Patent Application
20120309416
The present disclosure relates to geothentication. In particular, it relates to geothentication based on network ranging.
The present disclosure relates to a method, system, and apparatus for authenticating the physical location of a target node. In particular, the present disclosure teaches a method involving sending, by the target node, a geothentication request to at least one trusted node with a known physical location. The method further involves receiving, by at least one trusted node, the geothentication request. Also, the method involves sending, by at least one trusted node, an inquiry message (e.g., a ping or ping-like message) to the target node. The method further involves receiving, by the target node, the inquiry message. Additionally, the method involves sending, by the target node, a response message (e.g., a response ping or response ping-like message) to at least one trusted node. In addition, the method involves receiving, by at least one trusted node, the response message. Additionally, the method involves calculating, by at least one processor, a ranging measurement from the target node to at least one trusted node by using the amount of time elapsed from the sending of the inquiry message to the receiving of the response message. Further, the method involves authenticating, by at least one processor, the physical location of the target node by using the ranging measurement from the target node to at least one trusted node.
In one or more embodiments, the target node and/or at least one trusted node are each a router, a server, a personal computing device, a personal digital assistant, a cellular phone, a computer node, an internet protocol (IP) node, a network node, a gateway, a Wi-Fi node, a personal area network (PAN) node, a local area network (LAN) node, a wide area network (WAN) node, a Bluetooth node, a ZigBee node, a Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) node, a second generation (2G) wireless node, a third generation (3G) wireless node, and/or a fourth generation (4G) wireless node.
In at least one embodiment, the physical location of at least one trusted node is obtained via satellite geolocation techniques. In one or more embodiments, the satellite geolocation techniques use at least one authentication signal in order to obtain the physical location of at least one trusted node. In some embodiments, at least one authentication signal is transmitted by at least one transmission source, and is received by at least one receiving source associated with at least one trusted node. In one or more embodiments, two or more authentication signals are transmitted from the same transmission source. In some embodiments, two or more authentication signals are transmitted from different transmission sources. In one or more embodiments, two or more authentication signals are transmitted on the same frequency. In some embodiments, two or more authentication signals are transmitted on different frequencies. In at least one embodiment, at least one transmission source is employed in at least one satellite and/or at least one pseudo-satellite. In some embodiments, at least one satellite is a Lower Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite, a Medium Earth Orbiting (MEO) satellite, and/or a Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting (GEO) satellite.
In one or more embodiments, the disclosed method employs an Iridium LEO satellite constellation, where each of the satellites in the constellation has an antenna geometry that transmits forty-eight (48) spot beams with a distinctive spot beam pattern. In at least one embodiment, at least one authentication signal may be transmitted from at least one of the Iridium satellites in the constellation. The forty-eight (48) spot beams of an Iridium satellite may be used to transmit localized authentication signals to receiving sources located on or near the Earth's surface. The broadcasted message burst content associated with these signals includes pseudorandom noise (PRN) data. Since a given message burst may occur within a specific satellite spot beam at a specific time, the message burst content including PRN and unique beam parameters (e.g., time, satellite identification (ID), beam identification (ID), time bias, orbit data, etc.) may be used to authenticate the location of the trusted node(s). It should be noted that when employing one of the above-described Iridium LEO satellites, the transmission signal power is sufficiently strong enough to allow for the authentication signal to penetrate into an indoor environment reliably, and may employ signal encoding methods in order to do so. This allows for these geolocation techniques to be used for many indoor applications.
In one or more embodiments, the target node is programmed to send the response message after a specific amount of time has passed after the target node has received the inquiry message. In at least one embodiment, the target node is programmed to send the response message at a specific time. In some embodiments, the target node is programmed to perform the action of sending the response message before performing other actions. In one or more embodiments, the target node utilizes response message hardware for sending the response message.
In at least one embodiment, the inquiry message includes a pseudo random code bit sequence, and the response message includes at least a portion of the same pseudo random code bit sequence. In some embodiments, the disclosed method further involves generating, with at least one processor, a map of the physical location of the target node and the physical location of at least one trusted node. In at least one embodiment, the map includes including Internet Protocol (IP) information related to the target node and at least one trusted node.
In one or more embodiments, a method for authenticating the physical location of a target node involves sending, by at least one trusted node with a known physical location, an inquiry message to the target node. In at least one embodiment, the physical location of at least one trusted node is obtained via satellite geolocation techniques. The method further involves receiving, by the target node, the inquiry message. Also, the method involves sending, by the target node, a response message to at least one trusted node. In addition, the method involves receiving, by at least one trusted node, the response message. Additionally, the method involves calculating, by at least one processor, a ranging measurement from the target node to at least one trusted node by using an amount of time elapsed from the sending of the inquiry message to the receiving of the response message. Further, the method involves authenticating, by at least one processor, the physical location of the target node by using the ranging measurement from the target node to at least one trusted node.
In at least one embodiment, a system for authenticating the physical location of a target node involves at least one trusted node, with a known physical location, for sending an inquiry message to the target node. In some embodiments, the physical location of at least one trusted node is obtained via satellite geolocation techniques. The system further involves the target node for receiving the inquiry message, and for sending a response message to at least one trusted node. In addition, the system involves at least one processor for calculating a ranging measurement from the target node to at least one trusted node by using the amount of time elapsed from the sending of the inquiry message to the receiving of the response message. Also, at least one processor is for authenticating the physical location of the target node by using the ranging measurement from the target node to at least one trusted node. In one or more embodiments, at least one processor is for generating a map of the physical location of the target node and the physical location of at least one trusted node.
In at least one embodiment, an apparatus for fast tracking a response message includes a receiver capable of receiving an inquiry message, and a transmitter capable of transmitting the response message after the inquiry message is received. In some embodiments, the apparatus also includes a buffer for storing communication data packets that are delayed in their transmission during the transmission of the response message. In one or more embodiments, the apparatus further includes memory for storing a message schedule, and a data splitter through which the communication data packets are transmitted. In at least one embodiment, the apparatus also includes satellite tracking hardware to perform verification of the physical location of at least one trusted node, satellite tracking firmware to perform verification of the physical location of at least one trusted node, and/or a pseudo random number generator.
