Patent Grant
7794447
The present invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for treatment of obesity, and particularly morbid obesity. In particular, it relates to apparatus and methods that can be applied using minimally invasive techniques for effectively reducing stomach volume, bypassing a portion of the stomach and/or small intestines and/or reducing nutrient absorption in the stomach and/or small intestines.
Bariatrics is the field of medicine encompassing the study of overweight, its causes, prevention and treatment. Bariatric surgery is a treatment for morbid obesity that involves alteration of a patient's digestive tract to encourage weight loss and to help maintain normal weight. Known bariatric surgery procedures include jejuno-ileal bypass, jejuno-colic shunt, biliopancreatic diversion, gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastroplasty, gastric banding, vertical banded gastroplasty, and silastic ring gastroplasty. A more complete history of bariatric surgery can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/422,987 Apparatus and Methods for Treatment of Morbid Obesity and also on the website of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery at http://www.asbs.org.
Medical sleeve devices for placement in a patient's stomach are described by Rockey in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,501,264, 4,641,653 and 4,763,653. The medical sleeve described in these patents are said to reduce the surface area available for absorption in the stomach, however it is not configured to effectively reduce the volume of the stomach nor will the device described isolate ingested food from stomach secretions. The medical sleeve is not configured to be deployed in a patient's small intestine.
Other sleeve devices for placement in a patient's intestines are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,405 (Smit), U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,509 (Smit), U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,300 (Berry), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,584 (Crabb). The sleeve devices described in these patents are said to be placed at the lower end of the stomach and therefore do not serve to isolate ingested food from the digestive secretions of the stomach. These sleeve devices are not configured to be deployed in a patient's stomach or to effectively reduce the volume of the patient's stomach or small intestine.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2003/0040804, Stack et al. describe a satiation device to aid in weight loss by controlling feelings of hunger. The patent application describes an antral tube that expands into the antrum of the stomach to create a feeling of satiation. The devices described are not configured to isolate ingested food and liquids from digestive secretions in the stomach or the intestines.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2003/0040808, Stack et al. describe a satiation device for inducing weight loss in a patient includes a tubular prosthesis positionable at the gastro-esophageal junction region, preferably below the z-line. The prosthesis is placed such that an opening at its proximal end receives masticated food from the esophagus, and such that the masticated food passes through the pouch and into the stomach via an opening in its distal end.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2003/0093117, Sadaat describes an implantable artificial partition that includes a plurality of anchors adapted for intraluminal penetration into a wall of the gastro-intestinal lumen to prevent migration or dislodgement of the apparatus, and a partition, which may include a drawstring or a toroidal balloon, coupled to the plurality of anchors to provide a local reduction in the cross-sectional area of the gastro-intestinal lumen.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2003/0120265, Deem et al. describe various obesity treatment tools and methods for reducing the size of the stomach pouch to limit the caloric intake as well as to provide an earlier feeling of satiety. The smaller pouches may be made using individual anchoring devices, rotating probes, or volume reduction devices applied directly from the interior of the stomach. A pyloroplasty procedure to render the pyloric sphincter incompetent and a gastric bypass procedure using atraumatic magnetic anastomosis devices are also described.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2003/0144708, Starkebaum describes methods and systems for treating patients suffering from eating disorders and obesity using electrical stimulation directly or indirectly to the pylorus of a patient to substantially close the pylorus lumen to inhibit emptying of the stomach.
In keeping with the foregoing discussion, the present invention provides apparatus and methods that can be applied using minimally invasive techniques for treatment of obesity, and particularly morbid obesity. The apparatus takes the form of a system of components that may be used separately or in combination for effectively reducing stomach volume, bypassing a portion of the stomach and/or small intestines, reducing nutrient absorption in the stomach and/or small intestines and/or depositing minimally or undigested food farther than normal into the intestines (thereby stimulating intestinal responses).
In one aspect of the invention, the system may include an artificial stoma device located in the stomach or lower esophagus that can reduce the flow of food into the stomach (when located in the stomach) or back from the stomach into the esophagus (when located in the esophagus or at the gastroesophageal junction). Alternatively, the system may utilize a surgically created artificial stoma. The stoma is introduced transesophageally and implanted under visualization with a flexible endoscope. The stoma may be anchored to the esophageal or stomach wall using sutures, staples or clips. Alternatively, the stoma may be anchored with a sutureless attachment that does not penetrate the esophageal or stomach wall. Optionally, the stoma may be used in conjunction with gastric suturing, stapling or banding to create a narrow passage for installation of the stoma and/or for reduction of gastric volume. The gastric stapling or banding may be applied using transesophageal or laparoscopic techniques.
