Patent Application
20070015799
This invention relates to compounds which are glyoxalase I inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and the use of such compositions and compounds to treat various conditions alleviated by the inhibition of glyoxalase I.
Methyl glyoxal (MG) is an endogenous cytotoxic agent that is formed in cells as a consequence of glycolysis. The glyoxalase system converts 2-oxoaldehydes such as MG into the corresponding 2-hydroxy acid in two consecutive steps. MG is converted to D-lactate via the intermediate S-D-lactoylglutathione. The glyoxalase system comprises two enzymes, glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Glyoxalase I is the rate limiting enzyme, and catalyses the formation of S-D-lactoylglutathione from the hemithioacetal formed non-enzymatically from MG and reduced glutathione (GSH). Glyoxalase II catalyses the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoylglutathione to D-lactate, reforming the GSH consumed in the glyoxalase I-catalysed reaction (Thornalley et al., Crit. Rev. Oncol. Haematol. 20, 99 (1995)).
High levels of MG form DNA adducts and are generally toxic to cells. Cells having high glycolytic rates such as tumour cells and certain parasites have increased levels of glyoxalase I, which is believed to be the major detoxification pathway for MG. Glyoxalase-I levels were shown to be higher in 38 human cancer cell lines than in normal cells (Sakamoto et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 2513 (2001)). Elevated glyoxalase I levels were observed in the following human cancer types: lung (Sakamoto et al., ibid.), prostate (Sakamoto et al., ibid.; Davidson et al., J. Urol. 161, 690 (1999); Samadi et al., Urology 57, 183 (2001)), colon (Ranganathan et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1182, 311 (1993)), leukemia (Sakamoto et al., Blood 95, 3214 (2000)) and breast (Rulli et al., Breast Canc. Res. Treat 66, 67 (2001)). Agents that lead to an accumulation of MG, such as glyoxalase inhibitors, might be expected to exert an anti-tumor action (Thornalley et al., Gen. Pharmacol. 27, 565 (1996)) and are therefore likely to have a beneficial effect on patients suffering from various forms of cancer.
Prototype peptidic glyoxalase I inhibitors have been synthesised, based on knowledge of the substrate of glyoxalase I, i.e. the hemithioacetal formed from MG and GSH (Johansson et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 619 (2000); Thornalley et al. J. Med. Chem. 39, 3409 (1996); Kalsi et al., J. Med. Chem. 42, 3981 (2000); Sharkey et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 46, 156 (2000)). Such inhibitors have been shown to acutely increase MG levels and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally they have been shown to exert anti-cancer effects in vivo, both on their own and synergising with existing cytotoxic agents (Thornalley et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 51, 1365 (1996); Sakamoto et al., Blood 95, 3214 (2000); Sharkey et al., ibid.). Moreover, there is increasing evidence that tumour cell resistance to certain cytotoxics (adriamycin, etoposide) may result, in part, from the over-activity of glyoxalase I (Sakamoto et al., Blood 95, 3214 (2000); Johansson et al., ibid.).
Known glyoxalase I inhibitor compounds are generally peptidic and require esterification to gain access to the interior of the cell where glyoxalase I is found. It is therefore desirable to find classes of glyoxalase I inhibitor compounds which are non-peptidic and hence have greater potential as therapeutic agents.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,870 describes pyrroloquinoline quinone compounds in relation to glyoxalase I inhibition, although no activity data for glyoxalase I inhibition is disclosed. WO 99/35128 is related to competitive inhibitor compounds of glyoxalase I, and a method of generating such inhibitors inside tumour cells using an acyl-interchange reaction between a membrane-permeable prodrug and intracellular glutathione.
The invention provides further classes of glyoxalase I inhibitor compounds which are non-peptidic, and therefore have greater potential as therapeutic agents.
