This disclosure generally relates to artificial-reality system, and in particular, related to generating a composite image for a frame of a video stream.
Artificial reality is a form of reality that has been adjusted in some manner before presentation to a user, which may include, e.g., a virtual reality (VR), an augmented reality (AR), a mixed reality (MR), a hybrid reality, or some combination and/or derivatives thereof. Artificial reality content may include completely generated content or generated content combined with captured content (e.g., real-world photographs). The artificial reality content may include video, audio, haptic feedback, or some combination thereof, and any of which may be presented in a single channel or in multiple channels (such as stereo video that produces a three-dimensional effect to the viewer). Artificial reality may be associated with applications, products, accessories, services, or some combination thereof, that are, e.g., used to create content in an artificial reality and/or used in (e.g., perform activities in) an artificial reality. The artificial reality system that provides the artificial reality content may be implemented on various platforms, including a head-mounted display (HMD) connected to a host computer system, a standalone HMD, a mobile device or computing system, or any other hardware platform capable of providing artificial reality content to one or more viewers.
Particular embodiments described herein relate to systems and methods for generating a composite image for a frame of a video stream based on images from multiple sources. Contemporary media devices are expected to have high resolution, low latency displays. However, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on the media devices may not have enough computing capability to render images with the resolutions at the frame rates of the displays. To mitigate such a discrepancy between the computing capability and the desired resolutions of the rendered images, a computing device may prioritize a part of the screen and render only the prioritized part of the screen at a high resolution. In an application, the computing device may render an inset area (e.g., a central/foveal area) at a full frame rate while the computing device renders an outset area (a remaining area of the image) at a half frame rate. In another application, the computing device may access an image rendered at a low resolution. The computing device may apply a compute intensive upscaling algorithm to an area of the image while the computing device may apply a cheaper algorithm to the rest of the image. In yet another application, the computing device may perform a computing-intensive Chromatic Aberration Correction (CAC) to a part of the image while the computing device does not perform the CAC to the rest of the image.
Images on the display viewed via a lens system may undergo a distortion called ‘lens distortion.’ To counter this lens distortion, a complimentary distortion called ‘barrel distortion’ may need to be applied. A logical component of the computing device called a compositor module may handle the process of applying the barrel distortion using a distortion mesh to a rectangular image. The position of the vertices in the distortion mesh may inherently encode the necessary barrel distortion. The distortion may be then applied to the image by mapping the image onto the distortion mesh. The invention disclosed herein may enable an efficient mapping of the images from a number of image sources. The invention may eliminate misalignments and sharp transitions between the images from the number of image sources on the composite image.
A compositor module of a computing device may receive a source image and its associated parameters from each of n image sources. The n image sources may include at least two image sources. The parameters associated with each of the source images may comprise a layer parameter, clipping parameters, reprojection parameters, or blending parameters. The compositor module may associate each of the source images with a layer in a range of layers based on the layer parameter associated with the source images. The range of layers may specify a composition layering order of the source images. The clipping parameters associated with a source image may indicate a bounding area for the source image. The bounding area for the source image may be an area within the output image that is to be filled by the source image. The reprojection parameters associated with the source image may comprise information associated with one or more warping operations to be performed on the source image. In particular embodiments, the one or more warping operations may comprise a space warping operation. The reprojection parameters may comprise motion vectors in the source image. In particular embodiments, the one or more warping operations may comprise a time warping operation. The reprojection parameters may comprise a head position. The compositor module may update the bounding area for each of the source images based on an expected impact of the one or more warping operations. The compositor module may further update an updated bounding area for a first source image of the source images based on the updated bounding areas for second source images among the source images. Each of the second source images is associated with any layer preceding a layer associated with the first source image. For each of the second source images, the compositor module may subtract an intersection between the updated bounding area for the first source image and the updated bounding area for the second source image.
