Gastrointestinal compositions

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to compositions and methods for treating and/or preventing lower gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in mammalian patients, more particularly for alleviating and/or preventing the lower GI symptoms associated with such disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The primary function of the gastrointestinal tract is the absorption of ingested nutrients. This is achieved when transit along the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract is at a rate which facilitates optimal digestion and absorption of water and electrolytes abnormal patterns in gastrointestinal motility result in number of disorders ranging from diffuse esophageal spasm (an esophageal obstructive disorder characterized by dysphagia), achalasia (an obstructive disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax adequately resulting in dysphagia) and noncardiac chest pain to functional bowel disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), non-ulcer dyspepsia, and idiopathic constipation.

[0004] IBS is particularly disturbing since it involves chronic episodes of diarrhea and/or constipation for which there is no identifiable organic cause. The disorder appears to result from faulty regulation in both the gastrointestinal and nervous systems.

[0005] Where drug therapy is indicated, the therapy includes prokinetic agents for constipation; anticholinergics, antispasmodics such as trimebutine, tricylic and serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, and sedatives for cramping pain; and opiates (such as loperamide and diphenoxylate) and cholestyramine for diarrhea. However, such therapy has proven to have limited, if any, efficacy.

[0006] Clearly, therefore, a significant unmet need remains for an efficacious and comprehensive treatment of patients afflicted with such lower GI disorders, including alleviation of such lower GI symptoms as chronic diarrhea, constipation and cramps.

[0007] The present inventors have found that gastrointestinal compositions comprising a gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs in combination with amino-ether and/or ester oxides provide a more comprehensive reduction in IBS symptoms as compared to previous drug therapies.

[0008] Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to provide gastrointestinal compositions.

[0009] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide gastrointestinal compositions which prevent, reduce or alleviate the symptoms associated with IBS.

[0010] A further aspect of the present invention is to provide gastrointestinal compositions comprising gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs in combination with amino-ether and/or ester oxides.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention relates to compositions for treating or preventing gastrointestinal disorders, comprising:

[0012] a) a GABA analog of the formula selected from the group consisting of:

[0013] and mixtures thereof; and

[0014] b) an amino-ether and/or -ester oxide having the formula:

[0015] in which: R1 is a lower alkyl, R2 and R3 which are the same or different are hydrogen or lower alkyl, R4 is a phenyl or phenoxy nucleus optionally monosubstituted to trisubstituted by substituents which are identical or different, halogen or lower alkoxy, R5 is a phenyl radical optionally monosubstituted to trisubstituted by substituents which are the same or different, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or nitro, a pyridyl radical or a lower alkyl radical, Q is —O— or —COO—, n is equal to zero, 1 or 2, m and q are, independently of one another, equal to zero or to 1, p is an integer ranging from 0 to 9.

[0016] Methods of treating or preventing gastrointestinal disorders using the above compositions are also disclosed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] All percentages and ratios used herein are by weight of the total composition and all measurements made are at 25. degree. C., unless otherwise designated.

[0018] The compositions of the present invention can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, the essential as well as optional ingredients and components described herein. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” means that the composition or component may include additional ingredients, but only if the additional ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed compositions or methods.

[0019] All publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0020] As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable” component is one that is suitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

[0021] By “safe and effective amount” is meant an amount of a compound or composition which is high enough to positively modify the condition being treated, but low enough to avoid serious side effects at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio within the scope of sound medical judgement. The safe and effective amount may vary with the age and physical condition of the person being treated, the severity of the condition, the specific ingredients employed, and like factors.

