Genes encoding baeyer-villiger monooxygenases

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The invention relates to the field of molecular biology and microbiology. More specifically, genes have been isolated from a variety of bacteria encoding Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] In 1899, Baeyer and Villiger reported on a reaction of cyclic ketones with peroxymonosulfuric acid to produce lactones (Chem Ber 32:3625-3633 (1899)). Since then, the Baeyer-Villiger (BV) reaction has been broadly used in organic synthesis. BV reactions are one of only a few methods available for cleaving specific carbon-carbon bonds under mild conditions, thereby converting ketones into esters (Walsh and Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 27:333-343 (1988)).

[0003] In the last several decades, the importance of minimizing environmental impact in industrial processes has catalyzed a trend whereby alternative methods are replacing established chemical techniques. In the arena of Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidations, considerable interest has focused on discovery of enantioselective versions of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation that are not based on peracids. Enzymes, which are often enantioselective, are valued alternatives as renewable, biodegradable resources.

[0004] Many microbial Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases enzymes (BVMOs ), which convert ketones to esters or the corresponding lactones (cyclic esters) (Stewart, Curr. Org. Chem. 2:195-216 (1998), have been identified from both bacterial and fungal sources. In general, microbial BV reactions are carried out by monooxygenases (EC 1.14.13.x) which use O2 and either NADH or NADPH as a co-reductant. One of the oxygen atoms is incorporated into the lactone product between the carbonyl carbon and the flanking carbon while the other is used to oxidize the reduced NADPH producing H2O (Banerjee, A. In Stereosel, Biocatal.; Patel, R. N., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2000; Chapter 29, pp 867-876). All known BVMOs have a flavin coenzyme which acts in the oxidation reaction; the predominant coenzyme form is flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor (FAD).

[0005] The natural physiological role of most characterized BVMOs is degradation of compounds to permit utilization of smaller hydrocarbons and/or alcohols as sources of carbon and energy. As a result of this, BVMOs display remarkably broad substrate acceptance, high enantioselectivies, and great stereoselctivity and regioselectivity (Mihovilovic et al. J. Org. Chem. 66:733-738 (2001). Suitable substrates for the enzymes can be broadly classified as cyclic ketones, ketoterpenes, and steroids. However, few enzymes have been subjected to extensive biochemical characterization. Key studies in relation to each broad ketone substrate class are summarized below.

[0006] 1. Cyclic ketones: Activity of cyclohexanone monooxygenase upon cyclic ketone substrates in Acinetobacter sp. NCIB 9871 has been studied extensively (reviewed in Stewart, Curr. Org. Chem. 2:195-216 (1998), Table 2; Walsh and Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 27:333-343 (1988), Tables 4-5). Specificity has also been biochemically analyzed in Brevibacterium sp. HCU (Brzostowicz et al., J. Bact. 182(15):4241-4248 (2000)).

[0007] 2. Ketoterpenes: A monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase has been characterized from Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 (Van der Werf, J. Biochem. 347:693-701 (2000)). In addition to broad substrate specificity against ketoterpenes, the enzyme also has activity against substituted cyclohexanones.

[0008] 3. Steroids: The steroid monooxygenase of Rhodococcus rhodochrous (Morii et al. J. Biochem 126:624-631 (1999)) is well characterized, both biochemically and by sequence data.

[0009] The genes and gene products listed above are useful for specific Baeyer-Villiger reactions targeted toward cyclic ketone, ketoterpene, or steroid compounds, however the enzymes are limited in their ability to predict other newly discovered proteins which would have similar activity.

[0010] The problem to be solved, therefore is to provide a suite of bacterial flavoprotein Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase enzymes that can efficiently perform oxygenation reactions on cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes compounds. Identity of a suite of enzymes with this broad substrate acceptance would facilitate commercial applications of these enzymes and reduce efforts with respect to optimization of multiple enzymes for multiple reactions. Maximum efficiency is especially relevant today, when many enzymes are genetically engineered such that the enzyme is recombinantly expressed in a desirable host organism. Additionally, a collection of BVMO's with diverse amino acid sequences could be used to create a general predictive model based on amino acid sequence conservation of other BVMO enzymes. Finally, a broad class of BVMO's could also be used as basis for the in vitro evolution of novel enzymes.

[0011] Applicants have solved the stated problem by isolating several novel organisms with BVMO activity, identifying and characterizing BMVO genes, expressing these genes in microbial hosts, and demonstrating activity of the genes against a wide range of ketone substrates, including cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes. Several signature sequences have been identified, based on amino acid sequence alignments, which are characteristic of specific BVMO families and have diagnostic utility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid fragment isolated from Rhodococcus selected from the group consisting of:

[0013] (a) an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, and 46.

[0014] (b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide that hybridizes with (a) under the following hybridization conditions: 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washed with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS; or

[0015] an isolated nucleic acid fragment that is complementary to (a) or (b).

[0016] Similarly the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid fragment isolated from Arthrobacter selected from the group consisting of:

[0017] (a) an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12;

[0018] (b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide that hybridizes with (a) under the following hybridization conditions: 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washed with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS; or

[0019] an isolated nucleic acid fragment that is complementary to (a), or (b).

[0020] Additionally the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid fragment isolated from Acidovorax selected from the group consisting of:

[0021] (a) an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18

[0022] (b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide that hybridizes with (a) under the following hybridization conditions: 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washed with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS; or

[0023] an isolated nucleic acid fragment that is complementary to (a), or (b).

[0024] In additional embodiments the invention provides polypeptides encoded by the present sequences as well as genetic chimera of the present sequences and transformed hosts expressing the same.

[0025] In a preferred embodiment the invention provides a method for the identification of a polypeptide having monooxygenase activity comprising:

[0026] (a) obtaining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide suspected of having monooxygenase activity; and

[0027] (b) aligning the amino acid sequence of step (a) with the amino acid sequence of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase consensus sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48 and SEQ ID NO:49,

[0028] wherein where at least 80% of the amino acid residues at positions p1-p74 of SEQ ID NO:47, or at least 80% of the amino acid residues at p1-p76 of SEQ ID NO:48 or at least 80% of the amino acid residues of p1-p41 of SEQ ID NO:49 are completely conserved, the polypeptide of (a) is identified as having monooxygenase activity.

[0029] In an alternate embodiment the invention provides a method for identifying a gene encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide comprising:

[0030] (a) probing a genomic library with a nucleic acid fragment encoding a polypeptide wherein where at least 80% of the amino acid residues at positions p1-p74 of SEQ ID NO:47, or at least 80% of the amino acid residues at p1-p76 of SEQ ID NO:48 or at least 80% of the amino acid residues of p1-p41 of SEQ ID NO:49 are completely conserved;

[0031] (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with a nucleic acid fragment of step (a);

[0032] (c) sequencing the genomic fragment that comprises the clone identified in step (b),

[0033] wherein the sequenced genomic fragment encodes a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide.

[0034] In a preferred embodiment the invention provides a method for the biotransformation of a ketone substrate to the corresponding ester, comprising: contacting a transformed host cell under suitable growth conditions with an effective amount of ketone substrate whereby the corresponding ester is produced, said transformed host cell comprising a nucleic acid fragment encoding an isolated nucleic acid fragment of any of the present nucleic acid sequences; under the control of suitable regulatory sequences.

[0035] In an alternate embodiment the invention provides a method for the in vitro transformation of a ketone substrate to the corresponding ester, comprising: contacting a ketone substrate under suitable reaction conditions with an effective amount of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase enzyme, the enzyme having an amino acid seqeunce selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, and 46.

[0036] Additionally the invention provides a mutated microbial gene encoding a protein having an altered biological activity produced by a method comprising the steps of:

[0037] (i) digesting a mixture of nucleotide sequences with restriction endonucleases wherein said mixture comprises:

[0038] a) a native microbial gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45;

[0039] b) a first population of nucleotide fragments which will hybridize to said native microbial sequence;

[0040] c) a second population of nucleotide fragments which will not hybridize to said native microbial sequence;

[0041] wherein a mixture of restriction fragments are produced;

[0042] (ii) denaturing said mixture of restriction fragments;

[0043] (iii) incubating the denatured said mixture of restriction fragments of step (ii) with a polymerase;

[0044] (iv) repeating steps (ii) and (iii) wherein a mutated microbial gene is produced encoding a protein having an altered biological activity. Additionally the invention provides unique strains of Acidovorax sp. comprising the 16s rDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, Arthrobacter sp. comprising the 16s rDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and Rhodococcus sp. comprising the 16s rDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

[0045] In another embodiment the invention provides an Acidovorax sp. comprising the 16s rDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5. Additionally the invention provides an Arthrobacter sp. comprising the 16s rDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Similarly the invention provides a Rhodococcus sp. comprising the 16s rDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

[0046] Additionally the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid useful for the identification of a BV monooxygenase selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID 70-113.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCE DESCRIPTIONS

[0047]
FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show chnB monooxygenase activity of Brevibacterium sp. HCU, Acinetobacter SE19, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, Rhodococcus sp. phi2, Arthrobacter sp. BP2 and Acidovorax sp. CHX genes over-expressed in E. coli assayed against various ketone substrates.

[0048]
FIG. 6 illustrates the signature sequences of the three BVMO groups based on the consensus sequences derived from the alignments of FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9.

[0049]
FIG. 7 shows a Clustal W alignment of a family of Baeyer-Villiger monoxygenases (Family 1) and the associated signature sequence.

[0050]
FIG. 8 shows a Clustal W alignment of a family of Baeyer-Villiger monoxygenases (Family 2) and the associated signature sequence.

[0051]
FIG. 9 shows a Clustal W alignment of a family of BC monoxygenases (Family 3) and the associated signature sequence.

[0052] The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying sequence descriptions which form a part of this application.

[0053] The following sequences conform with 37 C.F.R. 1.821-1.825 (“Requirements for Patent Applications Containing Nucleotide Sequences and/or Amino Acid Sequence Disclosures—the Sequence Rules”) and consistent with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25 (1998) and the sequence listing requirements of the EPO and PCT (Rules 5.2 and 49.5 (a-bis), and Section 208 and Annex C of the Administrative Instructions). The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822.

[0054] SEQ ID NOs:1-49 are full length genes or proteins as identified in Table 1.

1TABLE 1Summary of Gene and Protein SEQ ID NumbersGeneProteinSEQ IDSEQ IDGene NameOrganismNoNo16s rDNA sequenceArthrobacter sp. BP2 1—16s rDNA sequenceRhodococcus sp. phi1 2—16s rDNA sequenceRhodococcus sp. phi2 3—16s rDNA sequenceBrevibacterium sp. HCU 4—16s rDNA sequenceAcidovorax sp. CHX 5—16s rDNA sequenceRhodococcus 6—erythropolis AN12chnB Monooxygenase phi1Rhodococcus sp. phi1 7 8chnB Monooxygenase phi2Rhodococcus sp. phi2 910chnB Monooxygenase BP2Arthrobacter sp. BP21112chnB1 MonooxygenaseBrevibacterium sp. HCU1314HCU #1chnB2 MonooxygenaseBrevibacterium sp. HCU1516HCU #2chnB MonooxygenaseAcidovorax sp. CHX1718CHXchnB MonooxygenaseAcinetobacter sp. SE191920SE19ORF 8 chnBRhodococcus2122Monooxygenase (1413)erythropolis AN12ORF 9 chnBRhodococcus2324Monooxygenase (1985)erythropolis AN12ORF 10 chnBRhodococcus2526Monooxygenase (1273)erythropolis AN12ORF 11 chnBRhodococcus2728Monooxygenase (2034)erythropolis AN12ORF 12 chnBRhodococcus2930Monooxygenase (1870)erythropolis AN12ORF 13 chnBRhodococcus3132Monooxygenase (1861)erythropolis AN12ORF 14 chnBRhodococcus3334Monooxygenase (2005)erythropolis AN12ORF 15 chnBRhodococcus3536Monooxygenase (2035)erythropolis AN12ORF 16 chnBRhodococcus3738Monooxygenase (2022)erythropolis AN12ORF 17 chnBRhodococcus3940Monooxygenase (1976)erythropolis AN12ORF 18 chnBRhodococcus4142Monooxygenase (1294)erythropolis AN12ORF 19 chnBRhodococcus4344Monooxygenase (2082)erythropolis AN12ORF 20 chnBRhodococcus4546Monooxygenase (2093)erythropolis AN12Signature Sequence #1Consensus Sequence—47Signature Sequence #2Consensus Sequence—48Signature Sequence #3Consensus Sequence—49

[0055] SEQ ID NOs:50-62 are primers used for 16s rDNA sequencing.

[0056] SEQ ID NO:63 describes a primer used for RT-PCR and out-PCR.

[0057] SEQ ID NOs:64 and 65 are primers used for sequencing of inserts within pCR2.1

[0058] SEQ ID NOs:66 and 67 are primers used to amplify monooxygenase genes from Acinetobacter sp. SE19.

[0059] SEQ ID NOs:68-107 are primers used for amplification of full length Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases.

[0060] SEQ ID NOs:108-113 are primers used to screen cosmid libraries.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0061] The invention provides nucleic acid and amino acid sequences defining a group of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase enzymes. These enzymes have been found to have the ability to use a wide variety of ketone substrates that include two general classes of compounds, cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes. These enzymes are characterized by function as well as a series of diagnostic signature sequences. The enzymes may be expressed recombinantly for the conversion of ketone substrates to the corresponding lactones or esters.

[0062] In this disclosure, a number of terms and abbreviations are used. The following definitions are provided.

[0063] “Open reading frame” is abbreviated ORF.

[0064] “Polymerase chain reaction” is abbreviated PCR.

[0065] “Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry” is abbreviated GC-MS.

[0066] “Baeyer-Villiger” is abbreviated BV.