In one or more embodiments, a method is disclosed for determining the physical location of the target node based on network ping ranging measurements from a trusted node(s), in a known location, that is capable of sending a ping or ping-like message. In at least one embodiment, a method is disclosed for improving the ping-based estimation of the physical location of the target node by using data packet message pre-coordination. In one or more embodiments, a method is disclosed for improving the ping-based estimation of the physical location of the target node by using data packet message prioritization.
In at least one embodiment, a method is disclosed for improving the ping-based estimation of the physical location of the target node by employing dedicated fast track ping message return hardware, which may implement data packet message pre-coordination and/or prioritization. In one or more embodiments, a method is disclosed for adding a new target node or new trusted node, such as a router, into a trusted network of nodes.
In at least one embodiment, a device (e.g., a target node or a trusted node) is disclosed for improving the ping-based estimation of the target node's physical location by utilizing dedicated fast track ping return hardware. In some embodiments, the device includes a receiver capable of receiving a ping or ping-like message, a transmitter capable of promptly sending a response ping or response ping-like message, satellite tracking hardware and/or firmware to perform verification of the physical location of at least one trusted node using satellite geolocation techniques, a dedicated pseudo random number generator (either implemented by software and/or hardware), a buffer for storing communication data packets that are delayed because of a ping transmission, and/or memory for storing a ping schedule.
In one or more embodiments, a dedicated fast track ping return hardware device is disclosed for improving the ping-based estimation of the physical location of the target node. In at least one embodiment, the device includes a receiver capable of receiving a ping or ping-like message, a transmitter capable of promptly sending a response ping or response ping-like message, a buffer for storing communication data packets that are delayed because of a ping transmission, memory for storing a ping schedule, a data splitter through which data packets are passed (e.g., a biconic coupler), and/or computing circuitry that has a data connection to the device's associated router (i.e. target node or trusted node). In at least one embodiment, the device further includes satellite tracking hardware and/or firmware to perform verification of the physical location of at least one trusted node using satellite geolocation techniques, and/or a dedicated pseudo random number generator (either implemented by software and/or hardware).
In at least one embodiment, a method is disclosed for improving the ping-based estimation of the physical location of the target node where the inquiry ping or inquiry ping-like message includes a random identifier, such as a pseudo random number. This specific pseudo random number is, in turn, included in the response ping or ping-like message to verify that the response ping or ping-like message is in fact being sent in response to the receipt of the inquiry ping or inquiry ping-like message.
In one or more embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed may be employed for improving data routing security. In at least one embodiment, the systems and methods disclosed are used for reducing the ability for the network to be hacked or spoofed.
The features, functions, and advantages can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present inventions or may be combined in yet other embodiments.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
The methods and apparatus disclosed herein provide an operative system for geothentication based on network ranging. In particular, this system relates to authenticating the physical location of a network node (referred to as a target node) by using ranging measurements taken from at least one network node with a known physical location (referred to as a trusted node(s)). The physical location of at least one trusted node is obtained via satellite geolocation techniques. Various types of satellite geolocation techniques may be employed by the disclosed system. The description of
Currently, cyber security is becoming increasingly important as electronic systems become more and more engrained into everyday business and social tasks. Vast amounts of critical data are stored in networked systems that, if accessed by an unauthorized party, would have varying degrees of societal impact from annoyance to catastrophe.
In parallel with this increased reliance on electronic systems, the nation has also seen a dramatic increase in cyber terrorism, thus requiring improved methods to protect networked computer systems. Cyber attacks are becoming all too common, which has brought about a continued discussion of the dangers of network penetrations by external threats in both commercial and military environments.
Current access control approaches are principally based on either static passwords or authentication based on password and badge credentials. As attacks are often conducted by impersonating the end user; as such, there has been a tendency for organizations to focus on user authentication methods to curtail network vulnerabilities. These approaches continue to be vulnerable to sophisticated attacks and, thus, a need has developed for a new paradigm of access control leveraging additional information, such as the users' physical location. This information provides an additional and orthogonal layer of protection, which results in an enhanced correlation between location and contextual awareness from an integrated physical geolocation to logical network and information management views. This means that incoming data for a particular network node may be vetted based on its physical location, and various access rights granted to it based on such information.
The physical location of a network node is currently difficult to ascertain using existing tools. Its location may be inferred by examining internet protocol (IP) addresses and host names, but these identifiers may be spoofed or obfuscated. Alternatively, and more securely, the physical location of a network node may be attained by estimation using network ping ranging measurements.
In the present disclosure, a ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a node on an Internet Protocol (IP) network, and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from an originating node (i.e. the node that sends the inquiry ping message) to a destination node (i.e. the node that receives the inquiry ping message and sends the response ping message). A ping operates by an originating node sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request data packets to the destination node, and waiting for a response. In this process, a processor is used to measure the round-trip time from transmission of the inquiry ping message, and to record any data packet loss.
The system and method of the present disclosure have four primary features. The first primary feature is the use of network ping ranging measurements to estimate a physical location of a network node. Such a determination may increase the level of trust in a network, and is achieved by sending pings from a secure, trusted network node(s) with a known location to the target network node in question. In one or more embodiments, the originating node (i.e. the node that sends the inquiry ping message) will then examine the differentials between the time sent and the time received, and derive a physical range estimation. More than one originating node performing ping ranging can follow this process in order to improve the accuracy and the reliability of the end result.
The second primary feature is the use of ping pre-coordination and/or prioritization. This feature is based on the need for the immediate return of the ping (i.e. the immediate sending of a ping response message) from a destination node, which is crucial for the accuracy of the method of the first primary feature. Any associated delay introduced by the delay in the response will increase the measured network range and, thus, increase the maximum physical range measured. This increases the uncertainty of the actual physical location of the network node. As such, this feature proposes the use of various “Fast Track” methods in which results may be improved upon by using pre-coordination and/or prioritization of inquiry pings and/or response pings, which may allow for the destination node to respond to ping requests as quickly as possible, thereby reducing range error and improving the accuracy of the end result.