[0022] The phrase “gastrointestinal disorder”, as used herein, means a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small and large intestines and the rectum, and/or symptoms usually attributed to a dysfunction of one or more of these organs, such as diarrhea, constipation and/or abdominal and lower abdominal cramping or pain. It is understood that gastro intestinal disorders include both disorders for which an organic cause (e.g. infection by a parasite) is known and disorders for which no organic cause can be ascertained, such as IBS. Gastrointestinal disorders, therefore, include, but are not limited to, irritable bowel syndrome, functional diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and infectious diarrhea such as diarrhea associated with amebiasis, giardiasis, a viral infection, cytomegalovirus infection, or a pathogenic bacterial infection. The bacterial infection may, for example, be an infection by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of a bacterium of the genus Escherichia, an Escherichia coli 0157:H7 bacterium, a bacterium of the genus Salmonella, a bacterium of the genus Shigella, a bacterium of the genus Campylobacter, a bacterium of the species Campylobacter jejuni, and a bacterium of the genus Yersinia

[0023] The gastrointestinal compositions of the present invention, including the essential and optional components thereof, are described in detail hereinafter.

[0024] Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Analogs

[0025] The compositions and methods of this invention utilize a safe and effective amount of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogs. A GABA analog is any compound derived from or based upon gamma-aminobutyric acid. The compounds are readily available, either commercially, or by synthetic methodology well known to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry. GABA analogs used in the present invention are cyclic amino acids of Formula I.

[0026] wherein R1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and n is an integer of from 4 to 6, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. An especially useful embodiment utilizes a compound of Formula I where R1 is hydrogen and n is 5, which compound is 1-(aminomethyl)-cyclohexane acetic acid, known generically as gabapentin. Also useful herein are GABA analogs of Formula I wherein the cyclic ring is substituted, for example with alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl.

[0027] Typical compounds include (1-aminomethyl-3-methylcyclohexyl) acetic acid, (1-aminomethyl-3-methylcyclopentyl)acetic acid, and (1-aminomethyl-3,4-dimethylcyclopentyl)acetic acid. Compounds and embodiments of Formula I are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,175; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Also useful in the present invention are GABA analogs of Formula II.

[0028] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is a straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl, or cycloalkyl of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; R2 is hydrogen or methyl; and R3 is hydrogen, methyl, or carboxyl. Diastereomers and enantiomers of compounds of Formula II can be utilized in the invention. An especially useful embodiment employs a compound of Formula II where R2 and R3 are both hydrogen, and R1 is —(CH2)0-2-iC4H9 as an (R), (S), or (R,S) isomer.

[0029] 3-(1-aminoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, 3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid, and (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (now known generically as pregabalin, as well as CI-1008) are also useful herein. Compounds and embodiments represented by Formula II can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,175, which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0030] The percentage of the active ingredient in the foregoing compositions can be varied within wide limits, but for practical purposes it is preferably present in a concentration of at least 10% in a solid composition and at least 2% in a primary liquid composition. The most satisfactory compositions are those in which a much higher proportion of the active ingredient is present, for example, from 10% to 90% by weight.

[0031] The amount of GABA analog in the composition will generally be from about 1 to about 300 mg per kg, preferably from about 5 to about 200 mg per kg, more preferably from about 10 to about 100 mg per kg of subject body weight. Typical doses will be from about 10 to about 5000 mg, preferably from about 20 to about 800 mg, per day for an adult subject of normal weight. It is expected that common doses that might be administered could be from 100 mg three times a day up to 600 mg four times a day. Useful intravenous dose is between about 5 and about 50 mg. (The intravenous dosage is within the dosing range used in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcers and IBS, or as would be dictated by the needs of the patient as described by the physician.) A more complete description of acceptable GABA analog effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,418 and 6,117,908, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0032] Amino-Ether and/or Ester Oxides

[0033] The compositions and methods of the present invention also comprise a safe and effective amount of an amino-ether and/or -ester oxide. Amino-ether and/or -ester oxides according to the invention conform to the formula:

[0034] in which: R1 is a lower alkyl, R2 and R3 which are the same or different are hydrogen or lower alkyl, R4 is a phenyl or phenoxy nucleus optionally monosubstituted to trisubstituted by substituents which are identical or different, halogen or lower alkoxy, R5 is a phenyl radical optionally monosubstituted to trisubstituted by substituents which are the same or different, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or nitro, a pyridyl radical or a lower alkyl radical, Q is —O— or —COO—, n is equal to zero, 1 or 2, m and q are, independently of one another, equal to zero or to 1, p is an integer ranging from 0 to 9.