[0067] “Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase” is abbreviated BVMO.

[0068] The term “Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase”, refers to a bacterial enzyme that has the ability to oxidize a ketone substrate to the corresponding lactone or ester.

[0069] The term “ketone substrate” includes a substrate for a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase that comprises a class of compounds which include cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes. Ketone substrates of the invention are defined by the general formula:

[0070] wherein R and R1 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene.

[0071] The term “alkyl” will mean a univalent group derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1—. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups: H[CH2]n—. The groups RCH2—, R2CH— (R not equal to H), and R3C— (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl groups respectively.

[0072] The term “alkenyl” will mean an acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc.

[0073] The term “alkylidene” will mean the divalent groups formed from alkanes by removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same carbon atom, the free valiances of which are part of a double bond (e.g. (CH3)2C, also known as propan-2-ylidene).

[0074] As used herein, an “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. An isolated nucleic acid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

[0075] A nucleic acid molecule is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA, when a single stranded form of the nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the other nucleic acid molecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength. Hybridization and washing conditions are well known and exemplified in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor (1989), particularly Chapter 11 and Table 11.1 therein (entirely incorporated herein by reference). The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization. Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, to highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. Typical stringent hybridization conditions are for example, hybridization at 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. with a wash with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS. Generally post-hybridization washes determine stringency conditions. One set of preferred conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then repeated with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then repeated twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. A more preferred set of stringent conditions uses higher temperatures in which the washes are identical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30 min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C. Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible. The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of Tm for hybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences. The relative stability (corresponding to higher Tm) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreases in the following order: RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating Tm have been derived (see Sambrook et al., supra, 9.50-9.51). For hybridizations with shorter nucleic acids, i.e., oligonucleotides, the position of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook et al., supra, 11.7-11.8). In one embodiment the length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 10 nucleotides. Preferable a minimum length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 15 nucleotides; more preferably at least about 20 nucleotides; and most preferably the length is at least 30 nucleotides. Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize that the temperature and wash solution salt concentration may be adjusted as necessary according to factors such as length of the probe.

[0076] The term “complementary” is used to describe the relationship between nucleotide bases that are capable to hybridizing to one another. For example, with respect to DNA, adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary to guanine. Accordingly, the instant invention also includes isolated nucleic acid fragments that are complementary to the complete sequences as reported in the accompanying Sequence Listing as well as those substantially similar nucleic acid sequences.

[0077] The term “percent identity”, as known in the art, is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. “Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to those described in: Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., ed.) Oxford University Press, New York (1988); Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., ed.) Academic Press, New York (1993); Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds.) Humana Press, New Jersey (1994); Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G., ed.) Academic Press (1987); and Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds.) Stockton Press, New York (1991). Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the best match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations may be performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5.

[0078] Suitable nucleic acid fragments (isolated polynucleotides of the present invention) encode polypeptides that are at least about 70% identical, preferably at least about 80% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Preferred nucleic acid fragments encode amino acid sequences that are about 85% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. More preferred nucleic acid fragments encode amino acid sequences that are at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that encode amino acid sequences that are at least about 95% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Suitable nucleic acid fragments not only have the above homologies but typically encode a polypeptide having at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, more preferably at least 150 amino acids, still more preferably at least 200 amino acids, and most preferably at least 250 amino acids.

[0079] “Codon degeneracy” refers to the nature in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without effecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. Accordingly, the instant invention relates to any nucleic acid fragment that encodes all or a substantial portion of the amino acid sequence encoding the instant microbial polypeptides as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, and 46. The skilled artisan is well aware of the “codon-bias” exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a gene for improved expression in a host cell, it is desirable to design the gene such that its frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.

[0080] “Synthetic genes” can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocks that are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilled in the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form gene segments which are then enzymatically assembled to construct the entire gene. “Chemically synthesized”, as related to a sequence of DNA, means that the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro. Manual chemical synthesis of DNA may be accomplished using well established procedures, or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a number of commercially available machines. Accordingly, the genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression based on optimization of nucleotide sequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisan appreciates the likelihood of successful gene expression if codon usage is biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination of preferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the host cell where sequence information is available.

[0081] “Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. “Endogenous gene” refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.

[0082] “Coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structures.

[0083] “Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.

[0084] The “3′ non-coding sequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor.

[0085] “RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA transcript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it is referred to as the primary transcript or it may be a RNA sequence derived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript and is referred to as the mature RNA. “Messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into protein by the cell. “cDNA” refers to a double-stranded DNA that is complementary to and derived from mRNA. “Sense” RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and so can be translated into protein by the cell. “Antisense RNA” refers to a RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA and that blocks the expression of a target gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065; WO 9928508). The complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript, i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, or the coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA, or other RNA that is not translated yet has an effect on cellular processes.

[0086] The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation.

[0087] The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

[0088] “Transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the genome of a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or “transformed” organisms.

[0089] The terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell. “Transformation cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that facilitate transformation of a particular host cell. “Expression cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow for enhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.

[0090] The term “sequence analysis software” refers to any computer algorithm or software program that is useful for the analysis of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. “Sequence analysis software” may be commercially available or independently developed. Typical sequence analysis software will include but is not limited to the GCG suite of programs (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.), BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990), and DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc. 1228 S. Park St. Madison, Wis. 53715 USA), and the FASTA program incorporating the Smith-Waterman algorithm (W. R. Pearson, Comput. Methods Genome Res., [Proc. Int. Symp.] (1994), Meeting Date 1992, 111-20. Editor(s): Suhai, Sandor. Publisher: Plenum, New York, N.Y.). Within the context of this application it will be understood that where sequence analysis software is used for analysis, that the results of the analysis will be based on the “default values” of the program referenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein “default values” will mean any set of values or parameters which originally load with the software when first initialized.

[0091] The term “signature sequence” means a set of amino acids conserved at specific positions along an aligned sequence of evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary between homologous proteins, amino acids which are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids which are essential in the structure, the stability, or the activity of a protein. Because they are identified by their high degree of conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used as identifiers, or “signatures”, to determine if a protein with a newly determined sequence belongs to a previously identified protein family. Signature sequences of the present invention are specifically described FIG. 6 showing the signature sequence comprised of p1-p74 of SEQ ID NO:47, p1-p76 of SEQ ID NO:48 and p1-p41 of SEQ ID NO:49.

[0092] Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used here are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) (hereinafter “Maniatis”); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L. and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Press Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, published by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987).

[0093] Isolation of Microorganisms Having Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase Activity

[0094] Microorganisms having Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase activity may be isolated from a variety of sources. Suitable sources include industrial waste streams, soil from contaminated industrial sites and waste stream treatment facilities. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase containing microorganisms of the instant invention were isolated from activated sludge from waste water treatment plants.

[0095] Samples suspected of containing a microorganism having Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase activity may be enriched by incubation in a suitable growth medium in combination with at least one ketone substrate. Suitable ketone substrates for use in the instant invention include cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes having the general formula:

[0096] wherein R and R1 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene. These compounds may be synthetic or natural secondary metabolites Particularly useful ketone substrates include, but are not limited to Norcamphor, Cyclobutanone, Cyclopentanone, 2-methyl-cyclopentanone, Cyclohexanone, 2-methyl-cyclohexanone, Cyclohex-2-ene-1-one, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 1,4-cyclohexanedione, Cycloheptanone, Cyclooctanone, Cyclodecanone, Cycloundecanone, Cyclododecanone, Cyclotridecanone, Cyclopenta-decanone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone, 2-phenyl-cyclohexanone, Oxindole, Levoglucosenone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethy-2-piperidone, Phenylboronic acid, and beta-ionone. Growth medium and techniques needed in the enrichment and screening of microorganisms are well known in the art and examples may be found in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology (Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. Briggs Phillips, eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (1994)); or by Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. (1989).

[0097] Characterization of the Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase Containing Microorganisms:

[0098] The sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA or DNA (16S rDNA) is frequently used for taxonomic identification of novel bacterial. Currently, more than 7,000 bacterial 16S rDNA sequences are now available. Highly conserved regions of the 16S rDNA provide priming sites for broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (or RT-PCR) and obviate the need for specific information about a targeted microorganism before this procedure. This permits identification of a previously uncharacterized bacterium by broad range bacterial 16S rDNA amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.

[0099] This invention describes the isolation and identification of 7 different bacteria based on their taxonomic identification following amplification of the 16S rDNA using primers corresponding to conserved regions of the 16S rDNA molecule (Amann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev. 59(1):143-69 (1995); Kane, M. D. et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:682-686 (1993)), followed by sequencing and BLAST analysis (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul, S. F., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1993); see also www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). Bacterial strains were identified as highly homologous to bacteria of the genera Brevibacterium, Arthrobacter, Acinetobacter, Acidovorax, and Rhodococcus.

[0100] Comparison of the 16S rRNA nucleotide base sequence from strain AN12 to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences (98% homologous) are the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria belonging to the genus Rhodococcus.

[0101] Comparison of the 16S rRNA nucleotide base sequence from strain CHX to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences (97% homologous) are the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria of the genus Acidovorax.

[0102] Comparison of the 16S rRNA nucleotide base sequence from strain BP2 to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences (99% homologous) are the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter. Comparison of the 16S rRNA nucleotide base sequence from strain SE19 to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences (99% homologous) are the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter.

[0103] Comparison of the 16S rRNA nucleotide base sequence from strains phi1 and phi2 to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences (99% homologous) are the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria belonging to the genus Rhodococcus.

[0104] Identification of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase Homologs

[0105] The present invention provides examples of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase genes and gene products having the ability to convert suitable ketone substrates comprising cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes to the corresponding lactone or ester. For example, genes encoding BVMO's have been isolated from Arthrobacter (SEQ ID NO:11), Brevibacterium (SEQ ID NOs:13 and 15), Acidovorax (SEQ ID NO:17), Acinetobacter(SEQ ID NO:19), and Rhodococcus (SEQ ID NOs:7, 9,21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45).

[0106] Comparison of the Arthrobacter sp. BP2 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 57% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 532 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0107] Comparison of the Acidovorax sp. CHX chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 57% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 538 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0108] Comparison of the Rhodococcus sp. phi1 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 55% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 542 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0109] Comparison of the Rhodococcus sp. phi2 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 53% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 541 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0110] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 ORF8 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 37% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 439 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0111] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF9 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 44% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 518 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0112] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF10 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 64% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 541 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0113] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF11 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 65% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 462 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0114] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF12 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 45% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 523 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0115] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF13 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 55% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 493 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0116] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF14 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 51% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 539 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0117] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF15 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 39% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 649 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0118] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF16 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 43% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 494 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0119] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF17 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 53% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 499 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0120] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF18 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 44% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 493 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0121] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF19 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 54% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 541 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0122] Comparison of the Rhodococcus erythropolis AN1 ORF20 chnB nucleotide base and deduced amino acid sequences to public databases reveals that the most similar known sequences range from a distant as about 42% identical to the amino acid sequence of reported herein over length of 545 amino acids using a Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm (W. R. Pearson, supra). Preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 70%-80% and more preferred amino acid fragments are at least about 80%-90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the amino acid fragments reported herein. Similarly, preferred chnB encoding nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the instant ORF's are those encoding active proteins and which are at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid sequences reported herein. More preferred chnB nucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the sequences herein. Most preferred are chnB nucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

[0123] In addition to the identification of the above mentioned sequences and the biochemical characterization of the activity of the gene product, Applicants have made the discovery that many of these monooxygenase proteins share diagnostic signature sequences which may be used for the identification of other proteins having similar activity. For example, the present monooxygenases may be grouped into three general families based on sequence alignment. One group, referred to herein BV Family 1, is comprised of the monooxygenase sequences shown in FIG. 7 and generating the consensus sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:47. As will be seen in FIG. 7, there are a group of completely conserved amino acids in 74 positions across all of the sequences of FIG. 7. These positions are further delineated in FIG. 6, and indicated as p1-p74.

[0124] Similarly, BV Family 2 is comprised of the monooxygenase sequences shown on FIG. 8, and generating the consensus sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:48. The signature seqeunce of BV Family 2 monooxygenases is shown in FIG. 6 having the positions p1-p76. BV Family 3 monooxygenases are shown in FIG. 9, generating the consensus sequence as set for the in SEQ ID NO:49, having the signature sequence as shown in FIG. 6 of positions p1-p41.

[0125] Although there is variation among the sequences of the various families, all of the individual members of these families have been shown to possess monooxygenase activity. Thus, it is contemplated that where a polypeptide possesses the signature sequences as defined in FIGS. 6-9 that it will have monooxygenase activity. It is thus within the scope of the present invention to provide a method for identifying a gene encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide comprising:

[0126] (a) probing a genomic library with a nucleic acid fragment encoding a polypeptide wherein where at least 80% of the amino acid residues at positions p1-p74 of SEQ ID NO:47, or at least 80% of the amino acid residues at p1-p76 of SEQ ID NO:48 or at least 80% of the amino acid residues of p1-p41 of SEQ ID NO:49 are completely conserved;

[0127] (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with a nucleic acid fragment of step (a);

[0128] (c) sequencing the genomic fragment that comprises the clone identified in step (b),

[0129] wherein the sequenced genomic fragment encodes a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase polypeptide.

[0130] In a preferred embodiment the invention provides the above method wherein where at least 100% of the amino acid residues at positions p1-p74 of SEQ ID NO:47, or at least 100% of the amino acid residues at p1-p76 of SEQ ID NO:48 or at least 100% of the amino acid residues of p1-p41 of SEQ ID NO:49 are completely conserved.

[0131] It will be appreciated that other Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase genes having similar substrate specificity may be identified and isolated on the basis of sequence dependent protocols or according to alignment against the signature sequences disclosed herein.

