A light field camera, also known as a plenoptic camera, captures information about the light field emanating from a scene; that is, the intensity of light in a scene, and also the direction that the light rays are traveling in space. This contrasts with a conventional camera, which records only light intensity. One type of light field camera uses an array of micro-lenses placed in front of an otherwise conventional image sensor to sense intensity, color, and directional information. Multi-camera arrays are another type of light field camera.
The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items
Light fields can be manipulated to computationally reproduce various elements of image capture. One example is refocusing, which is equivalent to a virtual motion of the sensor plane. As described herein, virtual motion of the main lens plane is also possible, resulting in a dolly zoom effect in which a field-of-view is modified while a camel location moves towards or away from a subject in a manner that maintains a size of the subject in the frame. The dolly zoom effect was first used to portray James Stewart's fear of heights in the film Vertigo and is also well known for its use portraying Roy Scheider's anxiety in the film Jaws. Existing techniques to create a dolly zoom effect rely on the use of a depth map during 2D reconstruction. This requirement of an accurate depth map limits the robustness and applicability of the dolly-zoom effect.
Some embodiments of the light field are represented as a four-dimensional (4D) function that can be formed of two-dimensional (2D) images of a portion of a scene. The images represent views of the portions of the scene from different perspectives and frames are rendered from the point of view of the camera by sampling portions of the 2D images. For example, the coordinates (u, v, s, t) in the 4D function that represents the light field can be defined so that (u, v) represent coordinates within one of the camera images in the light field and (s, t) are coordinates of pixels within the camera image. Other definitions of the four coordinates of the 4D function that represents the light field can also be used.
According to various embodiments, a dolly zoom effect can be applied directly to the light field as a 4D transformation of some or all of the coordinates (u, v, s, t) that are used to define locations in the 4D light field. Using the techniques described herein, explicit depth calculations are not required, allowing the approach to be robustly applied to any light field. Furthermore, the techniques described herein do not require 2D reconstruction, thus allowing the full 4D light field to be dollied, for example for applications such as light field displays.
The described techniques can be implemented as a 4D transformation of the light field, and can easily be combined with other transformations, such as refocus, to create various effects.
Basic Dolly Zoom Equation
A simple version of the dolly zoom equation can be derived analogously to the refocus equation. For this derivation we reduce the light field to 2D without loss of generality.
A virtual aperture 120 is dollied a distance d relative to the plane of the aperture 110. From simple geometry it is apparent that the locations where the rays 111-113 intersect the virtual aperture 120 change proportionally to the slope of the rays 111-113 and d. Thus, the location where one of the rays 111-113 intersects the virtual aperture 120 is:
u′=u+k·s·d
where k is a normalization constant such that k*s is the slope of the ray.
In some embodiments, the values of k and d our combined into a single constant γ.
Thus, the light field transformation can be expressed as:
or for the full 4D transform the light field is represented as:
Mathematically this transformation skews the light field along the uv plane. Intuitively, this skewing of the light field along the uv plane can be thought of as introducing a perspective shift that is proportional to the st location. An object's motion with a perspective shift is proportional to its depth, which can be interpreted as a depth dependent scaling. However, there is no need for the depth to be explicitly calculated.
Thinking of this dolly action as a depth-dependent scaling reveals that, for objects at the focus position (lambda 0), no scaling occurs. This can be thought of as a counter zoom being applied in order to keep apparent size the same for objects at the focus distance. Thus this transform simultaneously dollies and zooms the light field image.
Example Implementation
In at least one embodiment, a dolly zoom effect is implemented using the light field projection method of 2D reconstruction as follows:
In the example of
The illustrations are examples only, and do not imply any particular method of light field capture. However, in some embodiments, a plenoptic camera with a 3×3 microlens array is used to capture the light field. In such a case, each microlens would be the (s, t) location, and within each microlens is a (u, v) coordinate system centered on the red x.
None of the above is to imply that an aperture function is needed or that 2D reconstruction is necessary. The use of the aperture function in the above figures is merely to illustrate the effect the dolly-zoom would have in the example 2D reconstruction algorithm. Other 2D reconstruction methods may be used that do not utilize an aperture, and 2D reconstruction is not even necessary if method is applied as a 4D transform of the light field. The 4D light field itself may be modified, either by changing the coordinate mapping as in
Composing Multiple Transforms
For illustrative purposes, and without loss of generality, the technique of combining multiple transforms is described in terms of a 2D light field.
Since dolly zoom is mathematically a linear transform, it can be combined with other linear transforms by matrix multiplication. For example, refocus and dolly zoom operations can be combined by using one of two transforms:
The two transformations are not equivalent because composing transformations is not a commutative operation. Depending on the effect one wishes to achieve, the order of composition must be carefully selected.