In another aspect, the system may include an internal gastric sleeve that may be used separately or used with, attached to or integrated with the artificial stoma component. The gastric sleeve may have a funnel-shaped entry with a reinforced anchoring segment or other anchoring mechanism for attachment in the stomach at or near the gastroesophageal junction. Optionally, the artificial stoma component may be positioned a clinically significant distance distal to the sleeve attachment. When placed in the stomach, the entry portion of the sleeve proximate to the stoma effectively reduces the volume of the stomach because the flow of solid food is limited to the lumen of the sleeve. When combined with a restrictive stoma, the sleeve functions as the pouch in a gastric bypass or vertical banded (or other) gastroplasty. The sleeve can be designed and placed to maximize the amount of stomach wall included by the sleeve opening and therefore included in the pouch thereby formed. This will enable a maximum number of stretch receptors and other stimulating mechanisms in the stomach to transmit satiety (fullness) signals to help reduce food intake.
The entire gastric sleeve or a portion of it can be porous or semipermeable to allow the flow of digestive secretions into the sleeve and to allow the flow of nutrients and/or fluids out through the wall of the gastric sleeve. Valves may be provided in the wall of the gastric sleeve to allow digestive secretions to enter the sleeve, but to prevent solid food and/or nutrients from flowing out through the wall of the sleeve. Alternatively, the entire gastric sleeve or a portion of it can be nonporous or impermeable to act as an internal gastric bypass. In certain embodiments, the wall of the gastric sleeve is flexible to allow the peristaltic motions of the stomach to effect movement of food through the gastric sleeve. The wall of the sleeve may be reinforced with rings or a spiral made of wire and/or plastic. Alternatively, the gastric sleeve may be attached to an artificial stoma component that includes its own anchoring mechanism. Optionally, the distal end of the gastric sleeve may be anchored in the region of the pylorus. Optionally the distal end of the gastric sleeve can incorporate an enlarged reservoir portion proximal to the pylorus. Optionally the sleeve can include coatings on its interior and/or exterior to enhance the surface properties of the sleeve in clinically relevant manners.
In conjunction with the stoma and/or gastric sleeve, the volume of the stomach can be reduced by suturing, stapling using open, transesophageal or laparoscopic techniques. Alternatively or in addition, a gastric balloon or other volume displacement device may be used in conjunction with the gastric sleeve to provide a feeling of satiety. These adjunctive techniques have the effect of further reducing nutrient intake (in the case of a stomach reduction and pouch formation upstream of a stoma) and enhancing the effect of peristaltic motions of the stomach for moving food through the gastric sleeve intake (in the case of a stomach reduction downstream of a stoma where there is a gastric sleeve). A gastric sleeve that extends beyond the pylorus, with or without an intestinal sleeve, can allow use of the pylorus as a natural stoma by configuring the sleeve to close by the pylorus and then open to allow passage of food when the muscles of the pylorus relax.
One advantage of using an internal gastric sleeve over prior art gastric volume reduction techniques is that volume reduction can be better defined in that the patient cannot deliberately or inadvertently increase the volume of the sleeve over time by overeating as occurs when the stomach wall stretches. Another advantage of an internal sleeve over prior art banding techniques is that stomach wall is not trapped between an external structure and ingested food whereby the stomach wall is subject to compression due to overeating.
In another aspect, the system may include an internal intestinal sleeve that may be used separately or used with, attached to or integrated with the internal gastric sleeve and/or artificial stoma component. The entire intestinal sleeve or a portion of it can be porous or semipermeable to allow the flow of digestive secretions into the sleeve and to allow the flow of nutrients and/or fluids out through the wall of the sleeve. Valves may be provided in the wall of the intestinal sleeve to allow digestive secretions to enter the sleeve, but to prevent solid food and/or nutrients from flowing out through the wall of the sleeve. Alternatively, the entire intestinal sleeve or a portion of it can be nonporous or impermeable to act as an internal intestinal bypass. In certain embodiments, the wall of the intestinal sleeve is flexible to allow the peristaltic motions of the intestinal wall to effect movement of food through the intestinal sleeve. The wall of the sleeve may be reinforced with rings or a spiral made of wire and/or plastic. Optionally these components can include radiopaque materials for visualization of the device when it is in the body. Optionally the sleeve can include coatings on its interior and/or exterior to enhance the surface properties of the sleeve in clinically relevant manners.