The third primary feature is the utilization of dedicated ping response “Fast Track” hardware. The use of dedicated ping response “Fast Track” hardware better enables the “Fast Track” methods of the second primary feature. Such hardware is attached to and/or connected to devices involved in the network ranging, and may also be used to improve the accuracy of the end result by pre-coordinating and/or prioritizing the responses to the ping inquiries.
The fourth primary feature is the use of unique identifiers (e.g., a pseudo random code (PRC) made up of some number of random bits) within inquiry ping messages such that cannot be predicted and that may be copied into the response ping messages by the destination node(s). These unique identifiers work to ensure that the response ping message(s) received by the originating node was, in fact, a response to the inquiry ping message that was sent by the originating node.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough description of the system. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the disclosed system may be practiced without these specific details. In the other instances, well known features have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the system.
It should be noted that throughout the description of the figures a certain naming convention for the network nodes has been followed. The naming convention is as follows. A target node is a network node in question that the disclosed system and method will attempt to authenticate by verifying its physical location. A trusted node(s) is a network node(s) that has a known physical location. In one or more embodiments, the physical location of the trusted node(s) is obtained from satellite geolocation techniques. However, in some embodiments, the physical location of at least one trusted node is obtained through other means including, but not limited to, terrestrial mapping data. Also, an originating node is a network node that sends a inquiry ping message, and a destination node is a network node that receives the inquiry ping message and sends a response ping message back to the originating node.
The physical locations of Router 1120 and Router 2130 (i.e. trusted nodes) are obtained through satellite geolocation techniques. As is shown in this figure, Satellite 1140 and Satellite 2150 are both transmitting a plurality of spot beams 160, 170 on Earth 180. Router 1120 and Router 2130 are being illuminated by at least one of the plurality of spot beams 160, 170 being transmitted from Satellite 1140 and Satellite 2150, respectively. The physical locations of Router 1120 and Router 2130 are obtained from various different types of geolocation authentication systems and methods.
In one or more embodiments, a spot beam based authentication system and method is used by the system 100 to authenticate the physical locations of Router 1120 and Router 2130. For these embodiments, LEO Iridium satellites are employed for the satellites 140, 150 to each transmit at least one authentication signal that is used to authenticate the physical locations of Router 1120 and Router 2130. A receiving source (not shown) associated with Router 1120 and a receiving source (not shown) associated with Router 2130 are used to receive the authentication signals transmitted from Satellite 1140 and Satellite 2150 (i.e. transmission sources), respectively. A detailed discussion regarding the spot beam based authentication system and method is presented below in the Spot Beam Based Authentication Section of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be noted that an authenticator device (not shown) may be employed by the disclosed system 100 for authenticating the physical locations of Router 1120 and Router 2130 by evaluating at least one authentication signal transmitted from each of the satellites 140, 150. Additionally, it should be noted that in various embodiments, the authentication signals may be transmitted from the same transmission source, from different transmission sources, on the same frequency, and/or on different frequencies.
The spot beams of the plurality of spot beams 160, 170 may have a circular footprint as is shown in this figure, or in other embodiments may be a shaped spot beam that has a footprint of an irregular shape. Various types of satellites and/or pseudo-satellites may be employed for Satellite 1140 and/or Satellite 2150 of the disclosed system 100. Types of satellites that may be employed for the satellites 140, 150 include, but are not limited to, lower Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites, medium Earth orbiting (MEO), and geosynchronous Earth orbiting (GEO) satellites. In one or more embodiments, a LEO Iridium satellite is employed by the system 100 for the satellite 140, 150. Employing this type of satellite is advantageous because its transmission signal is strong enough to propagate through attenuated environments, including being propagated indoors.
It should be noted that in some embodiments, various other types of devices other than routers may be implemented for the network nodes 110, 120, 130 of the disclosed system 100. Types of devices that may be employed for the network nodes 110, 120, 130 include, but are not limited to, a server, a personal computing device, a personal digital assistant, a cellular phone, a computer node, an internet protocol (IP) node, a gateway, a Wi-Fi node, a network node, a personal area network (PAN) node, a local area network (LAN) node, a wide area network (WAN) node, a Bluetooth node, a ZigBee node, a Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) node, a second generation (2G) wireless node, a third generation (3G) wireless node, and a fourth generation (4G) wireless node.
During operation of the disclosed system 100, Router 1120 (i.e. the originating node) sends an inquiry ping message to Router 3110 (i.e. the destination node) (see route R13). In response to receiving the inquiry ping message, Router 3110 sends a response ping message to Router 1120 (see route R13). A processor (not shown) associated with Router 1120 calculates a ranging measurement from Router 1120 to Router 3110 by using an amount of time lapsed from Router 1120 sending the inquiry ping message to Router 1120 receiving the response ping message. This ranging measurement, which is referred to as network ping ranging, produces an approximation and a maximum bound of the physical range between the two network nodes (e.g., Router 1120 and Router 3110), and can be computed using the following equation:
(EQN 1)
R
OD
=c [(tDa−tOa)+(tOb−tDb)+d]/2, where t=time and c=speed of signal
Where “O” refers to the originating node (i.e. Router 1120) that initiates the method by sending an inquiry ping message to “D” which refers to the destination node (i.e. Router 3110), which in turn sends a response ping message to the originating node; and where “d” refers to time delays not related to signal travel time, such as the time required for the destination node to generate the response ping message after receiving the inquiry ping message. In some embodiments, more than one network node performing network ranging can follow this process to improve the accuracy and the reliability of the result. This may relate to individual nodes (i.e. routers, servers, personal computing devices such as laptops, desktops, PDAs, cell phones, etc.) or more collectively as a system of said network nodes.
Further, if the speed of signal (c) can be guaranteed to be below a maximum speed (cMAX), then the measurement can establish not only a range estimate, but also a maximum range by the following equation:
(EQN 2)
R
OD
=c
MAX [(tDa−tOa)+(tOb−tDb)+dMIN]/2, where t=time and cMAX=maximum speed of signal
Where “dMIN” refers to the minimum possible delay time for the system (the most conservative assumption being to assume dMIN=0.) For a particular pair of network nodes, multiple measurements can be taken, but rather than being averaged, the measurement that reports the smallest RMAX can be relied upon as the maximum range between the two network nodes.
