Patent Application
20090300803
The present invention relates to a gene coding for acetolactate synthase which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway.
Acetolactate synthase (hereinafter referred to as “ALS”) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched chain amino acids, such as leucine, valine and isoleucine, and is known as an essential enzyme for the growth of plants. ALS is also known to be present in a wide variety of higher plants. In addition, ALS is found in various microorganisms, such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium.
Three types of isoenzymes of ALS are known to be present in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Each of these isoenzymes is a hetero oligomer consisting of catalytic subunits with a large molecular weight that govern catalytic activity of the enzyme and regulatory subunits with a small molecular weight that function as feedback inhibitors by binding of branched-chain amino acids (Chipman et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1385, 401-419, 1998). Catalytic subunits are located at Ilv IH, Ilv GM and Ilv BN operons, respectively. On the other hand, ALS in yeast is a single enzyme, which comprises a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, as is the case in bacteria (Pang et al., Biochemistry, 38, 5222-5231, 1999). The catalytic protein subunit is located at the locus ILV2.
In plants, ALS is known to consist catalytic subunit(s) and regulatory subunit(s) as is the case in the above microorganisms (Hershey et al., Plant Molecular Biology. 40, 795-806, 1999). For example, the catalytic subunit of ALS in tobacco (dicotyledon) is coded by two gene loci, SuRA and SuRB (Lee et al., EMBO J. 7, 1241-1248, 1988); and that in maize is coded by two gene loci, als 1 and als 2 (Burr et al., Trends in Genetics 7, 55-61, 1991; Lawrence et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18, 1185-1187, 1992). The nucleotide sequences of genes coding for a catalytic subunit have been completely determined for dicotyledonous plants including tobacco, Arabidopsis, rapeseed, cotton, Xanthium, Amaranthus and Kochia (see Chipman et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1385, 401-419, 1998 and domestic re-publication of PCT international publication for patent applications WO97/08327). However, maize and rice (Kaku et al., the 26th Conference of Pesticide Science Society of Japan, Lecture Abstracts, p 101, 2001) are the only monocotyledonous plants whose nucleotide sequences have been completely determined.
Meanwhile, herbicides, for example, sulfonylurea herbicides, imidazolinon herbicides, triazolopyrimidine herbicides and pyrimidinyl carboxy herbicides (hereinafter referred to as “PC herbicides”), are known to suppress the growth of a plant by inhibiting ALS (Ray, Plant Physiol. 75, 827-831, 1984; Shaner et al., Plant Physiol. 76, 545-546, 1984; Subramanian et al., Plant Physiol. 96, 310-313, 1991; Shimizu et al., J. Pestic. Sci. 19, 59-67, 1994).
As shown in Tables 1 and 2, known plants having resistance to these herbicides contain a gene coding for ALS that includes substitution of one or two nucleotides which induces substitution of one or two amino acids in a region conserved among different species.
Mutation in plant ALS which imparts resistance against ALS-inhibiting type herbicide (1).
Mutation in plant ALS which imparts resistance to ALS-inhibiting type herbicide (2).
Examples of such a gene include a gene coding for ALS having resistance specific to sulfonylurea herbicides (see Kathleen et al., EMBO J. 7, 1241-1248, 1988; Mourad et al., Planta, 188, 491-497, 1992; Guttieri et al., Weed Sci. 43, 175-178, 1995; Bernasconi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17381-17385, 1995; and JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 63-71184); a gene coding for ALS having resistance specific to imidazolinon herbicides (see Mourad et al., Planta, 188, 491-497, 1992; Lee et al., FEBS Lett. 452, 341-345, 1999; and JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 5-227964); a gene coding for ALS having resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides (see Kathleen et al., EMBO J. 7, 1241-1248, 1988; Bernasconi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17381-17385, 1995; Hattori et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 246, 419-425, 1995; Alison et al., Plant Physiol. 111, 1353, 1996; Rajasekarau et al., Plant Sci. 119, 115-124, 1996; JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 63-71184; JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 4-311392; and Bernasconi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,437, 1997); and a gene coding for ALS having a high level of resistance to PC herbicides (Kaku et al., the 26th Conference of Pesticide Science Society of Japan, Lecture Abstracts, p. 101, 2001). The production of a plant body showing resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides has been attempted by crossing a plant having ALS showing resistance specific to sulfonylurea herbicides with a plant having ALS showing resistance specific to imidazolinon herbicides (Mourad et al., Mol. Gen. Genet, 243, 178-184, 1994). Furthermore, artificial alteration of a gene coding for ALS into a herbicide resistance gene has been attempted (see Ott et al., J. Mol. Biol. 263, 359-368, 1996, JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 63-71184, JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 5-227964, JP Patent Publication (PCT Translation) No. 11-504213), such that it has been found that a single amino acid deletion causes ALS to show resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides (see JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 5-227964).
As described above, ALSs having resistance to herbicides, and genes coding for ALS have been aggressively studied. However, only a few cases have been reported concerning a mutant ALS gene having resistance specific to a PC herbicide using resistance to PC herbicides as an indicator. Moreover, there have been also only a few cases reported concerning the study of the resistance to PC herbicides and other herbicides.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a gene coding for an ALS protein showing extremely high level of resistance to PC herbicides or to sulfonylurea herbicides, an ALS protein coded by the gene, a recombinant vector having the gene, a transformant having the recombinant vector, a plant having the gene, a method for rearing the plant, and a method for selecting a transformant cell using the gene as a selection marker.
As a result of thorough studies to achieve the above purpose, we have completed the present invention by finding that a mutant ALS which is derived from the wild type ALS by substituting a certain amino acid residue of the wild type ALS with a certain amino acid shows extremely high resistance to PC herbicides.
(1) Specifically, the present invention is a gene which codes for the following protein (a) or (b):
a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8;
a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8 by substitution, deletion or addition of at least one or more amino acids, which has resistance to PC herbicides and has acetolactate synthase activity.
(2) Further, the present invention is an acetolactate synthase protein, which is coded by the gene of (1).
(3) Furthermore, the present invention is a recombinant vector, which has the gene of (1).
(4) Further, the present invention is a transformant, which has the recombinant vector of (3).
(5) Moreover, the present invention is a plant, which has the gene of (1) and has resistance to PC herbicides.
(6) Further, the present invention is a method for cultivating the plant of (5) which comprises cultivating the plant in the presence of a PC herbicide.
(7) Still further, the present invention is a method for selecting a transformant cell having the gene of (1), which uses this gene as a selection marker.
Hereunder, a more detailed explanation will be given of the present invention.
The gene coding for the acetolactate synthase of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as “mutant ALS gene”) codes for an acetolactate synthase protein (hereinafter referred to as “mutant ALS protein”) having an amino acid sequence that is different from that of a wild type acetolactate synthase protein (hereinafter, referred to as “wild type ALS protein”). The mutant ALS protein can be obtained by mutating a certain site in a wild type ALS protein expressed in a rice plant. The mutant ALS protein of the present invention consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, and 8.
The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of proline 171 with histidine and substitution of arginine 172 with serine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is referred to as “P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein,” or “P171H/R172S mutant.”
The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 is derived from the amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of proline 171 with histidine and substitution of tryptophan 548 with leucine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 is referred to as “P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein,” or “P171H/W548L mutant.”
The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 is derived from the amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of proline 171 with histidine, and substitution of serine 627 with isoleucine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 is referred to as “P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein,” or “P171H/S627I mutant.”
The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 is derived from the amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of proline 171 with histidine, substitution of tryptophan 548 with leucine, and substitution of serine 627 with isoleucine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 is referred to as “P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein,” or “P171H/W548L/S627I mutant.”
Compared to the wild type ALS protein, these mutant ALS proteins possess good resistance not only to PC herbicides, but also to sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides. This can be determined by subcloning a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein into pGEX 2T, transforming E. coli or the like with the pGEX 2T, and then examining the sensitivity of the expressed mutant ALS protein to herbicides.
Examples of a PC herbicide include bispyribac-sodium, pyrithiobac-sodium and pyriminobac, as represented by the following chemical formula 1.
An example of a sulfonylurea herbicide is chlorsulfuron, as represented by the following chemical formula 2.
An example of an imidazolinon herbicide is imazaquin, as represented by the following chemical formula 3.
In particular, P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein shows resistance to a certain herbicide at a level not only better than that of a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H or R172S, but also superior to the combined resistance predicted from the mutant ALS proteins independently having P171H or R172S. Further, the mutant ALS protein independently having R172S does not show resistance to any herbicides, therefore the R172S mutation is a silent mutation. In other words, in P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein, R172S mutation, which is a silent mutation by itself, improves the resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein.
Further, P171H/W548L mutant protein shows resistance to a certain herbicide at a level not only better than that of a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H or W548L, but also better than the combined resistance predicted from the mutant ALS proteins independently having P171H or W548L. In other words, P171H/W548L mutant protein shows resistance which is far greater than the synergistic effect predicted from the resistances of both P171 H mutant protein and W548L mutant protein.
Further, in particular, P171H/S627I mutant protein shows resistance to a certain herbicide at a level not only better than that of a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H or S627I, but also better than the combined resistance predicted from the mutant ALS proteins independently having P171H or S627I. In other words, P171H/S627I mutant protein shows resistance which is far greater than the synergistic effect predicted from the resistances of both P171H mutant protein and S627I mutant protein.
Still further, in particular, P171H/W548L/S627I mutant protein shows resistance to a certain herbicide better than that of a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H, W548L or S627I.
Moreover, the mutant ALS protein of the present invention may consist of any amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8 by substitution, deletion or addition of at least one or more amino acids, as long as the sequence has resistance to a PC herbicide and has acetolactate synthase activity. Here, “one or more amino acids” preferably refers to 1 to 30 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 20 amino acids, and more preferably 1 to 10 amino acids.