[0035] By lower radical are meant radicals having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain.

[0036] If R5 is alkyl, it is preferably methyl. If the amino-ether oxides are halogenated, they are preferably brominated or chlorinated.

[0037] The invention also embraces the acid addition salts of amino-ether oxides, notably those of mineral acids, such as halohydrates, sulphates, phosphates, or organic acids such as maleates, citrates, malates, tartrates, methanesulphonates, camphosulphonates, benzoates, etc.

[0038] The invention further covers both racemic and optionally active forms which can be separated, particularly by forming salts with optically active acids.

[0039] Examples of suitable amino-ether and/or -ester oxides include trimebutine (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylbutyl ester), fedotozine ((R)-α-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-α-[[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) methoxy]methyl] benzenemethanamine) and mixtures thereof.

[0040] Trimebutine is available under the tradenames Modulon (Canada), Debridat (Italy), Cerekinon (Japan), and Polibutin (Spain). A more detailed description of Fedotozine can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,163 to Torossian et al. (1981) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,080 to Aubard et al. (1993), both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0041] Fedotozine has been administered effectively at dosages of up to 210 mg daily, preferably 30 to 70 mg three times daily, and up to 100 mg intravenously daily. Trimebutine has been effectively administered orally at up to 600 mg/day, preferably up to 200 milligrams 3 times daily, or intramuscularly/intravenously at up to 100 milligrams every 12 hours. While mindful of individual patient parameters and symptom severity, the amino-ether and/or ester oxides are preferably administered orally at 1-75 mg/kg, preferably 2-50 mg/kg and most preferably at 5-20 mg/kg.

[0042] The compositions of the present invention can additionally contain:

[0043] A. Anti-Inflammatory Agents

[0044] A safe and effective amount of an anti-inflammatory agent may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. The exact amount of anti-inflammatory agent to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular anti-inflammatory agent utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various NSAID's, including acceptable analgesically effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention also appears in applicants co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 474,358, filed Mar. 11, 1983, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,436, and 578,288, filed Feb. 8, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,826 the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0045] Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including but not limited to, corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone, hydroxyltriamcinolone, alpha-methyl dexamethasone, dexamethasone-phosphate, beclomethasone dipropionates, clobetasol valerate, desonide, desoxymethasone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, dexamethasone, dichlorisone, diflorasone diacetate, diflucortolone valerate, fluadrenolone, fluclorolone acetonide, fludrocortisone, flumethasone pivalate, fluosinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, flucortine butylesters, fluocortolone, fluprednidene (fluprednylidene) acetate, flurandrenolone, halcinonide, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone butyrate, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide, cortisone, cortodoxone, flucetonide, fludrocortisone, difluorosone diacetate, fluradrenolone, fludrocortisone, diflurosone diacetate, fluradrenolone acetonide, medrysone, amcinafel, amcinafide, betamethasone and the balance of its esters, chloroprednisone, chlorprednisone acetate, clocortelone, clescinolone, dichlorisone, diflurprednate, flucloronide, flunisolide, fluoromethalone, fluperolone, fluprednisolone, hydrocortisone valerate, hydrocortisone cyclopentylpropionate, hydrocortamate, meprednisone, paramethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, beclomethasone dipropionate, triamcinolone, and mixtures thereof may be used. Mixtures of the above steroidal anti-inflammatory agents can also be used. The preferred steroidal anti-inflammatory for use is hydrocortisone.

[0046] A second class of anti-inflammatory agents which is useful in the compositions includes the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The variety of compounds encompassed by this group are well-known to those skilled in the art. For detailed disclosure of the chemical structure, synthesis, side effects, etc. of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, reference may be had to standard texts, including Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Rheumatic Drugs, K. D. Rainsford, Vol. I-III, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1985), and Anti-inflammatory Agents, Chemistry and Pharmacology 1, R. A. Scherrer, et al., Academic Press, New York (1974), each incorporated herein by reference.

