Patent Application
20070042451
The present invention relates to the use of the glycine decarboxylase complex, which, when absent, brings about reduced growth and chlorotic leaves as target for herbicides. For this purpose, novel nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO:1 and functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:1 are provided. Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of the glycine decarboxylase complex and its functional equivalents in a method for identifying compounds with herbicidal or growth-regulatory activity, and to the use of these compounds identified by the method as herbicides or growth regulators.
The basic principle of identifying herbicides via the inhibition of a defined target is known (for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,071, WO 98/33925, WO 00/77185). In general, there is a great demand for the detection of enzymes which might constitute novel targets for herbicides. The reasons are resistance problems which occur with herbicidal active ingredients which act on known targets, and the ongoing endeavor to identify novel herbicidal active ingredients which are distinguished by as wide as possible a spectrum of action, ecological and toxicological acceptability and/or low application rates.
In practice, the detection of novel targets entails great difficulties since the inhibition of an enzyme which forms part of a metabolic pathway frequently has no further effect on the growth of the plant. This may be attributed to the fact that the plant switches to alternative metabolic pathways whose existence is not known or that the inhibited enzyme is not limiting for the metabolic pathway. Furthermore, plant genomes are distinguished by a high degree of functional redundancy. Functionally equivalent enzymes are found more frequently in gene families in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome than in insects or mammals (Nature, 2000, 408(6814):796-815). This hypothesis is confirmed experimentally by the fact that comprehensive gene knock-out programs by T-DNA or transposon insertion into Arabidopsis yielded fewer manifested phenotypes to date than expected (Curr. Op. Plant Biol. 4, 2001, pp. 111-117).
It is an object of the present invention to identify novel targets which are essential for the growth of plants or whose inhibition leads to reduced plant growth, and to provide methods which are suitable for identifying herbicidally active and/or growth-regulatory compounds.
We have found that this object is achieved by the use of the glycine decarboxylase complex in a method for identifying herbicides.
Further terms used in the description are now defined at this point.
“Affinity tag”: this refers to a peptide or polypeptide whose coding nucleic acid sequence can be fused to the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention either directly or by means of a linker, using customary cloning techniques. The affinity tag serves for the isolation, concentration and/or selective purification of the recombinant target protein by means of affinity chromatography from total cell extracts. The abovementioned linker can advantageously contain a protease cleavage site (for example for thrombin or factor Xa), whereby the affinity tag can be cleaved from the target protein when required. Examples of common affinity tags are the “His tag”, for example from Quiagen, Hilden, “Strep tag”, the “Myc tag” (Invitrogen, Carlsberg), the tag from New England Biolabs which consists of a chitin-binding domain and an inteine, the maltose-binding protein (pMal) from New England Biolabs, and what is known as the CBD tag from Novagen. In this context, the affinity tag can be attached to the 5′ or the 3′ end of the coding nucleic acid sequence with the sequence encoding the target protein.
“Activity”: the term “activity” describes the ability of an enzyme to convert a substrate into a product. The activity can be determined in what is known as an activity assay via the increase in the product, the decrease in the substrate (or starting material) or the decrease in a specific cofactor, or via a combination of at least two of the abovementioned parameters, as a function of a defined period of time.
“Activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex” in this context refers to the ability of an enzyme to catalyze the conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide, ammonium, water and a methylene group which is transferred to tetrahydrofolate, accompanied with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH+H+.
The reaction can be measured for example on the isolated glycine decarboxylase complex in the presence of NAD+, glycine and tetrahydrofolate by photometrically detecting the formation of NADH at 340 nm.
In the present context, “activity of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex” refers to the ability of an enzyme to react with glycine with the simultaneous elimination of carbon dioxide and water, while forming an aminomethyl group.
In the present context, “activity of the subunit L of the glycine decarboxylase complex” refers to the ability of an enzyme to oxidize a dihydrolipoic acid prosthetic group of the H subunit of the glycine decarboxylase complex while converting NAD+ into NADH and H+ into lipoic acid.
In the present context, “activity of the subunit T of the glycine decarboxylase complex” refers to the ability of an enzyme to react with the aminomethyl group of the lipoic acid adduct in the subunit H of the glycine decarboxylase complex, thereby transferring a methylene group to tetrahydrofolate with the simultaneous elimination of an ammonium ion, and leaving a dihydrolipoic acid prosthetic group at the H subunit of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
In the present context, “activity of the subunit H of the glycine decarboxylase complex” refers to the ability of an enzyme to covalently bind an aminomethyl group to a lipoic acid prosthetic group and to pass the latter to the subunit T of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
“Expression cassette”: an expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention linked operably to at least one genetic control element, such as a promoter, and, advantageously, a further control element, such as a terminator. The nucleic acid sequence of the expression cassette can be for example a genomic or complementary DNA sequence or an RNA sequence, and their semisynthetic or fully synthetic analogs. These sequences can exist in linear or circular form, extrachromosomally or integrated into the genome. The nucleic acid sequences in question can be synthesized or obtained naturally or comprise a mixture of synthetic and natural DNA components, or else consist of various heterologous gene segments of various organisms.
Artificial nucleic acid sequences are also suitable in this context as long as they make possible the expression, in a cell or an organism, of a polypeptide with the activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex, which polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention. For example, synthetic nucleotide sequences can be generated which have been optimized with regard to the codon usage of the organisms to be transformed.
All of the abovementioned nucleotide sequences can be generated from the nucleotide units by chemical synthesis in the manner known per se, for example by fragment condensation of individual overlapping complementary nucleotide units of the double helix. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized chemically for example in the manner known per se using the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd Edition, Wiley Press New York, pp. 896-897). When preparing an expression cassette, various DNA fragments can be manipulated in such a way that a nucleotide sequence with the correct direction of reading and the correct reading frame is obtained. The nucleic acid fragments are linked with each other via general cloning techniques as are described, for example, in T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), in T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Berman and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and in Ausubel, F. M. et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1994).
“Operable linkage”: an operable, or functional, linkage is understood as meaning the sequential arrangement of regulatory sequences or genetic control elements in such a way that each of the regulatory sequences, or each of the genetic control elements, can fulfill its intended function when the coding sequence is expressed.
“Functional equivalents” describe, in the present context, nucleic acid sequences which hybridize under standard conditions with a nucleic acid sequence (here: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:9) or parts of a nucleic acid sequence (here: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:9) and which are capable of bringing about the expression, in a cell or an organism, of at least one polypeptide with the activity of a subunit P, H, L or T of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
To carry out the hybridization, it is advantageous to use short oligonucleotides with a length of approximately 10-50 bp, preferably 15-40 bp, for example of the conserved or other regions, which can be determined in the manner with which the skilled worker is familiar by comparisons with other related genes. However, longer fragments of the nucleic acids according to the invention with a length of 100-500 bp, or the complete sequences, may also be used for hybridization. Depending on the nucleic acid/oligonucleotide used, the length of the fragment or the complete sequence, or depending on which type of nucleic acid, i.e. DNA or RNA, is being used for the hybridization, these standard conditions vary. Thus, for example, the melting temperatures for DNA:DNA hybrids are approximately 10° C. lower than those of DNA:RNA hybrids of the same length.
Standard hybridization conditions are to be understood as meaning, depending on the nucleic acid, for example temperatures of between 42 and 58° C. in an aqueous buffer solution with a concentration of between 0.1 and 5×SSC (1×SSC=0.15 M NaCl, 15 mM sodium citrate, pH 7.2) or additionally in the presence of 50% formamide, such as, for example, 42° C. in 5×SSC, 50% formamide. The hybridization conditions for DNA:DNA hybrids are advantageously 0.1×SSC and temperatures of between approximately 20° C. and 65° C., preferably between approximately 30° C. and 45° C. In the case of DNA:RNA hybrids, the hybridization conditions are advantageously 0.1×SSC and temperatures of between approximately 30° C. and 65° C., preferably between approximately 45° C. and 55° C. These hybridization temperatures which have been stated are melting temperature values which have been calculated by way of example for a nucleic acid with a length of approx. 100 nucleotides and a G+C content of 50% in the absence of formamide. The experimental conditions for DNA hybridization are described in relevant textbooks of genetics such as, for example, in Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989, and can be calculated using formulae with which the skilled worker is familiar, for example as a function of the length of nucleic acids, the type of the hybrids or the G+C content. The skilled worker will find further information on hybridization in the following textbooks: Ausubel et al. (eds), 1985, “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Hames and Higgins (eds.), 1985, “Nucleic Acids Hybridization: A Practical Approach”, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford; Brown (ed.), 1991, Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford.
A functional equivalent is furthermore also understood as meaning nucleic acid sequences having a defined degree of homology or identity with a certain nucleic acid sequence (“original nucleic acid sequence”) and which have the same activity as the original nucleic acid sequences, furthermore in particular also natural or artificial mutations of these nucleic acid sequences.
The present invention also encompasses, for example, those nucleotide sequences which are obtained by modification of the abovementioned nucleic acid sequences. For example, such modifications can be generated by techniques with which the skilled worker is familiar, such as “Site Directed Mutagenesis”, “Error Prone PCR”, “DNA-shuffling” (Nature 370, 1994, pp. 389-391) or “Staggered Extension Process” (Nature Biotechnol. 16, 1998, pp. 258-261). The aim of such a modification can be, for example, the insertion of further cleavage sites for restriction enzymes, the removal of DNA in order to truncate the sequence, the substitution of nucleotides to optimize the codons, or the addition of further sequences. Proteins which are encoded via modified nucleic acid sequences must retain the desired functions despite a deviating nucleic acid sequence.
Functional equivalents thus comprise naturally occurring variants of the herein-described sequences and artificial nucleic acid sequences, for example those which have been obtained by chemical synthesis and which are adapted to the codon usage, and also the amino acid sequences derived from them.