The compositor module may generate a customized distortion mesh corresponding to the first source image based on the parameters associated with the first source image and at least a portion of the parameters associated with each of the second source images. The compositor module may generate a distortion mesh that matches to the updated bounding area for the first source image. The updated bounding area for the first source image may be determined based on the clipping parameters and the reprojection parameters associated with the first source image and the clipping parameters and the reprojection parameters associated with each of the second source images. The compositor module may modify each of the source images using the corresponding customized distortion mesh. To modify the source image, the compositor module may perform the one or more warping operations on the source image based on the associated reprojection parameters. The compositor module may map the warped source image onto the corresponding customized distortion mesh. The compositor module may perform an alpha blending to a transition area for the source image. The blending parameter associated with the source image may comprise information associated with the transition area for the source image. The transition area may be a subject of an alpha blending. The transition area for the source image may be a subset of the updated bounding area for the source image. The blending parameters comprise a cutoff distance. A point within the cutoff distance from a boundary of the updated bounding area for the source image may belong to the transition area for the source image. The blending parameters associated with the source image may comprise a level of transparency to be applied to the transition area for the source image. The compositor module may apply the level of transparency to the transition area for the source image. The compositor module may generate a composite image using the modified source images. The compositor module may display the composite image as a frame in a video. The displayed composite image may be viewed by a user through a lens systems. The customized distortion mesh corresponding to each of the source images may be used to compensate a lens distortion caused by the lens system. The compositor module may send a composition result to each of the n image sources. The composition result may comprise parameter suggestions. The composition result may comprise a result code indicating whether the bounding area for the source image is fully, partially, or zero occluded by the bounding areas for the other source images. The parameter suggestions may comprise a new layer suggestion that is determined based on the result code. The image source may adjust parameters associated with a source image corresponding to a next frame based on the parameter suggestions.
The embodiments disclosed herein are only examples, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited to them. Particular embodiments may include all, some, or none of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps of the embodiments disclosed above. Embodiments according to the invention are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a system and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g. method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g. system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.
In particular embodiments, a compositor module of the computing device 108 may generate a composite image for a frame of a video stream based on images from a plurality of image sources. The artificial reality system 100A or the augmented reality system 100B may be expected to have high resolution, low latency displays. However, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on the computing device 108 may not have enough computing capability to render images with the resolutions at the frame rates of the displays. To mitigate such a discrepancy between the computing capability and the desired resolutions of the rendered images, the computing device 108 may prioritize a part of the screen and render only the prioritized part of the screen at a high resolution. The compositor module of the computing device 108 may composite the prioritized part and the other part into a single output image corresponding to a frame of a video stream.
In particular embodiments, generating a composite image using a plurality of images from a plurality of image sources may be used for a temporal foveated rendering. The computing device 108 may render an inset area (e.g., a central/foveal area) for all the frames of a video sequence. The computing device 108 may render an outset area (a remaining area of the image) for a half of the frames and use the outset area rendered for previous frames at the other half of the frames.
In particular embodiments, generating a composite image using a plurality of images from a plurality of image sources may be used for a super-resolution solution. The computing device 108 may access an image rendered at a low resolution. The computing device 108 may apply a compute intensive machine-learning based upscaling algorithm to an area of the image while the computing device 108 may apply a cheaper algorithm to the rest of the image.
In particular embodiments, generating a composite image using a plurality of images from a plurality of image sources may be used for recovering transmission errors. The computing device 108 may receive an image split into a plurality of data units from a second computing device such as a server. When one or more of the plurality of data units are missing, the computing device 108 may re-project one or more part of a previous frame corresponding to the missing data units into the current frame.
In particular embodiments, the compositor 210 may apply the barrel distortion to an image using a distortion mesh to counter a lens distortion. Images on the display viewed via a lens system may undergo the lens distortion. The position of the vertices in the distortion mesh may inherently encode the necessary barrel distortion. The compositor 210 may map the image onto the distortion mesh to apply the barrel distortion to the image.