[0132] Isolation of homologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in the art. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are not limited to, methods of nucleic acid hybridization, and methods of DNA and RNA amplification as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies (e.g polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202), ligase chain reaction (LCR), Tabor, S. et al., Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1074, (1985)) or strand displacement amplification (SDA, Walker, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89: 392, (1992)).

[0133] For example, genes encoding similar proteins or polypeptides to the present Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases could be isolated directly by using all or a portion of the nucleic acid fragments set forth in SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45 or as DNA hybridization probes to screen libraries from any desired bacteria using methodology well known to those skilled in the art. Specific oligonucleotide probes based upon the instant nucleic acid sequences can be designed and synthesized by methods known in the art (Maniatis, supra). Moreover, the entire sequences can be used directly to synthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan such as random primers DNA labeling, nick translation, or end-labeling techniques, or RNA probes using available in vitro transcription systems. In addition, specific primers can be designed and used to amplify a part of or full-length of the instant sequences. The resulting amplification products can be labeled directly during amplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full length DNA fragments under conditions of appropriate stringency.

[0134] Typically, in PCR-type primer directed amplification techniques, the primers have different sequences and are not complementary to each other. Depending on the desired test conditions, the sequences of the primers should be designed to provide for both efficient and faithful replication of the target nucleic acid. Methods of PCR primer design are common and well known in the art. (Thein and Wallace, “The use of oligonucleotide as specific hybridization probes in the Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders”, in Human Genetic Diseases: A Practical Approach, K. E. Davis Ed., (1986) pp. 33-50 IRL Press, Herndon, Va.; Rychlik, W. (1993) In White, B. A. (ed.), Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 15, pages 31-39, PCR Protocols: Current Methods and Applications. Humania Press, Inc., Totowa, N.J.)

[0135] Generally PCR primers may be used to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA. However, the polymerase chain reaction may also be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the instant nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding microbial genes. Alternatively, the second primer sequence may be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector. For example, the skilled artisan can follow the RACE protocol (Frohman et al., PNAS USA 85:8998 (1988)) to generate cDNAs by using PCR to amplify copies of the region between a single point in the transcript and the 3′ or 5′ end. Primers oriented in the 3′ and 5′ directions can be designed from the instant sequences. Using commercially available 3′ RACE or 5′ RACE systems (BRL), specific 3′ or 5′ cDNA fragments can be isolated (Ohara et al., PNAS USA 86:5673 (1989); Loh et al., Science 243:217 (1989)).

[0136] Accordingly the invention provides a method for identifying a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase comprising: (a) synthesizing at least one oligonucleotide primer corresponding to a portion of the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45 and (b) amplifying an insert present in a cloning vector using the oligonucleotide primer of step (a); wherein the amplified insert encodes a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase

[0137] Alternatively the instant sequences may be employed as hybridization reagents for the identification of homologs. The basic components of a nucleic acid hybridization test include a probe, a sample suspected of containing the gene or gene fragment of interest, and a specific hybridization method. Probes of the present invention are typically single stranded nucleic acid sequences which are complementary to the nucleic acid sequences to be detected. Probes are “hybridizable” to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected. The probe length can vary from 5 bases to tens of thousands of bases, and will depend upon the specific test to be done. Typically a probe length of about 15 bases to about 30 bases is suitable. Only part of the probe molecule need be complementary to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected. In addition, the complementarity between the probe and the target sequence need not be perfect. Hybridization does occur between imperfectly complementary molecules with the result that a certain fraction of the bases in the hybridized region are not paired with the proper complementary base.

[0138] Hybridization methods are well defined. Typically the probe and sample must be mixed under conditions which will permit nucleic acid hybridization. This involves contacting the probe and sample in the presence of an inorganic or organic salt under the proper concentration and temperature conditions. The probe and sample nucleic acids must be in contact for a long enough time that any possible hybridization between the probe and sample nucleic acid may occur. The concentration of probe or target in the mixture will determine the time necessary for hybridization to occur. The higher the probe or target concentration the shorter the hybridization incubation time needed. Optionally a chaotropic agent may be added. The chaotropic agent stabilizes nucleic acids by inhibiting nuclease activity. Furthermore, the chaotropic agent allows sensitive and stringent hybridization of short oligonucleotide probes at room temperature [Van Ness and Chen (1991) Nucl. Acids Res. 19:5143-5151]. Suitable chaotropic agents include guanidinium chloride, guanidinium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachloroacetate, sodium perchlorate, rubidium tetrachloroacetate, potassium iodide, and cesium trifluoroacetate, among others. Typically, the chaotropic agent will be present at a final concentration of about 3M. If desired, one can add formamide to the hybridization mixture, typically 30-50% (v/v).

[0139] Various hybridization solutions can be employed. Typically, these comprise from about 20 to 60% volume, preferably 30%, of a polar organic solvent. A common hybridization solution employs about 30-50% v/v formamide, about 0.15 to 1 M sodium chloride, about 0.05 to 0.1 M buffers, such as sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about 6-9), about 0.05 to 0.2% detergent, such as sodium dodecylsulfate, or between 0.5-20 mM EDTA, FICOLL (Pharmacia Inc.) (about 300-500 kilodaltons), polyvinylpyrrolidone (about 250-500 kdal), and serum albumin. Also included in the typical hybridization solution will be unlabeled carrier nucleic acids from about 0.1 to 5 mg/mL, fragmented nucleic DNA, e.g., calf thymus or salmon sperm DNA, or yeast RNA, and optionally from about 0.5 to 2% wt/vol glycine. Other additives may also be included, such as volume exclusion agents which include a variety of polar water-soluble or swellable agents, such as polyethylene glycol, anionic polymers such as polyacrylate or polymethylacrylate, and anionic saccharidic polymers, such as dextran sulfate.

[0140] Thus, the invention provides a method for identifying a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase comprising:(a) probing a genomic library with a portion of a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45;(b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes under conditions of 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washed with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS with the nucleic acid molecule of (a); and (c) sequencing the genomic fragment that comprises the clone identified in step (b), wherein the sequenced genomic fragment encodes Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase.

[0141] Recombinant Expression-Microbial

[0142] The genes and gene products of the present BVMO sequences may be introduced into microbial host cells. Preferred host cells for expression of the instant genes and nucleic acid molecules are microbial hosts that can be found broadly within the fungal or bacterial families and which grow over a wide range of temperature, pH values, and solvent tolerances. Because of transcription, translation and the protein biosynthetic apparatus is the same irrespective of the cellular feedstock, functional genes are expressed irrespective of carbon feedstock used to generate cellular biomass. Large scale microbial growth and functional gene expression may utilize a wide range of simple or complex carbohydrates, organic acids and alcohols, saturated hydrocarbons such as methane or carbon dioxide in the case of photosynthetic or chemoautotrophic hosts. However, the functional genes may be regulated, repressed or depressed by specific growth conditions, which may include the form and amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, oxygen, carbon or any trace micronutrient including small inorganic ions. In addition, the regulation of functional genes may be achieved by the presence or absence of specific regulatory molecules that are added to the culture and are not typically considered nutrient or energy sources. Growth rate may also be an important regulatory factor in gene expression. Examples of suitable host strains include but are not limited to fungal or yeast species such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, or bacterial species such as member of the proteobacteria and actinomycetes as well as the specific genera Rhodococcus, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Mycobacteria, Nocardia, Brevibacterium, Acidovorax, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Candida, Cornyebacterium, and Hansenula.

[0143] Particularly suitable in the present invention as hosts for monooxygenase are the members of the Proteobacteria and Actinomycetes. The Proteobacteria form a physiologically diverse group of microorganisms and represent five subdivisions (α, β, γ, ε, δ) (Madigan et al., Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 8th edition, Prentice Hall, UpperSaddle River, N.J. (1997)). All five subdivisions of the Proteobacteria contain microorganisms that use organic compounds as sources of carbon and energy. Members of the Proteobacteria suitable in the present invention include, but are not limited to Burkholderia, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Pandoraea, Delftia and Comamonas.

[0144] Microbial expression systems and expression vectors containing regulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreign proteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these could be used to construct chimeric genes for production of the any of the gene products of the instant sequences. These chimeric genes could then be introduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to provide high level expression of the enzymes.

[0145] Vectors or cassettes useful for the transformation of suitable host cells are well known in the art. Typically the vector or cassette contains sequences directing transcription and translation of the relevant gene, a selectable marker, and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration. Suitable vectors comprise a region 5′ of the gene which harbors transcriptional initiation controls and a region 3′ of the DNA fragment which controls transcriptional termination. It is most preferred when both control regions are derived from genes homologous to the transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such control regions need not be derived from the genes native to the specific species chosen as a production host.

[0146] Initiation control regions or promoters, which are useful to drive expression of the instant ORF's in the desired host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of driving these genes is suitable for the present invention including but not limited to CYC1, HIS3, GAL1, GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI (useful for expression in Saccharomyces); AOX1 (useful for expression in Pichia); and lac, ara, tet, trp, IPL, IPR, T7, tac, and trc (useful for expression in Escherichia coli) as well as the amy, apr, npr promoters and various phage promoters useful for expression in Bacillus.

[0147] Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary, however, it is most preferred if included.

[0148] Recombinant Expression—Plants

[0149] The sequences encoding the BVMO's of the present invention may be used to create transgenic plants having the ability to express the microbial proteins. Preferred plant hosts will be any variety that will support a high production level of the instant proteins.

[0150] Suitable green plants will included but are not limited to of soybean, rapeseed (Brassica napus, B. campestris), sunflower (Helianthus annus), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), corn, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), wheat (Triticum sp), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa, L), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), rice (Oryza sativa), Arabidopsis, cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, parsnips, etc.), melons, carrots, celery, parsley, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, peanuts, grapes, grass seed crops, sugar beets, sugar cane, beans, peas, rye, flax, hardwood trees, softwood trees, and forage grasses. Algal species include but not limited to commercially significant hosts such as Spirulina and Dunalliela. Overexpression of the proteins of the instant invention may be accomplished by first constructing chimeric genes in which the coding region are operably linked to promoters capable of directing expression of a gene in the desired tissues at the desired stage of development. For reasons of convenience, the chimeric genes may comprise promoter sequences and translation leader sequences derived from the same genes. 3′ Non-coding sequences encoding transcription termination signals must also be provided. The instant chimeric genes may also comprise one or more introns in order to facilitate gene expression.

[0151] Any combination of any promoter and any terminator capable of inducing expression of a coding region may be used in the chimeric genetic sequence. Some suitable examples of promoters and terminators include those from nopaline synthase (nos), octopine synthase (ocs) and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) genes. One type of efficient plant promoter that may be used is a high level plant promoter. Such promoters, in operable linkage with the genetic sequences or the present invention should be capable of promoting expression of the present gene product. High level plant promoters that may be used in this invention include the promoter of the small subunit (ss) of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from example from soybean (Berry-Lowe et al., J. Molecular and App. Gen., 1:483-498 1982)), and the promoter of the chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These two promoters are known to be light-induced in plant cells (See, for example, Genetic Engineering of Plants, an Agricultural Perspective, A. Cashmore, Plenum, N.Y. (1983), pages 29-38; Coruzzi, G. et al., The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258:1399 (1983), and Dunsmuir, P. et al., Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics, 2:285 (1983)).

[0152] Plasmid vectors comprising the instant chimeric genes can then be constructed. The choice of plasmid vector depends upon the method that will be used to transform host plants. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the plasmid vector in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells containing the chimeric gene. The skilled artisan will also recognize that different independent transformation events will result in different levels and patterns of expression (Jones et al., EMBO J. 4:2411-2418 (1985); De Almeida et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:78-86 (1989)), and thus that multiple events must be screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expression level and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of DNA blots (Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98:503, (1975)). Northern analysis of mRNA expression (Kroczek, J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl., 618 (1-2):133-145 (1993)), Western analysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis.

[0153] For some applications it will be useful to direct the instant proteins to different cellular compartments. It is thus envisioned that the chimeric genes described above may be further supplemented by altering the coding sequences to encode enzymes with appropriate intracellular targeting sequences such as transit sequences (Keegstra, K., Cell 56:247-253 (1989)), signal sequences or sequences encoding endoplasmic reticulum localization (Chrispeels, J. J., Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:21-53 (1991)), or nuclear localization signals (Raikhel, N. Plant Phys. 100:1627-1632 (1992)) added and/or with targeting sequences that are already present removed. While the references cited give examples of each of these, the list is not exhaustive and more targeting signals of utility may be discovered in the future that are useful in the invention.

[0154] Process for the Production of Lactones and Esters from Ketone Substrates

[0155] Once the appropriate nucleic acid sequence has been expressed in a recombinant organism, the organism may be contacted with a suitable ketone substrate for the production of the corresponding ester. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases of the instant invention will act on a variety of ketone substrates comprising cyclic ketones and ketoterpenes to produce the corresponding lactone or ester. Suitable ketone substrates for the conversion to esters are defined by the general formula:

[0156] wherein R and R1 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene. Particularly useful ketone substrates include, but are not limited to Norcamphor, Cyclobutanone, Cyclopentanone, 2-methyl-cyclopentanone, Cyclohexanone, 2-methyl-cyclohexanone, Cyclohex-2-ene-1-one, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 1,4-cyclohexanedione, Cycloheptanone, Cyclooctanone, Cyclodecanone, Cycloundecanone, Cyclododecanone, Cyclotridecanone, Cyclopenta-decanone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone, 2-phenyl-cyclohexanone, Oxindole, Levoglucosenone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethy-2-piperidone, Phenylboronic acid, and beta-ionone.

[0157] Alternatively it is contemplated that the enzymes of the invention may be used in vitro for the transformation of ketone substrates to the corresponding esters. The monooxygenase enzymes may be produced recombinantly or isoalted from native sources, purified and reacted with the appropriate substrate under suitalbe conditions of pH and temperature.

