Patent Application
20130096060
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of a disease or condition, wherein said disease or condition is associated with stenosis or/and obstruction located in the pancreatic duct system, said composition comprising at least one GLP-1 agonist and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or/and auxiliary substance.
The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland. The endocrine pancreas (Langerhans islets) produces insulin which is secreted into the blood stream. The exocrine pancreas produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes, for example proteases, lipases, and nucleases, and bicarbonate. The enzymes can be provided as proenzymes. The pancreatic duct system directs the pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
Anatomically the pancreas body (corpus pancreatis) is distinguished from the head (caput pancreatis) and the tail (cauda pancreatis).
The pancreatic duct system includes the major pancreatic duct (also termed ductus pancreaticus major, main pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung). The major pancreatic duct leads to the ductus hepatopancreaticus. The ductus heptopancreaticus is formed by junction of the common bile duct and the major pancreatic duct, leading to the papilla of Vater (also termed papilla vateri or papilla duodeni major) located in the duodenum wall. The papilla of Vater includes the sphincter of Oddi. The sphincter of Oddi consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounding a variable length of the ductus hepatopancreaticus.
In the pancreatic duct system, some non-pathologic variants exist. For example, the ductus heptopancreaticus can be enlarged to form the ampulla hepatopancreatica (also termed ampulla of Vater). In another variant, the ductus hepatopancreaticus may be short or even absent. This means that the common bile duct (also termed ductus choledochus) and the major pancreatic duct lead independently into the duodenum.
In yet another variant, an accessory pancreatic duct (ductus pancreaticus accessorius, duct of Santorini) may be present, which leads into the duodenum on the minor duodenal papilla (also termed papilla duodeni minor). The accessory pancreatic duct by-passes the ductus hepatopancreaticus and the papilla of Vater.
A common congenital anomaly is pancreas divisium (complete pancreas divisum or incomplete pancreas division) which results from abnormal fusion between the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts during fetal development. In complete pancreas divisum, a completely separate pancreatic duct system exists, leading to the papilla of Vater and the minor duodenal papilla. Incomplete pancreas divisum is a pancreatic anomaly with inadequate communication between the ventral and dorsal pancreatic duct. Pancreaticobiliary malfunction is a congenital anomaly defined as the union of the pancreatic ducts and the biliary ducts outside the duodenal wall (Kamisawa et al., J. Anat. 2008, 212(2):125-34).
The pancreatic duct system and the biliary system are histologically related. The pancreatic duct system and the biliary tract (including ductus hepaticus, gall bladder, ductus cysticus, ductus choledochus) have a similar histological structure: the walls comprise smooth muscle, and the inner surface is covered by columnar epithelium.
The contraction of the smooth muscle in the biliary tract (in particular in the gall bladder) and in the pancreatic duct system can be induced by cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is produced in the mucosa of the small intestine. CCK reaches the gall bladder via the circulation. Release of CCK can be induced by a fatty meal. By contraction of the gall bladder, bile is released into the duodenum, where it helps emulsifying fats. Another function of CCK is the induction of release of digestive enzymes in the stomach and in the pancreas.
Stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system can lead to an impaired flow of pancreatic juice, resulting in a condition associated with pain. Stenotic processes or/and obstruction within the pancreatic duct system, for example by inwards growth of surrounding tissue (by cancer or/and inflammatory processes), may cause an increase of intraduct volume by accumulation of pancreatic juice, combined with dilation of the duct wall. The pancreatic juice contains dissolved pancreatic enzymes (e.g. amylase and lipase), which, when accumulated in the pancreatic duct system, will become autoaggressive, resulting in a perpetuation of the inflammatory process in the pancreatic duct system. Furthermore, the increase of volume, which may be combined with dilation of duct wall, may result in severe acute or chronic pain. Treatment of such pain includes treatment with opioid analgesics or by surgical removal of the stenosis or/and obstruction. Such surgery may be a “radical” surgery, i.e. complete removal of the affected tissue.
Obstruction can be caused by concrements, for example calcium bicarbonate concrements. These concrements are also termed pancreatic stones. Such concrements include pancreoliths. A synonyme for “pancreolith” is “pancreatic calculus”. The presence of concrements in the pancreases is called pancreolithiasis. Concrements in the pancreas can be formed for example during pancreatitis. Concrements can be originated by a dysbalance of enzyme concentration and inflammatory cells, resulting in a precipitation. Even more inflammatory reaction can be induced, and inflammation and concrement formation perpetuates. See, for example, Marvin Sleisenger (ed.) Gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1973, 1983, 1993.
A stenosis of the pancreatic duct system can also be originated by cancer, for example exocrine pancreatic cancers or/and endocrine pancreatic cancers. By growth, an exocrine pancreatic cancer or/and an endocrine pancreatic cancer can cause a stenosis of the pancreatic duct system. Examples of pancreatic cancers include, but are not limited to, pancreatic cystadenoma, pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenoacanthoma, and secretory tumors, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, insulinoma, glucagonoma, and somatostatinoma. See, for example, Marvin Sleisenger (ed.) Gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1973, 1983, 1993.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an endocrine hormone which increases the insulin response following oral intake of glucose or fat. GLP-1 generally regulates the concentrations of glucagons, slows down gastric emptying, stimulates the biosynthesis of (pro-)insulin, increases the sensitivity toward insulin, and stimulates the insulin-independent biosynthesis of glycogen (Hoist (1999), Curr. Med. Chem 6: 1005, Nauck et al. (1997) Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 105: 187, Lopez-Delgado et al. (1998) Endocrinology 139:2811).
Human GLP-1 has 37 amino acid residues (Heinrich et al., Endocrinol. 115:2176. (1984), Uttenthal et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metabol (1985) 61:472). Active fragments of GLP-1 include GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (7-37).
Exendins are a group of peptides which are able to lower blood glucose concentrations. Exendins have a certain similarity in sequence to GLP-1(7-36) (53%, Goke et al. J. Biol Chem 268, 19650-55). Exendin-3 and exendin-4 stimulate an increase in cellular cAMP production in acinar cells of the guinea pig pancreas by interaction with exendin receptors (Raufman, 1996, Reg. Peptides 61: 1-18). In contrast to exendin-4, exendin-3 produces an increase in amylase release in acinar cells of the pancreas.
Exendin-3, exendin-4, and exendin agonists have been proposed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and the prevention of hyperglycemia; they reduce gastric motility and gastric emptying (U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,286 and WO98/05351).
Exendin analogues may be characterized by amino acid replacements and/or C-terminal truncation of the natural exendin-4 sequence. Exendin analogues of this kind are described in WO 99/07404, WO 99/25727, WO 99/25728. Exendin-4 analogues include lixisenatide (also termed AVE0010, desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2 or H-desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2).
WO 2007/028394 discloses the use of a GLP-1 molecule for the treatment of biliary dyskinesia and/or biliary pain/discomfort. According to WO 2007/028394, biliary dyskinesia may be an increased motility of an area of the biliary tract, or a decreased motility of an area of the biliary tract. The GLP-1 molecule is considered as prokinetic agent. According to WO 2007/028394, the GLP-1 molecule may be administered in combination with one or more other excitatory factor(s) capable of inducing bile flow and/or treating biliary tract motility disorders. Alternatively, the GLP-1 molecule may be administered in combination with one or more inhibitory factor(s) capable of reducing bile flow. No experimental evidence is presented in WO 2007/028394 that a GLP-1 molecule would affect gallbladder physiology.
GLP-1 is not known to have any effect on the pancreatic duct system.
Gallbladder motility can be expressed by gallbladder ejection fraction and can be assessed by cholescintigraphy. Cholescintigraphy is a nuclear imaging procedure to evaluate the function of the gallbladder. For example, a derivative of iminodiacetic acid labelled with 99mTechnetium is injected i.v., then allowed to circulate to the liver, where it is excreted into the biliary system and stored by the gallbladder. Cholescintigraphy is used for diagnosis of gallbladder dyskinesia, which involves gallbladder dysfunction. Cases with a gall bladder ejection fraction (GBEF) below 40% are considered to be indicated for cholecystectomy (Behar J. et al., Gastroenterology 2006 130:1498-1509).
Relaxation and contraction of the gallbladder is mediated by smooth muscle cells and represent the morphological correlate of the dynamic measurements via the 99mtechnetium cholescintigraphy method.