Particularly, in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, “at least one or more amino acids” are preferably (an) amino acids other than the 171st and 172nd amino acids. In the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, “at least one or more amino acids” are preferably (an) amino acids other than the 171st and 548th amino acids. In the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, “at least one or more amino acids” are preferably (an) amino acids other than the 171st and 627th amino acids. In the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, “at least one or more amino acids” are preferably (an) amino acids other than the 171st, 627th, and 548th amino acids.
The mutant ALS gene of the present invention is not specifically limited, as long as it has a nucleotide sequence coding for the above-described mutant ALS protein. Examples of the nucleotide sequence include the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5 and 7. The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. The mutant ALS gene may have a nucleotide sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5 and 7 by substitution of a codon coding for a certain amino acid with a degenerate codon.
Moreover, the mutant ALS gene of the present invention may consist of a nucleotide sequence which can hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5 and 7, and codes for an amino acid sequence having acetolactate synthase activity. “Stringent conditions” refers to conditions wherein a so-called specific hybrid is formed and a non-specific hybrid is not formed. Examples of such stringent conditions include conditions whereby DNAs having high homology to each other (for example, DNAs having 50% or more homology to each other) hybridize and DNAs having low homology to each other do not hybridize. Specific examples of the stringent conditions, under which hybridization is possible, include conditions for washing in the normal Southern hybridization of 60° C., and a salt concentration corresponding to 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, or preferably, 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS.
Genes coding for these mutant ALS proteins can be obtained by introducing a mutation as described above into a gene coding for a wild type ALS protein which is present in the genomic DNA of japonica type rice variety, Kinmaze. To introduce mutations, any known techniques can be employed. For example, site-directed mutagenesis can be used. Site-directed mutagenesis can be performed using a commercial kit, e.g., Mutan-K (Takara Shuzo), Gene Editor (Promega) or ExSite (Stratagene).
In addition, a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can be obtained by culturing wild type culture cells sensitive to a PC herbicide in the presence of the PC herbicide and then obtaining the gene from mutant culture cells that appear and show resistance to the PC herbicide. Then, a gene coding for ALS protein having a new combination of mutations can be synthesized based on the thus found mutations by the PCR method and SPR (self polymerase reaction) method using enzymes.
Specifically, first, mRNAs are prepared from mutant culture cells resistant to a PC herbicide, cDNAs are synthesized, and then a cDNA library of λgt 11 phage is constructed. Then, the library is screened using a nucleic acid probe containing part of a gene coding for the wild type ALS protein. Next, the insert DNA of the resulting positive clone is subcloned into pBluescript II SK+, to determine the nucleotide sequence. For cDNA inserts that have been shown to have mutations, fragments containing the mutation are synthesized by the PCR and SPR methods using as a template pBluescript II SK+ retaining the insert DNA, and primers designed based on the wild type rice ALS gene. Meanwhile, genomic DNAs are prepared from PC-herbicide-resistant rice culture cells, and various primers are designed based on rice ALS genes. Then, primer walking is performed, so that the sequences of ALS genes present in the prepared genomic DNAs are determined, and mutations sites are found. When mutations are found, fragments containing the mutations are synthesized by the PCR and SPR methods. Fragments containing mutations synthesized from mutant ALS cDNA cloned into pBluescript II SK+ (including the fragments containing these mutations) are subcloned into pGEX 2T, and then E. coli is transformed using the vector.
Clones having the insert DNAs coding for the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 or 8 are then selected, so that genes coding for mutant ALS proteins can be obtained. In addition, the thus obtained plasmid in which a gene coding for a mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 had been incorporated in pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 1 (FERM BP-7944), the plasmid in which a gene coding for a mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 had been incorporated in pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 2 (FERM BP-7945), the plasmid in which a gene coding for a mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 had been incorporated in pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 3 (FERM BP-7946), and the plasmid in which a gene coding for a mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 had been incorporated in pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 4 (FERM BP-7947) with the Patent and Bio-Resource Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Chuo-6, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, JAPAN) on Mar. 8, 2002, under the Budapest Treaty.
On the other hand, transformation of a target plant using a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can impart resistance to various herbicides, such as PC herbicides, to the plant. Any known technique can be used for transformation of a plant. For example, a foreign gene can be introduced into a target plant cell using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
More specifically, a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein is inserted into a binary vector containing T-DNA sequence of a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. The Ti plasmid is transformed into E. coli and the like. Then, the binary vectors retaining the gene coding for the mutant ALS protein replicated by, e.g., E. coli are transformed into Agrobacteria which contain helper plasmids. Target plants are infected with the Agrobacteria, and then the transformed plants are identified. When the identified transformed plant is a culture cell, the plant cell can be regenerated into a complete plant by any known technique.
To transform a target plant with a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein, the gene can be directly introduced using known standard techniques. Examples of a method which transforms an expression vector containing a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein include the polyethylene glycol method, electroporation, and the particle gun method.
A gene coding for the mutant ALS protein may be transformed into any type of plant, such as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Examples of a target crop into which a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein is transformed include rice, maize, wheat, barley, soybean, cotton, rapeseeds, sugar beet and tobacco. In addition, turf grass, trees and the like can be transformed by introducing a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein.
In any of the above cases, transformation of a plant using a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can impart resistance to PC herbicides, sulfonylurea herbicides, and imidazolinon herbicides to the plant.
Moreover, a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can also be used as a selection marker in an experiment for transformation of a plant. For example, to transform a plant cell using a target gene, a vector which has a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein and a target gene is introduced into the plant cell, followed by culturing of the plant cell under the presence of a PC herbicide or the like. If a plant cell survives in the presence of the herbicide, it indicates that the plant cell contains a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein and the gene of interest introduced therein. Further, whether a target gene and a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein are incorporated into the chromosome of a plant cell can be confirmed by observing the phenotype of the plant and then examining the presence of these genes on the genome, by genome southern hybridization or PCR.
Now, the present invention will be further described by the following examples, but the technical scope of the invention is not limited by these examples.
Chaff was removed from rice seeds (variety: Kinmaze, scientific name: Oryza sativa var. Kinmaze). The seeds were immersed in 70% ethanol for 5 minutes, and then immersed in about 5% antiformin for 20 minutes, followed by washing several times with sterile distilled water. Then, the seeds were static-cultured on a medium with a composition as shown in Table 3.
In the above medium composition, 2,4-D is synthesized auxin. To prepare the medium, first, a medium with the above composition was placed in a 1 l beaker, and distilled water was added to the beaker to 1000 ml. Next, the solution was adjusted to pH 5.7, and supplemented with 3 g of Gelrite. The Gelrite was dissolved well by heating with a microwave oven, and then the mixture was added 30 ml at a time to culture flasks using a pipetter. Next, three sheets of aluminum foil were laid over the culture flask, followed by heating for sterilization in an autoclave at 121° C. for 15 to 20 minutes. Finally the solution was cooled to room temperature so that the media for static culture of the above seeds were prepared.
Next, endosperm portions were removed from the callus induced on the medium, and then subculture was performed. Then, part of the obtained calli was sub-cultured, that is, cultured successively once per two weeks in a liquid medium (the composition is the same as in that shown in Table 3, but not supplemented with Gelrite) supplemented with 1 μM bispyribac-sodium (one type of PC herbicides). Two to 6 weeks later the culture cells started to wither. About 2 months later, a plurality of non-discolored cell masses that were thought to be conducting cell division were obtained from among culture cell populations most of which had died and became discolored brown. These cell masses were isolated and cultured, so that a plurality of cell lines that can proliferate in the presence of 2 μM bispyribac-sodium were obtained. The obtained cell lines were named Rb line, Sr line, Ga line and Vg line, respectively.
Subsequently, the resulting plurality of cell lines were cultured while elevating the concentration of bispyribac-sodium in an orderly manner. As a result, cell lines that can proliferate in the presence of 100 μM bispyribac-sodium were obtained. The bispyribac-sodium resistant culture cells (hereinafter referred to as “resistant mutant”) were sub-cultured on MS-2,4-D solid media supplemented with 1 to 10 μM bispyribac-sodium. Part of the sub-cultured resistant mutant was sampled, added into MS-2,4-D liquid media not supplemented with bispyribac-sodium, and then subjected to suspended cell culture at a cycle of 8 to 10 days.
Approximately 1.5 g (wet weight) of the resistant mutant was transplanted into a 200 ml Erlenmeyer flask supplemented with 50 ml of a MS-2,4-D liquid medium and bispyribac-sodium at a certain concentration, followed by culturing at approximately 27° C. for a certain period. The wet weight of the callus was measured periodically. The relative amount of increase was determined based on the wet weight of the transplanted resistant mutant. In addition, the experiment was performed three times with different bispyribac-sodium concentrations, and the standard error was calculated.
As shown in
Also, in the case of using chlorsulfuron instead of bispyribac-sodium, the growth rates of the wild type and the resistant mutants were measured as described above.
As shown in
These results revealed that the resistant mutants possess high resistance to bispyribac-sodium. Moreover, the resistant mutants were shown to have improved resistance to chlorsulfuron compared to the wild type.
In this example, mutant ALS protein was partially purified from the resistant mutants obtained in Example 1 (Rb line, Sr line and Vg line, with Ga line excluded), and then herbicide sensitivity of the obtained mutant ALS protein was examined. The mutant ALS protein was partially purified as follows.