[0047] Specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents useful in the composition invention include, but are not limited to:

[0048] 1) the oxicams, such as piroxicam, isoxicam, tenoxicam, sudoxicam, and CP-14,304;

[0049] 2) the salicylates, such as aspirin, disalcid, benorylate, trilisate, safapryn, solprin, diflunisal, and fendosal;

[0050] 3) the acetic acid derivatives, such as diclofenac, fenclofenac, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, isoxepac, furofenac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acematacin, fentiazac, zomepirac, clindanac, oxepinac, felbinac, and ketorolac;

[0051] 4) the fenamates, such as mefenamic, meclofenamic, flufenamic, niflumic, and tolfenamic acids;

[0052] 5) the propionic acid derivatives, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, indopropfen, pirprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pranoprofen, miroprofen, tioxaprofen, suprofen, alminoprofen, and tiaprofenic; and

[0053] 6) the pyrazoles, such as phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, feprazone, azapropazone, and trimethazone.

[0054] Mixtures of these non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may also be employed, as well as the pharmologically acceptable salts and esters of these agents. For example, etofenamate, a flufenamic acid derivative, is particularly useful for topical application. Of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, ibuprofen, naproxen, flufenamic acid, etofenamate, aspirin, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, piroxicam and felbinac are preferred; ibuprofen, naproxen, etofenamate, aspirin and flufenamic acid are most preferred.

[0055] Finally, so-called “natural” anti-inflammatory agents are useful in methods of the subject invention. Such agents may suitably be obtained as an extract by suitable physical and/or chemical isolation from natural sources (e.g., plants, fungi, by-products of microorganisms). For example, candelilla wax, alpha bisabolol, aloe vera, Manjistha (extracted from plants in the genus Rubia, particularly Rubia Cordifolia), and Guggal (extracted from plants in the genus Commiphora, particularly Commiphora Mukul), kola extract, chamomile, and sea whip extract, may be used. Additional anti-inflammatory agents useful herein include compounds of the Licorice (the plant genus/species Glycyrrhiza glabra) family, including glycyrrhetic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, and derivatives thereof (e.g., salts and esters). Suitable salts of the foregoing compounds include metal and ammonium salts. Suitable esters include C2-C24 saturated or unsaturated esters of the acids, preferably C10-C24, more preferably C16-C24. Specific examples of the foregoing include oil soluble licorice extract, the glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetic acids themselves, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, monopotassium glycyrrhizinate, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, 1-beta-glycyrrhetic acid, stearyl glycyrrhetinate, and 3-stearyloxy-glycyrrhetinic acid, and disodium 3-succinyloxy-beta-glycyrrhetinate. Stearyl glycyrrhetinate is preferred.

[0056] Mixtures of any of the above anti-inflammatory agents can also be used.

[0057] B. Laxatives

[0058] A safe and effective amount of a laxative may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. The exact amount of laxative to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular laxative utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more omplete description of the various laxatives, including acceptable laxative effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,524; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety; as well as the Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs, 12th Ed., Chapter 12, pp. 279-290 (American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C.; 2000); and Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 1166-1177; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0059] Laxatives useful herein include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic derivatives of cellulose (such methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium), malt soup extract, polyacrylic resins (preferably hydrophilic forms such as polycarbophil and calcium polycarbophil), plantago seeds, psyllium husk, dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate, dioctyl potassium sulfosuccinate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, mineral oil, magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium biphosphate, glycerin, anthraquinones or anthracene laxatives (such as aloe, cascara sagrada, danthron, senna, aloin, casanthranol, frangula, and rhubarb), diphenylmethanes (such as bisacodyl and phenolphthalein), and castor oil. Mixtures of the above laxatives can also be used.

[0060] C. Antidiarrheals

[0061] A safe and effective amount of an antidiarrheal may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. The exact amount of the antidiarrheal to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular antidiarrheal utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various antidiarrheals, including acceptable antidiarrheal effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in the Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs, 12th Ed., Chapter 13, pp. 312-316 (American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C.; 2000); and Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 1178-1182; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0062] Antidiarrheals useful herein include, but are not limited to, natural or synthetic opiates (such as difenoxin, diphenoxylate, pargoric, opium tincture, and loperamide), anticholinergics (such as belladonna alkoloids—atropine hyoscyamine, and hyosine), acetyltannic acid, albumin tannate, alkofanone, aluminum salicylates, catechin, lidamidine, mebiquine, trillium, and uzarin. Mixtures of the above antidiarrheals can also be used.