In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating a patient. The method includes the steps of providing a gastrointestinal sleeve having a proximal end, a distal end and a length of at least about 50 cm. The sleeve is positioned with the proximal end adjacent an attachment site in the vicinity of the lower esophageal sphincter, with the distal end extending transluminally at least as far as the jejunum. The distal end of the sleeve may extend into the intestine at least as far as the ligament of Treitz. The providing step may comprise providing a sleeve having a substantially constant diameter throughout its length.
Optionally, the intestinal sleeve may have a proximal end with a reinforced anchoring segment or other anchoring mechanism for attachment in the region of the pylorus. Alternatively, the intestinal sleeve may be attached to or continuous with the internal gastric sleeve. Optionally, the distal end of the intestinal sleeve may include an anchoring mechanism.
Optionally, the above system components can include means of separately installing, replacing and/or removing single components. This would include means of reversibly attaching and connecting components. This would allow a therapeutic device to be assembled over multiple operations or in a single procedure. Alternatively, the above components can be preassembled with a specific combination of desired features for an individual patient and thereby installed and removed in a single operation. Preferably, each component of the system includes one or more radiopaque and/or sonoreflective markers for enhanced imaging by X-ray, fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonic imaging.
Certain implementations of the invention will achieve some or all of the following advantages:
1. Minimally invasive, peroral/transesophageal implantation, with optional surgical and/or laparoscopic assist
2. Customizable to each patient and revisable in-situ based upon the results of the intervention
3. Completely reversible using minimally invasive techniques
4. Lower morbidity, mortality
5. When used with a gastric and/or intestinal sleeve, does not allow an appreciable amount of digestion to occur until the food exits the sleeve into the intestine by keeping food separate from gastric and/or intestinal secretions. This delivers undigested food to the jejunum where a dumping syndrome reaction and/or other results of overstimulation of the intestine may occur depending upon the clinical situation and the food ingested.
The present invention provides apparatus and methods for treatment of obesity, and particularly morbid obesity. The apparatus takes the form of a system of components that may be used separately or in combination for effectively reducing stomach volume, bypassing a portion of the stomach and/or small intestines and reducing nutrient absorption in the stomach and/or small intestines. Each of the components can be implanted using minimally invasive techniques, preferably using a transesophageal approach under visualization with a flexible endoscope. Optionally, laparoscopic surgical techniques may be used to assist in the implantation of the components and/or for adjunctive therapies in the digestive tract.
In the following, the word endoscope (and endoscopic) will refer to an instrument for visually examining the interior of a bodily canal or a hollow organ. For procedures performed via a peroral route, a flexible endoscope, such as a gastroscope, is generally preferred. The word laparoscope (laparoscopic) will refer to rigid endoscopes generally passed through surgically created portals. Also in the following the terms biodegradable and bioresorbable will be used interchangeably. Also in the following the term stoma will be used to refer to an opening formed in a hollow organ which may or may not be configured to restrict flow of food and/or digestive juices. Endoscopic overtube and orogastric tube sleeve are also used interchangeably.
In one aspect of the invention, the system may include an artificial stoma 100 located in the stomach or lower esophagus that can optionally reduce the flow of food into the stomach.
The artificial stoma 100 may include a fabric cuff on the outer circumference to facilitate ingrowth of tissue to secure the stoma device 100 in place. In-growth can be further facilitated by partial transection of the gastric wall through the mucosa. This will put the fabric cuff in contact with muscularis. Alternatively or in addition, a number of suture attachment points can be included on the outer circumference of the stoma device. The suture attachment points may take the form of suture attachment loops attached to the outer circumference of the stoma device or a ring with suture attachment holes formed in it.
In certain embodiments, the outer circumference of the stoma 100 is flexible and elastic with properties to minimize the resistance of the stoma 100 to motion of the stomach at the stomal attachment points. This also serves to minimize the forces that can lead to tissue erosion.
Preferably, the stoma device is constructed with radiopaque and/or sonoreflective materials and/or includes one or more radiopaque and/or sonoreflective markers for enhanced imaging by X-ray, fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonic imaging so that the position and functional state of the implanted stoma device can be verified noninvasively in addition to endoscopic direct visualization. Additional details of the artificial stoma 100 construction can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/698,148.
In another aspect, the system may include an internal gastric sleeve 200 that may be used separately or used with, attached to or integrated with the artificial stoma component 100.