In particular embodiments, the compositor module 210 of the computing device may receive a source image and its associated parameters from each of n image sources. The n image sources may include at least two image sources. The parameters associated with a source image may comprise a layer parameter, clipping parameters, reprojection parameters, or blending parameters. In particular embodiments, each of the n image sources may send only applicable parameters to the associated source image. In particular embodiments, the n image sources may be parts of the computing device 108 that the compositor module 210 belongs to. In particular embodiments, at least a part of the n image sources may be a component outside the computing device 108 that the compositor module 210 belongs to. Although this disclosure describes receiving a source image and its associated parameters in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates a source image and its associated parameters in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the parameters associated with each of the source images may comprise a layer parameter. The orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may associate each of the source images with a layer in a range of layers based on the layer parameter associated with the source images. The range of layers may specify a composition layering order of the source images. As an example and not by way of limitation, the orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may assign a layer in a range [0, n−1] to each of the n source images from the n image sources. A source image of layer i may have a higher priority than a source image of layer j if j is a larger number than i. In particular embodiments, the orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may assign a layer in any range to each of the n source images in a way that a layer assigned to a source image may specify a layering order for the source image. Although this disclosure describes associating a layer to each of the source images in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates associating a layer to each of the source images in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the parameters associated with each of the source images may comprise clipping parameters indicating a bounding area for the source image. The bounding area for the source image may be an area within the output image that is to be filled by the source image. The orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may identify a bounding area for a source image based on the clipping parameters associated with the source image. In particular embodiments, the clipping parameters associated with a source image associated with a last layer in the range of layers may indicate that a whole area of the output image is the bounding area for the source image. In particular embodiments, an image source may not provide the clipping parameters to the compositor module 210 when the image source sends a source image to the compositor module 210. In such a case, the compositor module 210 may consider that whole area of the output image is the bounding area for the source image.
In particular embodiments, the parameters associated with the source image may comprise reprojection parameters. The reprojection parameters associated with the source image may comprise information associated with one or more warping operations to be performed on the source image. In particular embodiments, the one or more warping operations may comprise a space warping operation. The space warping operation may compensate movements of the objects in the image during a time period between a time instance when the image is rendered and a time instance when the image is displayed. The reprojection parameters may comprise motion vectors in the source image. The compositor module 210 may receive reprojection parameters associated with a space warping operation from an image source when the space warping operation needs to be performed on the bounding area of the source image. The motion vectors may be determined based on images corresponding to previous frames. In particular embodiments, determining the motion vectors may be based on optical flow. To perform a space warping operation, the compositor module 210 may distort the bounding area for the source image such that objects in motion in the bounding area are re-positioned using the motion vectors in the reprojection parameters. Although this disclosure describes receiving reprojection parameters associated with a space warping operation in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates receiving reprojection parameters associated with a space warping operation in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the one or more warping operations may comprise a time warping operation. A user may move her head during a time period between a time instance when the image is rendered and a time instance when the image is displayed to the user. A failure of compensating such head movement may break immersion. To compensate user's head position changes, time warping parameters may be computed based on the observed head position changes. When the compositor module 210 performs a time warping operation on a bounding area for a source image, the compositor module 210 may shift the bounding area for the source image to adjust for changes in head position. The reprojection parameters may comprise a head position. The compositor module 210 may receive reprojection parameters associated with a time warping operation from an image source when the time warping operation needs to be performed on the bounding area for the source image. Although this disclosure describes receiving reprojection parameters associated with a time warping operation in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates receiving reprojection parameters associated with a time warping operation in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may determine a first updated bounding area for each of the source images by updating the bounding area for each of the source images based on an expected impact of the one or more warping operations. In particular embodiments, the orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may determine a second updated bounding area for a first source image of the source images based on the first updated bounding areas for second source images among the source images. Each of the second source images is associated with any layer preceding a layer associated with the first source image. For each of the second source images, the orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may subtract an intersection between the second updated bounding area for the first source image and the first updated bounding area for the second source image from the second updated bounding area for the first source image. In particular embodiments, the orchestration component 211 of the compositor module 210 may subtract an intersection between the second updated bounding area for the first source image and the second updated bounding area for each of the second source images from the second updated bounding area for the first source image. Below are pseudo codes for updating bounding areas for the source images, where ba[i] is a bounding area for a source image of layer i, fba[i] is a first updated bounding area for the source image of layer i, sba[i] is a second updated bounding area for the source image of layer i, rp_param[i] is reprojection parameters associated with the source image of layer i, fn_update_ba_based_on_re_param(ba, rp_param) is a function that updates a bounding area, ba, based on reprojection parameters, rp_param, and fn_intersection(a, b) is a function that computes an intersection of areas a and b:
In the rest of this disclosure, an updated bounding area may refer to a second updated bounding area.