[0158] Where large scale commercial production of lactones or esters is desired, a variety of culture methodologies may be applied. For example, large scale production from a recombinant microbial host may be produced by both batch or continuous culture methodologies.

[0159] A classical batch culturing method is a closed system where the composition of the media is set at the beginning of the culture and not subject to artificial alterations during the culturing process. Thus, at the beginning of the culturing process the media is inoculated with the desired organism or organisms and growth or metabolic activity is permitted to occur adding nothing to the system. Typically, however, a “batch” culture is batch with respect to the addition of carbon source and attempts are often made at controlling factors such as pH and oxygen concentration. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the culture is terminated. Within batch cultures cells moderate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die. Cells in log phase are often responsible for the bulk of production of end product or intermediate in some systems. Stationary or post-exponential phase production can be obtained in other systems.

[0160] A variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system. Fed-Batch culture processes are also suitable in the present invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exception that the substrate is added in increments as the culture progresses. Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is apt to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the media. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in Fed-Batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO2. Batch and Fed-Batch culturing methods are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Second Edition (1989) Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass., or Deshpande, Mukund V., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 36, 227, (1992), herein incorporated by reference.

[0161] Commercial production of lactones and esters of the present invention may also be accomplished with a continuous culture. Continuous cultures are an open system where a defined culture media is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous cultures generally maintain the cells at a constant high liquid phase density where cells are primarily in log phase growth. Alternatively continuous culture may be practiced with immobilized cells where carbon and nutrients are continuously added, and valuable products, by-products or waste products are continuously removed from the cell mass. Cell immobilization may be performed using a wide range of solid supports composed of natural and/or synthetic materials.

[0162] Continuous or semi-continuous culture allows for the modulation of one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by media turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to media being drawn off must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the culture. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous culture processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology and a variety of methods are detailed by Brock, supra.

[0163] Baever-Villiger Monooxygenases Having Enhanced Activity

[0164] It is contemplated that the present BVMO sequences may be used to produce gene products having enhanced or altered activity. Various methods are known for mutating a native gene sequence to produce a gene product with altered or enhanced activity including but not limited to error prone PCR (Melnikov et al., Nucleic Acids Research, (Feb. 15, 1999) Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1056-1062); site directed mutagenesis (Coombs et al., Proteins (1998), 259-311, 1 plate. Editor(s): Angeletti, Ruth Hogue. Publisher: Academic, San Diego, Calif.) and “gene shuffling” (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793; 5,811,238; 5,830,721; and 5,837,458, incorporated herein by reference).

[0165] The method of gene shuffling is particularly attractive due to its facile implementation, and high rate of mutagenesis and ease of screening. The process of gene shuffling involves the restriction endonuclease cleavage of a gene of interest into fragments of specific size in the presence of additional populations of DNA regions of both similarity to or difference to the gene of interest. This pool of fragments will then be denatured and reannealed to create a mutated gene. The mutated gene is then screened for altered activity.

[0166] The BVMO sequences of the present invention may be mutated and screened for altered or enhanced activity by this method. The sequences should be double stranded and can be of various lengths ranging form 50 bp to 10 kb. The sequences may be randomly digested into fragments ranging from about 10 bp to 1000 bp, using restriction endonucleases well known in the art (Maniatis supra). In addition to the instant microbial sequences, populations of fragments that are hybridizable to all or portions of the microbial sequence may be added. Similarly, a population of fragments which are not hybridizable to the instant sequence may also be added. Typically these additional fragment populations are added in about a 10 to 20 fold excess by weight as compared to the total nucleic acid. Generally if this process is followed the number of different specific nucleic acid fragments in the mixture will be about 100 to about 1000. The mixed population of random nucleic acid fragments are denatured to form single-stranded nucleic acid fragments and then reannealed. Only those single-stranded nucleic acid fragments having regions of homology with other single-stranded nucleic acid fragments will reanneal. The random nucleic acid fragments may be denatured by heating. One skilled in the art could determine the conditions necessary to completely denature the double stranded nucleic acid. Preferably the temperature is from 80° C. to 100° C. The nucleic acid fragments may be reannealed by cooling. Preferably the temperature is from 20° C. to 75° C. Renaturation can be accelerated by the addition of polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) or salt. A suitable salt concentration may range from 0 mM to 200 mM. The annealed nucleic acid fragments are then incubated in the presence of a nucleic acid polymerase and dNTP's (i.e. dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP). The nucleic acid polymerase may be the Klenow fragment, the Taq polymerase or any other DNA polymerase known in the art. The polymerase may be added to the random nucleic acid fragments prior to annealing, simultaneously with annealing or after annealing. The cycle of denaturation, renaturation and incubation in the presence of polymerase is repeated for a desired number of times. Preferably the cycle is repeated from 2 to 50 times, more preferably the sequence is repeated from 10 to 40 times. The resulting nucleic acid is a larger double-stranded polynucleotide ranging from about 50 bp to about 100 kb and may be screened for expression and altered activity by standard cloning and expression protocol. (Manatis supra).

[0167] Furthermore, a hybrid protein can be assembled by fusion of functional domains using the gene shuffling (exon shuffling) method (Nixon et al, PNAS, 94:1069-1073 (1997)). The functional domain of the instant gene can be combined with the functional domain of other genes to create novel enzymes with desired catalytic function. A hybrid enzyme may be constructed using PCR overlap extension method and cloned into the various expression vectors using the techniques well known to those skilled in art.

EXAMPLES

[0168] The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.

[0169] General Methods

[0170] Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used in the Examples are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, (1989) (Maniatis) and by T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Bennan, and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, pub. by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987).

[0171] Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and growth of bacterial cultures are well known in the art. Techniques suitable for use in the following examples may be found as set out in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology (Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. Briggs Phillips, Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (1994)) or by Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Second Ed., Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, Mass. (1989). All reagents, restriction enzymes and materials used for the growth and maintenance of bacterial cells were obtained from Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, Wis.), DIFCO Laboratories (Detroit, Mich.), GIBCO/BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.), or Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.) unless otherwise specified.

[0172] Bacterial Strains and Plasmids: Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12, Brevibacterium sp. HCU, Arthrobacter sp. BP2, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, Rhodococcus sp. phi2, Acidovorax sp. CHX, and Acinetobacter sp. SE19 were isolated from enrichment of activated sludge obtained from industrial wastewater treatment facilities. Max Efficiency competent cells of E. coli DH5α and DH10B were purchased from GIBCO/BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.). Expression plasmid pQE30 were purchased from Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.), while cloning vector pCR2.1 and expression vector pTrc/His2-Topo were purchased from Invitrogen (San Diego, Calif.).

[0173] Taxonomic identification of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12, Brevibacterium sp. HCU, Arthrobacter sp. BP2, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, Rhodococcus sp. phi2, Acidovorax sp. CHX, and Acinetobacter sp. SE19 was performed by PCR amplification of 16S rDNA from chromosomal DNA using primers corresponding to conserved regions of the 16S rDNA molecule (Table 2). The following temperature program was used: 95° C. (5 min) for 1 cycle followed by 25 cycles of: 95° C. (1 min), 55° C. (1 min), 72° C. (1 min), followed by a final extension at 72° C. (8 min). Following DNA sequencing (according to the method shown below), the 16S rDNA gene sequence of each isolate was used as the query sequence for a BLAST search (Altschul, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997)) against GenBank for similar sequences.

2TABLE 2Primers to Conserved Regions of 16 s rDNASEQ IDNOPrimer Sequence (5′-3′)Reference50GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG(HK12) Amann, R. I. et al. Microbiol.Rev. 59(1): 143-69 (1995)51CAGG(A/C)GCCGCGGTAAT(A/T)CAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)52GCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT(HK21) Amann, R. I. et al. Microbiol.Rev. 59(1): 143-69 (1995)53CTACCAGGGTAACTAATCCAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)54ACGGGCGGTGTGTACAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)55CACGAGCTGACGACAGCCATAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)56TACCTTGTTACGACTT(HK13) Amann, R. I. et al. Microbiol.Rev. 59(1): 143-69 (1995)57G(A/T)ATTACCGCGGC(G/T)GCTGAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)58GGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)59ATGGCTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGAmann, R. I. et al. Microbiol. Rev.59(1): 143-69 (1995)60GCCCCCG(C/T)CAATTCCT(HK15) Kane, M. D. et al. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 59: 682-686(1993)61GTGCCAGCAG(C/T)(A/C)GCGGT(HK14) Kane, M. D. et al. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 59: 682-686(1993)62GCCAGCAGCCGCGGTA(JCR15) Kane, M. D. et al. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 59: 682-686(1993)Note: Parenthetical information in bold is the original name for the primer, according to the reference provided.

[0174] Sequencing

[0175] Sequence was generated on an ABI Automatic sequencer using dye terminator technology (U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,860; EP 272007) using a combination of vector and insert-specific primers. Sequence editing was performed using either Sequencher (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich.) or the Wisconsin GCG program (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.) and the CONSED package (version 7.0). All sequences represent coverage at least two times in both directions.

[0176] Manipulations of genetic sequences were accomplished using the suite of programs available from the Genetics Computer Group Inc. (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.). Where the GCG program “Pileup” was used, the gap creation default value of 12 and the gap extension default value of 4 were used. Where the GCG “Gap” or “Besffit” programs were used, the default gap creation penalty of 50 and the default gap extension penalty of 3 were used. In any case where GCG program parameters were not prompted for, in these or any other GCG program, default values were used.

[0177] The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: “sec” means second(s), “min” means minute(s), “h” means hour(s), “d” means day(s), “μL” means microliter, “mL” means milliliters, “L” means liters, “μM” means micromolar, “mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” means millimole(s), “μmole” mean micromole”, “g” means gram, “μg” means microgram, “ng” means nanogram, “U” means units, “mU” means milliunits, “ppm” means parts per million, “psi” means pounds per square inch, and “kB” means kilobase.

Example 1

Monooxygenase Gene Discovery in a Mixed Microbial Population

[0178] This Example describes the isolation of the cyclohexanone degrading organisms Arthrobacter sp. BP2, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, and Rhodococcus sp. phi2 by enrichment of a mixed microbial community. Differential display techniques applied to cultures containing the mixed microbial population permitted discovery of monooxygenase genes.

[0179] Enrichment for Cyclohexanone Degraders

[0180] A mixed microbial community was obtained from a wastewater bioreactor and maintained on minimal medium (50 mM KHPO4 (pH 7.0), 10 mM (NH4)SO4, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.7 mM CaCl2, 50 μM MnCl2, 1 μM FeCl3, 1 μM ZnCl3, 1.72 μM CuSO4, 2.53 μM CoCl2, 2.42 μM Na2MoO2, and 0.0001% FeSO4) with trace amounts of yeast extract casamino acids and peptone (YECAAP) at 0.1% concentration with 0.1% cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone added as carbon sources. Increased culture growth in the presence of cyclohexanone indicated a microbial population with members that could convert cyclohexanone.

[0181] Isolation of Strains

[0182] Seven individual strains were isolated from the community by spreading culture on R2A Agar (Becton Dickinson and Company, Cockeysville, Md.) at 30° C. Strains were streaked to purity on the same medium. Among these seven strains, the strain identified as Arthrobacter species BP2 formed large colonies of a light yellow color. One Rhodococcus strain, identified as species phi1, formed small colonies that were orange in color. The other Rhodococcus strain, designated species phi2, formed small colonies that were red in color.

[0183] Individuals strains were identified by comparing 16s rDNA sequences to known 16S rRNA sequences in the GenBank sequence database. The 16S rRNA gene sequence from strain BP2 (SEQ ID NO:1) was at least 99% homologous to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria belonging to the genus Arthrobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequences from strains phi1 and phi2 were each at least 99% homologous to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria belonging to the genus of gram positive bacteria, Rhodococcus. The complete 16s DNA sequence of Rhodococcus sp. phi1 is shown as SEQ ID NO:2, while that of Rhodococcus sp. phi2 is listed as SEQ ID NO:3.

[0184] Induction of Cyclohexanone Oxidation Genes

[0185] For induction of cyclohexanone oxidation genes within members of this community, 1 ml of inoculum from a waste water bioreactor was suspended in 25 ml minimal medium with 0.1% YECAAP and incubated overnight at 30° C. with agitation. The next day 10 ml of the overnight culture was resuspended in a total volume of 50 ml minimal medium with 0.1% YECAAP. The optical density of the culture was 0.29 absorbance units at 600 nm. After equilibration at 30° C. for 30 min, the culture was split into two separate 25 ml volumes. To one of these cultures, 25 μl (0.1%) cyclohexanone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was added. Both cultures were incubated for an additional 3 hrs. At this time, cultures were moved onto ice, harvested by centrifugation at 4° C., washed with two volumes of minimal salts medium and diluted to an optical density of 1.0 absorbance unit (600 nm). Approximately 6 ml of culture was placed in a water jacketed respirometry cell equipped with an oxygen electrode (Yellow Springs Instruments Co., Yellow Springs, Ohio) at 30° C. to confirm cyclohexanone enzymes were induced. After establishing the baseline respiration for each cell suspension, cyclohexanone was added to a final concentration of 0.1% and the rate of O2 consumption was further monitored. For the control culture, 2 mM potassium acetate was added 200 sec after the cyclohexanone.