“Genetic control sequence” describes sequences which have an effect on the transcription and, if appropriate, translation of the nucleic acids according to the invention in prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms. Examples thereof are promoters, terminators or what are known as “enhancer” sequences. In addition to these control sequences, or instead of these sequences, the natural regulation of these sequences may still be present before the actual structural genes and may, if appropriate, have been genetically modified in such a way that the natural regulation has been switched off and the expression of the target gene has been modified, that is to say increased or reduced. The choice of the control sequence depends on the host organism or starting organism. Genetic control sequences furthermore also comprise the 5′-untranslated region, introns or the noncoding 3′-region of genes. Control sequences are furthermore understood as meaning those which make possible homologous recombination or insertion into the genome of a host organism or which permit removal from the genome. Genetic control sequences also comprise further promoters, promoter elements or minimal promoters, and sequences which have an effect on the chromatin structure (for example matrix attachment regions (MARs)), which can modify the expression-governing properties. Thus, genetic control sequences may bring about for example the additional dependence of the tissue-specific expression on certain stress factors. Such elements have been described, for example, for water stress, abscisic acid (Lam E and Chua N H, J Biol Chem 1991; 266(26): 17131-17135), chill and drought stress (Plant Cell 1994, (6): 251-264) and heat stress (Molecular & General Genetics, 1989, 217(2-3): 246-53).
“Homology” between two nucleic acid sequences or polypeptide sequences is defined by the identity of the nucleic acid sequence/polypeptide sequence over in each case the entire sequence length, which is calculated by alignment with the aid of the GAP alignment (Needleman and Wunsch 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48; 443-453), setting the following parameters for nucleic acids:
In the following text, the term identity is also used synonymously with the term “homologous” or “homology”.
“Mutations” of nucleic or amino acid sequences comprise substitutions, additions, deletions, inversions or insertions of one or more nucleotide residues, which may also bring about changes in the corresponding amino acid sequence of the target protein by substitution, insertion or deletion of one or more amino acids, although the functional properties of the target protein are, overall, essentially retained.
“Natural genetic environment” means the natural chromosomal locus in the organism of origin. In the case of a genomic library, the natural genetic environment of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably retained at least in part. The environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least at the 5′- or 3′-side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp, preferably at least 100 bp, especially preferably at least 500 bp, very especially preferably at least 1000 bp, and most preferably at least 5000 bp.
“Plants” for the purposes of the invention are plant cells, plant tissues, plant organs, or intact plants, such as seeds, tubers, flowers, pollen, fruits, seedlings, roots, leaves, stems or other plant parts. Moreover, the term plants is understood as meaning propagation material such as seeds, fruits, seedlings, slips, tubers, cuttings or root stocks.
“Reaction time” refers to the time required for carrying out an assay for determining the enzymatic activity until a significant finding regarding an enzymatic activity is obtained and it depends both on the specific activity of the protein employed in the assay and on the method used and the sensitivity of the instruments used. The skilled worker is familiar with the determination of the reaction times. In the case of methods for identifying herbicidally active compounds which are based on photometry, the reaction times are, for example, generally between >0 to 120 minutes.
“Recombinant DNA” describes a combination of DNA sequences which can be generated by recombinant DNA technology.
“Recombinant DNA technology”: generally known techniques for fusing DNA sequences (for example described in Sambrook et al., 1989, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press).
“Replication origins” ensure the multiplication of the expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention in microorganisms and yeasts, for example the pBR322 ori or the P15A ori in E. coli (Sambrook et al.: “Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual”, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and the ARS1 ori in yeast (Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, 28(10): 2060-2068).
“Reporter genes” encode readily quantifiable proteins. The transformation efficacy or the expression site or timing can be assessed by means of these genes via growth assay, fluorescence assay, chemoluminescence assay, bioluminescence assay or resistance assay or via a photometric measurement (intrinsic color) or enzyme activity. Very especially preferred in this context are reporter proteins (Schenborn E, Groskreutz D. Mol Biotechnol. 1999; 13(1):29-44) such as the “green fluorescence protein” (GFP) (Gerdes H H and Kaether C, FEBS Lett. 1996; 389(1):44-47; Chui W L et al., Curr Biol 1996, 6:325-330; Leffel S M et al., Biotechniques. 23(5):912-8, 1997), chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, a luciferase (Giacomin, Plant Sci 1996, 116:59-72; Scikantha, J Bact 1996, 178:121; Millar et al., Plant Mol Biol Rep 1992 10:324-414), and luciferase genes, in general β-galactosidase or β-glucuronidase (Jefferson et al., EMBO J. 1987, 6, 3901-3907) or the Ura3 gene.
“Selection markers” confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxic compounds: examples which may be mentioned in this context are the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin (G 418), kanamycin, paromycin (Deshayes A et al., EMBO J. 4 (1985) 2731-2737), the sul gene, which encodes a mutated dihydropteroate synthase (Guerineau F et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 1990; 15(1):127-136), the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (Gen Bank Accession NO: K 01193) and the shble resistance gene, which confers resistance to the bleomycin antibiotics such as zeocin. Further examples of selection marker genes are genes which confer resistance to 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (WO 98/45456) or phosphinothricin and the like, or those which confer a resistance to antimetabolites, for example the dhfr gene (Reiss, Plant Physiol. (Life Sci. Adv.) 13 (1994) 142-149). Examples of other genes which are suitable are trpB or hisD (Hartman S C and Mulligan R C, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85 (1988) 8047-8051). Another suitable gene is the mannose phosphate isomerase gene (WO 94/20627), the ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) gene (McConlogue, 1987 in: Current Communications in Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed.) or the Aspergillus terreus deaminase (Tamura K et al., Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 59 (1995) 2336-2338).
“Transformation” describes a process for introducing heterologous DNA into a pro- or eukaryotic cell. The term transformed cell describes not only the product of the transformation process per se, but also all of the transgenic progeny of the transgenic organism generated by the transformation.
“Target/target protein”: a polypeptide encoded via the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, which may take the form of an enzyme in the traditional sense or, for example, of a structural protein, a protein relevant for developmental processes, regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, channel subunits, transport proteins, regulatory subunits which confer substrate or activity regulation to an enzyme complex. All of the targets or sites of action share the characteristic that their functional presence is essential for survival or normal development and growth.
“Transgenic”: referring to a nucleic acid sequence, an expression cassette or a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention or an organism transformed with the abovementioned nucleic acid sequence, expression cassette or vector, the term transgenic describes all those constructs which have been generated by genetic engineering methods in which either the nucleic acid sequence of the target protein or a genetic control sequence linked operably to the nucleic acid sequence of the target protein or a combination of the abovementioned possibilities are not in their natural genetic environment or have been modified by recombinant methods. In this context, the modification can be achieved, for example, by mutating one or more nucleotide residues of the nucleic acid sequence in question.
The following sequences are referred to in the present application:
The degradation of glycine in the mitochondria is of particular importance in plants. During photosynthesis, the oxygenase side-reaction of ribulose-bisphosphate decarboxylase (Rubisco) leads to the formation of 2-phosphoglycolate, which must be metabolized in the photorespiratory pathway with the consumption of ATP in order to prevent photoinhibition. The glycine, which is formed during photorespiration in the peroxysomes, is converted by the glycine decarboxylase complex. The glycine decarboxylase complex is composed of four enzyme subunits, viz. subunit P, subunit H, subunit L and subunit T proteins. The P subunit activates the glycine in the initial step by binding to a pyridoxal phosphate and decarboxylates it with elimination of CO2. The aminomethyl group which remains is transferred to the dihydrolipoic acid group of the H subunit. A C, unit is transferred to the tetrahydrofolate group of the T subunit, with elimination of NH4+. The restored, reduced dihydrolipoic acid group is reoxidized with the aid of the L subunit, with reduction of NAD. Finally, the C1 unit is transferred to glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase, giving rise to serine.
The importance of photorespiration for normal plant growth was confirmed using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (Somerville and Ogren 1982, Biochemical Journal 202, pp. 373 et seq.) which had no measurable activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex in mitochondria. However, since these mutants were not characterized genetically, it is unclear whether this effect is to be attributed to the inactivation of the glycine decarboxylase complex. These mutants are only viable under high CO2 concentrations. Under these conditions, the oxygenase reaction of Rubisco is greatly restrained so that no photorespiration is required.
The specific importance of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex was studied by means of antisense inhibition of the subunit P in potato. These plants have an approximately 50% reduced activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex and an increased glycine concentration, but a pronounced effect on the vitality of the plants was not found (Heineke et al 2001, Planta 212, pp. 880 et seq., Winzer et al. 2001, Annals of Applied Biology 138, pp. 9 et seq.). Furthermore, barley mutants with approximately 50% less H protein and GDC activity show neither discernible growth problems nor increased glycine concentrations.
Surprisingly, it has been found within the context of the present invention that plants in which the expression of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex was reduced in a specific manner, had phenotypes which are comparable with phenotypes generated by herbicide application. Symptoms observed were drastically retarded growth and damage such as chloroses and necroses.
The toxin victorine from the fungus Cochliobolus victoriae has been described as an inhibitor of the GDC activity. Upon infection by the fungus, bleaching of the leaf tissue is observed at the infection site. The H protein of the glycine decarboxylase complex was identified as the binding site of this naturally occurring substance, which is approximately 900 daltons in size. Victorine leads to the in vitro inhibition of the GDC activity (Navarre and Wolpert 1995, The Plant Cell 7, pp. 463 et seq.).
The present invention relates to the use of the glycine decarboxylase complex in a method for identifying herbicides, which complex consists of the subunits P, L (E.C. 1.8.1.4), T (E.C. 2.1.2.10) and H, or the subunit P, L, H or T, preferably the use of the glycine decarboxylase complex or the use of the subunit P.
Especially preferred in this context is the use of the glycine decarboxylase complex, wherein
Furthermore preferred is the use of a subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex as defined in (a) iii) or that of a subunit L of the glycine decarboxylase complex as defined in (b) iii)) or that of a subunit T of the glycine decarboxylase complex as defined in (c) iii)). Especially preferred in this context is the use of a subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex as defined in (d) iii)).
Referring to nucleic acid sequences, the term “comprising” or “to comprise” means that the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention may have additional nucleic acid sequences at the 3′ and/or the 5′ end, the length of the additional nucleic acid sequences not exceeding 500 bp at the 5′ end and 500 bp at the 3′ end of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention, preferably 250 bp at the 5′ end and 250 bp at the 3′ end, very especially preferably 100 bp at the 5′ end and 100 bp at the 3′ end.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:3 according to the invention, as defined in a) iii), have at least 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65% or 66%, by preference at least 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with the SEQ ID NO:3.