[0063] D. Antiulcerative

[0064] A safe and effective amount of an antiulcerative may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. The exact amount of the antiulcerative to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular antiulcerative utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various antiulceratives, including acceptable antiulcerative effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in the Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 1131-1139; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0065] Antiulcerative useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, aceglutamide aluminum complex, ε-acetamidocaproic acid zinc salt, acetoxolone, arbaprostil, benexate hydrochloride, bismuth subcitrate sol (dried), carbenoxolone, cetraxate, cimetidine, enprostil, esaprazole, famotidine, ftaxilide, gefarnate, guaiazulene, irsogladine, nizatidine, omeprazole, omoprostil, γ-oryzanol, pifarnine, pirenzepine, plaunotol, ranitidine, rioprostil, rosaprostol, rotraxate, roxatidine acetate, sofalcone, spizofurone, sucralfate, teprenone, trimoprostil, thrithiozine, troxipide, and zolimidine. Mixtures of the above antiulcerative can also be used.

[0066] E. Antibiotics.

[0067] A safe and effective amount of an antibiotic may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. The exact amount of the antibiotic to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular antibiotic utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A complete description of the various antibiotics, including acceptable antibiotic effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in the Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 1217-1354; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0068] A wide variety of antibiotics may be used according to the invention, including for example nitroimidazole antibiotics (e.g. tinidazole or metronidazole), tetracyclines (e.g. tetracyclin, doxycyclin and minocyclin), pencillins (e.g. amoxycillin, ampicillin and mezlocillin), cephalosporins (e.g. cefachlor, cefadroxil, cephradine, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephalexin, cefpodoxime proxetil, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone), carbopenems (e.g. imipenem and meropenem), amino-glycosides (e.g. paromonycin), macrolide antibiotics (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin), lincosamide antibiotics (e.g. clindamycin), 4-quinolones (e.g. ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and norfloxacin), rifamycins (e.g. rifampicin), nitrofurantoin and derivatives of 10-(1-hydroxyethyl)-11-oxo-1-azatricyclo[7.2.0.0.3.8]undec-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid and mixtures thereof as well as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,197 to Kanios et al. (1998), published European Patent Specification No. 0416953 and published International Patent Specification No. WO92/03437, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0069] F. Gastric Secretion Inhibitors

[0070] A safe and effective amount of a gastric secretion inhibitor may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. Suitable gastric secretion inhibitors include, but are not limited to, enterogastrone and octreotide. The exact amount of gastric secretion inhibitors to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular gastric secretion inhibitor utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various Gastric Secretion Inhibitors, including acceptable e Gastric Secretion Inhibitor effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in the Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 352-354; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference. Mixtures of the above gastric secretion inhibitors can also be used.

[0071] G. Peristaltic Stimulants

[0072] A safe and effective amount of a peristaltic stimulant may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. Suitable peristaltic stimulants include, but are not limited to, dexpanthenol, metoclopromide, cisapride, and domperidone. The exact amount of peristalitc stimulants to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular peristalitc stimulant utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various, Peristaltic Stimulants including acceptable Peristaltic Stimulant effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in the Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 1188-1193; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference. Mixtures of the above peristalitc stimulants can also be used.

[0073] H. Serotonin (5HT3) Receptor Antagonist

[0074] A safe and effective amount of a serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonist may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. Suitable serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, cilansetron, dolasetron, ondansetron and alosetron. The exact amount of serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonists to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonist utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonists, including acceptable effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,745, herein incorporated by reference and the Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 869-872 and KU47; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference. Mixtures of the above serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonists can also be used.