[0186] Isolation of Total Community RNA

[0187] After the 3 hr induction period with cyclohexanone described above, the control and induced sample (2 mL each) were harvested at 1400 rpm in a 4° C. centrifuge and resuspended in 900 μl Buffer RLT (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). A 300 μl volume of zirconia beads (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.) was added and cells were disrupted using a bead beater (Biospec Products) at 2400 beats per min for 3 min. Each of these samples was split into six aliquots for nucleic acid isolation using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) and each was eluted with 100 RNase-free dH2O supplied with the kit. DNA was degraded in the samples using 10 mM MgCl2, 60 mM KCl and 2 U RNase-free DNase I (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) at 37° C. for 4 hr. Following testing for total DNA degradation by PCR using one of the arbitrary oligonucleotides used for RT-PCR, RNA was purified using the RNeasy Mini Kit and eluted in 100 μl RNase-free dH2O as described previously.

[0188] Generation of RAPDs from Arbitrarily Reverse-Transcribed Total RNA

[0189] A set of 244 primers with the sequence CGGAGCAGATCGAVVVV (SEQ ID NO:63); where VVVV represent all the combinations of the three bases A, G and C) was used in separate RT-PCR reactions as with RNA from either the control or induced cells. The SuperScript™ One-Step™ RT-PCR System (Life Technologies Gibco BRL, Rockville, Md.) reaction mixture was used with 2-5 ng of total RNA in a 25 μl total reaction volume. The PCR was conducted using the following temperature program:

[0190] 1 cycle: 4° C. (2 min), 5 min ramp to 37° C. (1 hr), followed by 95° C. incubation (3 min);

[0191] 1 cycle: 94° C. (1 min), 40° C. (5 min), and 72° C. (5 min);

[0192] 40 cycles: 94° C. (1 min), 60° C. (1 min), and 72° C. (1 min);

[0193] 1 cycle: 70° C. (5 min) and 4° C. hold until separated by electorphoresis.

[0194] Products of these PCR amplifications (essentially RAPD fragments) were separated by electrophoresis at 1 V/cm on polyacrylamide gels (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.). Products resulting from the control mRNA (no cyclohexanone induction) and induced mRNA fragments were visualized by silver staining using an automated gel stainer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.).

[0195] Reamplification of Differentially Expressed DNA Fragments

[0196] A 25 μl volume of a sodium cyanide elution buffer (10 mg/ml NaCN, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM KCl and 0.05% NP40) was incubated with an excised gel band of a differentially display fragment at 95° C. for 20 min. Reamplification of this DNA fragment was achieved in a PCR reaction using 5 μl of the elution mixture in a 25 μl reaction using the primer from which the fragment was originally generated. The temperature program for reamplification was: 94° C. (5 min); 20 cycles of 94° C. (1 min), 55° C. (1 min), and 72° C. (1 min); followed by 72° C. (7 min). The reamplification products were directly cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and were sequenced using an ABI model 377 with ABI BigDye terminator sequencing chemistry (Perseptive Biosystems, Framinham, Mass.). Eight clones were submitted for sequencing from each reamplified band. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned fragments was compared against the non-redundant GenBank database using the BlastX program (NCBI).

[0197] Sequencing of Cyclohexanone Oxidation Pathway Genes

[0198] Oligonucleotides were designed to amplify by PCR individual differentially expressed fragments. Following DNA isolation from individual strains, these oligonucleotide primers were used to determine which strain contained DNA encoding the individual differentially expressed fragments. Cosmids were screened by PCR using primers designed against differentially displayed fragments with homology to known cyclohexanone degradation genes. Each recombinant E. coli cell culture carrying a cosmid clone (1.0 μl) was used as the template in a 25 ul PCR reaction mixture. The primer pair A102FI (SEQ ID NO:108) and CONR (SEQ ID NO:109) was used to screen the Arthrobacter sp. BP2 library, primer pair A228FI (SEQ ID NO:110) and A228R1 (SEQ ID NO:111) was used to screen the Rhodococcus sp. phi2 library, and the primer pair of A2FI (SEQ ID NO:112) and A34R1 (SEQ ID NO:113) was used to screen the Rhodococcus sp. phi1 library. Cosmids from recombinant E. coli which produced the correct product size in PCR reactions were isolated, digested partially with Sau3AI and 10-15 kB fragments from this partial digest were sub-cloned into the blue/white screening vector pSU19 (Bartolome, B. et al. Gene. 102(1): 75-8 (Jun. 15, 1991); Martinez, E. et al. Gene. 68(1): 159-62 (Aug 15,1988)). These sub-clones were isolated using Qiagen Turbo96 Miniprep kits and re-screened by PCR as previously described. Sub-clones carrying the correct sequence fragment were transposed with pGPS1.1 using the GPS-1 Genome Priming System kit (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly, Mass.). A number of these transposed plasmids were sequenced from each end of the transposon to obtain kilobase long DNA fragments. Sequence assembly was performed with the Sequencher program (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor Mich.).

Example 2

Isolation of Brevibacterium sp. HCU Monooxygenase Genes Involved in the Oxidation of Cyclohexanone

[0199] This Example describes the isolation of the cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone degrader Brevibacterium sp. HCU. Discovery of BV monooxygenase genes from the organism was accomplished using differential display methods.

[0200] Strain Isolation

[0201] Selection for a halotolerant bacterium degrading cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone was performed on agar plates of a halophilic minimal medium (Per liter: 15 g Agar, 100 g NaCl, 10 g MgSO42 g KCl, 1 g NH4Cl, 50 mg KH2PO4, 2 mg FeSO4, 8 g, Tris-HCl (pH 7)) containing traces of yeast extract and casaminoacids (0.005% each) and incubated under vapors of cyclohexanone at 30° C. The inoculum was a resuspension of sludge from industrial wastewater treatment plant. After two weeks, beige colonies were observed and streaked to purity on fresh agar plates grown under the same conditions.

[0202] The complete 16s DNA sequence of the isolated Brevibacterium sp. HCU was found to be unique and is shown as SEQ ID NO:4. Comparison to other 16S rRNA sequences in the GenBank sequence database found the 16S rRNA gene sequence from strain HCU was at least 99% homologous to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria belonging to the genus Brevibacterium.

[0203] Induction of the Cyclohexanone Degradation Pathway

[0204] Induciblity of the cyclohexanone pathway was tested by respirometry in low salt medium. One colony of Brevibacterium sp. HCU was inoculated in 300 ml of S12 mineral medium (50 mM KHPO4 buffer (pH 7.0), 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.7 mM CaCl2, 50 uM MnCl2, 1 μM FeCl3, 1 μM ZnCl3, 1.72 μM CuSO4, 2.53 μM CoCl2, 2.42 μM Na2MoO2, and 0.0001% FeSO4) containing 0.005% yeast extract. The culture was then split into two flasks which received respectively 10 mM acetate and 10 mM cyclohexanone. Each flask was incubated for 6 hrs at 30° C. to allow for the induction of the cyclohexanone degradation genes. The cultures were then chilled on iced, harvested by centrifugation and washed three times with ice-cold S12 medium lacking traces of yeast extract. Cells were finally resuspended to an optical density of 2.0 at 600 nm and kept on ice until assayed.

[0205] Half a ml of each culture was placed in a water jacketed respirometry cell equipped with an oxygen electrode (Yellow Spring Instruments Co., Yellow spring, Ohio) and containing 5 ml of air saturated S12 medium at 30° C. After establishing the baseline respiration for each of the cell suspensions, acetate or cyclohexanone was added to a final concentration of 0.02% and the rate of O2 consumption was further monitored.

[0206] Identification of Cyclohexanone Oxidation Genes

[0207] Identification of genes involved in the oxidation of cyclohexanone made use of the fact that this oxidation pathway is inducible. The mRNA populations of a control culture and a cyclohexanone-induced culture were compared using a technique based on the random amplification of DNA fragments by reverse transcription followed by PCR.

[0208] Isolation of Total Cellular RNA

[0209] The cyclohexanone oxidation pathway was induced by addition of 0.1% cyclohexanone into one of two “split” 10 ml cultures of Brevibacterium sp. HCU grown in S12 medium. Each culture was chilled rapidly in an ice-water bath and transferred to a 15 ml tube. Cells were collected by centrifugation for 2 min at 12,000×g in a rotor chilled to −4° C. The supernatants were discarded, the pellets resuspended in 0.7 ml of ice-cold solution of 1% SDS and 100 mM sodium acetate at pH 5 and transferred to a 2 ml tube containing 0.7 ml of aqueous phenol pH 5 and 0.3 ml of 0.5 mm zirconia beads (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.). The tubes were placed in a bead beater (Biospec) and disrupted at 2,400 beats per min for two min.

[0210] Following the disruption of the cells, the liquid phases of the tubes were transferred to new microfuge tubes and the phases separated by centrifugation for 3 min at 15,000×g. The aqueous phase containing total RNA was extracted twice more with phenol at pH 5 and twice with a mixture of phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol pH 7.5 until a precipitate was no longer visible at the phenol/water interface. Nucleic acids were then recovered from the aqueous phase by ethanol precipitation with three volumes of ethanol and the pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml of diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water. DNA was digested by 6 units of RNAse-free DNAse (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) for 1 hr at 37° C. The total RNA solution was then extracted twice with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol pH 7.5, recovered by ethanol precipitation and resuspended in 1 ml of DEPC treated water to an approximate concentration of 0.5 mg per ml.

[0211] Generation of RAPDs Patterns from Arbitrarily Reverse-Transcribed Total RNA

[0212] Arbitrarily amplified DNA fragments were generated from the total RNA of control and induced cells by following the protocol described by Wong K. K. et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:639 (1994)). A series of parallel reverse transcription (RT)/PCR amplification experiments were performed using a RT-PCR oligonucleotide set. This set consisted of 81 primers, each designed with the sequence CGGAGCAGATCGAVVVV (SEQ ID NO:63) where VVVV represent all the combinations of the three bases A, G and C at the last four positions of the 3′-end.

[0213] The series of parallel RT-PCR amplification experiments were performed on the total RNA from the control and induced cells, each using a single RT-PCR oligonucleotide. Briefly, 50 μl reverse transcription (RT) reactions were performed on 20-100 ng of total RNA using 100 U Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, Wis.) with 0.5 mM of each dNTP and 1 mM for each oligonucleotide primer. Reactions were prepared on ice and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr.

[0214] Five μl from each RT reaction were then used as template in a 50 μl PCR reaction containing the same primer used for the RT reaction (0.25 μM), dNTPs (0.2 mM each), magnesium acetate (4 mM) and 2.5 U of the Taq DNA polymerase Stoffel fragment (Perkin Elmer, Foster City, Calif.). The following temperature program was used: 94° C. (5 min), 40° C. (5 min), 72° C. (5 min) for 1 cycle followed by 40 cycles of 94° C. (1 min), 60° C. (1 min), 72° C. (5 min).

[0215] RAPD fragments were separated by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels (15 cm×15 cm×1.5 mm, 6% acrylamide, 29:1 acryl:bisacrylamide, 100 mM Tris, 90 mM borate, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.3). Five 1l from each PCR reaction were analyzed with the reactions from the control and the induced RNA for each primer running side by side. Electrophoresis was performed at 1 V/cm. DNA fragments were visualized by silver staining using the Plus One® DNA silver staining kit in the Hoefer automated gel stainer (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.).

[0216] Reamplification of the Differentially Expressed DNA

[0217] Stained gels were rinsed extensively for one hr with distilled water. Bands generated from the RNA of cyclohexanone induced cells but absent in the reaction from the RNA of control cells were excised from the gel and placed in a tube containing 50 μl of 10 mM KCl and 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3) and heated to 95° C. for 1 hr to allow some of the DNA to diffuse out of the gel. Serial dilutions of the eluate over a 200 fold range were used as template for a new PCR reaction using the Taq polymerase. The primer used for each reamplification (0.25 μM) was the one that had generated the pattern.

[0218] Each reamplified fragment was cloned into the blue/white cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) and sequenced using the universal forward and reverse primers (M13 Reverse Primer (SEQ ID NO:64) and M13 (−20) Forward Primer (SEQ ID NO:65).

[0219] Extension of Monooxygenase Fragments by Out-PCR.

[0220] Kilobase-long DNA fragments extending the sequences fragments identified by differential display were generated by “Out-PCR”, a PCR technique using an arbitrary primer in addition to a sequence specific primer. The first step of this PCR-based gene walking technique consisted of randomly copying the chromosomal DNA using a primer of arbitrary sequence in a single round of amplification under low stringency conditions. The primers used for Out-PCR were chosen from a primer set used for mRNA differential display and their sequences were CGGAGCAGATCGAVVVV (SEQ ID NO:63) where VVVV was A, G or C. Ten Out-PCR reactions were performed, each using one primer of arbitrary sequence. The reactions (50 μl) included a 1×concentration of the rTth XL buffer provided by the manufacturer (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, Calif.), 1.2 mM magnesium acetate, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 10-100 ng genomic DNA, 0.4 mM of one arbitrary primer and 1 unit of rTth XL polymerase (Perkin-Elmer). A five min annealing (45° C.) and 15 min extension cycle (72° C.) lead to the copying of the genomic DNA at arbitrary sites and the incorporation of a primer of arbitrary but known sequence at the 3′ end.

[0221] After these initial low stringency annealing and replication steps, each reaction was split into two tubes. One tube received a specific primer (0.4 mM) designed against the end of the sequence to be extended and directed outward, while the second tube received water and was used as a control. Thirty additional PCR cycles were performed under higher stringency conditions with denaturization at 94° C. (1 min), annealing at 60° C. (0.5 min) and extension at 72° C. (10 min). The long extension time was designed to allow for the synthesis of long DNA fragments by the long range rTth XL DNA polymerase. The products of each pair of reactions were analyzed in adjacent lanes on an agarose gel.

