbine engine having a component according to the first aspect.
Another aspect of the present invention provides the use of a component of the first aspect in a gas turbine engine at temperatures above 600° C.
Optional features of the invention will now be set out. These are applicable singly or in any combination with any aspect of the invention.
The selected element(s) of the barrier layer may form at least 80% (and preferably at least 90% or 95%) by weight of the mass of the barrier layer. The barrier layer may consist substantially entirely of the selected element(s). The hard particles may be cubic boron nitride.
Preferably the inner diffusion barrier layer includes platinum.
The matrix may be Co—CrC, Ni or Ni alloy.
The outer layer may be electroplated.
The barrier layer may be electroplated, thermally sprayed, sputtered, or produced by CVD or PVD.
The protective coating may further include a separation layer of (e.g. electroplated) nickel between the diffusion barrier and the outer layer, the separation layer spacing the hard particles from the diffusion barrier layer.
The protective coating may further include an entrapment layer of (e.g. electroplated) nickel immediately beneath the outer layer, undersides of the hard particles of the outer layer being entrapped in the entrapment layer to hold the hard particles in position before encapsulation of the hard particles in the matrix of the outer layer.
The component may have one or more seal fins having the protective coating.
The component may be a rotor blade, a rotor disc, or a rotor drum. In the case of a rotor blade, the protective coating may be provided at the tip of the blade.
The inner diffusion barrier layer may consist of any one or any combination of elements selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium and iridium.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a gas turbine engine component made of a nickel-based superalloy, the gas turbine engine component comprising a protective coating including:
The inner diffusion barrier layer reduces or prevents diffusion bonding of the outer layer to the component. By excluding the element nickel, diffusion bonding of the outer layer to the component is prevented. Advantageously, this also reduces or prevents the propagation of cracks from the outer layer, and particularly cracks emanating from a stress-concentrating feature or particle at least partially contained within the composite layer, into the component.
In a yet further aspect, the present invention provides a gas turbine engine component made of a nickel-based superalloy, the gas turbine engine component comprising a protective coating including:
By limiting the combination of elements comprised within the diffusion barrier layer to any one or any combination of elements selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium and iridium, diffusion bonding of the outer layer to the component is prevented. Advantageously, this also reduces or prevents the propagation of cracks from the outer layer, and particularly cracks emanating from a stress-concentrating feature or particle at least partially contained within the composite layer, into the component.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
With reference to
During operation, air entering the intake 11 is accelerated by the fan 12 to produce two air flows: a first air flow A into the intermediate-pressure compressor 13 and a second air flow B which passes through the bypass duct 22 to provide propulsive thrust. The intermediate-pressure compressor 13 compresses the air flow A directed into it before delivering that air to the high-pressure compressor 14 where further compression takes place.
The compressed air exhausted from the high-pressure compressor 14 is directed into the combustion equipment 15 where it is mixed with fuel and the mixture combusted. The resultant hot combustion products then expand through, and thereby drive the high, intermediate and low-pressure turbines 16, 17, 18 before being exhausted through the nozzle 19 to provide additional propulsive thrust. The high, intermediate and low-pressure turbines respectively drive the high and intermediate-pressure compressors 14, 13 and the fan 12 by suitable interconnecting shafts.
The engine 10 has labyrinth seals radially inwards of the working gas annulus to control leakage of hot working gas from the annulus to disc cavities in the engine. These seals typically comprise a series of seal fins.
The tip of the seal fin is provided with a protective coating 44 which includes an outer layer 48 made of a hard material with hard particles 50 embedded in a matrix 52. The hard particles may be cubic boron nitride particles and the matrix in which the particles are embedded may be Co—CrC, Ni or Ni alloy. When the component is installed in a gas turbine engine, the hard particles in the outer layer abrade the softer material of the runner surface to form a groove in the runner surface.
Below the outer layer 48, the protective coating 44 has a nickel entrapment layer 54 which entraps the undersides of the hard particles 50 to hold the particles in place before they are encapsulated in the matrix 52.
Below the entrapment layer 54, the protective coating 44 has a nickel separation layer 56 which spaces the particles 50 from the main body 42 of the seal fin.
In this way, the matrix 52 is shown to be a thickness which is less than the longest dimension of the hard particles 50 so that one or more of the hard particles 50 extend from the nickel entrapment layer 54 through the matrix 52 so as to protrude from the surface of the outer layer 48.