[0075] I. Serotonin (5HT4) Receptor Agonist

[0076] A safe and effective amount of a serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonist may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. Suitable serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonists include, but are not limited to tegaserod, renzapride and prucalopride. The exact amount of serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonists to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonist utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. Tegaserod is a partial serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonist which accelerates orocecal transit (without effect on gastic emptying) and tends to enhance colonic transit. 12 mg/day of tegaserod is taught to result in effective relief of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Prucalopride is a full serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonist which accelerates gastric, small bowel and colonic transit in functional constipation. Up to 4 mg/day, particularly 2-4 mg/day, of prucalopride is taught to result in effective relief of untoward bowel symptoms. Renzapride possesses both serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonist and serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonist activity, providing increased gastric emptying and reduced gastrintestinal transit time. Mixtures of the above serotonin (5HT4) receptor agonists can also be used. Mixtures of any of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical compounds can also be used.

[0077] J. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

[0078] A safe and effective amount of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor may be added to the compositions of the subject invention. Suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include, but are not limited to, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. The exact amount of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to be used in the compositions will depend on the particular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor utilized since such agents vary widely in potency. A more complete description of the various selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including acceptable effective amounts thereof for use in unit dose compositions of the present invention can be found in the Drug Facts and Comparisons (54th Ed. 2000), pp. 918-928; the cited pages of which are herein incorporated by reference. Mixtures of the above selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can also be used.

[0079] Further dosage information concerning the disclosed actives is summarized in the table below:

1Suitable Strengths andDosage Forms (BrandGeneric NameNames)Usual Adult DosageBulk-FoamingLaxativesCalcium polycarbophil625-mg tablets that1-6 g/day asprovide 500 mg ofpolycarbophilpolycarbophilin divided doses(Konsyl Fiber)Methylcellulose2 g/Tbsp oral powder4-6 g/day in(Citrucel)divided dosesPsyllium3.4 g/tsp or 3.4 g/Tbsp2.5-30 g/day inoral powder; 1.7 g waferdivided doses(Metamucil)Antidiarrheals (opiateand anticholinergicagents)Diphenoxylate2.5-mg tablets; 2.52.5-5 mg fourmg/5 mL oral liquidtimes daily(Lomotil)as needed fordiarrheaLoperamide2-mg tablets and2-4 mg up tocapsules; 1 mg/5 mLfour timesoral liquid (Imodium)daily as needed.Dicyclomine10-mg capsules; 20-mg10-20 mg three or fourtablets; 10 mg/5 mLtimes dailysyrup (Bentyl)Hyoscyamine0.125-mg tablets; 0.1250.15-0.3 mg up to fourmg/mL; 0.125 mg/5times dailymL elixir (Levsin)Tincture of bellonnaTincture with 0.30.6-1 mL three or fourmg/mL alkaloids oftimes dailybelladonna leafPeristaltic StimulantsCisapride10-, 20-mg tablets; 55-10 mg threemg/mL oral suspensiontimes daily(Propulsid)Metoclopramide5-, 10-mg tablets; 5mg/5 mL oral liquidSelective SerotoninReuptake InhibitorsFluoxetine20-mg capsules; 20mg/5 mL oral solution(Prozac)Fluvoxamine50-, 100-mg tablets(Luvox)Paroxetine10 mg/5 mL oralsuspension; 10-, 20-,30-, 40-mg tablets(Paxil)Sertraline25-, 50-, 100-mg tablets(Zoloft)Serotonin (5HT3)Receptor AntagonistAlosetron1-mg tablets (Lotronex)1 mg twice dailyGranisetron1-mg tablets (Kytril)Ondansetron4-, 8-mg tablets4 mg three times daily(Zofran)Gastric SecretionInhibitorsOctreotide50, 100, 200, 500, 1000μg/mL sterile solutionfor s.c. or i.v. injection(Sandostatin); 10-, 20-,30-mg sterilesuspensionfor i.m.injection (SandostatinLAR Depot)