In particular embodiments, the distortion mesh generation component 213 of the compositor module 210 may generate a customized distortion mesh corresponding to the first source image based on the parameters associated with the first source image and at least a portion of the parameters associated with each of the second source images, where each of the second source images is associated with a layer that precedes the layer associated with the first source image. The distortion mesh generation component 213 of the compositor module 210 may generate a customized distortion mesh that matches to the second updated bounding area for the first source image. In particular embodiments, the distortion mesh generation component 213 of the compositor module 210 may generate the customized distortion mesh by clipping a distortion mesh for the entire output image to make the customized distortion mesh match to the second updated bounding area for the first source image. The first updated bounding area for the first source image may be determined based on the clipping parameters and the reprojection parameters associated with the first source image. The second updated bounding area for the first source image may be determined based on the first updated bounding area for the first source image and the first updated bounding area for each of the second source images. The first updated bounding area for a second source image may be determined based on the clipping parameters and the reprojection parameters associated with the second source image. Therefore, the customized distortion mesh corresponding to the first source image may be generated based on the parameters associated with the first source image and the parameters associated with each of the second source images.
In particular embodiments, the source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may modify each of the source images using the corresponding customized distortion mesh. The source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may perform the one or more warping operations on the source image based on the associated reprojection parameters if the reprojection parameters associated with the source image is provided from the corresponding image source. The source image modification component 215 of compositor module 210 may map the warped source image onto the corresponding customized distortion mesh. The source image modification component 215 of compositor module 210 may perform an alpha blending to a transition area for the source image if the blending parameters associated with the source image is provided from the corresponding image source. In particular embodiments, the source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may perform the one or more warping operations on the source image, map the source image onto the corresponding customized distortion mesh, and perform an alpha blending to the transition area for the source image at the same time. In particular embodiments, the source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may perform the three operations on the source image at any suitable order. Although this disclosure describes modifying a source image using the corresponding customized distortion mesh in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates modifying a source image using the corresponding customized distortion mesh in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, to modify the source image, the source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may perform the one or more warping operations on the source image based on the associated reprojection parameters. As an example and not by way of limitation, continuing with a prior example illustrated in
In particular embodiments, the source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may map the warped source image onto the corresponding customized distortion mesh. The customized distortion mesh may match the updated bounding area for the source image. As an example and not by way of limitation, continuing with a prior example illustrated in
In particular embodiments, the source image modification component 215 of the compositor module 210 may perform an alpha blending to a transition area for the source image. The parameters associated with the source image may comprise blending parameters. The blending parameter associated with the source image may comprise information associated with a transition area for the source image. The transition area may be a subject of an alpha blending. The transition area for the source image may be a subset of the updated bounding area for the source image. The blending parameters comprise a cutoff distance. A point within the cutoff distance from a boundary of the updated bounding area for the source image may belong to the transition area for the source image. The blending parameters associated with the source image may comprise a level of transparency to be applied to the transition area for the source image. The compositor module 210 may apply the level of transparency to the transition area for the source image.