[0222] Bands present in the sample having received the specific primer but not in the control sample were excised from the agarose gel, melted in 0.5 ml H2O and used as the template in a new set of PCR reactions. A 1×concentration of rTth XL buffer, 1.2 mM magnesium acetate, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 0.4 mM of primers, {fraction (1/1000)} dilution of the melted slice and 1 unit of rTth XL polymerase were used for these reactions. The PCR was performed at 94° C. (1 min), 60° C. (0.5 min), and 72° C. (15 min) per cycle for 20 cycles. For each of these reamplification reactions, two control reactions, lacking either the arbitrary primer or the specific primer, were included in order to confirm that the reamplification of the band of interest required both the specific and arbitrary primer. DNA fragments that required both the specific and arbitrary primer for amplification were sequenced. For sequencing, the long fragments obtained by Out-PCR were partially digested with MboI and cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Sequences for these partial fragments were obtained using primers designed against the vector sequence.

Example 3

Isolation of a Acidovorax sp. CHX Monooxygenase Gene Involved in Degradation of Cyclohexane

[0223] This Example describes the isolation of the cyclohexane degrader Acidovorax sp. CHX. Discovery of a BVMO gene was accomplished using differential display methods.

[0224] Strain Isolation

[0225] An enrichment for bacteria growing on cyclohexane as a sole carbon source was started by adding 5 ml of an industrial wastewater sludge to 20 ml of mineral medium (50 mM KHPO4 (pH 7.0), 10 mM (NH4)SO4, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.7 mM CaCl2, 50 μM MnCl2, 1 μM FeCl3, 1 μM ZnCl3, 1.72 μM CuSO4, 2.53 μM CoCl2, 2.42 μM Na2MoO2, and 0.0001% FeSO4) in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask sealed with a Teflon lined screw cap. A test tube containing 1 ml of a mixture of mineral oil and cyclohexane (8/1 v/v) was fitted in the flask to provide a low vapor pressure of cyclohexane (approximately 30% of the vapor pressure of pure cyclohexane). The enrichment was incubated at 30° C. for a week. Periodically, 1 to 10 dilutions of the enrichment were performed in the same mineral medium supplemented with 0.005% of yeast extract under low cyclohexane vapors. After several transfers, white flocks could be seen in the enrichments under cyclohexane vapors. If cyclohexane was omitted, the flocks did not grow.

[0226] After several transfers, the flocks could be grown with 4 μl of liquid cyclohexanone added directly to 10 ml of medium. To isolate colonies, flocks were washed in medium and disrupted by thorough shaking in a bead beater. The cells released from the disrupted flocks were streaked onto R2A medium agar plates and incubated under cyclohexane vapors. Pinpoint colonies were picked under a dissecting microscope and inoculated in 10 ml of mineral medium supplemented with 0.01% yeast extract and 4 μl of cyclohexane. The flocks were grown, disrupted and streaked again until a pure culture was obtained.

[0227] Taxonomic identification of this isolate was performed by PCR amplification of 16S rDNA, as described in the General Methods. The 16S rRNA gene sequence from strain CHX was at least 98% homologous to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of an uncultured bacterium (Seq. Accession number AF143840) and 95% homologous to the 16s rRNA gene sequences of the genus Acidovorax termperans (Accession number AF078766). The complete 16s DNA sequence of the isolated Acidovorax sp. CHX is shown as SEQ ID NO:5.

[0228] Induction of Cyclohexane Degradation Genes

[0229] For induction of cyclohexane degradation genes, colonies of Acidovorax sp. CHX were scraped from an R2A agar plate and inoculated into 25 ml R2A broth. This culture was incubated overnight at 30° C. The next day 25 ml of fresh R2A broth was added and growth was continued for 15 min. The culture was split into two separate flasks, each of which received 25 ml. To one of these flasks, 5 μl of pure cyclohexane was added to induce expression of cyclohexane degradation genes. The other flask was kept as a control. Differential display was used to identify the Acidovorax sp. CHX monooxygenase gene. Identification of cyclohexane induced gene sequences and sequencing cyclohexanone oxidation genes from strains was performed in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

Example 4

Isolation of a Acinetobacter sp. SE19 Monooxygenase Gene Involved in Degradation of Cyclohexanol

[0230] This Example describes the isolation of the cyclohexanol degrader Acinetobacter sp. SE19. Discovery of a BV monooxygenase gene was accomplished by screening of cosmid libraries, followed by sequencing of shot-gun libraries.

[0231] Isolation of Strain

[0232] An enrichment for bacteria that grow on cyclohexanol was isolated from a cyclopentanol enrichment culture. The enrichment culture was established by inoculating 1 mL of activated sludge into 20 mL of S12 medium (10 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 2 mM MgCl2, 0.7 mM CaCl2, 50 uM MnCl2, 1 uM FeCl3, 1 uM ZnCl3, 1.72 uM CuSO4, 2.53 uM CoCl2, 2.42 uM Na2MoO2, and 0.0001% FeSO4) in a sealed 125 mL screw-cap Erlenmeyer flask. The enrichment culture was supplemented with 100 ppm cyclopentanol added directly to the culture medium and was incubated at 35° C. with reciprocal shaking. The enrichment culture was maintained by adding 100 ppm cyclopentanol every 2-3 days. The culture was diluted every 2-10 days by replacing 10 mL of the culture with the same volume of S12 medium. After 15 days of incubation, serial dilutions of the enrichment culture were spread onto LB plates. Single colonies were screened for the ability to grow on S12 liquid with cyclohexanol as the sole carbon and energy source. The cultures were grown at 35° C. in sealed tubes. One of the isolates, strain SE19 was selected for further characterization.

[0233] The 16s rRNA genes of SE19 isolates were amplified by PCR according to the procedures of the General Methods. Result from all isolates showed that strain SE19 has close homology to Acinetobacter haemolyticus and Acinetobacter junii, (99% nucleotide identity to each).

[0234] Construction of Acinetobacter Cosmid Libraries

[0235] Acinetobacter sp. SE19 was grown in 25 ml LB medium for 6 h at 37° C. with aeration. Bacterial cells were centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 10 min in a Sorvall RC5C centrifuge at 4° C. Supernatant was decanted and the cell pellet was frozen at −80° C. Chromosomal DNA was prepared as outlined below with special care taken to avoid shearing of DNA. The cell pellet was gently resuspended in 5 ml of 50 mM Tris-10 mM EDTA (pH 8) and lysozyme was added to a final concentration of 2 mg/ml. The suspension was incubated at 37° C. for 1 h. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was then added to a final concentration of 1% and proteinase K was added at 100 μg/ml. The suspension was incubated at 55° C. for 2 h. The suspension became clear and the clear lysate was extracted with equal volume of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1). After centrifuging at 12,000 rpm for 20 min, the aqueous phase was carefully removed and transferred to a new tube. Two volumes of ethanol were added and the DNA was gently spooled with a sealed glass pasteur pipet. The DNA was dipped into a tube containing 70% ethanol. After air drying, the DNA was resuspended in 400 μl of TE (10 mM Tris-1 mM EDTA, pH 8) with RNaseA (100 μg/ml) and stored at 4° C. The concentration and purity of DNA was determined spectrophotometrically by OD260/OD280. A diluted aliquot of DNA was run on a 0.5% agarose gel to determine the intact nature of DNA.

[0236] Chromosomal DNA was partially digested with Sau3AI (GIBRO/BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) as outlined by the instruction manual for the SuperCos 1 Cosmid Vector Kit. DNA (10 μg) was digested with 0.5 unit of Sau3AI at room temperature in 100 μl of reaction volume. Aliquots of 20 μl were withdrawn at various time points of the digestion: e.g., 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 min. DNA loading buffer was added and samples were analyzed on a 0.5% agarose gel to determine the extent of digestion. A decrease in size of chromosomal DNA corresponded to an increase in the length of time for Sau3AI digestion. The preparative reaction was performed using 50 μg of DNA digested with 1 unit of Sau3AI for 3 min at room temperature. The digestion was terminated by addition of 8 mM of EDTA. The DNA was extracted once with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol and once with chloroform. The aqueous phase was adjusted to 0.3 M NaOAc and ethanol precipitated. The partially digested DNA was dephosphorylated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase and ligated to SuperCos 1 vector, which had been treated according to the instructions in the SuperCos 1 Cosmid Vector Kit. The ligated DNA was packaged into lamda phage using Gigapack III XL packaging extract, as recommended by Stratagene (manufacturer's instructions were followed). The packaged Acinetobacter genomic DNA library contained a phage titer of 5.6×104 colony forming units per μg of DNA as determined by transfecting E. coli XL1-Blue MR. Cosmid DNA was isolated from six randomly chosen E. coli transformants and found to contain large inserts of DNA (25-40 kb).

[0237] Identification and Characterization of Cosmid Clones Containing a Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase Gene

[0238] The cosmid library of Acinetobacter sp. SE19 was screened based on the homology of the cyclohexanone monooxygenase gene. Two primers, monoL: GAGTCTGAGCATATGTCACAAAAAATGGATTTTG (SEQ ID NO:66) and monoR: GAGTCTGAGGGATCCTTAGGCATTGGCAGGTTGCTTGAT (SEQ ID NO:67) were designed based on the published sequence of cyclohexanone monooxygenase gene of Acinetobacter sp. NCIB 9871. The cosmid library was screened by PCR using monoL and monoR primers. Five positive clones (5B12, 5F5, 8F6, 14B3 and 14D7) were identified among about 1000 clones screened. They all contain inserts of 35-40 kb that show homology to the cyclohexanone monooxygenase gene amplified by monoL and monoR primers. Southern hybridization using this gene fragment as a probe indicated that the cosmid clone 5B12 has about 20 kb region upstream of the monooxygenase gene and cosmid clone 8F6 has about 30 kb downstream of the monooxygenase gene. Cosmid clone 14B3 contains rearranged Acinetobacter DNA adjacent to the monooxygenase gene.

[0239] Construction of Shot-Gun Sequencing Libraries

[0240] Shot gun libraries of 5B12 and 8F6 were constructed. Cosmid DNA was sheared in a nebulizer (Inhalation Plastics Inc., Chicago, Ill.) at 20 psi for 45 sec and the 1-3 kb portion was gel purified. Purified DNA was treated with T4 DNA polymerase and T4 polynucleotide kinase following manufacturer's (GIBCO/BRL) instructions. Polished inserts were ligated into pUC18 vectors using Ready-To-Go pUC18Smal/BAP+Ligase (GIBCO/BRL). The ligated DNA was transformed into E. coli DH5α cells and plated on LB with ampicillin and X-gal. A majority of the transformants were white and those containing inserts were sequenced with the universal and reverse primers of pUC18 by standard sequencing methods.

[0241] Shot gun library inserts were sequenced with pUC18 universal and reverse primers. Sequences of 200-300 clones from each library were assembled using Sequencher 3.0 program. A contig of 17419 bp containing the cyclohexanone monooxygenase gene was formed.

Example 5

Isolation and Sequencing of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12

[0242] This Example describes isolation of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 strain from wastestream sludge. A shotgun sequencing strategy approach permitted sequencing of the entire microbial genome.

[0243] Isolation of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12

[0244] Strain AN12 of Rhodococcus erythropolis was isolated on the basis of ability to grow on aniline as the sole source of carbon and energy. Bacteria that grow on aniline were isolated from an enrichment culture. The enrichment culture was established by inoculating 1 ml of activated sludge into 10 ml of S12 medium (10 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 2 mM MgCl2, 0.7 mM CaCl2, 50 μM MnCl2, 1 μM FeCl3, 1 μM ZnCl3, 1.72 μM CuSO4, 2.53 μM CoCl2, 2.42 μM Na2MoO2, and 0.0001% FeSO4) in a 125 ml screw cap Erlenmeyer flask. The activated sludge was obtained from a DuPont wastewater treatment facility. The enrichment culture was supplemented with 100 ppm aniline added directly to the culture medium and was incubated at 25° C. with reciprocal shaking. The enrichment culture was maintained by adding 100 ppm of aniline every 2-3 days. The culture was diluted every 14 days by replacing 9.9 ml of the culture with the same volume of S12 medium. Bacteria that utilize aniline as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated by spreading samples of the enrichment culture onto S12 agar. Aniline was placed on the interior of each petri dish lid. The petri dishes were sealed with parafilm and incubated upside down at room temperature (25° C.). Representative bacterial colonies were then tested for the ability to use aniline as a sole source of carbon and energy. Colonies were transferred from the original S12 agar plates used for initial isolation to new S12 agar plates and supplied with aniline on the interior of each petri dish lid. The petri dishes were sealed with parafilm and incubated upside down at room temperature (25° C.).

[0245] A 16S rRNA gene of strain AN12 was sequenced (SEQ ID NO:6) as described in the General Methods and compared to other 16S rRNA sequences in the GenBank sequence database. The 16S rRNA gene sequence from strain AN12 was at least 98% homologous to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of high G+C Gram positive bacteria belonging to the genus Rhodococcus.

[0246] Preparation of Genomic DNA for Sequencing and Sequence Generation

[0247] Genomic DNA and library construction were prepared according to published protocols (Fraser et al. Science 270(5235): 397-403 (1995)). A cell pellet was resuspended in a solution containing 100 mM Na-EDTA (pH 8.0), 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 400 mM NaCl, and 50 mM MgCl2.

[0248] Genomic DNA preparation After resuspension, the cells were gently lysed in 10% SDS, and incubated for 30 minutes at 55° C. After incubation at room temperature, proteinase K (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) was added to 100 μg/ml and incubated at 37° C. until the suspension was clear. DNA was extracted twice with Tris-equilibrated phenol and twice with chloroform. DNA was precipitated in 70% ethanol and resuspended in a solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl and 1 mM Na-EDTA (TE buffer) pH 7.5. The DNA solution was treated with a mix of RNAases, then extracted twice with Tris-equilibrated phenol and twice with chloroform. This was followed by precipitation in ethanol and resuspension in TE buffer.