The example of the present invention refers to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-sequence, two-treatment cross-over study assessing the effect of a single subcutaneous injection of 20 μg lixisenatide on gallbladder motility in healthy male and female subjects. Gallbladder motility has been analysed by cholescintigraphy. Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) has been administrated 60 min after administration of a single dose of placebo or 20 μg lixisenatide and followed immediately by a single dose of 99mTc mebrofenin (a 99mTc-labeled iminodiacetic acid derivative). The procedure can be summarized as follows. By placing a radiation-sensitive camera over the subject's abdomen, a “picture” of the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder can be obtained that corresponds to where the radioactive bile has migrated. After injection of lixisenatide or placebo and 99mTc injection, hepatic frame images were obtained at 1 frame/min for 60 min. After gallbladder visualization at 60 min, 0.02 μg/kg CCK-8 was administered via constant infusion pump for 60 min. Image acquisition was continued for at least an additional 60 min following CCK-8 infusion.
In the placebo group, CCK-8 induced a decline of counts recorded from the gallbladder, indicating a release of bile from the gallbladder via bile ducts into the duodenum. Surprisingly, by subcutaneous administration of a single dose of 20 μg lixisenatide in healthy subjects, this effect of CCK-8 is largely reduced (see exemplary filling and emptying curves in
The origin of the lixisenatide effect upon GBEF, as described herein, is not known. Without wishing to be bound by theory, reduction of CCK-induced gallbladder emptying under lixisenatide can be explained by lixisenatide-induced smooth muscle relaxation of the gallbladder. Lixisenatide thus provides a spasmolytic effect in the gallbladder. As the pancreatic duct system and the biliary tract share significant similarities with respect to smooth muscle cells in the ducts, one can conclude that lixisenatide will exhibit a similar smooth muscle relaxation effect in the pancreatic duct system as in the biliary system. Based upon the lixisenatide effect upon GBEF disclosed herein, it is expected that the smooth muscle cells in the pancreatic duct system may become relaxed by administration of lixisenatide or a GLP-1 agonist. Thus, GLP-1 agonists including lixisenatide may provide a spasmolytic or antispasmodic effect in the pancreatic duct system.
A stenosis or/and obstruction in the biliary tract or in the pancreatic duct system may result in a spasm, which often is painful. The spasmolytic effects of GLP-1 agonists propose the therapeutic use of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of diseases associated with stenotic or obstructive processes. As the pancreatic duct system and the biliary system are anatomically and histologically related, GLP-1 agonists, such as lixisenatide, can exhibit a therapeutic effect on stenotic or obstructive processes not only in the biliary tract, but also in the pancreatic duct system or/and circumventing pancreatic tissue. Relaxation of the smooth muscle results in an increase of duct lumen, thus improving the flow of bile or/and pancreatic juice if a stenosis or an obstruction is present. By the spasmolytic activity, the GLP-1 agonists becomes suitable for the treatment of pain associated with stenosis or/and obstruction in the biliary system or/and the pancreatic duct system.
Therefore, a first aspect of the present invention refers to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of a disease or condition, wherein said disease or condition is associated with stenosis or/and obstruction located in the pancreatic duct system, said composition comprising at least one GLP-1 agonist and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or/and auxiliary substance. The stenosis or/and obstruction may also be located in the circumventing pancreatic tissue.
In the present invention, “pancreatic duct system” includes, but is not limited to, the major pancreatic duct, the ductus hepatopancreaticus, the papilla of Vater, the sphincter of Oddi, the accessory pancreatic duct, and the minor duodenal papilla.
The stenosis or/and obstruction may be located in the major pancreatic duct, in the ductus hepatopancreaticus, in the papilla of Vater, in the sphincter of Oddi, in the accessory pancreatic duct, or/and in the minor duodenal papilla.
In particular, the stenosis or/and obstruction may be located in the major pancreatic duct, in the accessory pancreatic duct, or/and in the minor duodenal papilla.
The obstruction may be caused by a concrement located in the pancreatic duct system, or/and by lithiasis, in particular pancreolithiasis. The concrement may be a pancreas calculus. The concrement may include carbonate.
The disease associated with stenosis or/and obstruction located in the pancreatic duct system may be lithiasis, pancreolithiasis, pancreatitis associated with concrement formation in the pancreatic duct system, wherein the pancreatitis may be chronic pancreatitis.
The disease or condition associated with stenosis or/and obstruction located in the pancreatic duct system may be cancer. In particular, the cancer causes a stenosis in the pancreatic duct system. The cancer may be cancer in the major pancreatic duct, in the ductus hepatopancreaticus, in the papilla of Vater, in the sphincter of Oddi, in the accessory pancreatic duct, or/and in the minor duodenal papilla. In particular, the cancer includes a tumor. The cancer may also be located in the circumventing pancreatic tissue.
In particular, the cancer may be located in the major pancreatic duct, in the accessory pancreatic duct, or/and in the minor duodenal papilla.
The cancer may be exocrine pancreatic cancer, or endocrine pancreatic cancer. The cancer may include a metastasis, for example a metastasis derived from a metastasizing cancer in another organ. In particular, the cancer may be selected from pancreatic cystadenoma, pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenoacanthoma, and secretory tumors, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, insulinoma, glucagonoma, and somatostatinoma.
The stenosis or/and obstruction may cause pain.
The treatment may be a palliative treatment. Palliative treatment is indicated in patients suffering from cancer, in particular inoperable cancer, cancer in a terminal state, cancer which does not respond to anti-cancer treatment (for example by radiation or/and chemotherapy), the presence of metastases derived from a metastasizing cancer in another organ, wherein a metastasis causes a stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system, and wherein the cancer is in particular painful, in particular by formation of the stenosis or/and obstruction. More particular, the cancer forms a stenosis.
The treatment, in particular the palliative treatment may be continued for at least one month, at least two months, at least three months, at least four months, or at least six months.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for use in a palliative treatment, said composition comprising at least one GLP-1 agonist, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or/and auxiliary substance. The palliative treatment is a palliative treatment as described herein. In particular, the palliative treatment includes the treatment of pain caused by a stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system. In particular, the palliative treatment includes the treatment of pain caused by a stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system. More particular, the palliative treatment includes the treatment of pain caused by cancer originating from stenosis or/and obstruction of the pancreatic duct system. The composition is a composition as described herein.
A further aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of pain, said composition comprising at least one GLP-1 agonist, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or/and auxiliary substance. The pain is a pain as described herein. In particular, the pain may be associated with stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system. The treatment of pain may be a palliative treatment, in particular a palliative treatment as described herein. The composition is a composition as described herein.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of treatment of a disease or condition associated with stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system, said method comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one GLP-1 agonist, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or/and auxiliary substance. In the method of the present invention, the disease or condition may be any disease associated with stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system as described herein. The composition is a composition as described herein.
The patient or/and individual to be treated by the pharmaceutical composition or/and method as described herein may be a mammal, including humans and non-human mammals. A preferred patient or/and individual is a human.
In particular, the patient does not suffer from diabetes mellitus, such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
In particular, the patient is not obese. More particular, the patient's body mass index is below 30 kg/m2 or below 27 kg/m2.
In particular, the patient does not suffer from a CNS disorder, such as Alzheimer disease or Parkinson's disease.
A further aspect of the present invention is the use of a GLP-1 agonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition associated with stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system, said medicament comprising at least one GLP-1 agonist and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or/and auxiliary substance. In the use of the present invention, the disease or condition may be any disease associated with stenosis or/and obstruction in the pancreatic duct system as described herein. The GLP-1 agonist may be a GLP-1 agonist as described herein. The medicament may be a composition as described herein.
In the present invention, “antispasmodic activity” or “spasmolytic activity” of a GLP-1 agonist means that the tone of the smooth muscle, in particular in the bile system or/and the pancreatic duct system, is reduced by administration of a GLP-1 agonist. In particular, lixisenatide provides an antispasmodic or spasmolytic activity.
In the present invention, the at least one GLP-1 agonist can be one, two, three, four, five or more GLP-1 agonists. In particular the at least one GLP-1 agonist can be one GLP-1 agonist. “GLP-1 agonist” is also termed “GLP-1 receptor agonist”.
In the present invention the term “GLP-1 agonist” includes GLP-1, analogues and derivatives thereof, exendin-3, analogues and derivatives thereof, and exendin-4, analogues and derivatives thereof. Also included are substances which exhibit the biological activity of GLP-1.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention can comprise one or more selected independently of one another from the group consisting of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), analogues and derivatives of GLP-1, exendin-3, analogues and derivatives of exendin-3, exendin-4, analogues and derivatives of exendin-4.
GLP-1, exendin-3 or/and exendin-4, as used herein, include pharmacologically acceptable salts of GLP-1, exendin-3 or/and exendin-4.