It should be noted that in other embodiments, a processor that is not associated with Router 1120 may perform the ranging measurement calculation. For these embodiments, Router 1120 must transmit to the processor the amount of time lapsed from Router 1120 sending the inquiry ping message to Router 1120 receiving the response ping message. Once the processor receives the amount of time, the processor will be able to perform the ranging measurement calculation.
Then, a processor (e.g., the processor associated with Router 1120, the processor associated with Router 2130, or some other processor) uses the ranging measurement calculated from route R13 to obtain and/or authenticate the physical location of Router 3110.
As shown in this figure, Router 2130 also sends an inquiry ping message to Router 3110 (see route R23). Router 3110, in response to receiving the inquiry ping message, sends a response ping message to Router 2130 (see route R23, also referred to as CyberBounce23). A processor (not shown) associated with Router 2130 calculates a ranging measurement from Router 2130 to Router 3110 by using an amount of time lapsed from Router 2130 sending the inquiry ping message to Router 2130 receiving the response ping message.
In alternative embodiments, a processor that is not associated with Router 2130 may perform the ranging measurement calculation. For these embodiments, Router 2130 must transmit to the processor the amount of time lapsed from Router 2130 sending the inquiry ping message to Router 2130 receiving the response ping message. Once the processor receives this amount of time, the processor can perform the ranging measurement calculation.
Then, a processor (e.g., the processor associated with Router 1120, the processor associated with Router 2130, or some other processor) uses the ranging measurement calculated from route R23 in conjunction with the ranging measurement calculated from route R13 in order to obtain and/or authenticate the physical location of Router 3110. In other embodiments, the processor uses the ranging measurement calculated from route R23 in order to improve the accuracy of the physical location for Router 3110 that is obtained by using only the ranging measurement calculated from route R13.
In one or more embodiments, a processor (e.g., the processor associated with Router 1120, the processor associated with Router 2130, or some other processor) uses the obtained physical location for Router 3110 and the known physical locations for Router 1120 and Router 2130 to generate a physical map of the locations of these network nodes 110, 120, 130. The physical map may additionally contain various types of terrain data including, but not limited to, topological data, street names data, and landmark data. Furthermore, a mapping overlay of Internet Protocol (IP) information on the physical map may also be implemented.
It should be noted that the immediate return of the ping response message from the destination node is crucial for the accuracy of this method. Any delay introduced by the destination node will increase the measured network range between the network nodes and, therefore, increase the maximum physical range estimation between them. This increases the uncertainty of the actual physical location of the target node (i.e. Router 3110), as there is a greater physical area in which it may lie.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the estimation of the physical location of a target node is improved upon by using pre-coordination and/or prioritization of ping messages, and may include the use of dedicated ping response message hardware. For example, a method for hastening the response to a ping inquiry message sent from an originating node may be utilized by the disclosed system 100 that informs the destination node, prior to the sending of the ping inquiry message, that a ping inquiry message is coming at a specified time. The destination node may then prepare immediately before the specified time to give the incoming inquiry ping packet message its top priority, and to immediately reply when the inquiry ping message arrives. In some embodiments, the destination node is programmed to send the response ping message after a specific amount of time has passed after the destination node has received the inquiry ping message. In at least one embodiment, the destination node is programmed to send the response ping message at a specific time or at specific times with a designated time interval, which is either defined or random.
In at least one embodiment, the inquiry ping message sent from an originating node to a destination node will contain a unique identifier that cannot be predicted (e.g. a number of random bits) that at least a portion of is copied into the response ping message that is sent from the destination node to the originating node. This ensures that the response ping message received by the originating node was, in fact, a response to the inquiry ping message it originally sent and not a response from a spoofer. In at least one embodiment, a random seed may be used to initiate a random number generator (e.g., pseudo random number generator) to provide the unique identifier.
In some embodiments, the prioritization of ping messages may be devised without using pre-coordination methods. For example, a level of priority could be assigned to data packets of varying priority and/or other queuing logic used to process packets as such. While data packets associated with the authentication of the physical location of a target node (i.e. ping message data packets) may be a high priority (or even at the highest priority above performing other actions), the system may additionally be utilized for sending other critical information that may be of greater overall importance, and thus a set of priority levels and/or queuing logic may be used to minimize the delay in the sending of the response ping message but while not impacting the quality of service for higher importance data routing.
The trusted node(s) (i.e. the originating node(s)) then sends an inquiry ping message to the target node (i.e. the destination node) 210. Then, the target node receives the inquiry ping message 215. Soon after the target node receives the inquiry ping message, the target node sends a response ping message to the trusted node(s) 220. The trusted node(s) then receives the response ping message 225. After the trusted node(s) receives the response ping message, at least one processor calculates a ranging measurement from the target node to the trusted node(s) by using the amount of time elapsed from the sending of the inquiry ping message to the receiving of the response ping message 230. Once the processor(s) has calculated the ranging measurement, at least one processor (which may be the same or a different processor(s) than the processor(s) that calculated the ranging measurement) authenticates the physical location of the target node by using the ranging measurement from the target node to the trusted node(s) 235. After the processor(s) authenticates the physical location of the target node, the method ends 240.
Then, the target node receives the inquiry ping message 265. Soon after the target node receives the inquiry ping message, the target node sends a response ping message to the trusted node(s) 270. Then, the trusted node(s) receives the response ping message 275. After the trusted node(s) receives the response ping message, at least one processor calculates a ranging measurement from the network node to the trusted node(s) by using the amount of time elapsed from the sending of the inquiry ping message to the receiving of the response ping message 280. Once the processor(s) has calculated the ranging measurement, at least one processor (which may be the same or a different processor(s) than the processor(s) that calculated the ranging measurement) authenticates the physical location of the target node by using the ranging measurement from the target node to the trusted node(s) 285. After the processor(s) authenticates the physical location of the target node, the method ends 290.