First, 200 g or more of resistant mutant was prepared by a liquid culture method (no supplementation with bispyribac-sodium), using a composition as shown in Table 3 excluding Gelrite. Then, about 150 g of the resistant mutant was homogenized using Hiscotron in a volume of buffer-1 [100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0-5 mM thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), 10 μM flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 0.5 mM MgCl2, and a volume of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone one-tenth that of tissue volume] 3-fold greater than tissue volume. The homogenate was filtered through nylon gauze, and then centrifuged at 15000×g for 20 minutes. Ammonium sulfate was added to the centrifuged supernatant to 50% saturation, and then allowed to stand in ice for approximately 1 hour. The mixture was again centrifuged at 15000×g for 20 minutes, and then the precipitated fraction was dissolved in approximately 30 ml of buffer-2 [10 mM Tris hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 7.5) containing 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.5 mM TPP and 0.5 mM MgCl2]. The mixture was again centrifuged at 15000×g for 20 minutes, and then the supernatant fraction was applied to a Sephadex G-25 (Amersham Bioscience). About 40 ml of the fraction that had passed through the column was collected as a crude enzyme solution.
Next, the protein concentration of the crude enzyme solution was measured by the Bradford method according to the manual of Bio-Rad Protein Assay. The crude enzyme solution was then filtered through a Whatman filter (Whatman), and then the crude enzyme solution in an appropriate protein amount (10 to 15 ml) was applied to three vertically-connected HiTrap Q columns (Amersham Bioscience) using a FPLC device (Amersham Bioscience). After protein component was adsorbed using HiTrap Q, unadsorbed fractions were washed out using buffer-2 having a volume 3 to 5 fold greater than the bed volume. Then, the adsorbed protein component was eluted using an eluate having a volume 10 fold greater than the bed volume (150 ml). Here, the eluate was prepared by dissolving KCl with a linear concentration gradient (0 to 0.4 M) into buffer-2. The eluate containing the eluted protein component was apportioned, 5 ml each, into a plurality of test tubes for apportioning. Further, to stabilize ALS protein contained in the eluted protein component, 0.5 ml of buffer-2 containing 20 mM sodium pyruvate had been previously added to each test tube for apportioning.
ALS activity resulting from the mutant ALS protein contained in the eluted fractions apportioned into each test tube for apportioning was measured as follows. A reaction solution to be used in a measurement reaction was prepared by mixing an eluted fraction to be measured with a solution comprising 20 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.5 mM TPP, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 10 μM FAD and 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). One ml of this reaction solution was used. After the eluted fraction to be measured was added, the measurement reaction was performed at 30° C. for 40 to 60 minutes. Then, the reaction was stopped by addition of 0.1 ml of 6N sulfuric acid (or 0.25 N sodium hydroxide).
After the reaction was stopped, the reaction solution was incubated at 60° C. for 10 minutes, thereby converting acetolactate contained in the reaction solution to acetoin.
Then, to quantify acetoin contained in the reaction solution, 1 ml of 0.5% (w/v) creatine and 1 ml of 5% (w/v) α-naphthol dissolved in 2.5 N sodium hydroxide was added to the reaction solution, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Acetoin was then quantified by color comparison of the absorbance (at 525 nm) of the reaction solution, thereby evaluating ALS activity. In addition, since the reaction solution contained a small amount of sodium pyruvate, reaction time 0 was used as control.
As a result, absorbance at OD525 nm was as high as approximately 7 per 0.2 ml of the reaction solution. However, when the above measurement reaction was ceased with sodium hydroxide, and acetoin generation activity due to activity other than ALS activity was examined, nearly 80% of the apparent ALS activity resulted from direct acetoin generation activity which was not due to activity of the mutant ALS protein. Accordingly, the mutant ALS protein and the other proteins were separated for acetoin generation activity by FPLC using anion exchange resin.
To determine which one of the three activity peaks corresponded to the mutant ALS protein, acetoin generation activity was examined for each peak. Thus, it was found that a fraction shown by the peak of initial elution corresponded to the mutant ALS protein.
Using the enzyme solution containing the mutant ALS protein, sensitivity of the mutant ALS protein to bispyribac-sodium, chlorsulfuron and imazaquin was examined. Sensitivity to each of these herbicides was evaluated by measuring ALS activity in the same manner as in the above measurement reaction, except that a herbicide was added to a certain concentration before addition of the enzyme solution. For comparison, the wild type ALS protein was separated and purified (
A herbicide concentration which inhibits 50% of ALS activity (I50) was found from calculation according to probit analysis, thereby calculating the ratio of I50 for the mutant ALS protein vs. I50 for the wild type ALS protein. Table 4 shows the results.
Further, based on the results in Table 4, I50 of the resistant mutant against each herbicide was divided by I50 of the wild type to work out RS. The results are shown in Table 5.
As shown in
In this example, a gene (wild type ALS gene) coding for the wild type ALS protein was cloned from the wild type, while a gene (mutant ALS gene) coding for the mutant ALS protein was cloned from the resistant mutant.
Probes used for cloning the wild type ALS gene and the mutant ALS gene were prepared as follows. The partial cDNA derived from rice (Nippon-bare) showing high homology with the ALS gene of maize was used as a probe in this example.
(1) Determination of the Nucleotide Sequence of a Partial cDNA Derived From Rice (Nippon-bare) Showing High Homology With the ALS Gene of Maize
As a part of the Rice Genome Project conducted by the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, partial nucleotide sequences of cDNAs of rice (Nippon-bare) had been determined and a partial nucleotide sequence database of cDNAs had already been established. A cDNA clone (Accession No. C72411) which is known as a nucleotide sequence of approximately 350 bp contained in this database showed high homology to the ALS gene of maize. The ALS gene of maize had been completely sequenced.
This cDNA clone (Accession No. C72411) was obtained from the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, and the nucleotide sequence was determined as follows. Here, the cDNA clone comprised an ALS homolog gene inserted within pBluescript II SK+, and it was capable of autonomous replication in E. coli.
First, an ALS homolog-retaining plasmid vector was transformed into E. coli (DH5α). White colonies obtained from a plate were cultured in liquid, and then plasmids were extracted from the cells by standard techniques. Since the insert DNA had been inserted between Sal I and Not I (restriction enzymes of multi-cloning sites in the plasmid vector), the vector was digested with the two enzymes. The insert was confirmed by agarose electrophoresis. Then, the obtained ALS homolog-retaining plasmid vector was purified by standard techniques using, e.g., RNaseA, PEG and LiCl, followed by sequencing reaction using primers and an ABI BigDyeTerminator Cycle Sequencing Kit. Conditions for PCR reaction followed the manufacturer's protocols. Primers used herein were M13 primers and synthesized primers designed from the determined nucleotide sequence. The resulting PCR product was purified by ethanol precipitation, and then the nucleotide sequence thereof was determined by an ABI PRISM 310 sequencer.
The ALS homolog-retaining plasmid vector is known to contain an insert DNA with a length of 1.6 kb. The obtained ALS homolog-retaining plasmid vector was digested with restriction enzymes Sal I and Not I, and then subjected to electrophoresis. As a result, a band of approximately 3 kbp corresponding to pBluescript II SK+ and a band of approximately 1.6 kbp corresponding to the insert DNA fragment were detected (data not shown). The entire nucleotide sequence of the insert DNA portion was determined, and its homology to the nucleotide sequence of maize was searched. As shown in
(2) Preparation of mRNA From Resistant Mutant and Wild Type
First, the resistant mutant frozen with liquid nitrogen was crushed with a mortar and pestle, and then finely crushed with a mixer for 30 seconds. The crushed powder was suspended in an extraction buffer [(100 mM Tris-HCl pH 9.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 weight % SDS, 5 mM EDTA):(β-mercaptoethanol):(Tris saturated phenol)=15:3:20], and then stirred thoroughly. This solution was centrifuged at 12000×g for 15 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected. Two hundred ml of PCl [(Tris saturated phenol):(chloroform):(isoamylalcohol)=25:24:1] was added to the supernatant, shaken at 4° C. for 10 minutes, centrifuged at 12000×g for 15 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected. The procedure was repeated twice. A 1/20 volume of 5 M NaCl and a 2.2-fold volume of ethanol were added to the obtained supernatant, and then the mixture was allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 12000×g for 5 minutes. The precipitate was washed with 70% ethanol, dried, and then dissolved in 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol solution. Next, the solution was centrifuged at 27000×g for 10 minutes to remove insoluble fraction. A ¼ volume of 10 M LiCl was added to the solution, which was then allowed to stand on ice for 1 hour. Further. the solution was centrifuged at 27000×g for 10 minutes to collect precipitate, dissolved in 4 ml of H2O, and then absorbance at 260 nm was measured to find the concentration of RNA. A 1/20 volume of 5 M NaCl and a 2.2-fold volume of ethanol were added to the solution, which was then allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Subsequently the solution was centrifuged at 27000×g for 10 minutes to collect the precipitate, followed by washing with 70% ethanol, and drying. The resulting product was dissolved in an appropriate amount of H2O to obtain a total RNA solution. Here, centrifugation was performed at 4° C.
mRNA was separated and purified from total RNA by the following method. A 2× binding buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM EDTA, 1 M NaCl) in a volume equivalent to that of the extracted total RNA solution was added to the extracted total RNA solution. A column filled with 0.1 g of oligo dT cellulose (Amersham Bioscience) was washed with a 1× binding buffer, and then the total RNA solution was applied to the column. After the column was washed with a 1× binding buffer, an elution buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA) was applied, and the eluate collected 0.5 ml at a time. Fractions that had passed through the column were applied to another oligo dT cellulose (Amersham Bioscience) column, and treated in the same manner. After the concentration of eluted mRNA was calculated based on the absorbance of each fraction, a 1/10 volume of 10 M LiCl and a 2.5-fold volume of ethanol were added to the products, and then the mixtures were allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Next, the mixtures were centrifuged and the precipitated fractions were dried, and dissolved in 100 μl of H2O. The thus obtained mRNA was subjected to size fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
The separated and purified mRNA was applied to a centrifuge tube with density gradient given by a 25% sucrose solution and 5% sucrose solution, and then ultracentrifuged at 27000 rpm for 15 hours at 4° C. using a swing rotor. After centrifugation, 0.5 ml of each fraction was collected in order of density gradient. Absorbance of each fraction was measured, the concentration of the collected mRNA was calculated., and the presence of ALS mRNA was confirmed by hybridization using an ECL kit (ECL direct nucleic acid labeling and detection system, Amersham Bioscience). Hybridization was performed using a probe prepared in (1) above at 42° C. for 16 hours. After hybridization, washing at 42° C. for 5 minutes was performed twice using a primary washing buffer provided with the kit, and then washing at 42° C. for 5 minutes was performed once using 2×SSC solution. The washed film was wrapped with a transparent plastic film to keep it immersed in an attached luminous reagent provided with the kit, and then exposed to an X-ray film.