In some examples, one or more of the hard particles 50 extend from the nickel entrapment layer 54 through the matrix 52 without protruding from the surface of the outer layer 48. In further examples, one or more of the hard particles 50 are completely contained within the matrix 52 without protruding from the surface of the outer layer 48
In some examples, the matrix 52 is of a thickness which is less than the longest dimension of the hard particles 50 so that at least about 10% (by number) of the hard particles 50 extend from the nickel entrapment layer 54 through the matrix 52 so as to protrude from the surface of the outer layer 48. Alternatively, at least about 50% (by number) of the hard particles 50 extend from the nickel entrapment layer 54 through the matrix 52 so as to protrude from the surface of the outer layer 48. Alternatively, at least about 80% (by number) of the hard particles 50 extend from the nickel entrapment layer 54 through the matrix 52 so as to protrude from the surface of the outer layer 48. In final examples, at least about 90% (by number), or 95% (by number) of the hard particles 50 extend from the nickel entrapment layer 54 through the matrix 52 so as to protrude from the surface of the outer layer 48.
In some examples, the matrix 52 is of a thickness greater than the longest dimension of at least some of the hard particles 50 so that one or more of the hard particles 50 are completely contained within the matrix 52. Such hard particles 50 embedded within the matrix 52 provide added resistance to abrasion of the outer layer 48 by such abrasion revealing further hard particles 50. The revealing of further hard particles 50 provides added abrasive effect and prevents rapid wear of the outer layer 48 should hard particles 50 become worn or dislodged from the matrix 52. Where the matrix 52 is of a thickness equal to or greater than the longest dimension of the hard particles 50, it is required that one or more hard particles 50 protrude from the matrix 52 in order to provide an abrasive effect.
Where the matrix 52 is of a thickness which is less than, equal to, or greater than the longest dimension of at least some of the hard particles 50, the thickness of either or both of the matrix 52 and particle size distribution can vary so as to allow only a particular percentage (by number) of hard particles 50 to protrude from the matrix 52.
The protective coating 44 also has a diffusion barrier layer 46 located between the nickel-based main body 42 of the seal fin and the separation layer 56. The protective coating includes any one or any combination of platinum, palladium, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium and iridium, and it reduces or prevents the diffusion of either or both of nickel and other elements thereacross. Such diffusion can be particularly problematic at temperatures above 600° C. The diffusion barrier layer 46 thus reduces or prevents diffusion bonding of the protective coating 44 to the main body 42 of the seal fin. In this way, the propagation of cracks initiated at the hard particles 50 into the seal fin can be avoided. Thus, the likelihood of fatigue failure of the component occurring is reduced and the component's functional lifespan may be increased. In further examples, to reduce or prevent the diffusion of nickel between the nickel-based main body 42 of the seal fin and the separation layer 56, the diffusion barrier layer 46 excludes the element nickel. In yet further examples, to reduce or prevent the diffusion of nickel between the nickel-based main body 42 of the seal fin and the separation layer 56, the diffusion barrier layer 46 consists of (i.e. exclusively includes) any one or any combination of elements selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium and iridium.
For improved diffusion bonding protection, the selected element(s) of the barrier layer may form at least 80% (and preferably at least 90% or 95%) by weight of the mass of the barrier layer. Indeed, the barrier layer may consist substantially entirely of the selected element(s).
The diffusion barrier layer 46, separation layer 56, entrapment layer 54 and outer layer 48 may be applied by successive electroplating procedures. For example, Praxair Surface Technologies TBT406™ electroplating process or Abrasive Technologies ATA3C™ electroplating process may be used to form the separation, entrapment and outer layers. However, methods such as thermal spraying, plasma vapour deposition, chemical vapour deposition and sputtering may be used as appropriate to form any one or more of the layers.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. For example, the diffusion barrier layer can be applied to other coating systems where there is an outer layer of hard material formed of hard particles embedded in a matrix, and a risk of diffusion bonding of that layer to an underlying nickel-based superalloy substrate.
Moreover, the invention is not limited to seal fin applications. For example, in a gas turbine engine context, the protective coating can be usefully applied to the tips of rotor blades, thereby enhancing the ability of the blades to abrade surrounding casings. It can also be applied to rotor discs or rotor drums.
Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1610768.2 | Jun 2016 | GB | national |
| 1705642.5 | Apr 2017 | GB | national |