In order to implement this in the previous example algorithm, step 2 can be modified in one of two ways.
One might be tempted to try to refocus and dolly simultaneously by using the following transform:
However this is not a valid coordinate transform. In particular it is possible to select λ and γ such that the matrix is singular and thus not invertible.
More complicated compositions can be used as well. For example:
One use of this composition is to execute a dolly zoom where the constant-size depth is at a different depth than lambda zero. In this case, the first refocus effectively changes the zero lambda depth, the dolly zoom occurs, and then the second refocus undoes the first refocus. The second refocus is not simply the inverse of the first refocus (since the dolly action remaps the refocus depths), but this could be a good first approximation. Exact relations may be derived so to have the refocuses exactly cancel out.
Certain compositions of transforms may be expressed as other transforms as well. In some embodiments, the above composition is utilized with the values:
In that case, the transformation is equivalent to rotating the light field in the epipolar plane
Rotation by shearing is described, for example, in A. W. Paeth, A Fast Algorithm for General Raster Rotation, Computer Graphics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 1986.
Spatially Varying Transform
Neither the refocus parameter λ nor the dolly zoom parameter γ is required to be constant. Some embodiments of the refocus parameter λ or the dolly zoom parameter γ vary as a function of (s, t, u, v), or even (s′, t′, u′, v′). For example, the dolly zoom parameter γ can vary as a function of (u, v) and the refocus parameter λ can vary as a function of (s, t). If γ(u,v) is a planar function, this mimics the physical action of tilting the lens. This is analogous to how sensor tilt can be mimicked by having λ(s, t) be a planar function.
One artistic effect is called “Lens Whacking”, which is achieved by shooting with the lens free floating from the body. This means that focus and tilt effects are achieved by the relative placement of the lens to the sensor. By utilizing the ability to virtually produce tilt in both the lens plane and aperture plane, lens whacking effects can be performed computationally in a light field.
Depth-Based Transformations
In at least one embodiment, the dolly zoom effect represents a depth-dependent scaling of the image. Thus, many 2D transforms can be generalized to be depth dependent. One possible way for linear transforms is to use the equation
Where the linear transform is described by
In this simple case where T is a scaling matrix,
It is apparent that this reduces to the dolly zoom equation in the case in which γ=s−1.
Another potentially interesting effect is rotation. In this case
Using a small angle approximation this can be further simplified to
Thus, the following transform produces a rotation in the image proportional to depth (“dolly twirl”):
This technique can be further generalized to higher order transforms. For any given 2D transform, the identity part can be removed, and the remainder applied to the uv coordinates. This can be used to create effects that are otherwise not possible to produce using traditional camera setups.
For example, lens distortion (barrel and pincushion) is modeled as a quadratic transformation, with barrel and pincushion having opposite effects. If this distortion is applied proportionally to depth, the result is an image that has pincushion distortion for near objects and barrel distortion for far objects, or vice versa. Other distortions, such as perspective distortion, can be applied in this depth dependent manner as well.
Image Examples
Image Data Acquisition Devices
The light field image data acquisition device 905 includes the user interface 935 for allowing a user to provide input for controlling the operation of the light field capture device for capturing, acquiring, storing, or processing image data. Control circuitry 940 is used to facilitate acquisition, sampling, recording, or obtaining light field image data. For example, the control circuitry 940 can manage or control (automatically or in response to user input) the acquisition time and, rated acquisition, sampling, capturing, recording, or obtaining light field image data. Memory 945 is used to store image data, such as output from the image sensor 915. The memory 945 is implemented as external or internal memory, which can be provided as a separate device or location relative to the light field capture device. For example, the light field capture device can store raw light field image data output by the image sensor 915, or a representation thereof, such as a compressed image data file.
Post-processing circuitry 950 in the light field image data acquisition device 905 is used to access or modify image data acquired by the image sensor 915. Some embodiments of the post-processing circuitry 950 are configured to create dolly zoom effects using the image data, as discussed herein. For example, the post-processing circuitry 950 can include one or more processors executing software stored in the memory 945 to access and modify image data stored in the memory 945 to produce dolly zoom effects in images captured by the image sensor 915.
Refocus Analogies
The above-described techniques may, by analogy, be applied to light field refocus as well. For example, the refocus analogy of the dolly twirl effect would be:
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/481,038 for “Generating Dolly Zoom Effect Using Light Field Image Data”, filed on Apr. 3, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 14/311,592 for “Generating Dolly Zoom Effect Using Light Field Image Data”, filed on Jun. 23, 2014, and issued on Mar. 3, 2015 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,971,625, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 15/162,426 for “Phase Detection Autofocus Using Subaperture Images”, filed on May 23, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20180288335 A1 | Oct 2018 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62481038 | Apr 2017 | US |