When Sr line was used as the resistant mutant, approximately 35 mg of total RNA and approximately 4 mg of mRNA could be extracted by the above procedures. Further, in sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a hybridization-positive spot was found for a fraction expected to be positive.
When the wild type was used, approximately 95 mg of total RNA was extracted in addition to approximately 7 mg of mRNA. When mRNA was extracted from the wild type, the above method was applied except that the wild type was used instead of the resistant mutant.
(3) Construction of cDNA Libraries Derived From Resistant Mutant and Wild Type
Using 2 μg of mRNA purified in (2) above and a cDNA synthesis kit (Amersham Bioscience), cDNA was synthesized, so that a cDNA library derived from the resistant mutant was constructed.
First, RTase provided with the kit was used for a reverse transcription reaction; and T4 DNA polymerase provided with the kit was used for a subsequent complementary chain elongation reaction. At the time of complementary chain elongation reaction, 32P-dCTP was added to calculate the yield of cDNA synthesis. After an adaptor was added, the synthesized cDNA was incorporated into λ phage by in vitro packaging method.
The adaptor added to cDNA was an Eco RI-Not I-Bam HI adaptor (Takara Shuzo). Adapters with a molar concentration 50-fold greater than that of cDNA were added to a solution containing cDNA. Then, T4 DNA Ligase (Pharmacia) was added to the mixture followed by ligation reaction at 4° C. overnight. The reaction solution was applied to HPLC using an AsahiPak GS 710 column (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), followed by monitoring of the eluate with ultraviolet rays at a wavelength of 260 nm. The eluate was fractionated into 25 fractions of 0.5 ml each. Each fraction was measured with a Cerenkov counter, and 3 to 4 fractions with a high count were collected. The 5′ terminus of the adaptor contained in the fraction was phosphorylated using T4 polynucleotide kinase (Takara Shuzo), and then λgt 11 Eco RI arm was added to perform ligation. GigaPack Gold III (Stratagene) was added to the solution, and then ligation reaction was performed at room temperature for 2 hours. After reaction, 200 μl of an SM buffer and 8 μl of chloroform were added to the reaction solution, thereby preparing a phage solution. This phage solution was diluted 10-fold. One μl of the diluted solution was infected with E. coli (Y-1088), to which 0.7% top agar was added, and then the solution was inoculated over an LB plate. The number of plaques that had appeared on the plate 4 to 8 hours later was counted, thereby measuring the titer.
Synthesis of approximately 74 ng of cDNA derived from Sr line was confirmed by the result of DE 81 paper and Cerenkov counting. The result of Cerenkov counting after ligation of a vector with an adaptor added thereto revealed that approximately 22 ng of λDNA contained the insert was obtained for Sr line. The λDNA was packaged into the phage, thereby preparing a cDNA library derived from the cells of the resistant mutant. The titer of the library solution was 16600 pfu/μl.
When a cDNA library was constructed using mRNA extracted from the wild type according to the above-described method, it was shown that approximately 38 ng of cDNA derived from the wild type had been synthesized. Further, approximately 5 ng of EDNA contained the insert was obtained for the wild type. Furthermore, the titer of the cDNA library solution derived from the wild type was 18160 pfu/μl.
(4) Screening of cDNA Containing the ALS Gene
To form about 20,000 plaques on plates, the library solution prepared in (3) above was diluted, and then phages derived from the wild type and those derived from Sr line were separately inoculated over 10 plates, respectively. Plaques were then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Schleicher & Schnell, PROTORAN BA85, pore size 0.45 μm), and the nitrocellulose membrane was immersed in a denaturation solution (0.5 M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl), and then in a neutralization solution (1.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA) for approximately 20 seconds. Excess water was removed from the nitrocellulose membrane using a filter paper, and then the nitrocellulose membrane was baked at 80° C. for 2 hours. Here, the baking step was omitted when Hybond-N+ (Amersham Biotech) was used instead of a nitrocellulose membrane, and immobilization was performed with 0.4 M NaOH for 20 minutes.
The insert DNA prepared in (1) above was labeled by two types of method, RI and non-RI, and then used as a probe DNA. Labeling with RI and hybridization were performed by the following method. First, approximately 200 to 500 ng of probe DNA was thermally denatured, and then labeled using a BcaBFST DNA labeling kit (Takara Shuzo). At the time of this labeling reaction, a buffer, random primers and 32P-dCTP provided with the kit were added. Next, BcaBEST was added, followed by incubation at 65° C. for 30 minutes. Subsequently, EDTA was added to stop the reaction. The reaction solution was applied to nitrocellulose membranes, so that 8 of the membranes contained approximately 100 ng of probes. Hybridization was performed at 42° C. overnight with weak shaking. After hybridization, the membranes were washed three times with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS solution, followed by exposure for about I hour to an imaging plate of a BAS 2000 imaging analyzer (Fuji Photo Film). Following exposure, positive clones were detected using the imaging analyzer.
Labeling with non-RI was performed by the following method. Following thermal denaturation of approximately 200 to 500 ng of probe DNA, DNA labeling reagent (peroxidase) and glutaraldehyde which were provided with an ECL direct DNA/RNA labeling and detection system (Amersham Bioscience) were added, followed by incubation at 37° C. In this case, the labeled probe DNA was applied to nitrocellulose membranes, so that 8 of the membranes contained approximately 100 ng of the labeled probe DNA. Hybridization was performed at 42° C. overnight with weak shaking. After hybridization, the membrane was washed three times with a primary washing buffer at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then once with 2×SSC at room temperature for 10 minutes. The membrane was immersed in a luminous solution provided with the ECL kit, and then exposed to an X-ray film for 30 minutes to 3 hours.
Positive phages obtained by hybridization (primary screening) were scraped off together with top agar using a sterile toothpick, and then suspended in 200 μl of SM buffer, thereby obtaining a phage solution. Phage solutions of each clone were appropriately diluted, infected with E. coli strain Y-1088, and then inoculated over LB plates. Using these newly prepared plates, hybridization (secondary screening) was performed similarly. Positive phages were suspended in 200 μl of a SM buffer, thereby obtaining single phages. If no single phage was isolated by secondary screening, another dilution was performed, followed by inoculation over LB plates. Subsequently, hybridization (the third screening) was performed, so that single phages were obtained.
Next, λDNA was prepared from the single phages by the following methods. λ phages collected with a bamboo brochette or a toothpick from plaques of positive clones were inoculated in 200 μl of a 2×YT medium (containing 10 mM MgCl2 and 0.2% maltose) containing 5 μl of a suspension of fresh host E. coli (Y1088). The product was allowed to stand and incubated at 42° C. overnight. Then, the medium was inoculated again in 1 ml of a 2×YT medium (containing 10 mM MgCl2 and 0.2% maltose) containing 25 μl of a suspension of host E. coli (Y1088), and then shake-cultured overnight (these steps compose a pre-culturing process). The pre-cultured solution (10 to 50 μl) was inoculated in 12 ml of 2×YT medium containing 10 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 ml of E. coli Y1088 suspension. Then, incubation was performed at 42° C. overnight with relatively strong shaking, until turbidity increased after lysis. After culturing, 50 μl of chloroform and 1.2 ml of 5 M NaCl were added, and then incubation was performed at 42° C. for 10 minutes while shaking. The product was centrifuged at 27000×g for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was newly transferred to a centrifugation tube. Five ml of 50% PEG was added to the supernatant, and then incubated on ice for 1 hour or more. The product was centrifuged at 27000×g for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was discarded. Next, another centrifugation was performed at 27000×g, and then the liquid portion was discarded. The precipitated fraction was suspended in 300 μl of a 30 mM Tris hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 7.5) containing 4 μg of DNase I, 20 μg of RNase A and 10 mM MgCl2. The suspension was transferred to a 1.5 ml tube. After incubation of the suspension at 37° C. for 30 minutes, 7.5 μl of 20% SDS, 3 μl of proteinase K (10 mg/ml), and 12 μl of 0.5 M EDTA were added to the suspension, followed by further incubation at 55° C. for 15 minutes. Subsequently, 150 μl of phenol was added to the product, and then stirred vigorously. Then the mixture was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 3 minutes using a TOMY Microcentrifuge MR-150 (TOMY DIGITAL BIOLOGY), and an aqueous layer was collected. 800 μl of ethyl ether (to which distilled water had been added to remove peroxide) was added to the collected aqueous layer. The mixture was stirred vigorously, and then centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 seconds and the ether layer was discarded. After the ether extraction step was repeated, ether remaining in the aqueous layer was removed with nitrogen gas. Thirty μl of 5 M NaCl and 875 μl of ethanol were added to the aqueous layer, so that precipitated λDNA was rapidly collected. The collected λDNA was rinsed with approximately 1 ml of 70% ethanol, and then dried under reduced pressure for approximately 1 minute, thereby removing ethanol. The product was dissolved in 20 μl to 50 μl of a TE buffer (pH 8.0), thereby preparing a λDNA solution.