The response message hardware 330, 340 is able to send a response ping message after receiving an inquiry ping message with little to no delay. Since the response message hardware 330, 340 is able to send a response ping message with little to no delay, the response message hardware 330, 340 allows for a more accurate determination of the physical location of the target node by using network ping ranging measurements. The response message hardware devices 330, 340 reside in the path between the routers 310, 320, and they function to send and receive the ping inquiry messages and the ping response messages. For these embodiments, the response message hardware devices 330, 340 give the ping messages their highest priority.
The response message hardware devices 330, 340 may have the sole purpose of sending and receiving the specially-designated ping messages. The devices 330, 340 are designed to reside in the data path between nodes (e.g., routers 310, 320), and may serve as a pass-through for all data except the specially-designated ping messages, which the devices 330, 340 immediately return. In some embodiments, the devices 330, 340 may also inject signals into the data path between the nodes 310, 320 without interfering with the standard traffic. Pre-coordination of the sending of the ping messages may also be performed by the devices 330, 340.
In at least one embodiment, trust of a network node can be transferred from a node with a verified physical location (i.e. a trusted node) to a node without a verified physical location (i.e. a non-verified node or target node). This can occur, for example, when one dedicated response message hardware device 330 (adjacent to a node 310 with verified physical location, such as if a dedicated response message hardware device is attached to a computing device, for instance, through a universal serial bus (USB) connection) is commanded to send an inquiry ping message through the line. The corresponding response message hardware device 340 on the other end of the line (adjacent to a node 320 that does not have its physical location verified) quickly replies to the inquiry ping message by sending a response ping message. The first device 330 receives the returned response ping message, performs the ranging measurement calculation, and reports the network range to the non-verified node 320. A trusted, physically-verified node 310 can “transfer” trust if a dedicated response message hardware device 330, 340 is on both ends. Trust is inherited if the calculated range is consistent with measured and verified physical locations.
In at least one embodiment, the dedicated response message hardware device 410 may also contain satellite tracking hardware and firmware to perform verification of the physical location of itself 410 and/or the router 420 using satellite ranging techniques. In one or more embodiments, the dedicated response message hardware device 410 could effectively be built into the network router 420 itself, therefore not requiring the use of a data splitter 440.
In
The disclosed methods allow network nodes to vet incoming data from a given node based on the node's physical location. In at least one embodiment, this may be used to improve the assigned trustworthiness of a network node. In some embodiments, access privileges may be granted based on the authentication of the node. In at least one embodiment, the access privileges granted may be based on the type of authentication method used for verifying the node's physical location, such that the method used with the highest accuracy/reliability may be assigned the highest level of access privileges, and alternatively the method with the lowest accuracy/reliability, relating to the node being the least trustworthy is assigned the lowest degree of access privileges.
Entity or user authentication techniques enable a third party verifier to validate the identity and/or physical location of a user, asset, or a device (e.g., a claimant or network node) for a remote resource through a one-way authentication method. However, it should be noted that this one-way method may also be used directly by a host system to validate a claimant. An entity may be a device (e.g., a network node, a mobile phone, computer, server, or the like) or asset that needs to be tracked, while a user can be a person or other living/non-living entity. An entity and/or user may be authenticated for the duration of an entire connection or session. The entity and/or user may require re-authentication after the original authentication. The re-authentication requirements may be defined by the host network and may be context specific. Alternatively, this system may be used for a message-based authentication system which requires a separate authentication process for each message. Techniques described herein may be used for either session-based authentication, message-based authentication, or a combination thereof.
Additionally, this method may be applied to receiving devices themselves, such that the one-way authentication does not have to be completed by a remote third party but rather by one or more of the receiving devices. When this method is conducted by a single device it is still considered a one-way authentication method. However, this method can also be applied in a multi-way authentication technique to allow at least two peer devices to authenticate each other. In this one-way or multi-way device-to-device authentication method, authentication may generally rely on a shared secret (symmetric and asymmetric) that each of the two legitimate receiving devices know and any unauthorized or rogue receiving device does not know. Each device may have a unique authentication credential such as a secret password shared between itself and the peer device or public/private key pairs in the form of security certificates. A device has authenticated itself when it proves, to the satisfaction of the other peer device, that it knows the shared secret, and is, therefore, legitimate. Once authentication is complete between the at least two devices in this multi-way authentication method, the devices have proven their identities to one another. The devices may then create their own authenticated network which they may choose to implement cyber security policies which have been agreed on so as to protect the communication and access to networked resources for a given context.
Existing authentication methods may be used or combined to generate the initial-security key(s). The initial-security key may, for example, be cooperatively generated using Diffie-Hellman techniques or may simply be generated by one peer device and sent to the other via an alternate secure channel/process.
In any case, accompanying the initial-security key may include some shared liveness information (as previously defined). In this application, the liveness information is provided through a satellite spot beam and may include such parameters for use in authentication as a timestamp and pseudo-random number.
The use of the shared liveness information may be used in the derivation allowing for different security keys to be used every time the initiating device authenticates itself to the peer device. This hinders a potential rogue eavesdropper from initiating a statistical attack every time the initiating device is authenticated, adding newly intercepted messages to its analysis of messages intercepted during the initiating device's previous sessions. The liveness information and the initial-security key may then be passed as inputs to a determinative function. As used herein the term “determinative” refers to a function for which the outputs of the function are completely determined by the inputs. This determinative function may be run separately on the initiating device and on the peer device. If these two devices were to produce different outputs when they ran the determinative function, then the security keys derived from the function would not match, the device could not be authenticated, and thus could not be used for intercommunication.
In addition to being determinative, for security's sake the function should be inherently irreversible. Knowing the function's outputs, it should be very difficult or impossible to determine its inputs. Hashes form a class of functions that are both determinative and inherently irreversible and, as such, are often used in encryption and authentication calculations. Pseudo-random function (PRF) used with the well known Transport Level Security (TLS) protocol are an example of the determinative function implementation which may be used.