[0249] Library construction 200 to 500 μg of chromosomal DNA was resuspended in a solution of 300 mM sodium acetate, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM Na-EDTA, and 30% glycerol, and sheared at 12 psi for 60 sec in an Aeromist Downdraft Nebulizer chamber (IBI Medical products, Chicago, Ill.). The DNA was precipitated, resuspended and treated with Bal3l nuclease (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). After size fractionation, a fraction (2.0 kb, or 5.0 kb) was excised, cleaned and a two-step ligation procedure was used to produce a high titer library with greater than 99% single inserts.

[0250] Sequencing A shotgun sequencing strategy approach was adopted for the sequencing of the whole microbial genome (Fleischmann, R. et al. Whole-Genome Random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269(5223): 496-512 (1995)).

Example 6

Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Genes

[0251] Genes encoding each monooxygenase were identified by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul, S. F., et al., (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; see also www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) searches for similarity to sequences contained in the BLAST “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases). The sequences obtained in Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were analyzed for similarity to all publicly available DNA sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTN algorithm provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The DNA sequences were translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTX BLOSUM62 algorithm with a gap exisitense cost of 11 per residue gap cost of 2, filtered, gap alignment (Gish, W. and States, D. J. Nature Genetics 3:266-272 (1993)) provided by the NCBI.

[0252] All comparisons were done using either the BLASTNnr or BLASTXnr algorithm. The results of the BLAST comparisons are given in Table 3 which summarize the sequence to which each sequence has the most similarity. Table 3 displays data based on the BLASTXnr algorithm with values reported in expect values. The Expect value estimates the statistical significance of the match, specifying the number of matches, with a given score, that are expected in a search of a database of this size absolutely by chance.

3TABLE 3GeneName andSEQSEQORFOrganism ofIDID%NameIsolationSimilarity IdentifiedbasePeptideIdentitya% SimilaritybE-valuecCitation1chnB>gb|AAG10021.1|AF282240_5 7 85571e−174Cheng, Q., et al. J.Rhodococcus(AF282240) cyclohexanoneBacteriol. 182: 4744-4751sp. phi 1monooxygenase [Acinetobacter sp.(2000)SE19]2chnB>gb|AAG10021.1|AF282240_5 9105367e−163Cheng, Q., et al. J.Rhodococcus(AF282240) cyclohexanoneBacteriol. 182: 4744-4751sp. phi 2monooxygenase [Acinetobacter sp.(2000)SE19]3chnB>gb|AAG10021.1|AF282240_511125772e−106Cheng, Q., et al. J.Arthrobacter(AF282240) cyclohexanoneBacteriol. 182: 4744-4751sp. BP2monooxygenase [Acinetobacter sp.(2000)SE19]4chnB1>pir∥JC7158 steroid monooxygenase13144459e−122Morii, S., et al. J.Brevibacteriu(EC 1.14.99.-) - RhodococcusBiochem. 126 (3): 624-631m sp. HCUrhodochrous dbj|BAA24454.1|(1999)(AB010439) steroid monooxygenase[Rhodococcus rhodochrous]5chnB2>pir∥JC7158 steroid monooxygenase151638532e−94 Morii, S., et al. J.Brevibacteriu(EC 1.14.99.-) - RhodococcusBiochem. 126 (3): 624-631m sp. HCUrhodochrous dbj|BAA24454.1|(1999)(AB010439) steroid monooxygenase[Rhodococcus rhodochrous]6chnB>gb|AAG10021.1|AF282240_5171857730.0Cheng, Q., et al. J.Acidovorax(AF282240) cyclohexanoneBacteriol. 182: 4744-4751sp.CHXmonooxygenase [Acinetobacter sp.(2000)SE19]7chnB>dbj|BAA86293.1| (AB006902)192099990.0Chen, Y. C., et al. J.Acinetobactercyclohexanone 1,2-monooxygenaseBacteriol. 170 (2): 781-789sp. SE19[Acinetobacter sp.]dbj|BAB61738.1|(1988)(AB026668) cyclohexanone 1,2-monooxygenase [Acinetobacter sp.NCIMB9871]8ORF 8 chnB>pir∥T37052 probable flavin-containing212237506e−58 Seeger, K. J., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase - StreptomycesDirect Submissionerythropoliscoelicolor(??-AUG-1999) to theAN12emb|CAB52349.1|(AL109747) putativeEMBL Data Libraryflavin-containing monooxygenase[Streptomycescoelicolor A3(2)]9ORF 9 chnB>emb|CAB59668.1|(AL132674)23244461e−118Redenbach, M., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase. [StreptomycesMol. Microbiol. 21 (1):erythropoliscoelicolor A3(2)]77-96 (1996)AN1210ORF 10 chnB>pir∥JC7158 steroid monooxygenase252664760.0Morii, S., et al. J.Rhodococcus(EC 1.14.99.-) - RhodococcusBiochem. 126 (3), 624-631erythropolisrhodochrous(1999)AN12dbj|BAA24454.1|(AB010439) steroidmonooxygenase [Rhodococcusrhodochrous]11ORF 11 chnB>gb|AAK22759.1|(AE005753)27286574e−176Nierman, W. C., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase, flavin-binding familyProc. Natl. Acad. Sci.erythropolis[Caulobacter crescentus]U.S.A. 98 (7): 4136-4141AN12(2001)12ORF 12 chnB>emb|CAB59668.1|(AL132674)29304563e−124Redenbach, M., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase. [StreptomycesMol. Microbiol. 21 (1):erythropoliscoelicolor A3(2)]77-96 (1996)AN1213ORF 13 chnB>gb|AAK24539.1|(AE005925)31325568e−159Nierman, W. C., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase, flavin-binding familyProc. Natl. Acad. Sci.erythropolis[Caulobacter crescentus]U.S.A. 98 (7): 4136-4141AN12(2001)14ORF 14 chnB>pir∥JC7158 steroid monooxygenase33345165e−154Morii, S., et al. J.Rhodococcus(EC 1.14.99.-) - RhodococcusBiochem. 126 (3), 624-631erythropolisrhodochrous(1999)AN12dbj|BAA24454.1|(AB010439) steroidmonooxygenase [Rhodococcusrhodochrous]15ORF 15 chnB>sp|P55487|Y4ID_RHISN35363958e−145Freiberg, C. A., et al.RhodococcusPROBABLE MONOOXYGENASENature 387: 394-401erythropolisY4ID gb|AAB91699.1|(AE000078)(1997).AN12Y4iD [Rhizobium sp. NGR234]16ORF 16 chnB>pir∥A83453 probable flavin-containing37384359e−119Stover, C. K., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase PA1538 [imported] - Nature 406 (6799):erythropolisPseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAO1)959-964 (2000)AN12gb|AAG04927.1|AE004582_5(AE004582) probable flavin-containingmonooxygenase [Pseudomonasaeruginosa]17ORF 17 chnB>pir∥G70852 hypothetical protein39405370e−150Cole, S. T., et al.RhodococcusRv3083 - Mycobacterium tuberculosisNature 393 (6685):erythropolis(strain H37RV)537-544 (1998)AN12emb|CAA16141.1| (AL021309)hypothetical protein Rv3083[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]gb|AAK47504.1| (AE007134)monooxygenase, flavin-binding family[Mycobacterium tuberculosisCDC1551]18ORF 18 chnB>pir∥A83453 probable flavin-containing41424460e−117Stover, C. K., et al.Rhodococcusmonooxygenase PA1538 [imported] - Nature 406 (6799):erythropolisPseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAO1)959-964 (2000)AN12gb|AAG04927.1|AE004582_5(AE004582) probable flavin-containingmonooxygenase [Pseudomonasaeruginosa]19ORF 19 chnB>gb|AAG10021.1|AF282240_543445469e−168Cheng, Q., et al. J.Rhodococcus(AF282240) cyclohexanoneBacteriol. 182 (17):erythropolismonooxygenase [Acinetobacter sp.4744-4751 (2000)AN12SE19]20ORF 20 chnB>pir∥JC7158 steroid monooxygenase45464260e−123Morii, S., et al. J.Rhodococcus(EC 1.14.99.-) - RhodococcusBiochem. 126 (3): 624-erythropolisrhodochrous631 (1999)AN12dbj|BAA24454.1| (AB010439) steroidmonooxygenase [Rhodococcusrhodochrous]a% Identity is defined as percentage of amino acids that are identical between the two proteins. b% Similarity is defined as percentage of amino acids that are identical or conserved between the two proteins. cExpect value. The Expect value estimates the statistical significance of the match, specifying the number of matches, with a given score, that are expected in a search of a database of this size absolutely by chance.

Example 7

Cloning and Expression of Monooxygenase Genes into Escherichia coli

[0253] This example illustrates the expression in E. coli of isolated full length BVMO genes from Brevibacterium sp. HCU, Acinetobacter SE19, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, Rhodococcus sp. phi2, Arthrobacter sp. BP2 and Acidovorax sp. CHX.

[0254] Full length BVMO's were PCR amplified, using chromosomal DNA as the template and the primers shown below in Table 4.

4TABLE 4Primers Used for Amplification ofFull-Length BV MonooxygenasesMonooxygenaseForward PrimerReverse PrimerBrevibacterium sp.atgccaattacacaacaacttgaccctatttcatacccgccgattcacHCU chnB1(SEQ ID NO: 68)(SEQ ID NO: 69)Brevibacterium sp.atgacgtcaaccatgcctgcaccacttaagtcgcattcagcccHCU chnB2(SEQ ID NO: 70)(SEQ ID NO: 71)Acinetobacter sp.atggattttgatgctatcgtgggcattggcaggttgcttgSE19 chnB(SEQ ID NO: 72)(SEQ ID NO: 73)Arthrobacter sp.atgactgcacagaacactttcctcaaagccgcggtatccgBP2 chnB(SEQ ID NO: 74)(SEQ ID NO: 75)Rhodococcus sp.atgactgcacagatctcacccactcaggcggtcaccgggacagcgphi1 chnB(SEQ ID NO: 76)(SEQ ID NO: 77)Rhodococcus sp.atgaccgcacagaccatccacactcagaccgtgaccatctcggphi2 chnB(SEQ ID NO: 78)(SEQ ID NO: 79)Acidovorax sp.atgtcttcctcgccaagcagccagtggttggaacgcaaagccCHX chnB(SEQ ID NO: 80)(SEQ ID NO: 81)

[0255] Following amplification, the chnB gene fragments were cloned into pTrcHis-TOPO TA vectors with either an N-terminal tail or C-terminal tail, as provided by the vector sequence (N-terminal tail for Brevibacterium sp. HCU, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, Rhodococcus sp. phi2, and Arthrobacter sp. BP2 monooxygenases; C-terminal tail for Acinetobacter sp. SE19 and Acidovorax sp. CHX monooxygenases). These vectors were transformed into E. coli, with transformants grown in Luria-Bertani broth supplemented with ampicillin (100 ug/ml) and riboflavin (0.1 ug/ml) at 30° C. until the absorbance at 600 nm (A600) reached 0.5. When the A600 was reached, the temperature was shifted to 16° C.

[0256] The encoded monooxygenase sequences were expressed upon addition of IPTG to the culture media, 30 min after the temperature shift to 16° C. The cultures were grown further overnight (14 hrs) and harvested by centrifugation in a cold centrifuge. The cells were treated with lysozyme (100 mg/ml) for 30 min on ice and sonicated. Following sonication, cell extracts were centrifuged and the supernatant was equilibrated with Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) for 1 hr at 4° C. Protein bound resin was washed successively with increasing concentrations of imidazole buffer until the protein of interest was released from the resin. The purified protein was concentrated and the buffer exchanged to remove the imidazole. The protein concentration was adjusted to 1 ug/ml.

Example 8

Assays of chnB Monooxygenase Activities of Brevibacterium sp. HCU, Acinetobacter SE19, Rhodococcus sp. phi1, Rhodococcus sp. phi2, Arthrobacter sp. BP2 and Acidovorax sp. CHX.

[0257] The chnB monooxygenase activity of each over-expressed enzyme from Example 7 was assayed against various ketone substrates: cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone, 2-methylcyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 2-methylcyclohexanone, cyclohex-2-ene-1-one, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 1,4-cyclohexanedione, cycloheptanone, cyclooctanone, cyclodecanone, cycloundodecanone, cyclododecanone, cyclotridecanone, cyclopentadecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-phenylcyclohexanone, diheyl ketone, norcamphor, beta-ionone, oxindole, levoglucosenone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl-2-piperidone, and phenylboronic acid. Compounds were selected on the basis of previous observations by van der Werf (J. Biochem. 347:693-701 (2000)) and Miyamoto et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1251: 115-124 (1995)) and by searches for the ketone substructure.

[0258] All compounds were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich with only two exceptions. Levoglucosenone was obtained from Toronto Reseach Chemicals, Inc. and dimethyl-2-piperidone was prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,955. For enzyme assays all compounds were dissolved to a concentration of 0.1 M in methanol, with the exceptions of norcamphor (dissolved in ethyl acetate), cyclododecanone, cycltridecanone and cyclopentadecanone (dissolved in propanol), and levoglucosenone (dissolved with acetone).

[0259] The monooxygenase activity of each over-expressed enzyme was assayed spectrophotometrically at 340 nm by monitoring the oxidation of NADPH. Assays were performed in individual quartz cuvettes, with a pathlength of 1 cm. The following components were added to the cuvette for the enzyme assays: 380 ul of 33.3 mM MES-HEPES-sodium acetate buffer (pH 7.5), 5 μl of 0.1 M substrate (1.25 mM final concentration), 10 μl of 1 μg/pl enzyme solution (10 ng total, 0.025 ng/μl) and 5 ul NADPH (1.2 M, 15 mM final concentration ). An Ultrospec 4000 (Pharmacia Biotech, Cambridge, England) was used to read the absorbance of the samples over a two to ten minute time period and the SWIFT (Pharmacia Biotech) program was used to calculate the slope of the reduction in absorbance over time. For the Brevibacterium sp. HCU chnB2, the rates were multiplied by a factor of 3.25 to adjust for decrease in activity due to storage as suggested by the literature (J. Bacteriol. 2000. 182: p. 4241-4248). Monooxygenase activity of each over-expressed enzyme is shown in Table 5, with respect to each ketone substrate. The specific activity values listed are given in umol/min/mg. The notation “ND” refers to “No Activity Detected”.