Subcloning and sequencing of the insert DNA in the obtained λDNA were performed by the following method. The obtained λDNA solution (1 μl) was digested with Not I so as to excise the insert DNA. The composition of a reaction solution (for cleavage reaction) followed the procedure in the manual attached to the restriction enzyme. After reaction at 37° C. for approximately 2 hours, the insert size was confirmed by electrophoresis using 1% agarose gel. λDNA (10 μl to 20 μl) containing the insert DNA was digested with Not I, so as to excise the insert DNA. The insert DNA was separated using agarose gel for apportioning, the corresponding band was cleaved from the gel, and then the insert DNA was purified by standard techniques. The insert DNA was mixed with a vector following BAP treatment (dephosphorylation using alkaline phosphatase derived from a shrimp) at molar ratio of 1:1, followed by ligation reaction with T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 2 hours or more. Here, since the insert DNA cleaved with Not I was used as material, BAP treatment was performed for vectors cleaved with Not I. Following ligation, part of the solution was mixed with competent cells (DH5α), and then allowed to stand on ice for 30 minutes. Next, the mixture was subjected to heat shock at 42° C. for 30 seconds, and then allowed to stand on ice again for 2 minutes. Then, SOC was added to the mixture, incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour, inoculated over a LB medium plate on which a mixture of 100 μl of 2×YT (containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin), 30 μl of 3% X-Gal and 3 μl of 1 M IPTG had been previously added uniformly, and then cultured at 37° C. for 10 hours or more. The transformed white colonies were each inoculated on 2 ml of an LB medium containing ampicillin or a 2×YT medium, and then cultured at 37° C. overnight. From the culture solution, plasmids were prepared by standard techniques and dissolved in H2O. The DNA concentration thereof was quantified, and then the plasmids were subjected to PCR reaction for sequencing. PCR reaction and sequencing were performed by methods described above.
As a result of the above experiment, the ALS cDNA with an incomplete length of approximately 2.2 kb was obtained from the culture cells of each wild type and Sr line. Since an Sma I site was present at a position approximately 250 bp from the 5′ side of the DNA, a new probe was prepared by the following method. pBluescript II SK+ retaining the ALS cDNA with an incomplete length of approximately 2.2 kbp derived from the wild type was amplified with host E. coli JM109, and then plasmids were extracted using an automated isolation system (KURABO PI-100). The plasmid was directly digested with Sma I. The generated fragment of approximately 250 bp was separated and purified by 1% agarose electrophoresis, and then the concentration was calculated, thereby preparing a probe. Using the probe, the library was screened again by the above method employing the above RI. λDNA was prepared from the thus obtained single phages, the λDNA solution (1 μl) was digested with Eco RI, and then size was confirmed by electrophoresis, followed by immobilization onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Following electrophoresis, the gel was immersed in 0.5 M NaOH solution containing 1.5 M NaCl, and then shaken lightly for 15 minutes. The gel was then washed with water, immersed in 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 3 M NaCl, and then neutralized while shaking for approximately 15 minutes. Approximately 5 thick, industrial filter papers were piled up to make a base. The base was placed in 20×SSC spread over a stainless bat. Subsequently, the neutralized gel, a nitrocellulose membrane (which had been cut into a certain size, immersed in distilled water and then immersed in 20×SSC for another 10 minutes), and two-ply filter papers were placed in order on the base, on which a paper towel with a thickness of 3 cm to 4 cm was further placed. A glass plate and then a light weight were placed on the product, followed by blotting for approximately 5 minutes. After confirming that no bubbles were entrapped between the gel and the membrane, blotting was performed for approximately 10 minutes. Following blotting, the membrane was subjected to UV treatment with a trans-illuminator, and then baked at 80° C. for approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes. After baking, hybridization (hybridization buffer composition: 5×SSPE, 0.5% SIDS, 5×Denharlts, solum sperm DNA, 50% formamide) was performed with the above 250 bp probe DNA labeled with 32P. Radiation of the hybridized band was transferred to an imaging plate, and the result was analyzed with BAS-2000. Among inserts positive in hybridization, those showing a relatively large size were prepared in large quantity, and then sub-cloned into pBluescript II SK+ that had been digested with Eco RI and then treated with BAP by the above method. The product was transformed into E. coli (JM 105). The obtained transformants were subjected to liquid culture, and then plasmids were prepared by standard techniques. Thus, the nucleotide sequence was determined by the above methods.
As a result, the full-length ALS cDNA gene could be obtained from the culture cells of each wild type and Sr line. The results of homology comparisons between the wild type and the mutant ALS genes are shown in
(5) Subcloning of the Wild Type ALS cDNA Cloned into pBluescript II SK+ into pGEX 2T
After the pBluescript II SK+ plasmid having the full-length wild type ALS cDNA obtained in (4) above incorporated therein was digested with Eco RI, cDNA containing the wild type ALS gene was excised. Then, the cDNA was incorporated into Eco RI site of pGEX-2T (Amersham Bioscience), which is an E. coli expression vector. Hereinafter, an expression vector having the full-length wild type ALS cDNA incorporated into the Eco RI site of pGEX-2T is referred to as “pGEX-2T(ALS-wild).” pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) was transformed into E. coli (JM 109). Colonies obtained by transformation were liquid-cultured, plasmids were extracted, and then the insertion direction of insert DNA was confirmed by sequencing. Thus, E. coli (JM 109) transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) was prepared.
Using a plant DNA extraction kit ISOPLANT II (Nippon Gene), genomic DNA was extracted from 0.1 g of cultured cells of each of Sr, Rb, Vg and Ga lines according to the protocols attached to the kit. After genomic DNA was extracted using the above kit, RNA was denatured and removed using RNase A. Then, agarose gel electrophoresis was performed, thereby confirming the genomic DNA.
PCR was performed using each genomic DNA as a template, and a primer “ALS-Rsp3” and a primer “4-83-3,” as shown below. PCR was performed using Ready to Go PCR Beads (Amersham Bioscience) at a final volume of 25 μl. The reaction was performed for 40 cycles, each cycle condition consisting of an initial denaturation step at 94° C. for 5 minutes, followed by a denaturation step at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55° C. for 1 minute, and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes. In addition, the elongation step in the final cycle was performed at 72° C. for 9 minutes.
Next, the PCR reaction solution was subjected to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis (100V, 1× TBE buffer). Gels containing PCR products were excised, and then excised gels were cut into small fragments. The obtained gel fragments were rinsed twice or three times with sterile ion exchanged water, 500 μl of sterile ion exchanged water was added, and then freezing and dissolving was repeated three times. Thus, the PCR product could be eluted in water.
Next, PCR was performed again using the eluate in which the PCR product had been dissolved. Specifically, this PCR was performed at a final volume of 100 μl using the PCR product contained in the solution as a template, and the same primer set or nested primers. After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis (1%) for apportioning. Gels containing target bands were excised, and then purified using a GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit (Amersham Bioscience). Finally, the PCR product was eluted using 75 μl of sterile deionized water.
Sequence reaction was performed using the DNA fragment amplified by PCR as a template and ABI PRISM BigDye ver.2 (Applied Biosystem). For sequence reaction, 11 μl of the template DNA, 1 μl of the primer (3.2 pmol/μl) and 8 μl of pre-mix was mixed, therefore the total volume was 20 μl. The sequence reaction was performed for 40 cycles, each cycle condition consisting of an initial denaturation step at 96° C. for 5 minutes, followed by a denaturation step at 96° C. for 5 seconds, annealing step at 50° C. for 5 seconds, and elongation step at 60° C. for 4 minutes. In addition, the elongation step of the final cycle was performed at 60° C. for 9 minutes. After sequence reaction, fluorescent nucleotides in the reaction solution were removed by gel filtration using AutoSeq G-50 column (Amersham Biotech). Then the nucleotide sequences were read using ABI PRISM 310 DNA sequencer.
Names, nucleotide sequences and the like of primers used in (2) above and of primers used in the following examples are listed in Table 6.
In Table 6, the corresponding ALS site is the number of a corresponding base when a transcription initiation codon (ATG) is the starting point. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-Rsp1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-Rsp2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-Rsp3 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-Rsp4 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-Rsp6 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-Rsp7 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-RspA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-RspB is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-RspC is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-RspD is shown in SEQ ID NO: 18, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-RspF is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19, the nucleotide sequence of ALS-RspE is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 21, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 22, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-3 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 23, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-4 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 24, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 25, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-3 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 26, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-10 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-15 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 28, and the nucleotide sequence of ALS-DG7 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 29.
As a result of analysis of nucleotide sequences determined in (3) above, mutations in Rb, Vg, Ga, and Sr lines were revealed. The mutated points of each line are listed in Table 7.
As shown in Table 7, in the nucleotide sequence of Rb line strain, the 512nd C was mutated to A (homo), and the 1643rd G was mutated to T (hetero). This means that at the amino acid level, the 171st proline and the 548th tryptophan (W) were mutated to histidine (H) and leucine (L), respectively. In the nucleotide sequence of Vg line strain, the 1643rd G was mutated to T (hetero), suggesting that at the amino acid level, the 548th tryptophan (W) was mutated to leucine (L). In the nucleotide sequence of Ga line strain, the 512nd and 514th C were mutated to A (homo or hetero) (these types differed depending on the PCR product obtained), and the 1643rd G was mutated to T (hetero). This means that at the amino acid level, the 171st proline (P), 172nd arginine (R) and 548th tryptophan (W) were mutated to histidine (H), serine (S) and leucine (L), respectively. Further, in the nucleotide sequence of Sr line strain, the 1643rd and 1880th G were mutated to T (hetero).