Pyloric anchors can be fixed to a predetermined location on the sleeve or be mobile. For example, a pyloric anchor could be slidable and slid into place before it is fixed to a structure on the sleeve. Structures for anchor fixation could include reinforcement and/or structures such as snaps, loops and/or holes to facilitate attachment of the anchor to the sleeve. Slidable or other structures that allow positioning of an anchor can be used to set the distance between the attachment of the sleeve near the GEJ and the support or strain relief provided by the anchor at the pylorus. This distance can be set prior to placement of the device, based upon fluoroscopic or other measurements or in vivo. If the distance is set in vivo, structure could be provided to allow fixation using commercially available tools such as ENDOCINCH (Bard), ENDOSCOPIC SUTURING DEVICE (Wilson-Cook Medical) or PLICATOR (NDO Surgical Inc.) or an endoscopic grasper. Alternately, a structure that requires a special attachment device, such as the riveters described herein could be used.
In some clinical situations it could be beneficial to have an anchor designed to allow motion. This could include some means to bias the anchor to return to a predetermined location relative to a set position on the sleeve. This could be accomplished by incorporation of a spring, elastomeric structure or other such biasing structure.
The proximal (food entry) opening of the gastric sleeve is dimensioned to correspond to the opening of the esophagus, pouch outlet or artificial stoma. The outlet of the esophagus is generally free of restrictions to food passage while pouch outlets and stomas which are in some cases configured to restrict the passage of food. These outlets or stoma are generally less than 10-40 mm in diameter and, if restricted, are typically 15 mm or less. This proximal end of the sleeve is reinforced and/or configured for attachment to the gastric wall, surgical or artificial stoma opening. This opening for attachment is preferably slightly larger than the diameter of the restricted opening. Past the attachment to the opening the sleeve itself is typically 20-40 mm in diameter with a smooth transition from the opening diameter to the main diameter. If the sleeve continues past the pylorus, at the pylorus this diameter may remain the same, or may reduce to a smaller diameter on the order of 10-20 mm. The sleeve should not be in sealing contact with the stomach wall or the pylorus to allow free passage of gastric secretions along the outside of the sleeve as described herein.
In certain embodiments, the wall of the gastric sleeve 200 is flexible to allow the peristaltic motions of the stomach to effect movement of food through the gastric sleeve 200. For example, blow molded 90A durometer polyurethane of a wall thickness on the order of 0.005″ will work in this manner. Other suitable materials for construction of the gastric sleeve device 200 can include fluoropolymers, silicone and polyurethane. Some fluoropolymers can be thermoformed (e.g. PFA and FEP) while others such as PTFE can be expanded in a similar manner to the formation of a vascular graft as well known in that art. Silicone (e.g. Dow Silastic or similar material from Nusil Technologies) or polyurethane (e.g. Dow Pellethane) can be dip molded or cast. Polyurethane can also be blow molded. In some embodiments the wall of the sleeve may be reinforced with rings or a spiral made of wire and/or plastic to hold the sleeve open.
The interior and exterior of the sleeve can optionally be coated with a low friction material as described herein (e.g. a hydrogel) to reduce friction of food passage (interior) and reduce gastric irritation (exterior). The interior of the sleeve can optionally include flexible prongs angled toward the direction of food flow to act as artificial cilia and resist food moving retrograde along the sleeve, as shown in
In conjunction with the gastric sleeve 200, the volume of the stomach can be reduced by suturing, stapling or banding using open, transesophageal or laparoscopic techniques. In the example shown in
Alternatively or in addition, a gastric balloon or other volume displacement device may be used in conjunction with the gastric sleeve to provide a feeling of satiety.
Preferably, portions of the gastric sleeve are constructed with radiopaque and/or sonoreflective materials and/or includes one or more radiopaque and/or sonoreflective markers for enhanced imaging by X-ray, fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonic imaging so that the position and functional state of the implanted gastric sleeve can be verified noninvasively. However, the sleeve should not be completely radiopaque to allow visualization of the passage of ingested radioopaque contrast as in a “swallow” study.
In another aspect, the system may include an internal intestinal sleeve 300 that may be used separately or used with, attached to or integrated with the internal gastric sleeve 200 and artificial stoma component 100.
The intestinal sleeve diameter can be 10-40 mm, but it is typically 15-30 mm with an optional smaller diameter at the point the sleeve passes through the pylorus (if the sleeve passes through the pylorus). The diameter of the sleeve is optionally selected to be smaller than the diameter of the intestine. The sleeve should not be in permanent sealing contact with the intestinal wall or the pylorus if it is intended to control or allow passage of gastric, biliary, pancreatic and intestinal secretions along the outside of the sleeve.