Examples of suitable functional equivalents as defined in a iii) are also the plant nucleic acid sequences encoding the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex from
Tritordeum (Gen Bank Acc. No. AF024589), Avena sativa (Gen Bank Acc. No. U11693),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY128922),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. BT000446),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY091186),
Flayeria anomala (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99762),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z36879),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z54239),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z25857),
Flayeria trinervia (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99767),
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. X59773),
Solanum tuberosum (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99770) and
Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar-group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY346327)
All of the abovementioned sequences are likewise subject matter of the present invention.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:5 according to the invention, as defined in b) iii), have at least 69%, by preference at least 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:5.
Examples of suitable functional equivalents as defined in b) iii) are also the plant nucleic acid sequences encoding the subunit L of the glycine decarboxylase complex from
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AF228640),
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Gen Bank Acc. No. AB060811),
Solanum tuberosum (Gen Bank Acc. No. AF295339),
Lycopersicon esculentum (Gen Bank Acc. No. AF542182),
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. X62995) and
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. X63464)
All of the abovementioned sequences are likewise subject matter of the present invention.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:7 according to the invention, as defined in c) iii), have at least 68% or 69%, by preference at least 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:7.
Examples of suitable functional equivalents as defined in c) iii) are also the plant nucleic acid sequences encoding the subunit T of the glycine decarboxylase complex from
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z25861),
Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AK059270),
Flayeria anomala (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z71184) or
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z25858)
All of the abovementioned sequences are likewise subject matter of the present invention.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:9 according to the invention, as defined in d) iii), have at least 64%, 65% or 66%, by preference at least 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:9.
Examples of suitable functional equivalents as defined in d) iii) are also the plant nucleic acid sequences encoding the subunit H of the glycine decarboxylase complex from
Oryza sativa (indica cultivar group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AF022731),
Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AK058606),
Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AK062851),
Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AK071621),
Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar group) (Gen Bank Acc. No. AK104840),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AF385740),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY050446),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY078028),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY086345),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY089054),
Arabidopsis thaliana (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY097349),
Triticum aestivum (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY123417),
Flayeria anomala (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z37524),
Flayeria anomala (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99530),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z25855),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z25856),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z37522), Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99763),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99764),
Flayeria pringlei (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z99765),
Flayeria trinervia (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z37523),
Flayeria trinervia (Gen Bank Acc. No. Z48797),
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Gen Bank Acc. No. U79768),
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. J05164),
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. X64726),
Pisum sativum (Gen Bank Acc. No. X53656) and
Populus tremuloides (Gen Bank Acc. No. AY369261).
All of the abovementioned sequences are likewise subject matter of the present invention.
Especially preferred is the use of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex which is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence as defined in a) i), ii) and iii).
All of the abovementioned nucleic acid sequences are preferably derived from a plant.
Furthermore provided in this context are plant nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide with the activity of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex comprising:
The abovementioned term “nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide with the activity of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex comprising” is understood as meaning nucleic acid sequences which have a nucleic acid sequence as defined in a), b) or c) and which may have additional nucleic acid sequences at the 3′ and/or at the 5′ end, the length of the additional nucleic acid sequences not exceeding 3500 bp at the 5′ end and 500 bp at the 3′ end of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention, preferably 3100 bp at the 5′ end and 250 bp at the 3′ end, especially preferably 2900 bp at the 5′ end and 100 bp at the 3′ end.
These nucleic acid sequences likewise constitute suitable functional equivalents as defined in a) iii).
The polypeptides encoded by the abovementioned nucleic acid sequences are likewise claimed. The functional equivalents as defined in c) are distinguished by identical functionality, i.e. they have the enzymatic, preferably biological, activity of a glyoxysomal GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC.
The functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:1 according to the invention have at least 89%, by preference at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, especially preferably at least 97%, 98%, 99%, identity with SEQ ID NO:1.
The term “nucleic acid sequence(s) according to the invention” used hereinafter stands for (a) nucleic acid sequence(s) encoding one or more subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex or nucleic acid sequences encoding the entire glycine decarboxylase complex, preferably (a) nucleic acid sequence(s) encoding one or more subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex or nucleic acid sequences encoding the entire glycine decarboxylase complex, wherein
The subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex is preferably by
For the sake of simplicity, the glycine decarboxylase complex encoded by nucleic acid sequences according to the invention is hereinbelow referred to as “GDC”. The subunits P, L, T or H encoded by a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention are hereinbelow referred to as P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC.
The gene products of the nucleic acids according to the invention constitute novel targets for herbicides, which make possible the provision of novel herbicides for controlling undesired plants. Moreover, the gene products of the nucleic acids according to the invention constitute novel targets for growth regulators which make possible the provision of novel growth regulators for regulating the growth of plants. The use as target for herbicides is preferred in this context.
Undesired plants are understood as meaning, in the broadest sense, all those plants which grow at locations where they are undesired, for example:
Dicotyledonous weeds of the genera: Sinapis, Lepidium, Galium, Stellaria, Matricaria, Anthemis, Galinsoga, Chenopodium, Urtica, Senecio, Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xanthium, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polygonum, Sesbania, Ambrosia, Cirsium, Carduus, Sonchus, Solanum, Rorippa, Rotala, Lindernia, Lamium, Veronica, Abutilon, Emex, Datura, Viola, Galeopsis, Papaver, Centaurea, Trifolium, Ranunculus, Taraxacum.
Monocotyledonous weeds from the genera: Echinochloa, Setaria, Panicum, Digitaria, Phleum, Poa, Festuca, Eleusine, Brachiaria, Lolium, Bromus, Avena, Cyperus, Sorghum, Agropyron, Cynodon, Monochoria, Fimbristylis, Sagittaria, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Paspalum, Ischaemum, Sphenoclea, Dactyloctenium, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera.
SEQ ID NO:1 or parts of the abovementioned nucleic acid sequence can be used for the preparation of hybridization probes. The preparation of these probes and the experimental procedure is known. For example, this can be effected via the selective preparation of radioactive or nonradioactive probes by PCR and the use of suitably labeled oligonucleotides, followed by hybridization experiments. The technologies required for this purpose are detailed, for example, in T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). The probes in question can furthermore be modified by standard technologies (Lit. SDM or random mutagenesis) in such a way that they can be employed for further purposes, for example as a probe which hybridizes specifically to mRNA and the corresponding coding sequences in order to analyze the corresponding sequences in other organisms.
The abovementioned probes can be used for the detection and isolation of functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:9 from other plant species and the Nicotiana tabacuum full-length sequence which belongs to SEQ ID NO:1 on the basis of sequence identities. In this context, part or all of the sequence of the SEQ ID NO:1 in question is used as a probe for screening in a genomic or cDNA library of the plant species in question or in a computer search for sequences of functional equivalents in electronic databases.
Preferred plant species are the undesired plants which have already been mentioned at the outset.
The invention furthermore relates to expression cassettes comprising
In a preferred embodiment, an expression cassette according to the invention comprises a promoter at the 5′ end of the coding sequence and, at the 3′ end, a transcription termination signal and, if appropriate, further genetic control sequences which are linked operably with the interposed nucleic acid sequence according to the invention.
The expression cassettes according to the invention are also understood as meaning analogs which can be brought about, for example, by a combination of the individual nucleic acid sequences on a polynucleotide (multiple constructs), on a plurality of polynucleotides in a cell (cotransformation) or by sequential transformation.
Advantageous genetic control sequences under point a) for the expression cassettes according to the invention or for vectors comprising expression cassettes according to the invention are, for example, promoters such as the cos, tac, trp, tet, lpp, lac, laclq, T7, T5, T3, gal, trc, ara, SP6, λ-PR or in the λ-PL promoter, all of which can be used for expressing GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, in Gram-negative bacterial strains.
Examples of further advantageous genetic control sequences are present, for example, in the promoters amy and SPO2, both of which can be used for expressing P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, in Gram-positive bacterial strains, and in the yeast or fungal promoters AUG1, GPD-1, PX6, TEF, CUP1, PGK, GAP1, TPI, PHO5, AOX1, GAL10/CYC1, CYC1, OliC, ADH, TDH, Kex2, MFa or NMT or combinations of the abovementioned promoters (Degryse et al., Yeast 1995 Jun. 15; 11 (7):629-40; Romanos et al. Yeast 1992 June;8(6):423-88; Benito et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104, 207-220 (1998); Cregg et al. Biotechnology (N Y) 1993 August; 11(8):905-10; Luo X., Gene 1995 Sep. 22; 163(1):127-31: Nacken et al., Gene 1996 Oct. 10; 175(1-2): 253-60; Turgeon et al., Mol Cell Biol 1987 September;7(9):3297-305) or the transcription terminators NMT, Gcy1, TrpC, AOX1, nos, PGK or CYC1 (Degryse et al., Yeast 1995 Jun. 15; 11 (7):629-40; Brunelli et al. Yeast 1993 Dec. 9(12): 1309-18; Frisch et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 27(2), 405-409 (1995); Scorer et al., Biotechnology (N.Y.)12 (2), 181-184 (1994), Genbank acc. number Z46232; Zhao et al. Genbank acc number: AF049064; Punt et al., (1987) Gene 56 (1), 117-124), all of which can be used for expressing P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, in yeast strains.
Examples of genetic control sequences which are suitable for expression in insect cells are the polyhedrin promoter and the p10 promoter (Luckow, V. A. and Summers, M. D. (1988) Bio/Techn. 6, 47-55).
Advantageous genetic control sequences for expressing GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, in cell culture, in addition to polyadenylation sequences such as, for example, from simian virus 40, are eukaryotic promoters of viral origin such as, for example, promoters of the polyoma virus, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus or simian virus 40.
Further advantageous genetic control sequences for expressing P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, in plants are present in the plant promoters CaMV/35S [Franck et al., Cell 21(1980) 285-294], PRP1 [Ward et al., Plant. Mol. Biol. 22 (1993)], SSU, OCS, LEB4, USP, STLS1, B33, NOS; FBPaseP (WO 98/18940) or in the ubiquitin or phaseolin promoter; a promoter which is preferably used being, in particular, a plant promoter or a promoter derived from a plant virus. Especially preferred are promoters of viral origin such as the promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S transcript (Franck et al., Cell 21 (1980), 285-294; Odell et al., Nature 313 (1985), 810-812). Further preferred constitutive promoters are, for example, the agrobacterium nopaline synthase promoter, the TR double promoter, the agrobacterium OCS (octopine synthase) promoter, the ubiquitin promoter, (Holtorf S et al., Plant Mol Biol 1995, 29:637-649), the promoters of the vacuolar ATPase subunits, or the promoter of a proline-rich protein from wheat (WO 91/13991).