When ALS genes were screened and isolated from the cDNA library of Sr line strain by the above method, not only a 2-point mutant gene, but also a gene of the wild type was isolated. Thus, it was assumed that at the genomic DNA level, heterologous mutation had occurred, and the results obtained by genome PCR also supported this assumption.
As described above, in all the resistant mutants, the 548th tryptophan (W) was mutated to leucine (L) (hetero), and Vg line had this mutation only. As described above, Vg line strain showed sensitivity up to 10 μM bispyribac-sodium, and Sr, Rb and Ga line strains showed the same up to 100 μM bispyribac-sodium. Accordingly, it was suggested that the acquisition of resistance started from Vg line and branched into other lines and mutated, as the intensity of the selection pressure increased.
First, synthesis of ALS cDNAs independently having G1643T(W548L) mutation or G1880T(S627I) mutation, and construction of pGEX 2T retaining the ALS cDNAs are described using
PCR was performed at a final reaction volume of 100 μl using 1 μl (585 ng/μl and 554 ng/μl, respectively) of pBluescript II SK+(ALS-2 point mutant) or pBluescript II SK+(ALS-wild) as a template, and 1 μl of LA Taq DNA polymerase (Takara). The reaction was performed for 25 cycles, each cycle condition consisting of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 2 minutes. Further, pBluescript II SK+(ALS-2 point mutant) contained 2-point mutant ALS gene, G1643T(W548L) and G1880T(S627I). pBluescript II SK+(ALS-wild) contained the wild type ALS gene having no mutation. For the PCR, a combination of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-RspF primers and a combination of ALS-RspE and M13R primers were used. Names of fragments amplified using ALS genes as a template and the given combination of primers are listed in Table 8. In addition, primer M13R is an antisense primer in the vicinity of T3 promoter of pBluescript 11 SK+. Further, the nucleotide sequence of M13R is 5′-GGAAACAGCTATGACCATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30).
PCR-1, PCR-2, PCR-3 and PCR-4 obtained by PCR were respectively subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis for separation, and then the products were collected in a manner similar to the above method from the agarose gel, and then the products were eluted with 50 μl of sterilized water.
Next, a set of PCR-1 and PCR-4, and a set of PCR-2 and PCR-3 were subjected to SPR (self polymerase reaction). SPR was performed by adding 23.5 μl of the set of PCR-1 and PCR-4, or the set of PCR-2 and PCR-3 and 1 μl of LA Taq DNA polymerase to a final volume of 75 μl, and by performing 25 times a cycle consisting of a denaturation step at 95° C. for 1 minute, annealing step at 55° C. for 30 seconds, and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes. DNA fragments obtained by SPR using the set of PCR-1 and PCR-4 was regarded as SPR-1, and DNA fragments obtained by SPR using the set of PCR-2 and PCR-3 as SPR-2.
Further, in this example, to secure a sufficient amount of SPR-1 and of SPR-2, PCR was respectively performed at a final reaction volume of 100 μL using purified SPR-1 or SPR-2 as a template, ALS-Rsp6 and M13R, and LA Taq DNA polymerase again. PCR in this case was performed by repeating 25 times a cycle consisting of a denaturation step at 95° C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55° C. for 30 seconds and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes. After PCR, the reaction solution was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. An approximately 2 kbp single band (PCR product) was collected from agarose gel, and then eluted with 100 μl of sterilized water.
Next, SPR-1 and SPR-2 amplified by PCR were respectively digested with Acc I and Eco RI, thereby obtaining SPR-1 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment) and SPR-2 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment). Specifically, 50 μl of the sterilized water (100 μl in total) containing PCR product dissolved therein was mixed with 1 μl of Acc I (12 u/μl) and 1 μl of Eco RI (12 u/μl) in the presence of 10×M buffer (Takara), followed by incubation at a final volume of 60 μl at 37° C. for 1 hour. Afterwards, the total volume of the reaction solution was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a target 1.5 kbp fragment was collected using a GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit. The collected 1.5 kbp fragment was eluted with 50 μl of sterilized water, so that a solution containing SPR-1 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment) and a solution containing SPR-2 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment) were prepared.
Meanwhile, 150 μl of a protein expression vector having the wild type ALS gene incorporated therein, pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) plasmid (concentration of approximately 50 ng/μl), was mixed with 1 μl of Acc 1 (12 u/μl, Takara) in the presence of 10×M buffer, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 2 hours. After reaction, a linear 7.2 kbp band was confirmed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. According to the protocols of GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit, DNA corresponding to the 7.2 kbp band was collected from the agarose gel, and then the product was eluted with 180 μl of sterilized water. 89 μl of the eluted product was mixed with 10 μl of 10×H buffer (Takara) and 1 μl of Eco RI (12 u/μl), and then allowed to react at 37° C. for 1 minute, thereby partially digesting the thus collected DNA with Eco RI. After reaction, 10×loading buffer was added, and then 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was performed. 4.9 kbp, 5.7 kbp, and 6.5 kbp bands, and a 7.2 kbp band that was not cleaved at all appeared separately, and then the target 5.7 kbp band was excised from the gel. An approximately 5.7 kbp DNA fragment contained in the excised gel was collected using GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit, and then the product was eluted with 50 μl of sterilized water.
Subsequently, 3 μl of fragments digested with Acc I and partially digested with Eco RI of the thus obtained pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) and 3 μl of SPR-1 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment) or SPR-2 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment) were respectively allowed to react in 6 μl of Takara ligation buffer (ver. 2, solution 1) at 16° C. overnight.
Then, the reaction solution was transformed into E. coli competent cells (strain JM109, Takara) according to the protocols attached thereto. The cells were inoculated on LB medium containing 50 ppm of ampicillin, and then incubated at 37° C. overnight. As a result, several of the colonies that appeared were selected. PCR was directly performed using the colonies as a template, and the set of ALS-RspE described in Table 6 and PGEX-3 (5′-CCGGGAGCTGCATGTGTCAGAGG-3′: SEQ ID NO: 31), the set of PGEX-5 (5′-GGGCTGGCAAGCCACGTTTGGTG-3′: SEQ ID NO: 32) and PGEX-3, and the set of PGEX-5 and ALS-RspA described in Table 6. In addition, PGEX-3 had a sequence the same as a part of an antisense strand located on the 3′ side of pGEX-2T used as a vector. PGEX-5 had a sequence the same as a part of a sense strand located on the 5′ side of pGEX-2T used as a vector. As the reaction condition for the ALS-RspE/PGEX-3 set, each 1 μM primer and 1 PCR bead were dissolved in a total volume of 25 μl, and reaction was performed by repeating 40 times a cycle consisting of a denaturation step at 95° C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55° C. for 1 minute, and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes. In the case of the PGEX-5/PGEX-3 set and PGEX-5/ALS-RspA set, DMSO with a final concentration of 5% was further added to the above solution, because of the presence, at an upstream portion, of a region having approximately 75% of GC content. As a result of this PCR, insertion of a desired insert was confirmed.
A colony for which the insertion of a desired insert had been confirmed was picked up, and then shake-cultured in LB liquid medium (3 ml each, 10 medias) containing 50 ppm of ampicillin at 37° C. for 12 hours. After culturing, plasmids were extracted (400 to 500 μl) from the media using a plasmid extraction system (TOMY, DP-480), and then concentrated to approximately 200 μl by centrifugation. Then, the concentrate was purified and desalted using GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit, and then finally eluted with approximately 130 μl of sterilized water.
Sequence reaction was performed using ABI PRISM BigDye ver. 2 for these plasmids, so that the nucleotide sequence of the insert in the plasmid was analyzed. For sequence reaction, the reaction solution was prepared to have a total volume of 20 μl by mixing 11 μl of template DNA, 1 μl of primer (3.2 pmol/μl) and 8 μl of pre-mix. The sequence reaction was performed for 40 cycles, each cycle condition consisting of an initial denaturation step at 96° C. for 5 minutes, denaturation step at 96° C. for 5 seconds, annealing step at 50° C. for 5 seconds, and elongation step at 60° C. for 4 minutes, and the elongation step of the final cycle was performed at 60° for 9 minutes. After sequence reaction, fluorescent nucleotides in the reaction solution were removed by gel filtration using AutoSeq G-50 column, and then the nucleotide sequence was determined using ABI PRISM 310 DNA sequencer.
In addition, for sequence reaction, of the primers described in Table 6, PGEX-5, ALS-RspC, ALS-Rsp3, ALS-Rsp1, 3-1-4 and ALS-RspB were used as sense primers, and 4-83-3, PGEX-3, ALSRsp2, 4-83-10 and ALS-Rsp7 were used as antisense primers.
As a result of analysis, it was confirmed that pGEX 2T vector comprising the mutant ALS gene with W548L mutation (described as “pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant)” in
First, the synthesis of ALS cDNAs independently having C512A (P171H) mutation and C514A (R172S) mutation, and construction of pGEX 2T retaining the ALS cDNAs are described using
To obtain C512A (P171H) mutant DNA fragment, PCR was performed using the genomic DNA of Rb line as a template and a primer set of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-Rsp4 described in Table 6. Specifically, PCR was performed using Ready to Go PCR Beads by adding 5 μl of the template genomic DNA and 1 μl of each primer (25 pmol/μl) to a final volume of 25 μl. The reaction condition consisted of an initial denaturation step at 95° C. for 5 minutes, followed by a cycle (repeated 40 times) of a denaturation step at 95° C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55° C. for 1 minute, and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes. In addition, the elongation step of the final cycle was performed at 72° C. for 9 minutes.