It is preferred that the GLP-1 agonist is lixisenatide or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
It is also preferred that the GLP-1 agonist is liraglutide or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
GLP-1 analogues and derivatives are described in WO 98/08871, for example; exendin-3, analogues and derivatives of exendin-3, and exendin-4 and analogues and derivatives of exendin-4 can be found in WO 01/04156, WO 98/30231, U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,286, in EP application 99 610 043.4, in WO 2004/005342 and WO 04/035623. These documents are included herein by reference. The exendin-3 and exendin-4 described in these documents, and the analogues and derivatives thereof that are described there, can be used in the compositions of the present invention as GLP-1 agonists. It is also possible to use any desired combination of the exendin-3 and exendin-4 described in these documents, and the analogues and derivatives described therein, as GLP-1 agonists.
The at least one GLP-1 agonist is preferably independently selected from the group consisting of exendin-4, analogues and derivatives of exendin-4, and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
A further preferred GLP-1 agonist is an analogue of exendin-4 selected from a group consisting of:
H-desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2 (desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2, AVE0010, Lixisenatide),
H-des(Pro36,37)-exendin-4-Lys4-NH2,
H-des(Pro36,37)-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2,
and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
A further preferred GLP-1 agonist is an analogue of exendin-4 selected from a group consisting of:
desPro36 [Asp28]exendin-4 (1-39),
desPro36 [IsoAsp28]exendin-4 (1-39),
desPro36 [Met(O)14, Asp28]exendin-4 (1-39),
desPro36 [Met(O)14, IsoAsp28]exendin-4 (1-39),
desPro36 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-2 (1-39),
desPro36 [Trp(O2)25, IsoAsp28]exendin-2 (1-39),
desPro36 [Met(O)14Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4 (1-39),
desPro36 [Met(O)14Trp(O2)25, IsoAsp28]exendin-4 (1-39),
and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
A further preferred GLP-1 agonist is an analogue of exendin-4 selected from a group as described in the paragraph above in which the peptide -(Lys)6-NH2 has been attached at the C-termini of the analogues of exendin-4.
A further preferred GLP-1 agonist is an analogue of exendin-4 selected from a group consisting of:
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36 [Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2
desAsp28Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-(Lys)6 des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5 desPro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-NHz,
desPro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-desPro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-desPro36 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2,
H-des Asp28 Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Trp(O2)25]exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-desPro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5-desPro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39-NH2,
des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5-des Pro36, Pro37 Pro38 [Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36 [Met(O)14, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
des Met(O)14 Asp28 Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Asp28] exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5 des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38[Met(O)14, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36 [Met(O)14, Trp(O2)25, Asp28] exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2,
des Asp28 Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Trp(O2)25]exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Asp28] exendin-4(1-39)-NH2,
des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-(Lys)6-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Trp(O2)25, Asp28]exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
H-Asn-(Glu)5-des Pro36, Pro37, Pro38 [Met(O)14, Trp(O2)25, Asp28] exendin-4(1-39)-(Lys)6-NH2,
and pharmacologically acceptable salts of these compounds.
A further preferred GLP-1 agonist is selected from a group consisting of Arg34,Lys26(Nε(γ-glutamyl(Nα-hexadecanoyl)))GLP-1(7-37) [liraglutide] and pharmacologically tolerable salts thereof.
A further preferred GLP-1 agonist is Lixisenatide. Lixisenatide has the sequence of H-desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2 (desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2, AVE0010). This substance is published as SEQ ID No: 93 in WO 01/04156. Lixisenatide is a derivative of Exendin-4:
Preference is also given to pharmacologically tolerable salts of Lixisenatide.
The term “at least one GLP-1 agonist” includes combinations of the herein-described GLP-1 agonists which are used in the compositions of the invention, examples being any desired combinations of two or more GLP-1 agonists selected from the GLP-1 agonists described herein.
The at least one GLP-1 agonist is further preferably independently selected from exendin-4, H-desPro36-exendin-4-Lys6-NH2, and Arg34,Lys26(Nε(γ-glutamyl(Nα-hexadecanoyl)))GLP-1 (7-37) [liraglutide], and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
The compositions of the invention may contain the GLP-1 agonist in an amount of 10 μg/ml to 20 mg/ml, preferably 25 μg/ml to 15 mg/ml. For the acidic to neutrally dissolved GLP-1 agonists the figures are preferably 20 μg/ml to 300 μg/ml, and for the neutral to basic agonists they are preferably 500 μg/ml to 10 mg/ml. For exendin-4 analogues, 20 μg/ml to 150 μg/ml are preferred.
In the present invention, the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered to a subject in need thereof, in an amount sufficient to induce a therapeutic effect.
In the present invention, the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be formulated with suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances.
The at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered parenterally, e.g. by injection (such as by intramuscular or by subcutaneous injection). Suitable injection devices, for instance the so-called “pens” comprising a cartridge comprising the active ingredient, and an injection needle, are known. The at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered in a suitable amount, for instance in an amount in the range of 10 to 15 μg per dose or 15 to 20 μg per dose.
In the present invention, the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered in a daily dose in the range of 10 to 20 μg, in the range of 10 to 15 μg, or in the range of 15 to 20 μg. The at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered by one injection per day.
In the present invention, the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be provided in a liquid composition. The skilled person knows liquid compositions of Lixisenatide suitable for parenteral administration. A liquid composition of the present invention may have an acidic or a physiologic pH. An acidic pH preferably is in the range of pH 1-6.8, pH 3.5-6.8, or pH 3.5-5. A physiologic pH preferably is in the range of pH 2.5-8.5, pH 4.0-8.5, or pH 6.0-8.5. The pH may be adjusted by a pharmaceutically acceptable diluted acid (typically HCl) or pharmaceutically acceptable diluted base (typically NaOH).
The liquid composition comprising the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may comprise a suitable preservative. A suitable preservative may be selected from phenol, m-cresol, benzyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester. A preferred preservative is m-cresol.
The liquid composition comprising the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may comprise a tonicity agent. A suitable tonicity agent may be selected from glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, NaCl, calcium or magnesium containing compounds such as CaCl2. The concentration of glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol and glucose may be in the range of 100-250 mM. The concentration of NaCl may be up to 150 mM. A preferred tonicity agent is glycerol.
The liquid composition comprising the at least one GLP-1 agonist, in particular desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may comprise methionine from 0.5 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL, preferably from 1 μg/ml to 5 μg/ml. Preferably, the liquid composition comprises L-methionine.
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and example.
The example of the present invention refers to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-sequence, two-treatment cross-over study assessing the effect of a single subcutaneous injection of 20 μg lixisenatide on gallbladder motility in healthy male and female subjects. Gallbladder motility has been analysed by cholescintigraphy. Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) has been administrated 60 min after administration of a single dose of placebo or 20 μg lixisenatide and followed immediately by a single dose of 99mTc mebrofenin (a 99mTc-labeled iminodiacetic acid derivative). The procedure can be summarized as follows. By placing a radiation-sensitive camera over the subject's abdomen, a “picture” of the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder can be obtained that corresponds to where the radioactive bile has migrated. After injection of lixisenatide or placebo and 99mTc injection, hepatic frame images were obtained at 1 frame/min for 60 min. After gallbladder visualization at 60 min, 0.02 μg/kg CCK-8 was administered via constant infusion pump for 60 min. Image acquisition was continued for at least an additional 60 min following CCK-8 infusion.
In the placebo group, CCK-8 induced a decline of 99mTc counts recorded from the gallbladder, indicating a release of bile from the gallbladder via bile ducts into the duodenum. Surprisingly, by subcutaneous administration of a single dose of 20 μg lixisenatide in healthy subjects, this effect of CCK-8 is largely reduced (see exemplary filling and emptying curves in
The protocol was submitted to independent ethics committees and/or institutional review boards for review and written approval.
The protocol complied with recommendations of the 18th World Health Congress (Helsinki, 1964) and all applicable amendments. The protocol also complied with the laws and regulations, as well as any applicable guidelines, of the country where the study was conducted (Great Britain).
Informed consent was obtained prior to the conduct of any study-related procedures. The subject informed consent form was modified according to local regulations and requirements.
Lixisenatide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonist exendin analog being developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Cases of acute pancreatitis have been reported in patients treated with GLP1 agonists, and the causality is still unclear. There is an ongoing discussion as to whether pancreatitis is a potential class effect of GLP1 treatment or whether the cases may have been overvalued. One hypothesis is that GLP1 agonists may change sphincter of Oddi motility due to gastric distension, predisposing patients to gallbladder (GB) sludge or gallstone formation and thus pancreatitis.