The expression cassettes may also comprise, as genetic control sequence, a chemically inducible promoter, by which the expression of the exogenous gene in the plant can be controlled at a specific point in time. Such promoters, such as, for example, the PRP1 promoter (Ward et al., Plant. Mol. Biol. 22 (1993), 361-366), a salicylic-acid-inducible promoter (WO 95/19443), a benzenesulfonamide-inducible promoter (EP-A-0388186), a tetracyclin-inducible promoter (Gatz et al., (1992) Plant J. 2, 397404), an abscisic-acid-inducible promoter (EP-A 335528) or an ethanol- or cyclohexanone-inducible promoter (WO 93/21334) may also be used.
Furthermore, suitable promoters are those which confer tissue- or organ-specific expression in, for example, anthers, ovaries, flowers and floral organs, leaves, stomata, trichomes, stems, vascular tissues, roots and seeds. Others which are suitable in addition to the abovementioned constitutive promoters are, in particular, those promoters which ensure leaf-specific expression. Promoters which must be mentioned are the potato cytosolic FBPase promoter (WO 97/05900), the rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) SSU (small subunit) promoter or the ST-LSI promoter from potato (Stockhaus et al., EMBO J. 8 (1989), 2445-245). Promoters which are furthermore preferred are those which control expression in seeds and plant embryos. Examples of seed-specific promoters are the phaseolin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,200, Bustos M M et al., Plant Cell. 1989; 1(9):839-53), the promoter of the 2S albumin gene (Joseffson L G et al., J Biol Chem 1987, 262:12196-12201), the legumin promoter (Shirsat A et al., Mol Gen Genet. 1989; 215(2):326-331), the USP (unknown seed protein) promoter (Bäumlein H et al., Molecular & General Genetics 1991, 225(3):459-67), the napin gene promoter (Stalberg K, et al., L. Planta 1996, 199:515-519), the sucrose binding protein promoter (WO 00/26388) or the LeB4 promoter (Bäumlein H et al., Mol Gen Genet 1991, 225: 121-128; Fiedler, U. et al., Biotechnology (NY) (1995), 13 (10) 1090).
Further promoters which are suitable as genetic control sequences are, for example, specific promoters for tubers, storage roots or roots, such as, for example, the class I patatin promoter (B33), the potato cathepsin D inhibitor promoter, the starch synthase (GBSS1) promoter or the sporamin promoter, fruit-specific promoters such as, for example, the fruit-specific promoter from tomato (EP-A 409625), fruit-maturation-specific promoters such as, for example, the fruit-maturation-specific promoter from tomato (WO 94/21794), flower-specific promoters such as, for example, the phytoene synthase promoter (WO 92/16635) or the promoter of the P-rr gene (WO 98/22593), or plastid- or chromoplast-specific promoters such as, for example, the RNA polymerase promoter (WO 97/06250), or else the Glycine max phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate amidotransferase promoter (see also Genbank Accession No. U87999), or another node-specific promoter as described in EP-A 249676, may advantageously be used.
Additional functional elements b) are understood as meaning, by way of example but not by limitation, reporter genes, replication origins, selection markers and what are known as affinity tags, in fusion with GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC directly or by means of a linker optionally comprising a protease cleavage site. Further suitable additional functional elements are sequences which ensure the targeting of the product into the apoplasts, into plastids, the vacuole, the mitochondrion, the peroxisome, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or, owing to the absence of such operative sequences, its remaining in the compartment where it is formed, the cytosol, (Kermode, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 15, 4 (1996), 285-423).
Also in accordance with the invention are vectors comprising at least one copy of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention and/or the expression cassettes according to the invention.
In addition to plasmids, vectors are furthermore also understood as meaning all of the other known vectors with which the skilled worker is familiar, such as, for example, phages, viruses such as SV40, CMV, baculovirus, adenovirus, transposons, IS elements, phasmids, phagemids, cosmids or linear or circular DNA. These vectors can be replicated autonomously in the host organism or replicated chromosomally; chromosomal replication is preferred.
In a further embodiment of the vector, the nucleic acid construct according to the invention can advantageously also be introduced into the organisms in the form of a linear DNA and integrated into the genome of the host organism via heterologous or homologous recombination. This linear DNA may consist of a linearized plasmid or only of the nucleic acid construct as vector, or the nucleic acid sequences used.
Further prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems are mentioned in Chapters 16 and 17 in Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.” 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. Further advantageous vectors are described in Hellens et al. (Trends in plant science, 5, 2000).
The expression cassette according to the invention and vectors derived therefrom can be used for transforming bacteria, cyanobacteria, (for example of the genus Synechocystes, Anabaena, Calothrix, Scytonema, Oscillatoria, Plectonema and Nostoc), proteobacteria such as, for example, Magnetococcus sp. MC1, yeasts, filamentous fungi and algae and eukaryotic nonhuman cells (for example insect cells) with the aim of recombinantly producing GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, the generation of a suitable expression cassette depending on the organism in which the gene is to be expressed.
Vectors comprising an expression cassette which comprises
In a further advantageous embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences used in the method according to the invention may also be introduced into an organism by themselves.
If, in addition to the nucleic acid sequences, further genes are to be introduced into the organism, they can all be introduced into the organism together in a single vector, or each individual gene can be introduced into the organism in each case in one vector, it being possible to introduce the different vectors simultaneously or in succession.
In this context, the introduction, into the organisms in question (transformation), of the nucleic acid(s) according to the invention, of the expression cassette or of the vector can be effected in principle by all methods with which the skilled worker is familiar.
In the case of microorganisms, the skilled worker will find suitable methods in the textbooks by Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) “Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, by F. M. Ausubel et al. (1994) “Current protocols in molecular biology”, John Wiley and Sons, by D. M. Glover et al., DNA Cloning Vol. 1, (1995), IRL Press (ISBN 019-963476-9), by Kaiser et al. (1994) Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Habor Laboratory Press or Guthrie et al. “Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology”, Methods in Enzymology, 1994, Academic Press. In the transformation of filamentous fungi, the methods of choice are firstly the generation of protoplasts and transformation with the aid of PEG (Wiebe et al. (1997) Mycol. Res. 101 (7): 971-877; Proctor et al. (1997) Microbiol. 143, 2538-2591), and secondly the transformation with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (de Groot et al. (1998) Nat. Biotech. 16, 839-842).
In the case of dicots, the methods which have been described for the transformation and regeneration of plants from plant tissues or plant cells can be exploited for transient or stable transformation. Suitable methods are the biolistic method or by protoplast transformation (cf., for example, Willmitzer, L., 1993 Transgenic plants. In: Biotechnology, A Multi-Volume Comprehensive Treatise (H. J. Rehm, G. Reed, A. Pühler, P. Stadler, eds.), Vol. 2, 627-659, VCH Weinheim-New York-Basle-Cambridge), electroporation, the incubation of dry embryos in DNA-containing solution, microinjection and the agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. The above-mentioned methods are described, for example, in B. Jenes et al., Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, edited by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press (1993) 128-143 and in Potrykus, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 42 (1991) 205-225).
The transformation by means of agrobacteria, and the vectors to be used for the transformation, are known to the skilled worker and described extensively in the literature (Bevan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 8711. The intermediary vectors can be integrated into the agrobacterial Ti or Ri plasmid by means of homologous recombination owing to sequences which are homologous to sequences in the T-DNA. This plasmid additionally contains the vir region, which is required for the transfer of the T-DNA. Intermediary vectors are not capable of replication in agrobacteria. The intermediary vector can be transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens by means of a helper plasmid (conjugation). Binary vectors are capable of replication both in E. coli and in agrobacteria. They contain a selection marker gene and a linker or polylinker which are framed by the right and left T-DNA border region. They can be transformed directly into the agrobacteria (Holsters et al. Mol. Gen. Genet. 163 (1978), 181-187), EP A 0 120 516; Hoekema, in: The Binary Plant Vector System Offsetdrukkerij Kanters B. V., Alblasserdam (1985), Chapter V; Fraley et al., Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci., 4: 1-46 and An et al. EMBO J. 4 (1985), 277-287).
The transformation of monocots by means of agrobacterium based on vectors has also been described (Chan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22(1993), 491-506; Hiei et al., Plant J. 6 (1994) 271-282; Deng et al., Science in China 33 (1990), 28-34; Wilmink et al., Plant Cell Reports 11, (1992) 76-80; May et al. Biotechnology 13 (1995) 486-492; Conner and Domisse; Int. J. Plant Sci. 153 (1992) 550-555; Ritchie et al; Transgenic Res. (1993) 252-265). Alternative systems for the transformation of monocots are the transformation by means of the biolistic approach (Wan and Lemaux; Plant Physiol. 104 (1994), 37-48; Vasil et al; Biotechnology 11 (1992), 667-674; Ritala et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 24, (1994) 317-325; Spencer et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 79 (1990), 625-631), protoplast transformation, the electroporation of partially permeabilized cells, and the introduction of DNA by means of glass fibers. In particular the transformation of maize has been described repeatedly in the literature (cf., for example, WO 95/06128; EP 0513849 A1; EP 0465875 A1; EP 0292435 A1; Fromm et al., Biotechnology 8 (1990), 833-844; Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2 (1990), 603-618; Koziel et al., Biotechnology 11 (1993) 194-200; Moroc et al., Theor Applied Genetics 80 (190) 721-726).
The successful transformation of other cereal species has also already been described for example in the case of barley (Wan and Lemaux, see above; Ritala et al., see above; wheat (Nehra et al., Plant J. 5(1994) 285-297).
Agrobacteria which have been transformed with a vector according to the invention can likewise be used in a known manner for the transformation of plants, such as test plants like Arabidopsis or crop plants like-cereals, maize, oats, rye, barley, wheat, soya, rice, cotton, sugarbeet, canola, sunflower, flax, hemp, potato, tobacco, tomato, carrot, capsicum, oilseed rape, tapioca, cassaya, arrowroot, Tagetes, alfalfa, lettuce and the various tree, nut and grapevine species, for example by bathing scarified leaves or leaf segments in an agrobacterial solution and subsequently growing them in suitable media.