PRF combines the results of two well known hash functions, Message-Digest Algorithm 5 (MD5) and Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1). PRF uses two hash functions in order to preserve security just in case someone determines how to reverse one of the two hash functions. These two hash functions produce outputs that may be too short to be optimum for security. SHA-1 produces 20-byte outputs, and MD5 produces 16-byte outputs. Therefore, for each of the two hash functions, a “data expansion function” may be defined that uses the hash function to produce output of arbitrary length. For SHA-1,the data expansion function may be defined as P_SHA-1:
EQ 1
P_SHA-1(initial-security key, liveness)=SHA-1(initial-security key, A(1)+liveness)+SHA-1(initial-security key, A(2)+liveness)+SHA-1(initial-security key, A(3)+liveness)+. . .
where A(0)=liveness;
A(i)=SHA-1(initial-security key, A(i−1));
and the “+” sign indicates string concatenation.
The definition of the data expansion function P_MD5 is similar to the above definition with “MD5” replacing “SHA-1” wherever it appears. The data expansion functions may be iterated to as many steps as necessary to produce output of a desired length. The desired output length may be set as an implementation option. In at least one embodiment, the desired output length for each hash function is 128 bytes. P_SHA-1 may be iterated out to A(7) for a total output length of 140 bytes (each iteration increasing the output length by 20 bytes). The output may then be truncated to 128 bytes. Each iteration of P_MD5 produces 16 bytes, so iterating it out to A(8) produces the desired 128 bytes with no truncation.
In one embodiment for spot beam based authentication, having chosen the hash functions and iterated their data expansion functions out to the desired output length, PRF takes as inputs the expanded initial-security key, a label (a pre-determined ASCII string), and the liveness information exchanged. PRF is defined to be the exclusive bit-wise OR (XOR) of the output of the two hash data expansion functions, P_MD5and Pp—SHA-1:
EQ: 2
PRF(expanded initial-security key, label, liveness)=P_MD5(S1, label+liveness) XOR P_SHA-1(S2, label+liveness)
where S1 is the first half of the expanded initial-security key, measured in bytes, and S2 is the second half of the expanded initial-security key. (If the expanded initial-security key's length is odd, then its middle byte is both the last byte of S1 and the first byte of S2). As P_MD5 and P_SHA-1 are iterated to produce 128-byte outputs, the output of PRF is also 128 bytes.
The 128-byte output of PRF is divided into four 32-byte session security keys. Then each of the session security keys and truncates it to the length required by the authentication and encryption protocols being used. The truncated result is one of the new set of transient session security keys. The derivation of the transient session security keys allows for both the initiating device and peer device to not directly use either the initial-secret key or the expanded initial-security key in order to minimize, or at least to reduce, the leakage of the security key information. The derivation of the transient session security keys also allows for the initiating device and the peer device to refresh the session security keys derived from the expanded initial-security key at regular intervals or when commanded to prevent statistical analysis by limiting the use of the session security keys.
Each of the authentication and encryption transient session security keys have the following specific purpose: i) encryption of data exchanges, for confidentiality, from initiating device to peer device; ii) encryption of data exchanges, for confidentiality, from peer device to initiating device; iii) signing of data exchanges, for integrity, from initiating device to peer device; and iv) signing of data exchanges, for integrity, from peer device to initiating device.
Derivation of the initial-security key for the spot beam based authentication may use Diffie-Hellman techniques using agreed upon and well known public primitive root generator “g” and prime modulus “p”. The initiating device and the peer device each choose a random secret integer and exchange their respective ((gA(secret integer)) mod p). This exchange allows the initiating device and peer device to derive the shared initial-secret key using Diffie-Hellman.
Having derived the initial-secret key that is shared between both the initiating device and the peer device they may use the data expansion to derive the expanded initial-secret using, for example, the P_SHA-1. The liveness information for the data expansion process may be a known random value or timestamp that is agreed upon by the initiating device and the peer device. In some embodiments, the peer device may select a random value and transmit it to the initiating device via the satellite or the terrestrial network. Alternatively, both the initiating device and the peer device may agree upon a timestamp, since they are tightly time synchronized, and thereby avoid data exchanges while being able to select liveness from the shared/common timestamp value.
Following this the initiating device and the peer device have a shared expanded initial-secret key that may be used to derive the new set of transient session security keys. Again for liveness the initiating device and the peer device may use either a shared random value that is transmitted by the peer device or a shared/common timestamp value. The transient session security keys may be used by initiating device and the peer device for further encryption and signing of geolocation and other context information exchanges between initiating device and peer device. Geolocation and other context information is considered confidential and hence it is appropriate that such information be encrypted to ensure that only the authenticated initiating device and peer device can extract the exchanged geolocation and context information. Note that the geolocation is authenticated by the procedure described in this patent application using pseudorandom code segments and distinctive beam parameter. The context information shared may include other state or control information for targeted cyber defense application execution or decision support systems. In addition to encryption the integrity of the exchanged geolocation and context information is ensured by the use of the transient session security keys for signing purposes as discussed earlier.
In brief overview, in some embodiments the authentication systems and methods described herein may leverage geolocation techniques for determining the position of the claimant as part of the authentication process. One such geolocation technique is defined in commonly assigned and copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/756961, entitled Geolocation Leveraging Spot Beam Overlap, the disclosure of which in incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. When authentication is required, the claimant device may capture and transmit the distinctive signature parameters to a verifying device. In addition, the claimant device may transmit its claimed travel path (i.e., waypoint(s) and time at each). Waypoints may be transmitted whether the device is stationary or mobile. A verification device may use the claimant's claimed beam signature parameters, at least one location waypoint, and at least one time associated with this waypoint and beam parameter capture to authenticate the claimant. For example, a claimant may be considered authenticated by the verifier if the beam parameters captured from the at least one spot beam and the at least one claimed waypoint are affirmed against a known valid data set. In this manner, the claimant can be authenticated as being within a region at a particular time. The composite code based on these parameters provide a signal that is extremely difficult to emulate, hack, or spoof. Furthermore, the signal structure and satellite's received signal power allows for the authentication to be used indoors or other attenuated environment. This improves the overall utility of this system approach.
The subject matter of this application is described primarily in the context of low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites such as those implemented by Iridium satellites. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques described here are readily applicable to other satellite systems, e.g., medium-earth orbit (MEO) satellite systems or geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellite systems. Such satellite based communication systems may include or utilize other mobile communication systems, e.g., airborne communication systems or the like, as well as, stationary communication platforms including but not limited to a ship or a cell phone tower.