Optionally, the intestinal sleeve 300 may have a proximal end with a reinforced anchoring segment or other anchoring mechanism for attachment in the region of the pylorus or the proximal end of the intestinal sleeve 300 may be attached to a stoma device or surgically created stoma at the outlet of a reduced stomach. Alternatively, the intestinal sleeve 300 may be attached to or continuous with the internal gastric sleeve 200. Optionally, the distal end of the intestinal sleeve 300 may include an anchoring mechanism.
The intestinal sleeve 300 is typically approximately 60-180 cm in length, whereby partially digested or undigested nutrients exit from the sleeve into the jejunum where they can elicit a hormonal, neural and/or osmotic reaction in the jejunum and/or ileum. However, sleeve length can be either shorter or longer depending on clinical needs. Increasing the length of the sleeve can increase the degree of response in the ileum while reducing the length of the sleeve can have the opposite effect.
In relation to the example of the placement of a stoma 100 implanted into a surgically formed pouch described above, the gastric sleeve 200 and/or intestinal sleeve 300 may be implanted according to the following method:
Preferably, portions of the intestinal sleeve are constructed with radiopaque and/or sonoreflective materials and/or includes one or more radiopaque and/or sonoreflective markers for enhanced imaging by X-ray, fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonic imaging so that the position and functional state of the implanted intestinal sleeve can be verified noninvasively. However, the sleeve should not be completely radiopaque to allow visualization of the passage of ingested radioopaque contrast as in a “swallow” study.
In summary, one aspect of the invention provides a method and system for treatment of morbid obesity that has three components, an artificial stoma device, an internal gastric sleeve and an internal intestinal sleeve, which can be used separately or in combination. The artificial stoma device is implanted into a patient's stomach or lower esophagus and then can optionally be used to restrict food intake. The artificial stoma device may have a fixed aperture, an adjustable aperture or an aperture that varies in response to changing stomach conditions. The artificial stoma device may be implanted using sutures, staples, a reinforced anchoring segment, a sutureless or other attachment mechanism as described herein. A restriction can optionally be placed within the lumen of the gastric sleeve. The internal gastric sleeve may be separate from or integrated with the artificial stoma device. The internal gastric sleeve effectively reduces the patient's gastric volume and restricts the absorption of nutrients and calories from the food that passes through the stomach. The internal intestinal sleeve may be separate from or integrated with the internal gastric sleeve and/or the artificial stoma device. The wall of the internal gastric sleeve and/or internal intestinal sleeve may be constructed with reinforcing rings or a spiral reinforcement. The wall of the internal gastric sleeve and/or internal intestinal sleeve may have openings or valves to allow or restrict the digestive secretions and nutrients through the wall of the sleeve.
The method provided by this invention has the capacity to combine these various components, as well as other components described herein, into a system that treats obesity by creating a pouch with an outlet restriction which can be optionally controlled or operable, placing means by which the food exiting the pouch is transferred via gastric and intestinal sleeves to a point in the intestine while being substantially isolated from (or allowed to contact a controlled amount) gastric, biliary, pancreatic and intestinal secretions, whereby this location in the intestine can be optionally selected to induce various reactions of the intestinal tissue which may include dumping syndrome, hormonal secretion and/or nervous stimulation.
In contrast to previous devices, the present inventors have found that in many cases an effective gastrointestinal sleeve device will preferably have the characteristics of each section of the device tailored to the function of the section of the gastrointestinal tract in which it resides. For example, in some clinical situations a potential issue with gastric pouch or sleeve systems could be a lack of physiological signals causing opening of the pylorus. If the pylorus were to remain tightly closed over a sleeve passing through, it could be problematic for the patient. In these clinical situations, one desirable characteristic of an effective gastrointestinal sleeve device could be for it to have sufficient volume and/or compliance in the area of the stomach immediately upstream of the pylorus to create enough pressure or wall tension in that area to trigger the opening of the pylorus to empty the stomach contents.
In addition, when normal functioning of the pylorus is clinically desired, the section of the sleeve device that passes through the pylorus must have enough wall flexibility or compliance to allow normal opening and closing of the pylorus and to allow drainage of stomach secretions around the outside of the sleeve. For example blow molded 90A durometer polyurethane of a wall thickness on the order of 0.005″ or less will work in this manner. Other sections of the gastrointestinal sleeve device will also be tailored to the section of the gastrointestinal tract in which it resides.
The configuration of the gastrointestinal sleeve device enables a method of treatment for morbid obesity that includes isolating ingested food from the digestive secretions of the stomach and intestines as the food passes through the stomach, the duodenum and the upper part of the jejunum.