The genetically modified plant cells can be regenerated via all methods with which the skilled worker is familiar. Such methods can be found in the abovementioned publications by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Potrykus or Höfgen and Willmitzer.
The transgenic organisms generated by transformation with one of the above-described embodiments of an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention or a vector comprising the abovementioned expression cassette, and the recombinant GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, which can be obtained from the transgenic organism by means of expression, form part of the subject matter of the present invention. The use of transgenic organisms comprising an expression cassette according to the invention, for example for providing recombinant protein, and/or the use of these organisms in in vivo assay systems likewise form part of the subject matter of the present invention.
Preferred organisms for the recombinant expression are not only bacteria, yeasts, mosses, algae and fungi, but also eukaryotic cell lines.
Preferred mosses are Physcomitrella patens or other mosses described in Kryptogamen [Cryptogamia], Vol. 2, Moose, Farne [Mosses, Ferns], 1991, Springer Verlag (ISBN 3540536515).
Preferred within the bacteria are, for example, bacteria from the genus Escherichia, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes or cyanobacteria, for example from the genus Synechocystes, Anabaena, Calothrix, Scytonema, Oscillatoria, Plectonema and Nostoc, especially preferably Synechocystis or Anabaena.
Preferred yeasts are Candida, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccheromyces, Hansenula or Pichia.
Preferred fungi are Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Ashbya, Neurospora, Fusarium, Beauveria, Mortierella, Saprolegnia, Pythium, or other fungi described in Indian Chem Engr. Section B. Vol 37, No 1,2 (1995).
Preferred plants are selected in particular among monocotyledonous crop plants such as, for example, cereal species such as wheat, barley, sorghum/millet, rye, triticale, maize, rice or oats, and sugarcane. The transgenic plants according to the invention are, furthermore, in particular selected from among dicotyledonous crop plants such as, for example, Brassicaceae such as oilseed rape, cress, Arabidopsis, cabbages or canola; Leguminosae such as soyabean, alfalfa, pea, beans or peanut, Solanaceae such as potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant or capsicum; Asteraceae such as sunflower, Tagetes, lettuce or Calendula; Cucurbitaceae such as melon, pumpkin/squash or zucchini, or linseed, cotton, hemp, flax, red pepper, carrot, sugar beet, or various tree, nut and grapevine species.
In principle, transgenic animals such as, for example, C. elegans, are also suitable as host organisms.
Also preferred is the use of expression systems and vectors which are available to the public or commercially available.
Those which must be mentioned for use in E. coli bacteria are the typical advantageous commercially available fusion and expression vectors pGEX [Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S. (1988) Gene 67:31-40], pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.), which contains glutathione S transferase (GST), maltose binding protein or protein A, the pTrc vectors (Amann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315), “pKK233-2” from CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif. and the “pET”, and the “pBAD” vector series from Stratagene, La Jolla.
Further advantageous vectors for use in yeast are pYepSec1 (Baldari, et al., (1987) Embo J. 6:229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, (1982) Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., (1987) Gene 54:113-123), and pYES derivatives, pGAPZ derivatives, pPICZ derivatives, and the vectors of the “Pichia Expression Kit” (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). Vectors for use in filamentous fungi are described in: van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. & Punt, P. J. (1991) “Gene transfer systems and vector development for filamentous fungi, in: Applied Molecular Genetics of Fungi, J. F. Peberdy, et al., eds., p. 1-28, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
As an alternative, insect cell expression vectors may also be used advantageously, for example for expression in Sf9, Sf21 or Hi5 cells, which are infected via recombinant Baculoviruses. Examples of these are the vectors of the pAc series (Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170:31-39). Others which may be mentioned are the Baculovirus expression systems “MaxBac 2.0 Kit” and “Insect Select System” from Invitrogen, Carlsbad or “BacPAK Baculovirus Expression System” from CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif. Insect cells are particularly suitable for overexpressing eukaryotic proteins since they effect posttranslational modifications of the proteins which are not possible in bacteria and yeasts. The skilled worker is familiar with the handling of cultured insect cells and with their infection for expressing proteins, which can be carried out analogously to known methods (Luckow and Summers, Bio/Tech. 6, 1988, pp. 47-55; Glover and Hames (eds) in DNA Cloning 2, A practical Approach, Expression Systems, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1995, 205-244).
Plant cells or algal cells are others which can be used advantageously for expressing genes. Examples of plant expression vectors can be found as mentioned above in Becker, D., et al. (1992) “New plant binary vectors with selectable markers located proximal to the left border”, Plant Mol. Biol. 20: 1195-1197 or in Bevan, M. W. (1984) “Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation”, Nucl. Acid. Res. 12: 8711-8721.
Moreover, the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention can be expressed in mammalian cells. Examples of suitable expression vectors are pCDM8 and pMT2PC, which are mentioned in: Seed, B. (1987) Nature 329:840 or Kaufman et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:187-195). Promoters preferably to be used in this context are of viral origin such as, for example, promoters of polyoma virus, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus or simian virus 40. Further prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems are mentioned in Chapter 16 and 17 in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. Further advantageous vectors are described in Hellens et al. (Trends in plant science, 5, 2000).
The transgenic organisms which comprise plant nucleic sequences encoding a polypeptide with the activity of the subunit P of the glycine decarboxylase complex comprising:
All of the above-described embodiments of the transgenic organisms which comprise GDC or at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably containing P-GDC, come under the term “transgenic organism according to the invention”.
The present invention furthermore relates to the use of GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, in a method for identifying herbicidally active test compounds.
The method according to the invention for identifying herbicidally active compounds preferably comprises the following steps:
The term “reduced” is understood as meaning a reduction of the activity by at least 10%, advantageously at least 20%, preferably at least 50%, especially preferably by at least 70% and very especially preferably by at least 80%, 90% or 95% in comparison with the activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex, or a subunit of the glycine decarboxylase complex, which has not been incubated with a test compound, the term “blocked” is understood as meaning the complete, i.e. 100%, blocking of the activity, the abovementioned percentage reduction being achieved at an inhibitor concentration of less than 10−4M, preferably less than 10−5 M, especially preferably less than 10−6 M and very especially preferably less than 10−7 M.
In the abovementioned method, it is preferred to use GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC.
The detection in accordance with step (ii) of the above method can be effected using techniques which identify the interaction between protein and ligand. In this context, either the test compound or the enzyme can contain a detectable label such as, for example, a fluorescent label, a radioisotope, a chemiluminescent label or an enzyme label. Examples of enzyme labels are horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase or luciferase. The subsequent detection depends on the label and is known to the skilled worker.
In this context, five preferred embodiments which are also suitable for high-throughput methods (HTS) in connection with the present invention must be mentioned in particular:
The compounds identified via the abovementioned methods 1 to 5 may be suitable as inhibitors. All of the substances identified via the abovementioned methods can subsequently be checked for their herbicidal action in another embodiment of the method according to the invention.
Furthermore, there exists the possibility of detecting further candidates for herbicidal active ingredients by molecular modeling via elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, by x-ray structure analysis. The preparation of protein crystals required for x-ray structure analysis, and the relevant measurements and subsequent evaluations of these measurements, the detection of a binding site in the protein, and the prediction of potential inhibitor structures are known to the skilled worker. In principle, an optimization of the compounds identified by the abovementioned methods is also possible via molecular modeling.
A preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, which is based on steps i) and ii), consists in selecting a test compound which reduces or blocks the enzymatic activity of GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, the activity of the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, incubated with the test compound being compared with the activity of a GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, not incubated with a test compound.
A preferred embodiment of the method based on steps i) and ii) consists in
In this step iii. for determining the activity of the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, incubated with the test compound can be compared with the activity of a GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC which has not been incubated with a test compound.
The solution comprising the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, can consist of the lysate of the original organism. Alternatively, can the solution comprising GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC can consist of the lysate of the transgenic organism which has been transformed with an expression cassette according to the invention.
If necessary, the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, can be purified partially or fully via customary methods. A general overview over current protein purification techniques is described, for example, in Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1994); ISBN 0-87969-309-6. In the case of recombinant preparation, the protein which has been fused with an affinity tag can be purified via affinity chromatography as is known to the skilled worker.
The GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, which is required for in vitro methods can thus be isolated either by means of heterologous expression from a transgenic organism according to the invention or from an organism comprising GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, for example from a plant. Thus, for example, the glycine decarboxylase complex can be isolated from preparations of plant mitochondria or mitochondrial matrix extracts for example from pea leaves (Sarojini and Oliver 1983, Plant Physiology 72, pp. 194 et seq.) or from spinach leaves (Douce et al. 1977, Plant Physiology 60, pp. 625 et seq.).
To identify herbicidal compounds, the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, is now incubated with a test compound. After a reaction time, the enzymatic activity of the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, incubated with the test compound is determined in comparison with the enzymatic activity of a GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, not incubated with a test compound. If the GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, is inhibited, a significant decrease in activity in comparison with the activity of the noninhibited polypeptide according to the invention is observed, the result being a reduction of at least 10%, advantageously at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, especially preferably by at least 50%, up to 100% reduction (blocking). Preferred is an inhibition of at least 50% at test compound concentrations of 10−4 M, preferably at 10−5 M, especially preferably of 10−6 M, based on enzyme concentration in the micromolar range.
The activity of GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, can be determined for example by an activity assay in which the increase of the product, the decrease of the substrate (or starting material) or the decrease or increase of the cofactor are determined, or by a combination of at least two of the abovementioned parameters, as a function of a defined period of time.
The amounts of substrate to be employed in the activity assay may range between 0.5-100 mM and the amounts of cofactor between 0.1-5 mM, based on 1-100 μg/ml enzyme.
Examples of suitable substrates for determining the GDC activity are, for example, glycine, and examples of suitable cofactors NAD+, tetrahydrofolate, pyridoxal phosphate, FAD.
The activity of the P-GDC subunit can be determined independently of the further subunits GDC, L-GDC, H-GDC and T-GDC. This also applies to the subunit L-GDC.
An inhibitor which only inhibits P- or L-GDC can be identified for example by firstly determining the GDC activity in the presence of a test compound. Upon successful selection of an inhibitor, the P-GDC (or L-GDC) activity can subsequently be checked in the presence of the inhibitor which has been selected.
Examples of suitable substrates for P-GDC are glycine, CO2 or lipoic acid, an example of a suitable cofactor is pyridoxal phosphate.