Receiving device(s) 620 may be implemented as communication devices such as satellite or cellular phones or as components of a communication or computing device, e.g., a personal computer, laptop computer, personal digital assistant or the like. In some embodiments, a receiving device (620) may comprise one or more locating or navigation devices or modules analogous to devices used in connection with the global positioning system (GPS).
A transmitter 720 transmits data received by the receiving device 620 and/or data generated by the receiving device 620 to a verifier 730. The transmitter 720 depicted in
Furthermore,
The system depicted in
The pseudo random number data is also transmitted to a second device 620B. In some embodiments the second device 620B may be outside the spot beam 630, in which case the pseudo random number data may be transmitted by a computing device 740 coupled to the second device 620B via a communication network. The computing device 740 may be communicatively coupled to the satellite 610. By way of example, and not limitation, the computing device 740 may be a server that is separately coupled to the satellite 610 via a communication link. The computer 740 may be associated with a control network for satellite 610 and may thereby possess pseudo random number data associated with the spot beam 630.
In operation, the first receiving device 620A initiates a request for authentication data, which is transmitted to the second receiving device 620B. The communication link between the first receiving device 620B may be direct or may be implemented through a transmit network 720. The second receiving device 620B responds to the request and issues a near-simultaneous request for authentication data from the first receiving device 620A. The first receiving device 620A authenticates the second receiving device 620B and issues a near-simultaneous response to for authentication data to the second receiving device 620B, which may then authenticate the first receiving device 620A.
As described above, the authentication process implemented between the first receiving device 620A and the second receiving device 620B may be a Diffie-Hellman exchange in which the shared secret comprises at least a portion of the pseudo random number data transmitted by the spot beam 630. Thus, the system depicted in
The computing device 808 includes system hardware 820 and memory 830, which may be implemented as random access memory and/or read-only memory. A file store 880 may be communicatively coupled to computing device 808. File store 880 may be internal to computing device 808 such as, e.g., one or more hard drives, CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, or other types of storage devices. File store 880 may also be external to computer 808 such as, e.g., one or more external hard drives, network attached storage, or a separate storage network.
System hardware 820 may include one or more processors 822, at least two graphics processors 824, network interfaces 826, and bus structures 828. In one embodiment, processor 822 may be embodied as an Intel ® Core2 Duo® processor available from Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California, USA. As used herein, the term “processor” means any type of computational element, such as but not limited to, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or any other type of processor or processing circuit.
Graphics processors 824 may function as adjunct processors that manage graphics and/or video operations. Graphics processors 824 may be integrated onto the motherboard of computing system 800 or may be coupled via an expansion slot on the motherboard.
In one embodiment, network interface 826 could be a wired interface such as an Ethernet interface (see, e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/IEEE 802.3-2002) or a wireless interface such as an IEEE 802.11a, b or g-compliant interface (see, e.g., IEEE Standard for IT-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems LAN/MAN--Part II: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications Amendment 4: Further Higher Data Rate Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band, 802.11 G-2003). Another example of a wireless interface would be a general packet radio service (GPRS) interface (see, e.g., Guidelines on GPRS Handset Requirements, Global System for Mobile Communications/GSM Association, Ver. 3.0.1, December 2002).
Bus structures 828 connect various components of system hardware 820. In one embodiment, bus structures 828 may be one or more of several types of bus structure(s) including a memory bus, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, 11-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).
Memory 830 may include an operating system 840 for managing operations of computing device 808. In one embodiment, operating system 840 includes a hardware interface module 854 that provides an interface to system hardware 820. In addition, operating system 840 may include a file system 850 that manages files used in the operation of computing device 808 and a process control subsystem 852 that manages processes executing on computing device 808.
Operating system 840 may include (or manage) one or more communication interfaces that may operate in conjunction with system hardware 820 to transceive data packets and/or data streams from a remote source. Operating system 840 may further include a system call interface module 842 that provides an interface between the operating system 840 and one or more application modules resident in memory 830. Operating system 840 may be embodied as a UNIX operating system or any derivative thereof (e.g., Linux, Solaris, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), Android, etc.) or as a Windows® brand operating system, or other operating systems.
In various embodiments, the computing device 808 may be embodied as a personal computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant, a mobile telephone, an entertainment device, or another computing device.
In one embodiment, memory 830 includes an authentication module 862 to authenticate a claimant based on data received from the claimant. In one embodiment, an authentication module 862 may include logic instructions encoded in a non-transitory computer-readable medium which, when executed by processor 822, cause the processor 822 to authenticate a claimant based on data received from the claimant. In addition, memory 830 may comprise a satellite orbit database 864 which includes orbit information for satellites 610 in a predetermined orbit around the earth. Additional details about the authentication process and operations implemented by authentication module 862 are described below.
In some embodiments the receiving device 620 may be implemented as a satellite communication module adapted to couple with a conventional computing device 622 (e.g., a laptop, a PDA, or a smartphone device). The receiving device 620 may be coupled to the computing device 622 by a suitable communication connection, e.g., by a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, an RS-232 interface, an optical interface, or the like. In the embodiment depicted in
In operation, a user of the computing device 622 may utilize the receiving device 620 to authenticate the computing device 622 with a host network 890. As described above, the receiving device 620 depicted in
The host network 890 may transmit a user access request to the verifier 730 as an authentication request. In some embodiments the host network may add additional information to the request en enable the verifier 730 to authenticate the computer 622. By way of example, the host network 630 may provide limitations regarding where (i.e., from what geographic locations) the claimant may be authenticated). The verifier 730 may verify the claimant and provide an authentication response to the host network 890. The host network 890, in turn, may forward an access response to the computing device 622.
At operation 915 the claimant device 620 receives a spot beam transmission from a satellite 610. In some embodiments the claimant device 620 extracts one or more distinctive beam parameters (e.g., time, satellite ID, beam ID, time bias, satellite orbit data, etc.) including a pseudo random code segment from the satellite spot beam. In some embodiments the claimant device 620 may store the beam parameters in a memory module in, or communicatively coupled to, the claimant device 620. In one or more embodiments operation 915 may occur near simultaneously to its preceding operation 910.