The proximal opening 402 of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 is primarily designed to facilitate attachment of the sleeve within the patient's stomach. Depending on the clinical needs of the individual patient and the judgement of the physician, locations for attachment of the proximal opening 402 of the sleeve may include the gastroesophageal junction and the cardia or cardiofundal border. The gastroesophageal junction is advantageous as a possible attachment site because the tissue wall is relatively thick at this location and it is relatively easy to access via a peroral route. Attachment at the gastroesophageal junction excludes all gastric secretions from the interior of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400. The cardiofundal border is also advantageous as a possible attachment site because it provides the ability to create a gastric pouch from the cardia of the stomach and the tissue wall is relatively thick at this location compared to the fundus. Attachment at the cardia or cardiofundal border allows the secretions of the cardia, which are primarily lubricious mucous, to enter the interior of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 and excludes the fundal secretions, which are high in acid content, from the interior of the sleeve. The lubricious mucous secretions from the cardia will help to lubricate the interior surface of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 and will facilitate passage of ingested food through the sleeve.
By way of example, the embodiment of
Attachment of the proximal opening 402 of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 within the stomach can be accomplished using open, laparoscopic or endoscopic surgical techniques e.g. sutures, wires or staples or using any of the attachment methods described herein. Attachment is preferably optimized to distribute stress over an enlarged area and minimize stress or strain transmitted to the tissue where it is attached in order to minimize tissue erosion. During ingestion of food, the sleeve and the attachment must withstand the pressure created by swallowing as the food is forced into the sleeve. This is particularly true if there is a restriction downstream of the proximal sleeve opening. The sleeve and the attachment must also withstand any tensile forces created as a result of swallowing food and the presence of any food or liquid within the sleeve or pouch, as well as forces due to peristaltic action of the intestines or stomach.
In one embodiment shown in
The anchor ring 422, shown in
In one example of the fixation system 430 shown in
In one method, the anchor ring 422 would be implanted and allowed to heal before another device, such as the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400, would be attached to it. After sufficient healing has taken place, the device could be attached to the anchor ring at areas where ingrowth did not occur, as shown in
In another example of an alternate embodiment the sleeve of
The anchor ring and the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 can be left in place permanently. Alternatively, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 can be removed at a later date and replaced or revised. If and when it is desirable to remove the anchor ring, one or more or areas with no ingrowth can be used as access to sever or cut the ring. Since the ring exterior resists ingrowth and is nonadherent, it can be pulled out of the tissue without damaging the tissue. After removal of the anchor ring, the tunnel through the tissue formed by the encapsulation can heal.
As an alternative to a biodegradable material, a nondegradable scaffold material can be used. These materials become incorporated into tissue and are often made of naturally occurring or biological components, such as processed bovine tissue.
In general, the proximal end of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 may be secured in the vicinity of the lower esophageal sphincter or z-line, using a stoma device 432 having any of a variety of configurations including those illustrated in
Referring to
In a modification of the anchor support 421 (see
Referring to
The attachment described in
Downstream of the proximal opening 402, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 has sleeve portions 404, 406 that reside in the fundus and the antrum of the stomach, respectively. In the example of
The example illustrated in
The sleeve 400 may be attached in the vicinity of the gastroesophageal junction, such as by attachment to a ring or cuff or directly attached to the cardia of the stomach adjacent the gastroesophageal junction. Attachment may be accomplished in any of a variety of ways including those disclosed elsewhere herein.
The sleeve 400 may comprise a homogenous material throughout. At least the gastric section may comprise a sufficient length to extend through the gastroesophageal junction, past the pylorus and into the duodenum. Materials such as a blow molded polyurethane, having a wall thickness of approximately 0.005″ and a durometer of about 90A may be used. The sleeve 400 may additionally be provided with a lubricious coating on one or more of the interior and exterior surfaces. Diameters on the order of about 2.0 cm±50% or more may be utilized. Other dimensions and materials may be optimized by those of skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
The intestinal section of the sleeve 400 is dimensioned to start in the duodenum and extend at least about 50, often about 75 or 100 cm or more, to imitate a gastric bypass. The intestinal section of the sleeve 400 may be the same diameter as the gastric portion of the sleeve, or may be no more than about 90% or 80% or less of the diameter of the gastric sleeve portion. Delivery and retrieval techniques for the implementation of the invention illustrated in
The function of the sleeve portion 404 located in the zone of the fundus is to transmit food through the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400. Accordingly, this portion of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 may be configured to resist kinking and provide a lubricious inner surface. Saliva and mucous secreted in the esophagus and/or cardia could facilitate passage of food. The zone of the fundus and/or the area of the cardiofundal border could be a possible location for a restriction if one is used. Location of the restriction is clinically relevant in that the volume between the restriction and the gastroesophageal junction effectively defines a restricted stomach volume.