Cholecystokinin-stimulated cholescintigraphy was first described more than 3 decades ago and is used routinely to calculate gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) in studies on biliary dynamics and gallbladder motility. Cholescintigraphy is performed after administration of technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled iminodiacetic acid analogs. These compounds have a high affinity for hepatic uptake and are readily excreted into the biliary tract and concentrated in the gallbladder. A fatty meal or exogenous cholecystokinin is then used as a stimulus for induction of gallbladder emptying. A low GBEF has been considered as evidence of impaired gallbladder motor function that, in the absence of lithiasis, can identify patients with primary gallbladder dysfunctions and sphincter of Oddi obstruction. Since GBEF is variable depending on the dose and duration of cholecystokinin8 (CCK8, terminal amino acid fragment of CCK) infusion, many different values have been used to define abnormal gallbladder function; increasing evidence has suggested that longer infusions (30 to 60 minutes) are superior to shorter infusions (1 to 3 minutes) for accurate quantification of GBEF.
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a single subcutaneous injection of lixisenatide on stimulated gallbladder emptying (as an indirect measure of a potential impact on the sphincter of Oddi) expressed as GBEF induced by CCK8.
This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, single dose, 2 period, 2-sequence, 2treatment crossover study comparing lixisenatide injection with saline injection (placebo) in healthy male and female subjects.
Subjects were admitted to the unit the morning on Day 1. On Day 1, after an overnight fast with ad libitum access to water, they were prepared for cholescintigraphy. Subjects received a subcutaneous dose of 20 μg of lixisenatide or placebo according to randomization, followed immediately by an intravenous bolus of the radiolabel. After 99mTc injection, images were obtained for 60 minutes. After gallbladder visualization at 60 minutes, CCK8 was infused over 60 minutes; GB images were obtained for at least an additional 60 minutes following commencement of the CCK8 infusion.
Blood samples for determination of concentrations of lixisenatide were taken for up to 12 hours after injection of lixisenatide.
Subjects were randomized in a double-blinded manner to Sequence 1 or Sequence 2 (
The total duration of study participation for each subject was planned to be 7 to 42 days and consisted of:
No interim analysis was planned. There were no amendments to the protocol.
The visit schedule is described in Table 1
This randomized, placebo-controlled, 2sequence, 2treatment crossover study was designed to assess the effect of a single dose of lixisenatide on gallbladder emptying. A crossover design was chosen to avoid the influence of between-subject variability.
The study included male and female subjects in order to match the type 2 diabetes target population. Although it has been observed that the majority of patients who present with Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction causing recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis are female (1), in healthy subjects GBEF does not differ between men and women. Only postmenopausal females were included to avoid exposing females of childbearing potential to unnecessary radiation. Although significant impairment of GB emptying has been reported in obese type 2 diabetic patients (2), in healthy subjects no statistically significant correlation body mass index and GBEF has been observed. Therefore, male and female subjects with a body mass index up to 35 kg/m2 were included in the study.
To maximize bile entry into the gallbladder by allowing maximum relaxation of the gallbladder and maximum contraction of the sphincter of Oddi (3), cholescintigraphy was conducted under fasted conditions. Radiolabel was injected directly after administration due to the lixisenatide tmax of about 1.5 to 2 hours.
The rapid disappearance of lixisenatide from blood circulation when absorption is complete (mean peak plasma concentrations of approximately 100 pg/mL at about 1.5 hours after injection) enabled short washout periods of 2 days and an end-of-study visit within a week of the last dosing.
Since lixisenatide is a peptide that may potentially generate allergic reactions, the study employed an Allergic Reaction Assessment Committee assess allergic reactions or allergic-like reactions that occurred in the study.
A total of 24 subjects were to be enrolled to have 20 evaluable subjects (with at least 30% of each gender randomized).
Subjects were included in the study according to the following criteria.
Male or female subject, between 35 and 65 years inclusive.
Body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m2 inclusive.
Certified as healthy by a comprehensive clinical assessment (detailed medical history and complete physical examination).
Normal vital signs after 10 minutes resting in supine position:
Normal standard 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) after 10 minutes resting in supine position;
120 ms<PR<220 ms, QRS<120 ms, QTc≦430 ms if male, 450 ms if female
Laboratory parameters within the normal range, unless the Investigator considered an abnormality to be clinically irrelevant for healthy subjects; however, serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, hepatic enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin (unless the subject has documented Gilbert syndrome) were not to exceed the upper laboratory norm.
If female sterilized for more than 3 months or postmenopausal; menopause was defined as over the age of 60 years, or between 45 and 60 years being amenorrheic for at least 2 years with plasma follicle-stimulating hormone level>30 UI/L. Certified as healthy by a comprehensive clinical assessment (detailed medical history and complete physical examination).
Must have given written informed consent prior to any procedure related to the study. Covered by a Health Insurance System where applicable, and/or in compliance with the recommendations of the national laws in force relating to biomedical research.
Not under any administrative or legal supervision.
Any history or presence of clinically relevant cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, metabolic, hematological, neurological, osteomuscular, articular, psychiatric, systemic, ocular, gynecologic (if female), or infectious disease, or signs of acute illness. Frequent headaches and/or migraine, recurrent nausea and/or vomiting (more than twice a month).
Blood donation, any volume, within 3 months before inclusion.
Symptomatic postural hypotension, whatever the decrease in blood pressure, or asymptomatic postural hypotension defined by a decrease in systolic blood pressure≧20 mmHg within 3 minutes when changing from the supine to the standing position.
Presence or history of drug hypersensitivity, or clinically significant allergic disease diagnosed and treated by a physician.
History or presence of drug or alcohol abuse (regular alcohol consumption>21 units per week in males and >14 units per week in females [1 Unit=½ pint beer, a 25 mL shot of 40% spirit or a 125 mL glass of wine).
Smoking more than 5 cigarettes or equivalent per day, unable to stop smoking during the study. Excessive consumption of beverages with xanthine bases (>4 cups or glasses per day).
Any medication (including St John's Wort) within 14 days before the inclusion or within 5 times the elimination half-life or pharmacodynamic half-life of that drug, any vaccination within the last 28 days.
Any subject who, in the judgment of the Investigator, was likely to be noncompliant during the study, or unable to cooperate because of a language problem or poor mental development. Any subject in the exclusion period of a previous study according to applicable regulations. Any subject who could not be contacted in case of emergency.
Any subject who was the Investigator or any subinvestigator, research assistant, pharmacist, study coordinator, or other staff thereof, directly involved in the conduct of the protocol.
Positive reaction to any of the following tests: hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies, anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 antibodies (antiHIV1 and antiHIV2 Ab).
Positive results on urine drug screen (amphetamines/methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates).
Positive alcohol test.
Acute diarrhea or constipation in the 7 days before the predicted first study day. If screening occurred >7 days before the first study day, this criterion was determined on first study day. Diarrhea was defined as the passage of liquid feces and/or a stool frequency of greater than 3 times per day. Constipation was defined as a failure to open the bowels more frequently than every other day.
Radiation exposure from clinical trials, including that from the present study, excluding background radiation but including diagnostic xrays and other medical exposures, exceeding 5 mSv in the last 12 months or 10 mSv in the last 5 years. No occupationally exposed worker, as defined in the Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999, was allowed to participate in the study.
Previous treatment with lixisenatide, exenatide (Byetta™) or other parenteral GLP1 agonists.
History of pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, pancreatectomy, stomach/gastric surgery, inflammatory bowel disease.
Presence of gall stones or clinically significant liver abnormalities on ultrasound scans.
Removal of Subjects from Therapy or Assessment
Subjects could withdraw from the treatment if they decided to do so, at any time and irrespective of the reason, or subjects could be withdrawn based on the Investigator's decision.
Subjects experiencing a confirmed allergic reaction that was considered by the Investigator to be closely related to the administration of investigational product were to be withdrawn from further treatment.
Specific stopping rules were to be considered from screening to the end of the study. Administration of investigational product was to be stopped in case of QTcF (QTc, Fridericia correction) prolongation (automatic measurement: ≧500 ms), confirmed by a manual reading, and in the event of pregnancy. In addition, with any diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, treatment with investigational and other potentially suspect drugs was to be stopped and the subject was to be followed up clinically.
The OptiClik pen-type injector was provided by the Sponsor to each subject for injection of investigational product. Needles (Ypsomed Optifine™ 8, 8 mm×31 G, Order no. 3100564) were purchased by the clinical unit. Dispensing materials were to be kept by the Investigator up to the full documented reconciliation performed with the Sponsor at the end of the study.