After PCR reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, a band of the PCR product (described as “PCR-5” in
After reaction, the total volume of the reaction solution was transformed into E. coli (strain JM109) according to standard methods. After culturing of E. coli on LB solid medium containing 50 ppm of ampicillin, the colonies having a target sequence was selected from the single colonies that appeared on the medium in a manner similar to Example 5. The selected single colonies were shake-cultured in LB liquid culture solution (3 ml, 10 media) containing 50 ppm of ampicillin at 37° C. for 12 hours. After culturing, plasmids were extracted (400 to 500 μl) using a plasmid extraction system (TOMY, DP-480). The plasmids were concentrated to approximately 200 μl by centrifugation, purified and desalted using GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit, and then eluted with approximately 80 μl of sterilized water.
Fifty μl of the eluate was mixed with 1 μl of Acc I (12 u/μl) and 1 μl of Sma I (10 u/μl) in the presence of 10 μl of 10×T buffer and 10 μl of 0.1% BSA to bring to a total volume of 100 μl, and then the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, a target band was excised and collected, and then a DNA fragment was collected according to the protocols of GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit. Thus, C512A (P171H) mutant DNA fragment having Sma I site and Acc I site on its termini was obtained.
On the other hand, since C514A and C512A mutations are close to each other, a DNA fragment having C514A (R172S) mutation only cannot be obtained by PCR using the genomic DNA extracted from Gb line as a template. Thus, as shown in
The reaction solution was prepared at the time of PCR by dissolving 1 μl of LA Taq DNA polymerase (5 units/μl, TAKARA), 10 μl of 10×LA buffer, 10 μl of 25 mM MgCl2, 16 μl of dNTPs (consisting of 25 mM of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP, respectively), 1 μl of template DNA, and 4 μl each of sense and antisense primers (25 pmol/μl, respectively) to a total volume of 100 μl. The reaction was performed by repeating 25 times a cycle consisting of an initial denaturation step at 95° C. for 5 minutes, a denaturation step at 95° C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55° C. for 1 minute, and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes, and the elongation step in the final cycle was performed at 72° C. for 9 minutes.
After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis for apportioning, target 213 bp (PCR-6) and 377 bp (PCR-7) bands were excised and purified using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit, and then the thus generated DNA fragments were respectively eluted with 100 μl of sterile deionized water.
Next, SPR was performed using the thus obtained PCR-6 and PCR-7. At the time of SPR, a reaction solution was prepared to a total volume of 100 μl by mixing 30 μl of the thus obtained eluate with 1 μl of LA Taq DNA polymerase (5 units/μl), 10 μl of 10×LA buffer, 10 μl of 25 mM MgCl2, and 16 μl of dNTPs (consisting of 25 mM of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP, respectively). SPR was performed by repeating 40 times a cycle consisting of an initial denaturation step at 95° C. for 5 minutes, a denaturation step at 95° C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55° C. for 1 minute, and elongation step at 72° C. for 2 minutes, and the elongation step in the final cycle was performed at 72° C. for 9 minutes.
After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to agarose gel (1.5%) electrophoresis for apportioning, a target 560 bp band (described as “SPR-3” in
Meanwhile, E. coli (strain JM109) transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-wild), the plasmid having the wild type ALS gene incorporated therein, was shake-cultured in LB liquid medium containing 50 ppm of ampicillin (2 ml×15 media) overnight at 37° C. After the plasmid was extracted using a plasmid extraction system (DP-480), the extract (approximately 750 μl) was concentrated to approximately 200 μl using a vacuum centrifugation concentrator. Then, the concentrate was desalted using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit, and then the plasmid was finally eluted with 200 μl of sterile deionized water.
Next, the thus obtained plasmid, pGEX-2T(ALS-wild), was digested with Acc I. Specifically, 75 μl of the eluate was mixed with 9 μl of 10×M buffer, 3μl of Acc I (12 u/μl), and 3 μl of sterile deionized water, and then the mixture was allowed to react at 37° C. for 3 hours. After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis for apportioning, the target band was excised and collected, and then purified using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit, and then a DNA fragment was finally eluted with 100 μl of sterile deionized water.
Subsequently, pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) digested with Acc I was partially digested with Sma I. Specifically, 79 μl of the eluate was mixed with 10 μl of 10×T buffer, 10 μl of 0.1% BSA, and 1 μl of Sma I (10 u/μl) to a total volume of 100 μl, and then the mixture was incubated at 30° C. for 1 minute. In addition, since pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) contained Sma I recognition sequences (on the multicloning site adjacent to Thrombin cleavage site of pGEX-2T, 276th and 430th sequences of ALS gene) located at three positions separately, partial digestion was performed in a short time. After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, a band corresponding to the plasmid wherein only the 430th Sma I recognition sequence of ALS gene had been digested was excised and collected, and then purified using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit to remove enzyme and protein. Finally, the purified product was eluted with 50 μl of sterile deionized water. This Acc I-digested/Sma I partially-digested pGEX-2T-wild type ALS cDNA fragment, C512A(P171H) mutant DNA fragment having Sma I site and Acc I site on its termini obtained by the above method, and C514A(R172S) mutant DNA fragment were ligated by a standard method. In
After that, E. coli (strain JM 109) was transformed using a total volume of the reaction solution. Single colonies that appeared on LB media containing ampicillin were screened by PCR in a manner similar to the above method, so that E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS P171 H mutant) and E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS R172S mutant) were selected.
Synthesis of 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/C514A(R172S))ALS cDNA, and construction of pGEX-2T retaining the ALS cDNA are described using
2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/C514A(R172S))ALS cDNA was synthesized by PCR using as a template the genomic DNA extracted from Ga line, according to the method described in Example 6 above. Specifically, PCR was performed using as a template the genomic DNA extracted from Ga line, and a primer set of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-Rsp4, thereby amplifying a DNA fragment described as “PCR-8” in
Synthesis of 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L) and C512A(P171H)/GI880T(S627I))ALS cDNA, and construction of pGEX-2T retaining the ALS cDNA are described using
First, pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant) obtained in Example 5 was digested with Acc I and then partially digested with Sma I according to the method of Example 6, so as to cause deletion of a portion from the 430th Sma I recognition sequence to Acc I recognition sequence of ALS gene. Next, this product and C512A(P 171 H) mutant fragment prepared in Example 6 were ligated, so that a plasmid (described as pGEX-2T(ALS-P171II, W548L mutant) in FIG. 24), containing 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L)) ALS cDNA was constructed.
Meanwhile, using pGEX 2T(ALS-S627I mutant) obtained in Example 5, instead of pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant), a plasmid (described as “pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, S627I mutant)” in
Further, in a manner similar to the method of Example 6, E. coli was transformed using these pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L mutant) and pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, S627I mutant).
Synthesis of 3 -point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L)/G1880T(S627I)) ALS cDNA, and construction of pGEX-2T retaining this cDNA are described using
First, after pGEX 2T(ALS-S627I mutant) obtained in Example 5 was digested with Xho I, BAP treatment was performed according to a standard method. Next, according to the above method, a target gene fragment (on the vector side) was separated and purified from agarose gel Further, pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant) obtained in Example 5 was digested with Xho I, and then a fragment containing the mutation was separated and purified from agarose gel according to the above method.
Next, to construct “pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant)” having 2-point mutation, G1880T(S627I) and G1643T(W548L), the obtained DNA fragments were respectively subjected to ligation reaction. After reaction, the total volume of the reaction solution was transformed into E. coli (strain JM109). Single colonies that appeared on LB media containing ampicillin were screened by PCR according to the above method, and then E. coli having a target plasmid (pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant)) was selected.
After culturing the selected E. coli, pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant) was constructed according to the above method. pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant) was digested with Acc I, and then partially digested with Sma I, thereby constructing pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant) wherein a portion from the 430th Sma I recognition sequence to Acc I recognition sequence in ALS gene had been deleted. Subsequently, ligation of this pGEX-2T and C512A(P171H) mutant fragment prepared in Example 6 was performed, thereby constructing a plasmid containing 3-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L)/G1880T(S627I)) ALS cDNA (described as “pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L, S627I mutant” in
Further, E. coli was transformed using pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L, S627I mutant) in a manner similar to the method of Example 6.
E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) constructed in Example 3(5), E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L mutant) constructed in Example 5, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-S627I mutant) constructed in Example 5, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS P171H mutant) constructed in Example 6, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS R172S mutant) constructed in Example 6, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS P171H, R172S mutant) constructed in Example 7, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L mutant) constructed in Example 8, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, S627I mutant) constructed in Example 8, and E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L, S627I mutant) constructed in Example 9 were respectively shake-cultured (pre-culture) at 27° C. in 2 ml of LB liquid medium containing ampicillin. These types of E. coli were respectively cultured in 250 ml of LB liquid medium containing ampicillin using 1 ml of the pre-culture solution. After culturing overnight, 1 mM IPTG was added to the media, and then culturing was performed for a further 3 to 4 hours, so that the expression of GST fusion protein was induced. In addition, the cells were stored at −80° C. after washing.
Preparation and purification of ALS from E. coli were performed by the following method. First, the pellet of the transformant E. coli stored at −80° C. was suspended in ALS extraction buffer (potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 30% glycerol and 0.5 mM MgCl2). Specifically, 2.5 ml of the buffer was added to the pellet obtained from 50 ml of the culture solution. The suspension was subjected to ultrasonication (Heat Systems-Ultrasonics, Sonicator W-225R, micro chip, output control 8, interval of approximately 1 second, twice (40 seconds each)), and subjected to centrifugation at 15000×g, 4° C. for 20 minutes, thereby obtaining the supernatant as a crude enzyme solution.