The antrum of the stomach has muscular action to grind food and this muscular action can manifest as peristalsis. Based upon clinical requirements, the sleeve portion 406 in the antral zone could include stiffening members 410 or other means to prevent motion and/or kinking of the sleeve. The stiffening members 410, which may be made of a metal and/or polymer, may be oriented axially, as shown in
In an alternate construction illustrated in
Downstream of the antrum portion 406, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 may optionally include a pyloric anchor 414 at the upstream end 408 of the pylorus, as shown in
An anchor placed in the antrum can also be used as a platform to support devices placed in the stomach. For example, combining such an anchor located in the antrum with the reinforced sleeve or coaxial balloon as described herein can be used to support an attachment ring and reduce the forces transmitted to the attachment at the stomach wall. Structures that are not a part of the gastric sleeve such as self-expanding wire meshes of NiTi or stainless steel could also be used where clinically indicated. Antral support structures could also be independent, as a sleeve anchor and could optionally be used to support other devices as described herein.
In certain embodiments, the sleeve is configured to open and to collapse as it passes through the pylorus to facilitate internal passage of food and external passage of gastric secretions and to minimize irritation and/or damage to the pylorus. Additionally, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 may optionally narrow slightly in diameter as it passes through the pylorus so that it facilitates passage of gastric secretions along the exterior of the sleeve through the pylorus when it is opened. This diameter may be on the order of 0.75-2.5 cm. The pylorus section 412 of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 must have enough wall flexibility or compliance to allow normal opening and closing of the pylorus and to avoid irritation of the pylorus. For example blow molded 90A durometer polyurethane of a wall thickness on the order of 0.005″ or less will work in this manner. With this configuration one can optionally use the pylorus as a natural stoma by allowing the sleeve to be closed by the pylorus and then opened to allow passage of food when the muscles of the pylorus relax.
Conversely, in some patients it may be desirable to hold open the pylorus. In such cases where the device is configured for holding open the pylorus, it should also include means of draining gastric secretions, e.g. tubes or channels, along the exterior of the sleeve.
A collapsible or collapsed tubular gastrointestinal sleeve device can allow gastric and intestinal secretions to pass along its outer surface. Spiral reinforcing can facilitate passage of the secretions if the sleeve between the reinforcing is configured to form channels where secretions can flow between the reinforced sleeve and the wall of the intestine or pylorus with which it may be in contact. This could be of particular use in the pylorus where food in the sleeve could be competing with gastric secretions to pass through the pylorus outside the sleeve. In the case of a flaccid sleeve, whichever of the food or secretions has the higher pressure would pass through the pylorus. In the case of a spiral reinforced sleeve with channels or other means (e.g. tubular lumens passing through the pylorus and with openings both proximal and distal to the pylorus) of enabling passage of secretions along the pylorus, the food and secretions could pass at the same time.
The gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 continues below the pylorus and passes through the duodenum and into the jejunum. The duodenum portion 416 and the jejunum portion 418 may have a total length of approximately 50-200 cm, depending on the clinical needs of the individual patient and the judgement of the physician. Shorter lengths may be used if it is desirable for the sleeve to empty into the duodenum or proximal jejunum. Longer lengths can be used if it is desirable to have the sleeve empty in the distal jejunum or ileum. In certain embodiments, the sleeve 400 may be configured with a length of 100 cm as this is a standard length of the roux limb in a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. A sleeve 400 with a length of approximately 500 cm or more can be used to perform a nonsurgical biliopancreatic diversion for achieving results similar to a Scopinaro procedure. In one configuration, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 has an approximately constant diameter of approximately 0.75-2.5 cm through the duodenum portion 416 and the jejunum portion 418. This diameter is less than the internal diameter of the small intestine through these sections to allow free flow of gastric, biliary, pancreatic and intestinal secretions along the outside of the sleeve. This diameter can be optimized for individual patients where a smaller diameter may be tolerated better and a larger diameter may be superior regarding the passage of food. Collapsibility may allow use of larger diameter sleeves, while sleeves of smaller diameter and greater resilience may be clinically indicated to minimize irritation.