At operation 920 the claimant device 620 may continue to generate one or more waypoint data snapshots which may include the location information for the claimant device 620 from operation 910, and one or more of the distinctive beam parameters transmitted via the satellite spot beam as noted in operation 920. In some embodiments the waypoint data snapshots may be stored in a memory module in, or communicatively coupled to, the claimant device 620.
In some embodiments the claimant device 620 may collect an array of waypoint data snapshots over time. For example, an array of waypoint data snapshots may be constructed by receiving spot beams from a plurality of satellites 610 passing over the claimant device 620 over time. Alternatively, or in addition, an array of waypoint data snapshots may be constructed by moving the claimant device 620 in relation to the satellites 610, for example, by placing the claimant device 620 in an aircraft 625 as depicted in
At operation 920 the waypoint data snapshot(s) are transferred from the claimant device 620 to a verifier device 730. By way of example, in the embodiment depicted in
At operation 925 the verifier device 730 receives location data and waypoint data from the claimant device 620. At operation 930 the verifier device 730 compares the location information and the waypoint data to corresponding data in a known valid data set in order to authenticate the claimant. By way of example, a LEO satellite such as the Iridium satellite constellation circumnavigates the earth in a known orbit, the approximate parameters of which are available well in advance. A verifier device 730 may include a satellite orbit database 864, or be communicatively coupled to a satellite orbit database 864, which includes orbit information about satellites 610 in a known orbit about the earth.
In some embodiments the location data and waypoint data received from the claimant device is compared (operation 930) with location and waypoint data from the known data set to determine whether the claimant device 620 is, in fact, within a reasonable threshold distance of an expected geographic location at an expected time. By way of example and not limitation, the satellite orbit database 864 may be searched for a data record corresponding to the distinctive beam parameters transmitted from the claimant device 620. When a matching record is located, the orbit data from the record retrieved from the orbit database 864 may be compared to the data received from the claimant device 620. For example, the known data may comprise a coordinate for the center of the spot beam 630 and an indication of the radius of the spot beam 630 on the surface of the earth. The coordinates received from the claimant device 620 may be compared to the location of the spot beam to determine whether the received data indicates that the claimant device 620 is within the region circumscribed by the spot beam at the time indicated in the data received from the claimant device. In at least one embodiment, the spot beam may be irregular shaped. In at least one embodiment the claimant device may be at an altitude above the surface of the earth.
If, at operation 935, the data received from the claimant device 620 indicates that the claimant device 620 is within a geographic region encompassed by the spot beam from the satellite 610 at the time associated with the data from the claimant device, then the claimant device 620 may be considered authenticated. In an authentication system, control then passes to operation 940 and the claimant is allowed to access a resource. By way of example and not limitation, the verifier device 730 may grant a token to an authenticated claimant device 620. The token may be used by a remote system to grant access to a resource.
By contrast, if the data received from the claimant device 620 indicates that the claimant device 620 is not within a geographic region encompassed by the spot beam from the satellite 610 at the time associated with the data from the claimant device 620, then the claimant device 620 may not be considered authenticated. In an authentication system, control then passes to operation 945 and the claimant is denied access to a resource. By way of example and not limitation, the verifier device 730 may deny a token to an authenticated claimant device 620. In the absence of a token the claimant device may be denied access to a resource managed by a remote system.
Thus, the system architecture depicted in
In some embodiments the system may be used to implement session-based authentication in which the claimant device(s) 620 are authenticated to use a resource for an entire session. In other embodiments the system may implement message-based authentication in which the claimant device(s) 620 must be authenticated separately for each message transmitted from the claimant device(s) 620 to a remote resource.
In one example implementation, an authentication system as described herein may be used to provide authentication for access to a secure computing resource such as a corporate email system, a corporate network, a military or civil infrastructure network, or an electronic banking facility. In other example implementations, an authentication system may be used to confirm the itinerary of a vehicle in a logistics system. By way of example, a mobile entity such as a truck, train, watercraft or aircraft may comprise one or more claimant device(s) 620. During the course of a scheduled mission a logistics system may periodically poll the claimant device(s) 620, which may respond with authentication data obtained from the satellite 610. The authentication data may be collected in the logistics system and used to confirm that the claimant device(s) are in specific locations at predetermined times in accordance with a logistics plan.
In yet another example, implementation of an authentication system as described herein may be used to verify the location of a claimant device(s) associated with a monitoring system, e.g., a house arrest surveillance system. In such embodiments the claimant device(s) may incorporate one or more biometric sensors such as a fingerprint biometric sensor to authenticate the user of the system, while the authentication system may be used to confirm that the claimant device is in a predetermined location at a predetermined time (i.e., the claimant is in the right place, at the right time, and is the right person). The authentication device may also review the claimant device location against a defined list of approved locations which may also further be refined by the authentication system by reviewing the claimant device's location and time against an approved set of location(s) at an approved time period(s). Furthermore, this system may be used to track registered sex offenders.
In some embodiments the satellite 610 may be part of a LEO satellite system such as the Iridium constellation which orbits the earth in a known orbit and which transmits spot beams having a known geometry, such that a claimant device(s) may be authenticated by confirming that the claimant device is within a designated spot beam at a designated time. Thus, a claimant may be authenticated using a single signal source (e.g., a single satellite 610). Also because LEO satellites such as the Iridium constellation and MEO satellites transmit a relatively high power signal levels the system may be used to authenticate one or more claimant device(s) which are located in an obstructed environment, e.g., indoors or in urban locations. Also, the relatively high signal strength of LEO satellites and MEO satellites leaves these signals less susceptible to jamming efforts.
Although certain illustrative embodiments and methods have been disclosed herein, it can be apparent from the foregoing disclosure to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of such embodiments and methods can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the art disclosed. Many other examples of the art disclosed exist, each differing from others in matters of detail only. Accordingly, it is intended that the art disclosed shall be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the rules and principles of applicable law.
This application is a Continuation-In-Part application of, and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/949,404, filed Nov. 18, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12949404 | Nov 2010 | US |
| Child | 13283491 | US |