Thus, 9 types of crude enzyme solutions containing any one of GST fusion wild type ALS protein, GST fusion W548L mutant ALS protein, GST fusion S627I mutant ALS protein, GST fusion P171H mutant ALS protein, GST fusion R172S mutant ALS protein, GST fusion P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein, GST fusion P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein, GST fusion P171H/S 627I mutant ALS protein and GST fusion P171 H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein were prepared.
Herbicide sensitivity of the wild type ALS protein and that of mutant ALS protein were examined using the 9 types of crude enzyme solutions obtained in Example 10. Herbicide sensitivity test was performed according to procedures almost the same as those in Example 2. However, in this example, reaction temperature was 37° C., reaction time was 30 minutes, and 10 mM valine was added to the reaction solution to inhibit ALS activity derived from E. coli. Further, three types of herbicides, bispyribac-sodium, pyrithiobac-sodium, and pyriminobac, were used as PC herbicides; chlorsulfuron was used as a sulfonylurea herbicide; and imazaquin was used as an imidazolinon herbicide. Before the addition of mutant ALS protein, the solutions of these herbicides (aqueous solutions for bispyribac-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, and acetone solutions for other herbicides) at a certain concentration were added into the reaction solutions. The final concentration of acetone was 1%.
For the 9 types of crude enzyme solutions, inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium is shown in
In Tables 9 to 13, inhibition activity by each herbicide is represented by a herbicide concentration (150) which causes 50% inhibition, when 50% inhibition is obtained at a concentration tested, and is represented by inhibition % at the highest concentration among the concentrations tested, when 50% inhibition could not be obtained. Further, in Tables 9 to 13, predicted RS ratio refers to the RS ratio of a mutant ALS protein having multiple mutations, which is a combined RS ratio normally predicted from each RS ratio of mutant ALS proteins independently having a mutation. That is, the predicted RS ratio refers to a synergistic effect normally predicted from a combined RS ratio of mutant ALS proteins independently having a mutation. Specifically, the predicted RS ratio of a mutant ALS protein having multiple mutations was calculated by selecting RS ratios (for all the mutations corresponding to the multiple mutations of this protein) of mutant ALS proteins respectively having only one of the mutations, and then multiplying the selected RS ratios. When an actual RS ratio exceeds the predicted RS ratio of a mutant ALS protein having multiple mutations, this protein has resistance exceeding the synergistic effect (resistance) predicted from a combined resistance of mutant ALS proteins independently having a mutation.
Data of the above Tables 9 to 13 are described below in order.
First, data of inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium (Table 9) revealed the following:
Among mutant ALS protein coded by the 1-point mutant genes (P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed the highest resistance to bispyribac-sodium (RS ratio: 520). S627I mutant ALS protein or P171H mutant ALS protein also showed high resistance (RS ratio: 41 and 8-7, respectively), but R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of wild type ALS protein (RS ratio: 0.98). These results revealed that P171H mutation, W548L mutation and S627I mutation in ALS protein are mutations effective in enhancing resistance to bispyribac-sodium. Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein was shown to be a silent mutation.
On the other hand, among mutant ALS proteins coded by the 2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein showed the strongest resistance to bispyribac-sodium (5-5% inhibition in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >15000). P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein also showed strong resistance to bispyribac-sodium (RS ratio: 3700). The degree of resistance of P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein was approximately the same as P17111 mutant ALS protein. Further, P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein coded by the 3-point mutant gene also imparted strong resistance to bispyribac-sodium (1.1% inhibition when 100 μM, and RS ratio: >15000). In addition, actual results of herbicide dose-response on which these results were based are shown in
For the 2-point and 3-point mutations, the predicted RS ratios and actual RS ratios were compared. RS ratios of P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein and P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein were significantly higher than the predicted RS ratios (the ratio of the RS ratio to the predicted RS ratio was remarkably larger than 1). These results revealed that these two 2-point mutant genes (the gene coding for P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein, and the gene coding for P171 H/S627I mutant ALS protein) impart resistance against bispyribac-sodium to ALS protein which is stronger than an additive effect predicted from the degree of each resistance of the 1 -point mutant gene.
Next, inhibition activity by pyrithiobac-sodium (Table 10) revealed the following:
Among mutant ALS proteins (P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I) coded by 1-point mutant genes, W548L mutant ALS protein showed the strongest resistance to pyrithiobac-sodium (41% in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >9100). S627I mutant ALS protein also showed resistance (RS ratio: 200), but the degree of the resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein was low (RS ratio: 3.4). R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS ratio: 0.85). These results revealed that P171H mutation, W548L mutation and S627I mutation in ALS proteins are effective mutations in enhancing resistance to pyrithiobac-sodium. Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein was shown to be a silent mutation.
On the other hand, among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 2-point mutant genes, P171 H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the strongest resistance (20% inhibition in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >9100), followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (RS ratio: 850). Unlike the data of inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium shown in Table 9, in the case of pyrithiobac-sodium, P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein showed a degree of resistance higher than that of P171H mutant ALS protein (RS ratio: 13). Thus, it was clarified that R172S mutation, which is a silent mutation by itself, enhances the degree of resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein.
Further, for 2-point mutant ALS proteins, when a combined RS ratio predicted from each RS ratio of 1-point mutant ALS proteins and the actual RS ratio were compared, it was found that the RS ratio of P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein was significantly higher than that of the predicted RS ratio (the ratio of the actual RS ratio to the predicted RS ratio was remarkably larger than 1). These results revealed that P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance to pyrithiobac-sodium stronger than that predicted from the degrees of resistances of the 1-point mutant genes.
Next, inhibition activity by pyriminobac (Table 11) revealed the following:
Among mutant ALS proteins coded by 1-point mutant genes (P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed the strongest resistance to pyriminobac (RS ratio: 4500). S627I mutant ALS protein also imparted strong resistance (RS ratio: 2800), but the degree of resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein was low (RS ratio: 5). R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS ratio: 1.2). These results revealed that P171H mutation, W543L mutation and S627I mutation in ALS proteins are mutations effective in enhancing resistance to pyriminobac. Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein was shown to be a silent mutation.
Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by the 2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the strongest resistance (11% inhibition in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >13000), followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (21% inhibition when 100 μM, and RS ratio: >13000).
For these P171H/W548L mutant ALS and P171H/S627I mutant ALS proteins, predicted RS ratios and actual RS ratios were compared. However, it could not be clarified whether resistance stronger than the resistance predicted from the degrees of resistances of each 1-point mutant gene is shown.
Next, inhibition activity by chlorsulfuron (Table 12) revealed the following:
Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 1-point mutant genes (P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed the strongest resistance to chlorsulfuron (RS ratio: 520). P171H mutant ALS protein showed relatively strong resistance (RS ratio: 85), but the degree of resistance of S627I mutant ALS protein was low (RS ratio: 2.4). R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS ratio: 0.85). These results revealed that P171H mutation and W548L mutation in ALS protein are mutations effective in enhancing resistance to chlorsulfuron. Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein was shown to be a silent mutation.
Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the strongest resistance (16% inhibition in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >7700), followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (RS ratio: 760). Unlike the data of inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium shown in Table 9, in the case of chlorsulfuron, P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein showed a degree of resistance (RS ratio: 420) higher than that of P171H mutant ALS protein. Thus, it was clarified that R172S mutation, which is a silent mutation by itself, enhances the degree of resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein. Further, P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein also imparted strong resistance (30% inhibition in 500 μM, and RS ratio: >3800).
For P171H/R172S mutant ALS and P171H/S627I mutant ALS proteins, predicted RS ratios and actual RS ratios were compared. For both proteins, the actual RS ratios were significantly higher than the predicted RS ratios. These results revealed that P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein and P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein showed resistance to chlorsulfuron stronger than that predicted from the degrees of resistances of each 1-point mutant gene.
Next, data of inhibition activity by Imazaquin (Table 13) revealed the following:
Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 1-point mutant genes (P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed the strongest resistance to imazaquin (14% in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >45). S627I mutant ALS protein also showed resistance (RS ratio: 41), but P171H mutant ALS protein showed almost no resistance (RS ratio: 1.5). R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS ratio: 0.98). These results revealed that W548L mutation and S627I mutation in ALS protein are mutations effective in enhancing resistance to imazaquin. Further, P171H mutation and R172S mutation in ALS protein were shown to be silent mutations against imazaquin.
Among the 2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the strongest resistance (13% inhibition in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >45), followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (RS ratio: 32). The degree of resistance of P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein was almost the same as that of p171H 1-point mutant gene. Further, P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein also imparted strong resistance (15% inhibition in 100 μM, and RS ratio: >45).
For these 2-point ALS mutant proteins and 3-point ALS mutant protein, predicted RS ratios and actual RS ratios were compared. The RS ratio of P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein was significantly higher than the predicted RS ratio (the ratio of the actual RS ratio to the predicted RS ratio was clearly larger than 1). These results revealed that P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein showed resistance to imazaquin stronger than that predicted from the degrees of resistances of each 1-point mutant gene.
As described in detail above, the present invention can provide a gene coding for acetolactate synthase showing good resistance to various herbicides, an acetolactate synthase protein coded by the gene, a recombinant vector having the gene, a transformant having the recombinant vector, a plant having the gene, a method for rearing the plant, and a method for selecting a transformant cell using the gene as a selection marker.
SEQ ID NOS: 9 to 34 represent primers.
The 15th n in SEQ ID NO: 29 represents a, c, g or t.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002-95721 | Mar 2002 | JP | national |
This application is a Divisional of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/509,121 (now abandoned), filed on Sep. 28, 2004, which is the national phase of PCT/JP03/01917 filed on Feb. 21, 2003 which designated the United States and which claims priority to Japanese Application 2002-095721 filed on Mar. 29, 2002. The entire contents of the above applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10509121 | Sep 2004 | US |
| Child | 12053101 | US |