Past the pylorus and past the duodenum, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 may include means to couple peristaltic muscular action of the intestine and use it to apply antegrade tension to the sleeve. One or more rings 420 in the sleeve may provide this coupling. The rings 420 may include a metallic spring to return the ring to its circular shape if collapsed by either the installation procedure or by peristaltic action of the intestine. The rings 420 may be positioned in the jejunum, as the duodenum exhibits little or no peristalsis. Alternatively, the exterior of the sleeve may be configured with small bumps or other features to provide a small amount of friction for coupling with the peristaltic muscular action of the intestine. A balance can be struck between friction and lubricity on the exterior of the sleeve. There should be enough friction so that peristalsis will act to straighten the sleeve and apply a small amount of tension to keep it in place. Too much friction, however, will allow the intestinal wall to “climb” up the exterior of the sleeve due to peristalsis, which would generally not be desirable. For example, this balance can be achieved using a smooth polyurethane sleeve with PHOTOLINK LUBRICIO COATING (Surmodics Inc.) or other lubricious coatings. However, in some clinical situations it may be desirable to achieve this end result. This can be achieved by using rings or other means of mechanically coupling the sleeve with the intestinal peristaltic action. In this case the intestine essentially crawls up the sleeve and takes on a pleated bellows-like configuration. This can have the result of effectively lengthening the sleeve, as food would now exit the sleeve at a more distal location within the intestine.
It may be desirable in some clinical circumstances to provide a temporary peristalsis coupling that can straighten the sleeve for a period of time after insertion and not couple with the peristaltic action after this period. This will tend to reduce the climbing of the intestine and can allow any previous change in the position of the intestine to return to normal. This can be accomplished by using a biodegradable coupling means such as a dissolvable peristalsis ring or a high friction coating that comes off, leaving a lubricious surface. A balloon that detaches or deflates could be another means of accomplishing this end. For example, the balloons and other features in
Optionally, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400, along some or all of its length, may be configured by means of controlled wall thickness or reinforcing so that, if the sleeve is folded or kinked, open channels 442 will be maintained, as shown in
Alternatively, the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400, along some or all of its length, may include axial channels 444, as shown in
In one embodiment of the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400, the gastric and intestinal portions of the sleeve are constructed to be normally collapsed to a somewhat flattened configuration when in a rest position, such as is shown in
The gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 is generally impermeable along its entire length to isolate ingested food from digestive secretions. However, it may be desirable to have the gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 having semipermeable or controlled permeability properties along some or all of its length to allow absorption of certain nutrients at the appropriate location in the stomach or intestine in order to avoid malabsorption complications while still limiting caloric absorption. For example, in the duodenal portion it would be beneficial to allow Iron and B-12 to exit the sleeve so that it can be absorbed through the intestinal wall.
When the pylorus is used as a natural stoma to control food flow, an electrical stimulation system can optionally be used to control the opening and closing of the pylorus. This system could include one or more electrodes for stimulating the pylorus, a stimulator (including power source and controlling electronics) and one or more optional sensing electrodes.
In summary, the present invention provides a gastrointestinal sleeve device which allows separation of ingested foods and liquids from digestive secretions through the stomach and past the duodenum and optionally into the jejunum or ileum. This is of particular significance because gastric acids are neutralized by bile and duodenal secretions. This prevents digestion from gastric acid taking place even if the food and gastric secretions are allowed to mix at a later point in the intestines.
The pyloric/duodenal introducer 850 has a tubular body 844 with an introducer lumen 846 sized to pass through the gastrointestinal sleeve device. The tubular body 844 has a length sufficient to reach past the patient's pylorus into the duodenum via a peroral route. In certain embodiments, the tubular body 844 has a slit flowering distal end 848 for atraumatic crossing of the pylorus. An optional distal infusion lumen 842 parallels the introducer lumen 846 and allows infusion of fluids near the distal end of the introducer 850. For example, the introducer can be used as described in step 10g of the method outlined below.
The gastrointestinal sleeve device 400 in
While the present invention has been described herein with respect to the exemplary embodiments and the best mode for practicing the invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications, improvements and subcombinations of the various embodiments, adaptations and variations can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/698,148, filed on Oct. 31, 2003, for Apparatus and Methods for Treatment of Morbid Obesity, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications 60/442,987, filed on Nov. 1, 2002, for Apparatus and Methods for Treatment of Morbid Obesity; 60/430,857, filed on Dec. 3, 2002, for Biliopancreatic Diverter Tube for Treatment of Morbid Obesity; 60/437,513, filed on Dec. 30, 2002, for Apparatus and Methods for Gastric Surgery, 60/448,817, filed on Feb. 21, 2003, for Surgical Fastener System and Method for Attachment within a Hollow Organ, and 60/480,485, filed on Jun. 21, 2003 for Gastrointestinal Sleeve Device and Method of Use. These and all other patents and patent applications referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 10903255 | US |