Radiopharmaceutical (99mTc mebrofenin/Cholediam)
The Cholediam® kit for preparation of 99mTc mebrofenin injection was provided by Quotient Clinical and contained 40 mg mebrofenin and 0.6 mg stannous chloride dehydrate. The effective dose in this study was not to exceed 60 MBq (1.44 mSv) per period and 120 MBq (2.88 mSv) in total.
Cholecystokinin8 (CCK8) was supplied as sincalide for injection (Kinevac®) by the Sponsor. Vials containing 5 μg sincalide were reconstituted with 5 mL sterile water. Then, 2.5 μg sincalide was diluted to 50 mL with saline in a 50 mL syringe and infused according to the following formula:
Rate of infusion(mL/hr)=weight(kg)×0.02(CCK8 dose)×20(volume of solution containing 1 μg CCK8)
Investigational product was supplied by the Sponsor as a sterile aqueous solution for subcutaneous injection containing 300 μg/mL lixisenatide (100 μg/mL0, glycerol, sodium acetate trihydrate, methionine, meta-cresol, HCl/NaOH, and water for injection in a 3-mL glass cartridge (batch number FRA01282/40C008/C1005517).
Placebo was supplied as a sterile aqueous solution for subcutaneous injection containing sodium chloride, meta-cresol, HCl/NaOH, and water for injection (batch number FRA01419/40C006/C1005518).
Technetium99m (99mTc) mebrofenin was supplied as a Cholediam for injection kit by Quotient Clinical; each vial contained 40 mg mebrofenin and 0.6 mg stannous chloride dehydrate in a sterile, pyrogen-free, freeze-dried solution under nitrogen (batch number FRA01419/40C006/C1005518).
Cholecystokinin-8 was supplied by the Sponsor as sincalide for injection (Kinevac) in vials containing 5 μg sincalide (batch number C1008567).
The randomization treatment kit number list was generated centrally by sanofiaventis.
Before administration of investigational product on Day 1 of the first study period, subjects who complied with all inclusion/exclusion criteria were assigned:
Subjects were randomized to Sequence 1 or Sequence 2. The randomization ratio was 1:1 and was stratified by sex to ensure that at least 30% of each sex was treated in this study. For further details, refer to the study protocol.
The 20 μg dose of lixisenatide used in this study was considered to provide the best benefit-risk ratio and was well tolerated in both nondiabetic and diabetic populations, based on results of a Phase 2 dose-ranging study.
The risk associated with the maximum possible dose of radiation used was very small and was considered acceptable. The effective 99mTc dose that each subject received did not exceed 60 MBq (1.44 mSv) for one administration and 120 MBq (2.88 mSv) for 2 administrations. This is in accordance with the Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee, which recommends that the 99mTc dose not exceed 150 MBq for diagnostic procedures of the gallbladder and is only slightly higher than the average natural background radiation dose received in the United Kingdom each year (2.7 mSv).
Sincalide is the only CCK8 analogue approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although in published studies CCK8 doses varied from 0.01 to 0.5 μg/kg and the infusion duration from a bolus injection to durations of 1 to 60 minutes, short infusions caused abdominal cramps and nausea and made reproducible normal ranges for GB injection fraction difficult to achieve (4). In a study of 3 different CCK8 infusion methods in 60 subjects with a 0.02 μg/kg dose administered as a 15 minute, 30 minute, and 60 minute infusion, it was shown that a 60 minute infusion had the lowest variability in healthy subjects compared with shorter infusions of 15 and 30 minutes (5). Therefore, in this study, 0.02 μg/kg was infused for 60 minutes.
A 20 μg dose of lixisenatide was administered once in the morning in fasted conditions on Day 1 in Period 1 or Period 2, according to the randomization schedule. A 20 μg dose of lixisenatide corresponded to 20 units on the OptiClik pen (200 μL).
Placebo (200 μL) was administered once in the morning in fasted conditions on Day 1 in Period 1 or Period 2, according to the randomization schedule (20 units on the OptiClik pen).
Radiopharmaceutical (99mTc mebrofenin/Cholediam)
A single dose of 99mTc mebrofenin was infused intravenously in the morning on Day 1 of each period after an overnight fast of at least 10 hours, directly after administration of lixisenatide or placebo.
A single dose of CCK8 (0.02 μg/kg) was infused starting 60 minutes after administration of the radiolabel and for 60 minutes on Day 1 of each period.
All personnel involved in the study were blinded until database lock except for the bioanalyst and pharmacokineticist responsible for the sample analysis and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
Investigational product and placebo were indistinguishable and injection volumes were the same. Each treatment kit and the corresponding cartridge were labeled with a number generated by a computer program from sanofiaventis. The Investigator was not to have access to the randomization (treatment) code except when knowledge of the investigational product was essential for treating the subject.
ARAC members were to review and adjudicate allergic reactions or allergic-like reactions in a blinded manner.
Medications that were not to be used prior to inclusion are specified in Section 0.
Concomitant medication was not allowed during the study. However, if a specific treatment was required for any reason, an accurate record was to be kept on the appropriate record form, including the name of the medication (international nonproprietary name), daily dosage, and duration for such use.
Investigational product was administered under direct medical supervision. The actual dose and exact time of each administration was recorded in the case report form. A mouth inspection was to be performed to check for ingestion of investigational product by the subject.
An overview of safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics assessments is presented in Table 1; a detailed schedule for each period is provided in Table 2.
a27 days washout between doses
bRefer to Safety section for detailed safety investigations
cFor females between 45 and 60 years being amenorrheic for at least 2 years
dAllow subjects to experience remaining stationary and supine under the camera.
Xd
Xg
aSubjects dosing was staggered, with 2 dosing times
bTime (hour/minute) is expressed in reference to the last administration of lixisenatide (T0 H)
cOnly Period 1
dJust after lixisenatide/placebo administration
eRefer to Safety section for detailed safety investigations
fSubjects were to have regular standard meals on Day 1. On Day 1 first meal after completion of scintigraphy for all subjects otherwise regular standard meals (snack, lunch and dinner)
gOnly Period 1, after randomization
hDirectly before dosing
iSubjects were allowed to remain stationary and supine under the camera
Gallbladder emptying after stimulation by administration of CCK8 was expressed as GBEF, the percentage change of net GB counts after administration of the stimulus. GBEF was assessed at 30 and 60 minutes after the start of CCK8 administration according to the following formula:
After an overnight fast, subjects received 20 μg lixisenatide subcutaneously and immediately afterward received an intravenous infusion of mebrofenin labeled with 99mTc while lying supine underneath a large-field-of-view gamma camera. Hepatic phase images were obtained at 1 frame per minute for 60 minutes. After GB visualization at 60 minutes, 0.02 μg/kg CCK8 was administered via a constant infusion pump for 60 minutes. Image acquisition continued after the start of CCK8 infusion as 1 minute frames for at least an additional 60 minutes until completion of the CCK8 infusion. Regions of interest were drawn around the gallbladder and background (adjacent normal liver) on a frame displaying a clear image of the gallbladder, and a background-corrected time-activity curve was generated. Due to the short duration of the assessment period, no correction for radioactive decay was performed.
The primary pharmacodynamic variable was GBEF at 60 minutes after start of the CCK8 infusion on Period 1, Day 1 and Period 2, Day 2.
The secondary pharmacodynamic variable was GBEF at 30 minutes after start of the CCK8 infusion on Period 1, Day 1 and Period 2, Day 2. GBEF was also collected every 2 minutes during the study.
Safety was monitored via:
Clinically significant abnormalities (if any) were monitored until resolution or until clinically stable.
Serology (hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibodies, antiHIV1 and antiHIV2 antibodies) was performed at screening only. A urine drug screen and alcohol breath test were performed at screening and on Day 1 of each period.
All adverse events, regardless of seriousness or relationship to the investigational product, from signature of the informed consent form until the end-of-study visit, were to be recorded. For each adverse event, the Investigator was to specify the date of onset, intensity, action taken with regard to the investigational product, corrective treatment given, and outcome and was to provide an assessment as to whether there was a reasonable possibility that the adverse event was related to the investigational product.
A serious adverse event (SAE) is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose:
Adverse events requiring pre-specified monitoring (AEPMs) were defined as adverse events (serious or nonserious) that were to be monitored, documented, and managed in a pre-specified manner described in the protocol.
The Sponsor was to be notified immediately for:
AEPMs without immediate notification were:
Standard clinical laboratory parameters (biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis) were measured at screening, on Day 1 of each period, and at the end-of-study visit (Table 1). Additional tests could be performed during the study according to the medical judgment of the Investigator. Blood samples were obtained in fasted conditions.