In particular embodiments, the composite image generation component 217 of the compositor module 210 may generate a composite image using the modified source images. In particular embodiments, the composite image generation component 217 of the compositor module 210 may composite the distortion mesh-mapped source images in a layering order determined by corresponding layers to generate a composite image. As an example and not by way of limitation, continuing with a prior example illustrated in
In particular embodiments, the compositor module 210 may display the composite image as a frame in a video. The displayed composite image may be viewed by a user through a lens systems. The customized distortion mesh corresponding to each of the source images may be used to compensate a lens distortion caused by the lens system. As an example and not by way of limitation, the composite image may be displayed on an HMD 104. The user 102 may look at the image through a lens system that causes a lens distortion. The barrel-distorted composite image may compensate the lens distortion. Although this disclosure describes displaying the composite image in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates displaying the composite image in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the compositor module 210 may send a composition result to each of then image sources. The composition result may comprise parameter suggestions. The composition result may comprise a result code indicating whether the bounding area for the source image is fully, partially, or zero occluded by the bounding areas for the other source images. The parameter suggestions may comprise a new layer suggestion that is determined based on the result code. The image source may adjust parameters associated with a source image corresponding to a next frame based on the parameter suggestions. As an example and not by way of limitation, illustrated in
This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems 800. This disclosure contemplates computer system 800 taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system 800 may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system 800 may include one or more computer systems 800; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data centers; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems 800 may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems 800 may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 800 may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate.
In particular embodiments, computer system 800 includes a processor 802, memory 804, storage 806, an input/output (I/O) interface 808, a communication interface 810, and a bus 812. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement.
In particular embodiments, processor 802 includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor 802 may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory 804, or storage 806; decode and execute them; and then write one or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory 804, or storage 806. In particular embodiments, processor 802 may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 802 including any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor 802 may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory 804 or storage 806, and the instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor 802. Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory 804 or storage 806 for instructions executing at processor 802 to operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor 802 for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor 802 or for writing to memory 804 or storage 806; or other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write operations by processor 802. The TLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor 802. In particular embodiments, processor 802 may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 802 including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor 802 may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more processors 802. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor.
In particular embodiments, memory 804 includes main memory for storing instructions for processor 802 to execute or data for processor 802 to operate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system 800 may load instructions from storage 806 or another source (such as, for example, another computer system 800) to memory 804. Processor 802 may then load the instructions from memory 804 to an internal register or internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor 802 may retrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor 802 may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor 802 may then write one or more of those results to memory 804. In particular embodiments, processor 802 executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 804 (as opposed to storage 806 or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 804 (as opposed to storage 806 or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor 802 to memory 804. Bus 812 may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between processor 802 and memory 804 and facilitate accesses to memory 804 requested by processor 802. In particular embodiments, memory 804 includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate. Where appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 804 may include one or more memories 804, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory.
In particular embodiments, storage 806 includes mass storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage 806 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage 806 may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage 806 may be internal or external to computer system 800, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage 806 is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage 806 includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates mass storage 806 taking any suitable physical form. Storage 806 may include one or more storage control units facilitating communication between processor 802 and storage 806, where appropriate. Where appropriate, storage 806 may include one or more storages 806. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage.
In particular embodiments, I/O interface 808 includes hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for communication between computer system 800 and one or more I/O devices. Computer system 800 may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system 800. As an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitable I/O interfaces 808 for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface 808 may include one or more device or software drivers enabling processor 802 to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface 808 may include one or more I/O interfaces 808, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface.
In particular embodiments, communication interface 810 includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between computer system 800 and one or more other computer systems 800 or one or more networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communication interface 810 may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface 810 for it. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system 800 may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system 800 may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system 800 may include any suitable communication interface 810 for any of these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface 810 may include one or more communication interfaces 810, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface.
In particular embodiments, bus 812 includes hardware, software, or both coupling components of computer system 800 to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus 812 may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus 812 may include one or more buses 812, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect.
Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or drives, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate.
Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including particular components, elements, feature, functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or permutation of any of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative. Additionally, although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular embodiments as providing particular advantages, particular embodiments may provide none, some, or all of these advantages.