Examples of suitable substrates for L-GDC are NAD+, dihydrolipoic acid, H-protein-2-dihydrolipoic acid, and an example of a cofactor is FAD.
The activity of the H-GDC subunit can be determined together with the activity of the L-GDC subunit.
Examples of suitable cofactors of H-GDC are lipoic acid.
Furthermore, the P-GDC, L-GDC and H-GDC activities can be determined together in one assay.
The activity of the T-GDC subunit can be determined in the GDC overall reaction together with the activity of the subunits P-GDC, L-GDC and H-GDC. An inhibitor which only inhibits T-GDC can be identified for example by firstly determining the activity of GDC in the presence of a test compound and secondly determining the P-GDC, L-GDC and H-GDC activity in the presence of the same test compound. If the comparison of the GDC activity in the presence of the test compound with the P-GDC, L-GDC and H-GDC activities in the presence of the same test compound shows that the P-GDC, L-GDC and H-GDC activities are not affected, but the GDC activity is affected, the test compound is a T-GDC inhibitor.
Examples of suitable substrates and cofactors are mentioned above.
If appropriate, derivatives of the abovementioned compounds which comprise a detectable label, such as, for example, a fluorescent, radioisotope or chemiluminescent label, may also be used.
Thus, the determination of the GDC activity in step iii) of the abovementioned method can be carried out photometrically via the reduction of NAD+ to NADH in the presence of glycine and tetrahydrofolate, such as, for example, as described by Bourguignon et al. (Biochemical Journal (1988) 255, pp. 169 et seq.). This assay can be carried out in microtiter plates and is suitable for a high-throughput screening procedure.
It is furthermore possible to determine the activity by coupling the GDC-catalyzed reaction with a color reagent, such as, for example, 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol or 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid).
To determine the joint activity of P-GDC, L-GDC and H-GDC, the conversion of glycine can thus be monitored photometrically with the aid of the coupled reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol. A suitable method is described, for example, in Moore et al. (1980, FEBS Letters 115, pp. 54 et seq.).
The joint activity of the H- and L-protein of GDC can also be determined photometrically as described in Neuburger et al. (1991, Biochemical Journal 278, pp. 765 et seq.) by coupling it with the reduction of 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The determination of the activity of the P-protein can be carried out as described by Higara and Kiguchi (Journal of Biological Chemistry 1980, 255, pp. 11664-11670).
L-protein activity can be detected photometrically in the presence of NAD+ and free lipoic acid (for example as described in Moran et al., Plant Physiology 2002,128, pp. 300-313).
A preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, which is based on steps i) and iii), consists of the following steps:
In this context, the difference in growth in step iv) for the selection of a herbicidally active inhibitor amounts to at least 10%, by preference 20%, preferably 30%, especially preferably 40% and very especially preferably 50%.
The term “transgenic organism” is understood as meaning the abovementioned transgenic organisms according to the invention.
A transgenic organism in which GDC or P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably P-GDC, is overexpressed and which is suitable for the abovementioned method can alternatively also be generated by bringing about the overexpression of GDC or P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably P-GDC, by manipulation of the promoter sequences which are naturally present in the organism. Such methods are known to the skilled worker.
The transgenic organism in this context is preferably a plant, an alga, a cyanobacterium, for example of the genus Synechocystes or a proteobacterium such as, for example, Magnetococcus sp. MC1, preferably plants which can be transformed by means of customary techniques, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum tuberosum, Nicotiana Tabacum, or cyanobacteria which can be transformed readily, such as Synechocystis, into which the sequence encoding a polypeptide according to the invention has been incorporated by transformation. These transgenic organisms thus show increased tolerance to compounds which inhibit the polypeptide according to the invention. “Knock-out” mutants in which the analogous GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, gene which is naturally present in this organism has been selectively disrupted may also be used.
However, the abovementioned embodiment of the method according to the invention can also be used for identifying substances with a growth-regulatory action. In this context, the transgenic organism employed is a plant. The method for identifying substances with growth-regulatory activity thus comprises the following steps:
Here, step iv) involves the selection of test compounds which bring about a modified growth of the nontransgenic organism in comparison with the growth of the transgenic organism bring about. Modified growth is understood as meaning, in this context, inhibition of the vegetative growth of the plants, which can manifest itself in particular in reduced longitudinal growth. Accordingly, the treated plants show stunted growth; moreover, their leaves are darker in color. In addition, modified growth is also understood as meaning a change in the course of maturation over time, the inhibition of, or increase in, lateral branched growth of the plants, shortened or extended developmental stages, increased standing ability, the growth of larger amounts of buds, flowers, leaves, fruits, seed kernels, roots and tubers, an increased sugar content in plants such as sugarbeet, sugar cane and citrus fruit, an increased protein content in plants such as cereals or soybean, or stimulation of the latex flow in rubber trees. The skilled worker is familiar with the detection of such modified growth.
Again, as an alternative, the transgenic plant in which GDC or P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably P-GDC, is overexpressed can alternatively be generated by bringing about the overexpression of P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably P-GDC, by manipulating the promoter sequences which are naturally present in the plant. Such methods are known to the skilled worker.
It is also possible, in the method according to the invention, to employ a plurality of test compounds in a method according to the invention. If a group of test compounds affect the target, then it is either possible directly to isolate the individual test compounds or to divide the group of test compounds into a variety of subgroups, for example when it consists of a multiplicity of different components, in order to thus reduce the number of the different test compounds in the method according to the invention. The method according to the invention is then repeated with the individual test compound or the relevant subgroup of test compounds. Depending on the complexity of the sample, the above-described steps can be carried out repeatedly, preferably until the subgroup identified in accordance with the method according to the invention only comprises a small number of test compounds, or indeed just one test compound.
All of the above-described methods for identifying inhibitors with herbicidal or growth-regulatory activity are hereinbelow referred to as “methods according to the invention”. “Methods according to the invention” preferably stands for the above-described methods for identifying inhibitors with herbicidal activity.
All of the compounds which have been identified via the methods according to the invention can subsequently be tested in vivo for their herbicidal and growth-regulatory activity. One possibility of testing the compounds for herbicidal activity is to use duckweed, Lemna minor, in microtiter plates. Parameters which can be measured are changes in the chlorophyll content and the photosynthesis rate. It is also possible to apply the compound directly to undesired plants, it being possible to identify the herbicidal activity for example via restricted growth.
The method according to the invention can advantageously also be carried out in high-throughput methods, known as HTS, which makes possible the simultaneous testing of a multiplicity of different compounds.
The use of supports which contain one or more of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, one or more of the vectors containing the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, one or more transgenic organisms containing at least one of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention or one or more (poly)peptides encoded via the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention lends itself to carrying out HTS in practice. The support used can be solid or liquid, but is preferably solid and especially preferably a microtiter plate. The abovementioned supports also form part of the subject matter of the present invention. In accordance with the most widely used technique, 96-well, 384-well and 1536-well microtiter plates which, as a rule, can comprise volumes of 200 μl, are used. Besides the microtiter plates, the further components of an HTS system which match the corresponding microtiter plates, such as a large number of instruments, materials, automatic pipetting devices, robots, automated plate readers and plate washers, are commercially available.
In addition to the HTS methods based on microtiter plates, what are known as “free-format assays” or assay systems where no physical barriers exist between the samples, as described, for example, in Jayaickreme et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 19 (1994) 161418; Chelsky, “Strategies for Screening Combinatorial Libraries”, First Annual Conference of The Society for Biomolecular Screening in Philadelphia, Pa. (Nov. 710, 1995); Salmon et al., Molecular Diversity 2 (1996), 5763 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,813, may also be used.
The invention furthermore relates to herbicidally active compounds identified by the methods according to the invention. These compounds are hereinbelow referred to as “selected compounds”. They have a molecular weight of less than 1000 g/mol, advantageously less than 500 g/mol, preferably less than 400 g/mol, especially preferably less than 300 g/mol. Herbicidally active compounds have a Ki value of less than 1 mM, preferably less than 1 μM, especially preferably less than 0.1 μM, very especially preferably less than 0.01 μM.
The invention furthermore relates to compounds with growth-regulatory activity identified by the methods according to the invention. These compounds too are hereinbelow referred to as “selected compounds”. However, the term “selected compounds” preferably stands for compounds with herbicidal activity.
Naturally, the selected compounds can also be present in the form of their agriculturally useful salts. Agriculturally useful salts which are suitable are mainly the salts of those cations, or the acid addition salts of those acids, whose cations, or anions, do not adversely affect the herbicidal action of the herbicidally active compounds identified via the methods according to the invention.
If the selected compounds contain asymmetrically substituted α-carbon atoms, they may furthermore also be present in the form of racemates, enantiomer mixtures, pure enantiomers or, if they have chiral substituents, also in the form of diastereomer mixtures.
The selected compounds can be chemically synthesized substances or substances produced by microbes and can be found, for example, in cell extracts of, for example, plants, animals or microorganisms. The reaction mixture can be a cell-free extract or comprise a cell or cell culture. Suitable methods are known to the skilled worker and are described generally for example in Alberts, Molecular Biology the cell, 3rd Edition (1994), for example chapter 17. The selected compounds may also originate from comprehensive substance libraries.
Candidate test compounds can be expression libraries such as, for example, cDNA expression libraries, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, small organic substances, hormones, PNAs or the like (Milner, Nature Medicin 1 (1995), 879-880; Hupp, Cell. 83 (1995), 237-245; Gibbs, Cell. 79 (1994), 193-198 and references cited therein).
The selected compounds can be used for controlling undesired vegetation and/or as growth regulators. Herbicidal compositions comprising the selected compounds afford very good control of vegetation on noncrop areas. In crops such as wheat, rice, maize, soybean and cotton, they act against broad-leaved weeds and grass weeds without inflicting any significant damage on the crop plants. This effect is observed in particular at low application rates. The selected compounds can be used for controlling the harmful plants which have already been mentioned above.