The following laboratory abnormalities were to be monitored, documented, and managed.
Heart rate, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic measurements), and body temperature were measured at screening, Day 1 of each period, and at the end-of-study visit. Heart rate and blood pressure were obtained after 10 minutes in the supine resting position and also after 3 minutes in the standing position.
A standard 12 lead ECG was recorded after at least 10 minutes in the supine position (10 second recording at 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV). Electrocardiogram parameters derived from automatic measurements were HR, PR, QRS, QT, and QTc.
Physical examination included heart and respiratory auscultation; peripheral arterial pulse; pupil, knee, Achilles, and plantar reflexes; peripheral lymph node examination; and abdominal examination.
The sampling times for blood collection can be found in the Period Flow Chart (Table 2).
The bioanalytical method used for measuring lixisenatide in plasma samples is described briefly in Table 3.
All plasma samples from subjects who had been treated with lixisenatide were analyzed. From subjects who had received placebo, only the sample taken 1.5 hours postdose (P03) were to be analyzed by the bioanalyst, who was unblinded prematurely for this.
Table 4 lists the main pharmacokinetic parameters, which were determined based on plasma concentrations of lixisenatide. Partial AUCs during the analysis of gallbladder emptying were added in order to be able to explore the respective influence of the exposure.
Standard measurements appropriate to assess the objectives were used in the study. The primary endpoint, GBEF, is commonly used to assess gall bladder emptying, and cholecystokinin-stimulated cholescintigraphy is used routinely for calculation of GBEF in the study of biliary dynamics and gallbladder motility.
Regular site monitoring ensured the quality of trial conduct. Management of clinical trial data was performed according to the following rules and procedures. Data entry, verification, and validation were carried out using standard computer software (Oracle® Clinical version 4.5.1); data were stored in an Oracle database on a digital VMS computer. A double-entry method was used to ensure that the data (except comments) were transferred accurately from the CRFs to the database. Moreover, every modification in the database could be traced using an audit trail. A data checking plan was established to define all automatic validation checks, as well as supplemental manual checks, to ensure data quality. All discrepancies were researched until resolved.
Sanofi-aventis conducted an Investigator meeting to develop a common understanding of the clinical study protocol, case report form, and study procedures as well as individual site initiation meeting.
Demographic data, date and time of administration, date and time of sampling, and concentrations were transferred electronically to the pharmacokinetic database from the Oracle Clinical and Watson databases. The transfer of the concentration data into Watson was quality control (QC)-checked; no discrepancies were determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters given in all tables are computer-generated. Concentration values below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were treated as zero in calculating mean values for the concentrations; for calculating pharmacokinetic parameters, they were treated as zero only if appearing before Cmax, otherwise as ‘missing’.
Mean calculations and their associated statistics were generated from unrounded numbers and may differ slightly from those values which would have been determined using rounded numbers. Once final pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, pharmacokinetic parameters were transferred electronically to the Biostatistics Department for further statistical. Concentration and pharmacokinetic parameter values were rounded to 3 significant figures in all tables of the report.
All raw data from the bioanalytical and pharmacokinetic sections of this study are held in the appropriate archive files.
Examples of gallbladder filling and emptying curves and GBEF (%) in a normal healthy subject under placebo and lixisenatide are provided (
Details of statistical methods are summarized as follows. The analysis of clinical data was performed under the responsibility of the sanofiaventis Biostatistics and Programming Department, using SAS® (SAS/Unix V9.2, SAS Institute, NC USA). The statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters was performed by the Drug Disposition Department, using Pharmacokinetic Data Management System (PKDMS) (in-house software version 2.0 with WinNonlin Professional® version 5.2.1).
All pharmacodynamic analyses were performed using the pharmacodynamic population.
The pharmacodynamic endpoints are the GBEF measured by cholescintigraphy at 60 minutes (primary variable) and 30 minutes (secondary variable) induced by a continuous infusion of 0.02 μg/kg CCK8. GBEF, provided by Quotient Clinical, is equal to the percentage change of net GB counts after administration of the stimulus.
GBEF at 60 minutes was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model:
GBEFat 60 min=Sequence+Period+Sex+Treatment+Error
with fixed terms for Sex, Sequence (“Lixisenatide—Placebo” versus “Placebo—Lixisenatide”), period (1 versus 2), and Treatment (Lixisenatide versus Placebo), and with an unstructured R matrix of treatment(i,j) variances and covariances for subject-within-sequence blocks, using SAS PROC MIXED.
Differences between treatment groups and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated within the linear mixed effects model framework. Noninferiority was demonstrated if the upper limit of the 2sided 95% CI for the absolute difference of GBEF between the 2 treatment groups (placebo minus lixisenatide) was less than 0.20 (or 20%).
It was explored graphically if GBEF at 60 minutes was normally distributed. In case of obvious deviation from the normal distribution, a nonparametric method was planned to be used.
For GBEF at 30 minutes, the same linear mixed effects model was carried out as described above to estimate the differences between treatment groups and corresponding 95% CIs. Likewise, a nonparametric approach was planned to be carried out if needed.
GBEF at 30 and 60 minutes were summarized by treatment group and listed by subject, sequence, and visit. The same descriptive statistics are provided by sex.
Boxplots for both endpoints are provided by treatment group; individual plots were also produced.
Additionally, GBEF data every 2 minutes after the start of CCK8 infusion were plotted individually by subject, summarized by median and mean plots by treatment group, and listed.
Within-subject, between-subject, and total standard deviations for GBEF at 30 and 60 minutes were estimated by equating observed and expected means squares within the following linear mixed effects model framework:
GBEFat 30 or 60 min=Sequence+Period+Sex+Treatment+Subject(Sequence)+Error
with fixed terms for Sex, Sequence (“Lixisenatide—Placebo” versus “Placebo—Lixisenatide”), period (1 versus 2), and Treatment (Lixisenatide versus Placebo), and a random effect for subject within sequence, using SAS PROC MIXED. The 90% CIs were computed using the simplex χ2 method for the within-subject SD and the GraybillWang procedure for the total SD (6).
A listing of GB cholescintigraphy data (GBEF values at 30 and 60 minutes, dates and times of cholescintigraphy) are provided by subject and sequence.
The safety evaluation was based on review of the individual values (clinically significant abnormalities), descriptive statistics (summary tables, graphics) and if needed on statistical analysis (appropriate estimations, confidence intervals). The safety analysis was conducted according to the sanofiaventis document “Summarizing and Reporting Clinical Pharmacology Trial Data.”
All safety analyses were performed using the safety population.
For all safety data, the observation period was divided into 3 segments:
All safety analyses were based on the on-treatment phase.
The definition of potentially clinical significant abnormalities (PCSA) list used in the statistical analysis of laboratory parameters, vital signs, and ECG data was version 2.0, dated 14 Sep. 2009.
Adverse events were coded according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA, version 13.0). They were classified into predefined standard categories according to chronological criteria:
TEAEs were assigned to the investigational product received at the time of adverse event onset (lixisenatide or placebo). If a TEAE developed on one treatment and worsened under a later treatment, it was considered treatment-emergent for both treatments.
If the start date (or time) of an adverse event was incomplete or missing, then the adverse event was considered as a TEAE in each period unless a partial date (or time) or comment showed it to be a pre or posttreatment event.
All adverse events reported in the study were listed on an individual basis with flags to indicate adverse event status. This listing was sorted by subject, treatment, onset date, and time. However, the analyses of adverse events focused on the TEAEs.
The numbers and percentages of subjects with any TEAE, any serious TEAE, any severe TEAE, any TEAE leading to permanent treatment discontinuation, or any TEAE leading to death (only if any occurred) were summarized by treatment group.
Subjects presenting TEAEs were listed sorted by treatment group, primary system organ class (SOC, sorted by MedDRA order) and preferred term (PT).
TEAEs were summarized by treatment group, tabulating:
Any death, SAE, or other significant adverse event was listed, sorted by subject, onset date, and time.
Any adverse event leading to permanent treatment discontinuation was listed, sorted by subject, onset date, and time.
Any cases of events potentially related to an allergic reaction were documented as adverse events with detailed complementary information.
A listing of individual data (separate from the listing of all adverse events, see Section 0) is provided, sorted by subject, onset date and time, irrespective of the definition of the on-treatment phase, including particularly a description of the adverse event, symptoms of the adverse event, possible etiologies, actions taken, vital signs measurements (at outset, during reaction, and at recovery) and a description of the allergic or allergic-like event.