[0080] Carriers

[0081] In accordance with the practices of the present invention, the gastrointestinal compositions may be administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, carriers or other excipients (collectively referred to as “carrier” materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended route of administration and conventional pharmaceutical practices. The gastrointestinal compositions of the present invention are typically mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This carrier can be a solid or liquid and the type is generally chosen based on the type of administration being used. The actives can be coadministered in the form of a tablet or capsule, liposome, as an agglomerated powder or in a liquid form. Capsule or tablets can be easily formulated and can be made easy to swallow or chew; other solid forms include granules, and bulk powders. Tablets may contain suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. Examples of suitable liquid dosage forms include solutions or suspensions in water, pharmaceutically acceptable fats and oils, alcohols or other organic solvents, including esters, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules. Such liquid dosage forms may contain, for example, suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, thickeners, and melting agents. Oral dosage forms optionally contain flavorants and coloring agents.

[0082] Examples of suitable tablet or capsule form ingredients, include but are not limited, to oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated in the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes. Among the lubricants there may be mentioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodiumbenzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, etc. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, guar gum, etc.

[0083] Of course, additionally, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components to optimize the therapeutic effects, i.e., analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, etc. while minimizing undesirable side effects. Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.

[0084] Similarly, injectable dosage units may be utilized to accomplish intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration and, for such parenteral administration, suitable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, optionally containing appropriate solutes to effectuate isotonicity, will be employed.

[0085] Specific examples of pharmaceutical acceptable carriers and excipients that may be used to formulate oral dosage forms of the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,297 to Robert, issued Sep. 2, 1975, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the present invention are described in the following references: 7 Modem Pharmaceutics, Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker & Rhodes, Editors, 1979); Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1981); and Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 2nd Edition (1976), each of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0086] The gastrointestinal compositions of the present invention may also be formulated and administered by other methods known for administering gastrointestinal actives. For example, the composition may be adapted for topical administration in the form of rectal preparations such as a rectal cream, gel, ointment, or suppository.

[0087] Method of Treatment

[0088] The method of treatment can be any suitable method which is effective in the treatment of the particular type of lower gastrointestinal disorder that is being treated. Treatment may be oral, rectal, parenteral, intravenous administration or injection. The method of applying an effective amount also varies depending on the lower gastrointestinal disorder being treated. It is believed that oral treatment by tablet, capsule or liquid will be the preferred method of administering the compounds to warm blooded mammals.

[0089] The method of treating viral infections may also be by rectal, parenteral, or intravenous administration. The actual time and dosage will depend on the type of the lower gastrointestinal disorder being treated and the desired blood levels.

[0090] In accordance with the practices of the present invention, the gastrointestinal compositions may be administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, carriers or other excipients (collectively referred to as “carrier” materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended route of administration and conventional pharmaceutical practices. The gastrointestinal compositions of the present invention are typically mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This carrier can be a solid or liquid and the type is generally chosen based on the type of administration being used. The actives can be coadministered in the form of a tablet or capsule, liposome, as an agglomerated powder or in a liquid form. Capsule or tablets can be easily formulated and can be made easy to swallow or chew; other solid forms include granules, and bulk powders. Tablets may contain suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. Examples of suitable liquid dosage forms include solutions or suspensions in water, pharmaceutically acceptable fats and oils, alcohols or other organic solvents, including esters, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules. Such liquid dosage forms may contain, for example, suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, thickeners, and melting agents. Oral dosage forms optionally contain flavorants and coloring agents.

[0091] Examples of suitable tablet or capsule form ingredients, include but are not limited, to oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated in the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes. Among the lubricants there may be mentioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodiumbenzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, etc. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, guar gum, etc.

[0092] Of course, additionally, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components to optimize the therapeutic effects, i.e., analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, etc. while minimizing undesirable side effects. Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.

[0093] Similarly, injectable dosage units may be utilized to accomplish intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration and, for such parenteral administration, suitable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, optionally containing appropriate solutes to effectuate isotonicity, will be employed.