Depending on the application method in question, selected compounds, or herbicidal compositions comprising them, can advantageously also be employed in a further number of crop plants for eliminating undesired plants. Examples of suitable crops are:
Allium cepa, Ananas comosus, Arachis hypogaea, Asparagus officinalis, Beta vulgaris spec. altissima, Beta vulgaris spec. rapa, Brassica napus var. napus, Brassica napus var. napobrassica, Brassica rapa var. silvestris, Camellia sinensis, Carthamus tinctorius, Carya illinoinensis, Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Coffea arabica (Coffea canephora, Coffea liberica), Cucumis sativus, Cynodon dactylon, Daucus carota, Elaeis guineensis, Fragaria vesca, Glycine max, Gossypium hirsutum, (Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium herbaceum, Gossypium vitifolium), Helianthus annuus, Hevea brasiliensis, Hordeum vulgare, Humulus lupulus, Ipomoea batatas, Juglans regia, Lens culinaris, Linum usitatissimum, Lycopersicon lycopersicum, Malus spec., Manihot esculenta, Medicago sativa, Musa spec., Nicotiana tabacum (N. rustica), Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Picea abies, Pinus spec., Pisum sativum, Prunus avium, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Ribes sylestre, Ricinus communis, Saccharum officinarum, Secale cereale, Solanum tuberosum, Sorghum bicolor (S. vulgare), Theobroma cacao, Trifolium pratense, Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Vicia faba, Vitis vinifera, Zea mays.
In addition, the selected compounds can also be used in crops which tolerate the action of herbicides owing to breeding, including recombinant methods. The generation of such crops is described hereinbelow.
The invention furthermore relates to a method of preparing the herbicidal or growth-regulatory composition which has already been mentioned above, which comprises formulating selected compounds with suitable auxiliaries to give crop protection products.
The selected compounds can be formulated for example in the form of directly sprayable aqueous solutions, powders, suspensions, also highly concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensions or suspoemulsions or dispersions, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, oil dispersions, pastes, dusts, materials for spreading or granules, and applied by means of spraying, atomizing, dusting, spreading or pouring. The use forms depend on the intended use and the nature of the selected compounds; in any case, they should guarantee the finest possible distribution of the selected compounds. The herbicidal compositions comprise a herbicidally active amount of at least one selected compound and auxiliaries conventionally used in the formulation of herbicidal compositions.
For the preparation of emulsions, pastes or aqueous or oily formulations and dispersible concentrates (DC), the selected compounds can be dissolved or dispersed in an oil or solvent, it being possible to add further formulation auxiliaries for homogenization. However, it is also possible to prepare liquid or solid concentrates from selected compound, if appropriate solvents or oil and, optionally, further auxiliaries and these concentrates are suitable for dilution with water. The following can be mentioned: emulsifiable concentrates (EC, EW), suspensions (SC), soluble concentrates (SL), dispersible concentrates (DC), pastes, pills, wettable powders or granules, it being possible for the solid formulations either to be soluble or dispersible (wettable) in water. In addition, suitable powders or granules or tablets can additionally be provided with a solid coating which prevents abrasion or premature release of the active ingredient.
In principle, the term “auxiliaries” is understood as meaning the following classes of compounds: antifoams, thickeners, wetting agents, tackifiers, dispersants, emulsifiers, bactericides and/or thixotropic agents. The skilled worker is familiar with the meaning of the abovementioned agents.
SLs, EWs and ECs can be prepared by simply mixing the ingredients in question; powders can be prepared by mixing or grinding in specific types of mills (for example hammer mills). DCs, SCs and SEs are usually prepared by wet milling, it being possible to prepare an SE from an SC by addition of an organic phase which may comprise further auxiliaries or selected compounds. The preparation is known. Powders, materials for spreading and dusts can advantageously be prepared by mixing or cogrinding the active substances together with a solid carrier. Granules, for example coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules, can be prepared by binding the selected compounds to solid carriers. The skilled worker is familiar with further details regarding their preparation, which are mentioned for example in the following publications: U.S. Pat. No. 3,060,084, EP-A 707445 (for liquid concentrates), Browning, “Agglomeration”, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, 147-48, Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, pages 8-57 and et seq. WO 91/13546, U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,714, U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,050, U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,442, U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,587, U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,701, U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,030, GB 2,095,558, U.S. Pat. No. 3,299,566, Klingman, Weed Control as a Science, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961, Hance et al., Weed Control Handbook, 8th Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1989 and Mollet, H., Grubemann, A., Formulation technology, Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 2001.
The skilled worker is familiar with a multiplicity of inert liquid and/or solid carriers which are suitable for the formulations according to the invention, such as, for example, liquid additives such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point such as kerosene or diesel oil, furthermore coal tar oils and oils of vegetable or animal origin, aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for example paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes or their derivatives, alkylated benzenes or their derivatives, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and cyclohexanol, ketones such as cyclohexanone, or strongly polar solvents, for example amines such as N-methylpyrrolidone or water.
Examples of solid carriers are mineral earths such as silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas and products of vegetable origin such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders or other solid carriers.
The skilled worker is familiar with a multiplicity of surface-active substances (surfactants) which are suitable for the formulations according to the invention such as, for example, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids for example lignosulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, and dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, and of fatty acids, of alkyl- and alkylarylsulfonates, of alkyl sulfates, lauryl ether sulfates and fatty alcohol sulfates, and salts of sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanols and of fatty alcohol glycol ethers, condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthalenesulfonic acids with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyl- or nonylphenol, alkylphenyl polyglycol ethers, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl alcohol, fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate, sorbitol esters, lignosulfite waste liquors or methylcellulose.
The herbicidal compositions, or the selected compounds, can be applied pre- or post-emergence. If the selected compounds are less well tolerated by certain crop plants, application techniques may be used in which the selected compounds are sprayed, with the aid of the spraying apparatus, in such a way that they come into as little contact as possible, if any, with the leaves of the sensitive crop plants while the selected compounds reach the leaves of undesired plants which grow underneath, or the bare soil surface (post-directed, lay-by).
Depending on the intended purpose of the control measures, the season, the target plants and the growth stage, the application rates of selected compounds amount to 0.001 to 3.0, preferably 0.01 to 1.0 kg/ha.
Providing the herbicidal target furthermore makes possible a method for identifying a glycine decarboxylase complex or a subunit of the glycine decarboxylase complex which is not inhibited by a herbicide which has GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, as site of action, for example the herbicidally active selected compounds, or which is inhibited by such a herbicide to a limited extent only. A protein which differs thus from GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, is hereinbelow referred to as GDC variant and is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:3 as defined in ii) have at least 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65% or 66%, by preference at least 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, preferably at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO: 3.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:5 as defined in iii) have at least 69%, by preference at least 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO: 5.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:7 as defined in iv) have at least 68% or 69%, by preference at least 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO: 7.
Functional equivalents of SEQ ID NO:9 as defined in v) have at least 64%, 65% or 66%, by preference at least 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72% or 73%, by preference at least 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80%, preferably at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% or 93%, very especially preferably at least 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with SEQ ID NO: 9.
All of the abovementioned nucleic acid sequences are preferably derived from a plant.
In a preferred embodiment, the abovementioned method for the generation of nucleic acid sequences encoding GDC variants of nucleic acids consists in comprise the following steps:
The sequences selected by the above-described method are advantageously introduced into an organism. A further aspect of the invention is therefore an organism generated by this method. Preferably, the organism is a plant, especially preferably one of the above-defined crop plants.
This is followed by the regeneration of intact plants and testing the resistance to the selected compound in intact plants.
Modified proteins and/or nucleic acids which are capable of conferring, in plants, resistance to the selected compounds can also be generated from the abovementioned nucleic acid sequences via what is known as “site-directed mutagenesis”; this mutagenesis allows for example highly targeted improvement or modification of the stability and/or effect of the target protein or the characteristics such as binding and activity of the abovementioned inhibitors according to the invention.
An example of a “site-directed mutagenesis” method in plants which can be used advantageously is the method described by Zhu et al. (Nature Biotech., Vol. 18, May 2000: 555-558).
Moreover, modifications can be achieved via the PCR method described by Spee et al. (Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1993: 777-78) using dlTP for achieving random mutagenesis, or by the method which has been improved further by Rellos et al. (Protein Expr. Purif., 5, 1994: 270-277).
A further possibility for generating these modified proteins and/or nucleic acids is an in vitro recombination technique for molecular evolution which has been described by Stemmer et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 91, 1994: 10747-10751) or the combination of the PCR and recombination method which has been described by Moore et al. (Nature Biotechnology Vol. 14, 1996: 458-467).
A further way of mutagenizing proteins is described by Greener et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology (Vol. 57, 1996: 375-385). A method for modifying proteins using the microorganism E. coli XL-1 Red is described in EP-A-0 909 821. Upon replication, this microorganism generates mutations in the nucleic acids introduced, and thus leads to a modification of the genetic information. Advantageous nucleic acids and the proteins encoded by them can be identified readily via isolation of the modified nucleic acids or the modified proteins and testing for resistance. These nucleic acids can then lead to the manifestation of resistance after introduction into plants and thus lead to resistance to the herbicides.
Further mutagenesis and selection methods are, for example, methods such as the in vivo mutagenesis of seeds or pollen and the selection of resistant alleles in the presence of the inhibitors according to the invention, followed by genetic and molecular identification of the modified resistant alleles. Furthermore, the mutagenesis and selection of resistances in cell culture by propagating the culture in the presence of successively increasing concentrations of the inhibitors according to the invention. Here, it is possible to exploit the increase in the spontaneous mutation rate brought about by chemico-physical mutagenic treatment. As described above, it is also possible to isolate modified genes with the aid of microorganisms which have an endogenous or recombinant activity of the proteins encoded by the nucleic acids used in the method used according to the invention and which are sensitive to the inhibitors identified in accordance with the invention. Growing the microorganisms on media with increasing concentrations of inhibitors according to the invention permits the selection and evolution of resistant variants of the targets according to the invention. The mutation frequency, in turn, can be increased by mutagenic treatments.
Methods for the specific modification of nucleic acids are also available (Zhu et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 96, 8768-8773 and Beethem et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol 96, 8774-8778). These methods allow the replacement, in the proteins, of those amino acids which are important for the binding of inhibitors by functionally analogous amino acids which, however, prevent the binding of the inhibitor.