The assessment of all these cases by the Allergic Reaction Assessment Committee (ARAC) was also listed, including particularly whether the event reported constituted an allergic reaction and if it did, its diagnosis and severity grade.
All cases are described in detail in the Clinical Study Report.
Subject and family allergic medical history, to be documented for subjects with any occurrence of potential allergic reaction, was coded according to the MedDRA version 13.0 and listed by subject.
Any cases of suspected pancreatitis were documented as adverse events with detailed complementary information.
A listing of individual data (separate from the listing of all adverse events, see Section 0) is provided, sorted by subject, onset date, and time, irrespective of the definition of the on-treatment phase, including particularly a description of the adverse event, values of amylase and lipase, the gastroenterologist's evaluation, and potential causes of the pancreatitis.
All cases are described in detail in the clinical study report.
Clinical laboratory safety (hematology, biochemistry, and urinalysis) was assessed on Day 1 of treatment Periods 1 and 2 and at the end-of-study visit. According to the study schedule, these safety parameters were not planned to be assessed during the on-treatment period.
Baseline values were the values collected on Day 1 in each treatment period. If any of the scheduled baseline tests were repeated for any subject, the last rechecked values were considered as baseline, provided the tests were done before the first investigational product administration and under the same conditions (eg, fasting for glucose).
Raw data for amylase and lipase were summarized in descriptive statistics by treatment group and timepoint.
The following listings are provided:
All qualitative and quantitative urinary test results (dipstick), including rechecked values, were listed.
Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured after 10 minutes in the supine resting position and after 3 minutes in standing position on Day 1 of treatment periods 1 and 2 and at the end-of-study visit. According to the study schedule, these safety parameters were not planned to be assessed during the on-treatment period.
The values used as baseline were the D1 assessment values of each treatment period. If any of the scheduled baseline tests were repeated for any subject, the last rechecked values were considered as baselines, provided the tests were done before the first investigational product administration.
For heart rate and blood pressures, raw data (supine and standing positions) were summarized in descriptive statistics, for each type of measurement (position), parameter, and timepoint.
The following listings are provided:
All individual data were listed.
Automatic reading ECG was performed on Day 1 of each treatment period and at the end-of-study visit. According to the study schedule, no on-treatment assessment was planned.
Heart rate and PR, QRS, QT, and corrected QTintervals (QTc) from automatic readings of the 12-lead ECG were analyzed as raw parameter values; baseline values were the Day 1 values of each period. If any of the scheduled baseline tests were repeated for any subject, the rechecked values were considered as baseline, provided the tests were performed before the first drug administration.
For all parameters, raw data were summarized in descriptive statistics, by treatment group and timepoint.
The following listings were provided:
All pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using the pharmacokinetic population.
At least the following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined on the day of dosing from plasma concentration data of lixisenatide using noncompartmental methods: Cmax, tmax, AUClast, AUC, and t1/2z.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were summarized by descriptive statistics (number of observations (N), arithmetic and geometric means, standard deviation (SD), standard error of the mean (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV %), median, minimum and maximum, and number of observations.
To support a PK/PD analysis, early partial AUCs were calculated (AUCt1-t2), with t1t2 of 02h, 1-2h, and 1h30.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
With a 2×2 crossover design, a total of 20 completed subjects (10 per sequence) was required to demonstrate for GBEF at 60 minutes that lixisenatide was not inferior to placebo by more than a 20% absolute difference (noninferiority margin) with a power of 90%, if the true within-subject SD is 0.10% and assuming the true difference between placebo and lixisenatide is at most 0.09%. To allow for dropouts, 24 subjects were to be enrolled in the study.
A total of 24 subjects were included, randomized, and exposed to the study treatment (Table 5), and all subjects completed the 2 study periods.
Deviations Relating to Selected Criteria and Resulting in Exclusion from the Pharmacodynamic Analyses
There were no protocol deviations that led to exclusion from the pharmacodynamic analyses. One deviation related to not meeting inclusion criterion 105 (QRS=122 msec) was not considered as clinically relevant.
There were no randomization irregularities during the study. All 24 subjects received investigational product (lixisenatide, placebo) and the radiolabel and CCK-8 were administered as planned.
Subject No. 826001012 did not seem to be exposed to lixisenatide in any trial periods according to his pharmacokinetic profiles. Several investigations were performed to rule out technical issues. These investigations were described in a Note to File.
Since no plausible explanation could be found for this observation, the subject was included in the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses.
No other important deviations were observed.
The blind was not broken during the study.
The safety, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic populations comprised 24 subjects (Table 6).
Demographic data for the safety population are summarized in Table 7. There were 15 male and 9 female subjects, aged between 35 and 62 years (mean age±SD: 47.8±7.9 years), and a mean body mass index of about 26 kg/m2. All subjects were of Caucasian origin except for 1 subject who was Black.
Demographic characteristics for male and female subjects are summarized in Table 8.
Medical history was obtained at screening for inclusion purposes only; no relevant medical history was recorded.
Not applicable. The study enrolled healthy subjects.
None
Prior and/or Concomitant Medication
There were no prior medications stopped before the study start. No concomitant medication was administered during the study.
There were 24 subjects who received the radiolabel, CCK8 infusion, and treatment with either lixisenatide or placebo for 1 day during both trial periods, as planned. The duration of CCK-8 infusion corresponded to the protocol-specified duration of 60 minutes for all subjects.
The parametric estimate of the mean difference between placebo and lixisenatide for the primary endpoint (GBEF at 60 minutes) is 45.80% (95% CI: 29.92; 61.68). The upper limit of the confidence interval is greater than 20%, indicating that noninferiority of lixisenatide versus placebo is not demonstrated (Table 9).
One subject (No. 826001012) did not seem to be exposed to lixisenatide in any trial periods according to his pharmacokinetic profiles. No plausible explanation was possible and hence the data of this subject have been included in the pharmacodynamic population. However, for information purposes, exclusion of this subject from the analysis had minimal impact on the outcome, as shown in Error! Reference source not found.
aMean is provided by LSM
bMean difference = LSM (Placebo) − LSM (Lixisenatide 20 μg)
The parametric estimate of the mean difference between placebo and lixisenatide for the secondary endpoint (GBEF at 30 minutes) is 41.43% (95% CI: 28.64; 54.23) (Table 10).
Table 17 shows the GBEF at 30 minutes without data from the subject who seemed to be not exposed to lixisenatide in any trial period (see Section 0).
aMean is provided by LSM
bMean difference = LSM (Placebo) − LSM (Lixisenatide 20 μg)
Descriptive statistics for GBEF are summarized in Table 11.
The mean (SEM) GBEFs (%) at 30 and 60 minutes after placebo administration were 59.80 (5.67) and 84.95 (4.20), respectively. Thirty and 60 minutes after a single administration of lixisenatide, the mean GBEFs were 17.97 (3.35) and 39.01 (5.85), respectively (Table 11).
Box plots of GBEF at 30 and 60 minutes after placebo and lixisenatide administration are presented in
Plots of mean and median GBEF every 2 minutes during CCK-8 infusion under each treatment are provided in
A single administration of 20 μg lixisenatide significantly reduced GB emptying expressed as GBEF (%) in response to CCK8 compared to placebo at 60 minutes by 45.8% (absolute difference: 95% CI: 29.92; 61.68). Noninferiority of lixisenatide versus placebo was not demonstrated.
The design of this study and the sample size calculation were based on the methodology reported in published literature (5). Using the same dose and duration of infusion of CCK8, this published study reported that in normal healthy subjects the mean GBEF percentages at 30 and 60 minutes were 64% (±23%) and 84% (±16%), respectively. In the PDY11431 study, the GBEF values under placebo were in line with what was expected and were at normal levels (˜40% at 60 minutes) in 23 of the 24 subjects. The exception was Subject No. 826001001 who exhibited a GBEF of only 17% at 60 minutes after the start of CCK8 infusion following the administration of placebo. This does not appear to be indicative of consistent functional disorder in this subject, since under lixisenatide the GBEF at 60 minutes was 75.1%.
Under lixisenatide, 22 out of 24 subjects had a GBEF at 60 minutes that was lower than the GBEF under placebo at 60 minutes; for another subject, GBEFs under lixisenatide and placebo were equal. GBEF at 60 minutes was below the lower limit of normal (˜40%) in 13 out of 24 subjects.
All 24 included subjects received either a single dose of 20 μg lixisenatide or placebo during each period of the study and completed the study as planned.