[0260] Graphical representation of the data shown in Table 5 is also provided in FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

5TABLE 5Specific Activity of Monooxygenase EnzymesAgainst Various Ketone SubstratesSpeciessp.sp.sp.sp.sp.sp.sp.HCUHCUSE19BP2CHXphi1phi2CompoundchnB1chnB2chnBchnBchnBchnBchnBNorcamphor0.4101.3314.4742.8420.1661.5042.816CyclobutanoneND0.3740.1090.128ND0.1020.154CyclopentanoneND1.3313.0341.4910.6211.3702.4512-methyl-1.3950.8748.3783.5140.6273.3926.445cyclopentanoneCyclohexanone2.7651.7266.3493.5650.3973.6803.7502-methyl-2.7141.6229.9904.2050.6274.7745.952cyclohexanoneCyclohex-2-ene-0.4350.5415.3572.7390.6662.6943.0911-one1,2-0.7870.4160.0770.2370.0960.083NDcyclohexanedione1,3-0.2370.9780.2370.3970.032ND0.141cyclohexanedione1,4-3.4051.1238.3463.9940.7943.3026.150cyclohexanedioneCycloheptanone0.6460.3748.4223.8460.6083.6226.234CyclooctanoneNDND1.9840.6460.4100.6270.141CyclodecanoneNDND0.3200.1660.1600.0770.205CycloundecanoneND0.1250.0640.0640.058ND0.051CyclododecanoneND0.2290.1220.1980.051ND0.122CyclotridecanoneNDND0.1660.147NDND0.109Cyclopenta-NDND0.1090.122ND0.122NDdecanone2-tridecanoneND0.187NDND0.0960.1601.690dihexyl ketoneND0.270NDNDND0.160ND2-phenyl-1.4590.1045.370ND0.1921.0500.730cyclohexanoneOxindole2.4380.2297.0914.8450.3073.4114.858LevoglucosenoneNDND1.1260.5250.1470.4610.506dimethyl0.230ND0.8190.4220.3580.5180.544sulfoxidedimethy-2-2.8220.3548.3844.1540.5573.5396.509piperidonePhenylboronic1.606ND0.1020.192NDND0.109acidbeta-ionone0.1090.3743.3471.4850.5442.7070.544

Example 9

Cloning of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 Monooxygenase Genes into Escherichia coli

[0261] This example illustrates the construction of a suite of recombinant E. coli, each containing a full length BVMOs from Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12.

[0262] Full length BV monooxygenases were PCR amplified, using chromosomal DNA as the template and the primers shown below in Table 6.

6TABLE 6Primers Used for Amplification of Full-Length BVRhodococcus erythropolis AN12 MonooxygenaseschnB MonooxygenaseForward PrimerReverse PrimerORF 8atg agc aca gag ggc aag tac gc[tca] gtc ctt gtt cac gta gta ggc c(SEQ ID NO: 82)(SEQ ID NO: 83)ORF 9atg gtc gac atc gac cca acc tctta tcg gct cct cac ggt ttc tcg(SEQ ID NO: 84)(SEQ ID NO: 85)ORF 10atg acc gat cct gac ttc tcc acctca tgc gtg cac cgc act gtt cag(SEQ ID NO: 86)(SEQ ID NO: 87)ORF 11atg agc ccc tcc ccc ttg ccg agtca tgc gcg atc cgc ctt ctc gag(SEQ ID NO: 88)(SEQ ID NO: 89)ORF 12gtg aac aac gaa tct gac cac ttctca tgc ggt gta ctc cgg ttc cg(SEQ ID NO: 90)(SEQ ID NO: 91)ORF 13atg agc acc gaa cac ctc gat gtca act ctt gct cgg tac cgg cg(SEQ ID NO: 92)(SEQ ID NO: 93)ORF 14atg aca gac gaa ttc gac gta gtg attca gct ctg gtt cac agg gac gg(SEQ ID NO: 94)(SEQ ID NO: 95)ORF 15atg gcg gag ata gtc aat ggt cctca ccc tcg cgc ggt cgg agt c(SEQ ID NO: 96)(SEQ ID NO: 97)ORF 16gtg aag ctt ccc gaa cat gtc gaa actca tgc ctg gac gct ttc gat ctt g(SEQ ID NO: 98)(SEQ ID NO: 99)ORF 17atg aca cag cat gtc gac gta ctg acta tgc gct ggc gac ctt gct atc(SEQ ID NO: 100)(SEQ ID NO: 101)ORF 18atg tca tca cgg gtc aac gac ggc ctca tcc ttt gcc tgt cgt cag tgc(SEQ ID NO: 102)(SEQ ID NO: 103)ORF 19atg act aca caa aag gcc ctg acctca ggc gtc gac ggt gtc ggc c(SEQ ID NO: 104)(SEQ ID NO: 105)ORF 20atg aca act acc gaa tcc aga act ctca gcg cag att gaa gcc ctt gta tc(SEQ ID NO: 106)(SEQ ID NO: 107)

[0263] Following amplification, the gene fragments were cloned into pTrcHis-TOPO TA vectors with either an N-terminal tail or C-terminal tail, as provided by the vector sequence. These vectors were transformed into E. coli, with transformants grown in Luria-Bertani broth supplemented with ampicillin (100 ug/ml).

Example 10

Assays of chnB Monooxygenase Activities of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12

[0264] The chnB monooxygenase activity of each expressed enzyme from Example 9 was tested for activity according to its ability to convert cyclohexanone to caprolactone.

[0265] Conversion of Cyclohexanone to Caprolactone.

[0266] Clones containing the full length monooxygenase genes were transferred from LB agar plate to 5 mL of M63 minimal media (GIBCO) containing 10 mM glycerol, 50 ug/mL ampicillin, 0.1 mM IPTG, and 500 mg/L cyclohexanone. In addition to the clones containing full length monooxygenases, a plasmid without an insert and a “no cell” control were also assayed. The encoded monooxygenase sequences were expressed upon addition of IPTG to the culture media. The cultures were incubated overnight at room temperature (24° C.). Samples (1.25 mL) for analysis were taken immediately after inoculation and after overnight incubation; cells were removed by centrifugation (4° C., 13,000 rpm).

[0267] GC-MS Detection of Caprolactone

[0268] Caprolactone formed by the action of the cloned monooxygenase was extracted from the aqueous phase with ethylacetate (1.0 ml aqueous/0.5 mL ethylacetate). Caprolactone was detected by gas chromotagraphy mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, using an Agilent 6890 Gas chromatograph system.

[0269] The analysis of the ethylacetate phase was performed by injecting 1 uL of the ethyl acetate phase into the GC. The inlet temperature was 115° C. and the column temperature profile was 50° C. for 4 min and ramped to 250° C. at 20° C./min, for a total run time of 14 min. The compounds were separated with an Hewlet Packard HP-5MS (5% phenyl Methyl Siloxane) column (30 m length, 250 um diameter, and 0.25 um film thickness). The mass spectrometer was run in Electron Ionization mode. The background mass spectra was subtracted from the spectra at the retention time of caprolactone (9.857 min). Presence of caprolactone was confirmed by comparison of the test reactions to an authentic standard obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.).

[0270] Results of these assays are shown below in Table 7, in terms of the presence or absence of detectable caprolactone formation according to the activity of each expressed BV monooxygenase enzyme.

7TABLE 7Ability of Monooxygenase Enzymes toConvert Cyclohexanone to CaprolactoneFormation of CaprolactoneDetectedNot DetectedNot AssayedchnBORF 8ORF 15ORF 10MonooxygenasesORF 9No cell controlORF 13ORF 11Plasmid controlORF 14ORF 12ORF 20ORF 16ORF 17ORF 18ORF 19

Example 11

Identification of Signature Sequences Between Families of BV Monooxygenases

[0271] Sequence analysis of the 20 genes encoding Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases identified in the previous examples allows definition of three different BV signature sequence families based on amino acid similarities. Each family possesses several member genes for which biochemical validation of the enzyme as a functional BV enzyme capable of the oxidation of cyclohexanone was demonstrated (Examples, supra). Sequence alignment of the homologues for each family was performed by Clustal W alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153). This allows the identification of a set of amino acids that are conserved at specific positions in the alignment created from all the sequences available.

[0272] The results of these Clustal W alignments are shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 for BV Family 1, BV family 2, and BV Family 3. In all cases, an “*” indicates a conserved signature amino acid position. The conserved amino acid signature sequence for each Family is shown in FIG. 6, along with the signature sequence P-# positions. This conserved amino acid/position set becomes a signature for each family. Any new protein with a sequence that can be aligned with those of the existing members of the family and which includes at the specific positions a at least 80% of the signature sequence amino acids can be considered a member of the specific family.

[0273] BV Family 1

[0274] This family comprises the chnB monooxygenase sequences of Arthrobacter sp. BP2 (SEQ ID NO:12), Rhodococcus sp. phi1 (SEQ ID NO:8), Rhodococcus sp. phi2 (SEQ ID NO:10), Acidovorax sp. CHX (SEQ ID NO:14), Brevibacterium sp. HCU (SEQ ID NOs:16 and 18), and Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 ORF10, ORF14, ORF19, and ORF20 (SEQ ID NOs:26, 34, 44 and 46). Within a length of 540 amino acids, a total of 74 positions are conserved (100%).This signature sequence of Family 1 BV monooxygenases is shown beneath each alignment of proteins (FIG. 7) and is listed as SEQ ID NO:47. The ability to identify the signature sequence within this family of proteins was made possible by: 1) the number of sequences of BV monooxygenases; and 2) the characterization of their activity as BV-monooxygenases.

[0275] Based on the limited number (4 total) of BV monooxygenase sequences in the public domain, for which biochemical data is also available, 3 of these sequences align with the signature sequence discovered for Family 1. These sequences are:

[0276] (1) Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB9871 chnB (NCBI Accession Number AB026668, based on Chen, Y. C. et al. (J Bacteriol. 170(2):781-789 (1988)). Key biochemical characterization of this protein was performed by Donogue et al. (Eur J Biochem. 16;63(1):175-92 (1976)), Trudgill et al, (Methods Enzymol. 188:70-77 (1990)), and Iwaki et al. (Appl Environ Microbiol. 65(11):5158-62 (1999)). This enzyme shares 72 of the 74 conserved amino acids in the signature sequence of Family 1 BV monooxygenases.

[0277] (2) Rhodococcus erythropolis limB (NCBI Accession Number AJ272366, based on the work of Barbirato et al. (FEBS Lett. 438 (3): 293-296 (1998)) and van der Werf et al. (Biol. Chem. 274 (37): 26296-26304 (1999)). Key biochemical characterization of this protein was performed by van der Werf, M, J. et al. (Microbiology 146 (Pt 5):1129-41 (2000); Biochem J. 1 ;347 Pt 3:693-701 (2000); and Appl Environ Microbiol. 65(5):2092-102 (1999)). This enzyme is known as a carvone monooxygenase

[0278] (3) Rhodococcus rhodochrous smo (NCBI Accession Number AB010439). This enzyme was sequenced and characterized by Morii, S. et al. (J. Biochem. 126 (3), 624-631 (1999)). This enzyme is known as a steroid monooxygenase. It shares 74 of the 74 conserved amino acids in the signature sequence of Family 1 BV monooxygenases.

[0279] The enzymes described in the public domain having the highest sequence similarity to Group 1 have been characterized as dimethylaniline hydroxylases.

[0280] BV Family 2

[0281] This family comprises the chnB monooxygenase sequences of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 ORF9, ORF12, ORF15, ORF 16, and ORF18 (SEQ ID NOs:24, 30, 36, 38, and 42). Within a length of 497 amino acids, a total of 76 positions are conserved (100%). This signature sequence for Family 2 BV monooxygenases is shown beneath each alignment of proteins (FIG. 8) and is listed as SEQ ID NO:48. The ability to identify the signature sequence within this family of proteins was made possible by: 1) the number of sequences of BV monooxygenases; and 2) the characterization of their activity as BV-monooxygenases.

[0282] Based on the limited number (4 total) of BV monooxygenase sequences in the public domain, for which biochemical data is also available, only 1 of these sequences align with the signature sequence discovered for Family 2. This sequence is Pseudomonas putida JD1 Key biochemical characterization of this protein was performed by Tanner A., et al. (J Bacteriol. 182(23):6565-6569 (2000)). This enzyme is known as an acetophenone monooxygenase. It shares 69 of the 76 conserved amino acids in the signature sequence of Family 2 BV monooxygenases.

[0283] BV Family 3

[0284] This family comprises the chnB monooxygenase sequences of Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12 ORF8, ORF 11, ORF 13, and ORF17 (SEQ ID NOs:22, 28, 32, and 40). Within a length of 471 amino acids, a total of 41 positions are conserved (100%). This signature sequence for Family 3 BV monooxygenases is shown beneath each alignment of proteins (FIG. 9) and is listed as SEQ ID NO:49. The ability to identify the signature sequence within this family of proteins was made possible by: 1) the number of sequences of BV monooxygenases; and 2) the characterization of their activity as BV-monooxygenases.

[0285] There are no sequences in the public domain with demonstrated BV activity that belong to this group. The dimethylaniline N-oxidase shares only 30 amino acids out of 41 conserved amino acids discovered in the signature sequence, which represents less than 80% of the conserved positions.

Genes encoding baeyer-villiger monooxygenases

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