The invention therefore furthermore relates to a method for generating nucleic acid sequences which encode gene products which have a modified biological activity, the biological activity having been modified in such a way that an increased activity is present. An increased activity is understood as meaning an activity which is at least 10%, preferably at least 30%, especially preferably at least 50%, very especially preferably at least 100% higher than that of the starting organism, or the starting gene product. Moreover, the biological activity can have been modified in such a way that the substances and/or compositions according to the invention no longer bind, or no longer correctly bind, to the nucleic acid sequences and/or the gene products encoded by them. For the purposes of the invention, “no longer” or “no longer correctly” means that the substances bind at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, particularly preferably at least 70%, very particularly preferably at least 80% less or not at all to the modified nucleic acids and/or gene products in comparison with the starting gene product or the starting nucleic acids.
Yet a further aspect of the invention therefore relates to a transgenic plant which has been transformed with a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a gene product with a modified biological activity, or with a nucleic acid sequence encoding a GDC variant. Transformation methods are known to the skilled worker, and examples are detailed further above.
Genetically modified transgenic plants which are resistant to substances found by the methods according to the invention and/or to compositions comprising these substances can also be generated by transformation, followed by overexpression of a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention. The invention therefore furthermore relates to a method for the generation of transgenic plants which are resistant to substances which have been found by a method according to the invention, wherein nucleic acids encoding a GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, are overexpressed in these plants. A similar method is described for example in Lermantova et al., Plant Physiol., 122, 2000: 75-83.
The above-described methods according to the invention for the generation of resistant plants make possible the development of novel herbicides which have as comprehensive and plant-species-independent activity as possible (also known as nonselective herbicides) in combination with the development of crop plants which are resistant to the nonselective herbicide. Crop plants which are resistant to nonselective herbicides have already been described on several occasions. In this context, we differentiate between a plurality of principles for obtaining a resistance:
The skilled worker is familiar with alternative methods for identifying the homologous nucleic acids, for example in other plants with similar sequences such as, for example, using transposons. The invention therefore also relates to the use of alternative insertion mutagenesis methods for the insertion of foreign nucleic acids into the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3 into sequences derived from these sequences on the basis of the genetic code, and/or their derivatives in other plants.
The transgenic plants are generated with one of the above-described embodiments of the expression cassette according to the invention by customary transformation methods, which have likewise been described above.
The expression efficacy of the recombinantly expressed GDC variant can be determined for example in vitro by shoot meristem propagation or by a germination test.
Moreover, an expression of GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, which has been modified with regard to type and level, and its effect on the resistance to inhibitors of GDC, P-GDC, L-GDC, T-GDC or H-GDC, preferably GDC or P-GDC, very especially preferably P-GDC, can be tested on test plants in greenhouse experiments.
The invention is illustrated in greater detail by the examples which follow, which are not to be considered as limiting
To generate a cDNA library (hereinbelow termed “binary cDNA library”) in a vector which can be used directly for transforming plants, mRNA was isolated from a variety of plant tissues and transcribed into double-stranded cDNA using the TimeSaver cDNA synthesis kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg). The cDNA first-strand synthesis was carried out using T12-18 oligonucleotides following the manufacturer's instructions. After size fractionation and the ligation of EcoRI-NotI adapters following the manufacturer's instructions and filling up the overhangs with Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene), the cDNA population was normalized. To this end, the method of Kohci et al., 1995, Plant Journal 8, 771-776 was followed, the cDNA being amplified by PCR with the oligonucleotide N1 under the conditions given in Table 1.
The resulting PCR product was bound to the column matrix of the PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden) and eluted with 300 mM NaP buffer, pH 7.0, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.04% SDS. The DNA was denatured for 5 minutes in a boiling water bath and subsequently renatured for 24 hours at 60° C. 50 μl of the DNA were applied to a hydroxylapatite column and the column was washed 3 times with 1 ml of 10 mM NaP buffer, pH 6.8. The bound single-stranded DNA was eluted with 130 mM NaP buffer, pH 6.8, precipitated with ethanol and dissolved in 40 μl of water. 20 μl thereof were used for a further PCR amplification as described above. After further ssDNA concentration, a third PCR amplification was carried out as described above.
The plant transformation vector for taking up the cDNA population which had been generated as described above was generated via restriction enzyme cleavage of the vector pUC18 with SbfI and BamHI, purification of the vector fragment followed by filling up the overhangs with Pfu DNA polymerase and religation with T4 DNA ligase (Stratagene). The resulting construct is hereinbelow termed pUC18SbfI-.
The vector pBinAR was first cleaved with NotI, the ends were filled up and the vector was cleaved with SbfI, the ends were filled up and the vector was religated and subsequently cleaved with EcoRI and HindIII. The resulting fragment was ligated into a derivative of the binary plant transformation vector pPZP (Hajdukiewicz, P, Svab, Z, Maliga, P., (1994) Plant Mol Biol 25:989-994) which makes possible the transformation of plants by means of agrobacterium and mediates kanamycin resistance in transgenic plants. The construct generated thus is hereinbelow termed pSun12/35S.
pUC18SbfI- was used as template in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the oligonucleotides V1 and V2 (see Table 2) and Pfu DNA polymerase. The resulting fragment was ligated into the SmaI-cut pSun12/35S, giving rise to pSunblues2. Following cleavage with NotI, dephosphorylation with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) and purification of the vector fragment, pSunblues2 was ligated with the normalized, likewise NotI-cut cDNA population. Following transformation into E. coli XI-1 blue (Stratagene), the resulting clones were deposited into microtiter plates. The binary cDNA library contains cDNAs in “sense” and in “antisense” orientation under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and, after transformation into tobacco plants, these cDNAs can, accordingly, lead to “cosuppression” and “antisense” effects.
Selected clones of the binary cDNA library were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1:pGV2260 (Deblaere et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 13(1984), 4777-4788) and incubated with Streptomycin/Spectinomycin selection. The material used for the transformation of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) with the binary clone Nt002002044_S2 was an overnight culture of a positively transformed agrobacterial colony diluted with YEB medium to OD600=0.8-1.6. Leaf disks of sterile plants (approx. 1 cm2 each) were incubated for 5-10 minutes with the agrobacterial dilution in a Petri dish. This was followed by incubation in the dark for 2 days at 25° C. on Murashige-Skoog medium (Physiol. Plant. 15(1962), 473) supplemented with 2% sucrose (2MS medium) and 0.8% Bacto agar. The cultivation was continued after 2 days with 16 hours of light/8 hours of darkness and continued in a weekly rhythm on MS medium supplemented with 500 mg/l Claforan (cefotaxime sodium), 50 mg/l kanamycin, 1 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.2 mg/l naphthylacetic acid and 1.6 g/l glucose. Growing shoots were transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, 250 mg/l Claforan and 0.8% Bacto agar. Regenerated shoots were transferred onto 2MS medium supplemented with kanamycin and Claforan. Transgenic plants of line E—0000010590 were generated in this manner.
After the shoots had been transferred into soil, the plants were observed for 2-20 weeks in the greenhouse for the manifestation of phenotypes. It emerged that transgenic plants of line E—0000010590 were similar in phenotype. These plants showed retarded growth compared with control plants and pronounced chlorotic areas on the leaves.
The integration of the clone cDNA into the genome of the transgenic lines was detected via PCR with the oligonucleotides G1 and G2 (see Table 1, Example 1) and genomic DNA prepared from the transgenic lines in question. To this end, TAKARA Taq DNA polymerase was preferably employed, following the manufacturer's instructions (MoBiTec, Göttingen). The cDNA clone of the binary cDNA library, which clone had been used in each case for the transformation, acted as template for a PCR reaction as the positive control. PCR products with an identical size or, if appropriate, identical cleavage patterns which were obtained after cleavage with a variety of restriction enzymes acted as proof that the corresponding cDNA had been integrated. In this manner, the insert of clone Nt002002044_S2 was detected in the transgenic plants with the abovementioned phenotypes.
The cDNA insert of clone Nt002002044_S2, whose transformation into tobacco plants resulted in the abovementioned phenotypes, was sequenced.
The cDNA of Nt002002044_S2 (SEQ ID NO:1) has a length of 558 bp and contains an open reading frame of 414 bp, which encodes a polypeptide of 138 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:2) with significant identities to the subunit P of the plant glycine decarboxylase complex.
The highest degree of identity (88.2%) was between SEQ ID NO:1 and the Solanum tuberosum nucleic acid sequence which encodes the subunit P of the plant glycine decarboxylase complex (Gen Bank Acc. No.: Z99770).
Thus, SEQ ID NO:1 encodes the C-terminal portion of a P-protein.
The enzyme activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex can be measured on preparations of plant mitochondria or mitochondrial matrix extracts, which, for example, can be isolated from pea leaves (Sarojini and Oliver 1983, Plant Physiology 72, pp. 194 et seq.) or spinach leaves (Douce et al. 1977, Plant Physiology 60, pp. 625 et seq.).
The GDC activity can be determined photometrically (see, for example, Bourguignon et al. 1988, Biochemical Journal 255, pp. 169 et seq.). To this end, the glycine decarboxylase complex in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) is treated with NAD+ (2.5 mM), glycine (30 mM), pyridoxal phosphate (20 μM), MgCl2 (0.2 mM), EGTA (0.2 mM) and tetrahydrofolate (200 μM). The NADH which forms during the reaction is monitored photometrically at 340 nm.
This assay can be carried out in microtiter plates and is suitable for a high-throughput screening.
A detection system of the joint activity of the P, L and H subunit of the GDC complex can be carried out by monitoring the conversion of glycine photometrically with reference to the coupled reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, for example as described by Moore et al. (1980, FEBS Letters 115, pp. 54 et seq.).
To determine the joint activity of the H and L protein of the GDC, their reaction in the opposite direction is monitored by the L protein reducing the H-protein-bound lipoic acid with an excess of NADH. The dihydrolipoic acid formed is reoxidized by an excess of 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), giving rise to 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid, whose absorption can be monitored photometrically at 412 nm (for example as described Neuburger et al. 1991, Biochemical Journal 278, pp. 765 et seq.).
The P protein activity can be determined by the method of Higara and Kiguchi (Journal of Biological Chemistry 1980, 255, pp. 11664-11670). Here, 1-[14C]glycine is decarboxylated in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate and DTT, and the 14CO2 which forms is detected radiometrically.
L protein activity can be detected in the presence of NAD+ and free lipoic acid by photometrically monitoring the NADH formation at 340 nm (for example as described in Moran et al., Plant Physiology 2002, 128, pp. 300-313).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 03025860.2 | Nov 2003 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP04/52816 | 10/27/2004 | WO | 6/5/2006 |