No severe TEAEs, treatment-emergent SAEs, or TEAEs leading to study treatment discontinuation were reported during the study.
On lixisenatide treatment, 4 out of 24 (16.7%) subjects experienced at least 1 TEAE compared to 1 out of 24 (4.2%) subjects treated with placebo. All TEAEs were of mild or moderate intensity.
There were no reported allergic adverse events that required a review by the Allergic Reaction Assessment Committee and no cases of suspected pancreatitis.
The number and percentage of subjects with TEAEs are summarized in Table 13 by treatment group, primary system organ class, and preferred term. All adverse events, described both by the preferred term and the original term used by the Investigator, are provided.
TEAEs in subjects receiving lixisenatide were mainly from the gastrointestinal disorders SOC. The most commonly reported TEAE was nausea, which was reported in 3 subjects (Table 13). All TEAEs were either mild or moderate in intensity.
One subject (No. 826001005) experienced an episode of mild vomiting that occurred about 5 hours after lixisenatide administration and 4 hours after commencement of CCK infusion and was assessed as possibly related to lixisenatide and CCK8 treatment. The symptoms lasted about 5 minutes and resolved without treatment.
One subject (No. 826001021) experienced an infection site hematoma 1 day after lixisenatide administration that was considered as possibly related to lixisenatide by the Investigator. The hematoma was of mild intensity and gradually resolved over the following 11 days.
One subject (No. 826001013) experienced abdominal pain 6 days after lixisenatide administration and was considered as a posttreatment adverse event. The subject was noted to have mild tenderness on deep inspiration and palpation at the right costal margin at the follow-up physical examination. The subject did not observe any abdominal discomfort apart from deep palpation. The remainder of the abdominal examination was normal as were safety laboratory evaluations. The symptoms were fully resolved 2 days later without treatment. This event was considered as possibly related to lixisenatide and CCK-8 administration by the Investigator.
No adverse event led to a global score of ≧3 according to the evaluation of skin responses scale.
A total of 10 adverse events in 8 subjects were documented during the study: 1 pretreatment adverse event, 6 treatment-emergent adverse events, and 3 posttreatment adverse events. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (5 adverse events), followed by general disorders (2 adverse events), injury, poisoning and procedural disorders (2 adverse events), and skin and subcutaneous tissues disorders (1 adverse event).
A listing of adverse events (preferred terms) per subject (treatment group) is given below.
No deaths were reported during the study.
There were no serious adverse events reported during the study.
There were no adverse events that led to withdrawal from the study, and no significant adverse events were reported.
A subject listing of all laboratory values and all possibly clinically significant abnormalities (PCSA) laboratory values is provided.
Only individual data for laboratory values were analyzed.
There were a few PCSAs in potassium, glucose, neutrophils, and eosinophils on Period 2, Day −1 and at the end-of-study visit. A few subjects had lipase values>2×ULN but rechecked values were within the normal range. There were no reports of PCSAs for liver function, renal function, platelets, or coagulation.
No clinically relevant abnormalities in laboratory values were reported during the study.
Subject listings of all vital signs data are provided.
Descriptive statistics for vital signs data are provided.
One subject (No. 826001004) who was randomized in the sequence placebo-lixisenatide experienced an orthostatic decrease in SBP (standing-supine SBP≦20 mm Hg) at the end-of-study visit. No other PCSAs were observed during the study.
No clinically relevant abnormalities in vital signs were reported during the study.
Subject listings of all ECG data are provided.
Descriptive statistics for ECG data are provided.
There was no subject with a PCSA for QTc≧500 ms (Table 14).
Subject No. 826001006, a 44 year old male, had a normal QTc of 418 ms at baseline of Period 2. Four (4) days after he had received a single subcutaneous administration of 20 μg lixisenatide, he had an asymptomatic PCSA for prolonged QTc of 452 ms (rechecked value 455 ms) at the end-of-study visit, corresponding to an increase of 34 ms from baseline (Table 14).
Subject No. 826001017, a 43 year old male in the treatment sequence placebo-lixisenatide, had an asymptomatic PCSA for prolonged QTc of 459 ms (rechecked value 436 ms) at baseline of Period 2. The QTc value at the end-of-study visit was normal (409 ms).
No clinically relevant abnormalities in ECG values were reported during the study.
Overall, the administration of 20 μg lixisenatide was well tolerated in healthy subjects. There were no serious adverse events and no withdrawals from the study due to TEAEs.
On lixisenatide treatment, 4 out of 24 (16.7%) subjects experienced at least 1 TEAE compared to 1 out of 24 (4.2%) subjects treated with placebo. All TEAEs were of mild intensity and resolved without corrective treatment. The TEAEs in subjects administered lixisenatide were mainly from the gastrointestinal disorders SOC, such as nausea (3 subjects out of 24) and vomiting (1 subject out of 24).
There were no clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters. No PCSAs were observed in liver and renal function.
There were no clinically significant findings in vital signs and ECG parameters. No subject had a QTc≧500 ms. One male subject who received lixisenatide during Period 2 had a prolonged QTc of 452 ms corresponding to an increase from baseline of 34 ms at the end-of-study visit (4 days after lixisenatide administration). Another subject who received placebo during Period 1 had a QTc of +459 ms on Day −1 at Period 2. The QTc value at the endofstudy visit was normal (409 ms).
No adverse events related to an allergic reaction or suspected pancreatitis were reported.
The bioanalytical report for the lixisenatide assay will be available at a later date. Different from the original plan, erroneously all samples from the placebo arm were analyzed.
Individual lixisenatide plasma concentrations and descriptive statistics are provided. Individual lixisenatide plasma concentrations versus time curves are calculated, and superimposed curves for lixisenatide plasma concentrations versus time are calculated.
All blood samples were collected within ±15% of the scheduled sampling times.
Except in one case, the samples taken prior to the lixisenatide dose had concentrations for lixisenatide below LLOQ (12 pg/mL) (for Subject No. 826001010 a value>LLOQ (19.9 pg/mL) was determined predose). In 2 cases subjects who received placebo showed isolated values>LLOQ (Subject No. 826001005 @ T1h30, 12.1 pg/mL and Subject No. 826001023 @ T10h, 18.2 pg/m) whereas the other measurable samples of their profiles were <LLOQ.
For Subject No. 826001012 in both trial periods (placebo and lixisenatide) all samples were below LLOQ, a reason for this could not be found. As a consequence, no pharmacokinetic parameters could be calculated for this subject.
Mean (SD) plasma lixisenatide concentration-time profiles for the lixisenatide treatments are shown in
Individual pharmacokinetic analyses of lixisenatide plasma pharmacokinetic data obtained after a single administration of 20 μg lixisenatide and the corresponding descriptive statistics are provided.
A summary of the descriptive statistics for lixisenatide pharmacokinetic data is given in Table 15.
aNo parameters could be calculated for 1 subject (Subject No. 826001012; see Section 0
b Median
After subcutaneous dosing of 20 μg lixisenatide, the mean peak exposure (Cmax) was 104 pg/mL and appeared after 2 hours (median). The overall exposure (AUC) as mean was 634 pg*h/mL, and the mean exposure during the interval for the primary endpoint for gallbladder emptying (AUC12h) was 87.3 pg*h/mL.
Not applicable
After subcutaneous dosing of 20 μg lixisenatide, the mean peak-exposure (Cmax) was 104 pg/mL and appeared after 2 hours (median). The overall exposure (AUC) as mean was 634 pg*h/mL, and the mean exposure during the interval for the primary endpoint for gallbladder emptying (AUC12h) was 87.3 pg*h/mL.
In this placebo-controlled crossover study, subcutaneous administration of a single dose of lixisenatide 20 m in healthy subjects significantly reduced GB emptying expressed as GBEF(%) in response to CCK-8 at 30 and 60 minutes. Non-inferiority of lixisenatide versus placebo after 60 minutes of CCK-8 infusion was not demonstrated.
Treatment with lixisenatide resulted in maximum plasma concentrations 2 hours after injection. The overall exposure (AUC) as mean was 634 pg*h/mL, and the mean exposure during the interval for the primary endpoint for gallbladder emptying (AUC12h) was 87.3 pg*h/mL.
Lixisenatide was overall well tolerated and was assessed to be safe in the 24 subjects studied. The most frequent adverse event was nausea. None of the adverse events was severe or serious.
aMean is provided by LSM
bMean difference = LSM (Placebo) − LSM (Lixisenatide 20 μg)
aMean is provided by LSM
bMean difference = LSM (Placebo) − LSM (Lixisenatide 20 μg)
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11183867.8 | Oct 2011 | EP | regional |