[0094] Specific examples of pharmaceutical acceptable carriers and excipients that may be used to formulate oral dosage forms of the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,297 to Robert, issued Sep. 2, 1975, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the present invention are described in the following references: 7 Modern Pharmaceutics, Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker & Rhodes, Editors, 1979); Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1981); and Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 2nd Edition (1976), each of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0095] The gastrointestinal compositions of the present invention may also be formulated and administered by other methods known for administering gastrointestinal actives. For example, the composition may be adapted for topical administration in the form of rectal preparations such as a rectal cream, gel, ointment, or suppository.

[0096] Method of Treatment

[0097] The method of treatment can be any suitable method which is effective in the treatment of the particular type of lower gastrointestinal disorder that is being treated. Treatment may be oral, rectal, parenteral, intravenous administration or injection. The method of applying an effective amount also varies depending on the lower gastrointestinal disorder being treated. It is believed that oral treatment by tablet, capsule or liquid will be the preferred method of administering the compounds to warm blooded mammals.

[0098] The method of treating lower gastrointestinal disorders may also be by rectal, parenteral, or intravenous administration. The actual time and dosage will depend on the type of the lower gastrointestinal disorder being treated and the desired blood levels.

EXAMPLES

[0099] The compositions in the following illustrate specific embodiments of the gastrointestinal compositions of the present invention, but are not intended to be limiting thereof. Other modifications can be undertaken by the skilled artisan without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.

[0100] All exemplified compositions can be prepared by conventional formulation and mixing techniques. Component amounts are listed as weight percents and exclude minor materials such as diluents, filler, and so forth. The listed formulations, therefore, comprise the listed components and any minor materials associated with such components.

Example I

[0101] The following is an example of a gelatin capsule composition of the present invention. The capsule is formed by combining and mixing the ingredients of each column using conventional technology and transferring the mixture to an appropriate sized hard gelatin capsule (e.g., #2 size) for oral administration.

2Ingredient%/w/wGabapentin20.000Trimebutine20.000Lactose NF15.000Tricalcium55.000Phosphate21Lactose NF - Lactose Monohydrate, Amresco Inc. 2Tricalcium Phosphate - American International Chemical Inc.

Example II

[0102] The following is an example of a rectal ointment of the present invention.

3Ingredient% w/wGabapentin2.500Trimebutine5.000White Wax5.000NF1Petrolatum87.500USP2100.0001Beeswax, Bleached supplied by Strahl & Pitsch Inc. 2White Petrolatum supplied by Witco Corporation

[0103] In a suitable vessel equipped with a heat source and a cover or lid for sealing the vessel, the white wax and petrolatum are added and heated with mixing to a melt temperature of between 85-90° C. C. using a suitable turbine blade agitator. The Gabapentin and Trimebutine are slowly added to the molten petrolatum mixture. The mixture is cooled to a temperature of about 60 degrees C. and then poured into a suitable container.

[0104] The rectal ointment is applied in an appropriate amount (e.g., two to four grams) to the rectal area.

Example III

[0105] The following is an example of an sterile liquid composition of the present invention.

4Ingredients% w/vGabapentin2.500Trimebutine1.500Methyl0.020Paraban1Water forq.sInjection USP1Supplied by Universal Preserv-A-Chem, Inc.

[0106] In a suitable vessel, equipped with a suitable turbine agitator, the water for injection is added. While providing moderate agitation, the remaining ingredients are then added and mixed with the water. The mixture is stirred until a homogenous, clear solution is formed. The solution is filtered, aseptically, through a 0.22 micron filter into a sterile container suitable for vial filling. The solution is then aseptically transferred to appropriately sized sterile vials and sealed.

[0107] The injectable is administered hypodermically.

Example IV

[0108] The following is an example of an oral solution of the present invention. The solution is formed by combining and mixing the ingredients of each column using conventional technology and transferring the mixture to an appropriate containers (e.g., HDPE or brown glass). The oral solution is administered orally at dosage amounts of about 5 ml.

5Ingredients% w/vGabapentin0.025Trimebutin0.020Famotidine0.002Alcohol USP20.000(190)1Purified Water89.955USP1Ethanol 190 USP, Grain Processing Corporation

Gastrointestinal compositions

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