A first aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula I:
wherein
X is N or CH;
R1 is H, cyano, halo, hydroxy, hydroxamic acid, sulfhydryl or —NH2; or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by cyano, halo, hydroxy, hydroxamic acid, sulfhydryl or —NH2; or —OR, —NHR, —NR2 or —SR wherein R is C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by cyano, halo, hydroxy, hydroxamic acid, sulfhydryl or —NH2;
R2 is H, CF3; or optionally substituted C5-6 aryl, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-7 heterocyclyl or together with R3 an optionally substituted C3-4 alkylene group wherein L3 and L4 are single bonds thus forming a C5-6 ring fused with the aromatic ring to which L3 and L4 are attached;
R3 is H; or optionally substituted C5-6 aryl, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-7 heterocyclyl or together with R2 an optionally substituted C3-4 alkylene group wherein L3 and L4 are single bonds thus forming a C5-6 ring fused with the aromatic ring to which L3 and L4 are attached;
R4 is H; or optionally substituted C5-6 aryl or C5-7 heterocyclyl;
L1 is optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, C5-6 arylene, C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene or -L5N(R5)L6-, wherein L5 and L6 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene and C5-6 arylene, and R5 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
L2 is a single bond; or optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene or -L7C(═O)L8-, wherein L7 and L8 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene and a single bond; and
L3 and L4 are independently selected from a single bond, optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, -L9YN(OH)C(═O)L10- and -L9C(═O) N(OH)YL10-, wherein L9 and L10 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, C5-6 arylene, C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene and a single bond, wherein Y is NH or a single bond;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in a method of therapy.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined in the first aspect or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
A further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a condition alleviated by inhibition of glyoxalase I.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of treating a condition which can be alleviated by inhibition of glyoxalase I, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Another aspect of the present invention provides novel compounds or salts, solvates and chemically protected forms thereof, and methods of synthesis thereof as described herein.
In this aspect, the compounds are as provided in formula I wherein the compounds contain at least one —C(═O)N(OH)—group.
Conditions alleviated by inhibition of glyoxalase I are proliferative conditions. The term “proliferative condition” pertains to an unwanted or uncontrolled cellular proliferation of excessive or abnormal cells which is undesired, such as, neoplastic or hyperplastic growth, whether in vitro or in vivo.
Examples of proliferative conditions include, but are not limited to, benign, pre-malignant, and malignant cellular proliferation, including but not limited to, neoplasms and tumours (e.g., histocytoma, glioma, astrocytoma, osteoma), cancers (e.g., lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, bowel cancer, colon cancer, breast carinoma, ovarian carcinoma, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, pancreas cancer, brain cancer, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, Kaposils sarcoma, melanoma), leukemias, psoriasis, bone diseases, fibroproliferative disorders (e.g., of connective tissues), and atherosclerosis.
Any type of cell may be treated, including but not limited to, lung, gastrointestinal (including, e.g., bowel, colon), breast (mammary), ovarian, prostate, liver (hepatic), kidney (renal), bladder, pancreas, brain, and skin.
Cyano: The term “cyano”, as used herein, pertains to the monovalent moiety —CN.
Halo: The term “halo”, as used herein, pertains to the monovalent moiety —Y, wherein Y is a halogen atom. Examples of halo groups include —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I.
Hydroxy: The term “hydroxy”, as used herein, pertains to the monovalent moiety —OH.
Hydroxamic acid: The term “hydroxamic acid”, as used herein, pertains to the monovalent moiety —C(═O)NH(OH).
Sulfhydryl: The term “sulfhydryl”, as used herein, pertains to the monovalent moiety —SH.
C1-4 alkyl group: The term “C1-4 alkyl”, as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a non-cyclic hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and which may be saturated or unsaturated.
Examples of saturated C1-4 alkyl groups include methyl (C1); ethyl (C2); propyl (C3), which may be linear (n-propyl) or branched (iso-propyl); butyl (C4), which may be linear (n-butyl) or branched (iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl).
Examples of unsaturated C1-4 alkyl groups, which may be referred to as C1-4 alkenyl (if they included a double bond) or C1-4 alkynyl (if they include a triple bond) groups, include ethenyl (vinyl, —CH═CH2), ethynyl (ethinyl, —C≡CH), 1-propenyl (—CH═CH—CH3), 2-propenyl (allyl, —CH—CH═CH2), 2-propynyl (propargyl, —CH2—C≡CH), isopropenyl (—C(CH3)═CH2) and butenyl (C4).
C3-7 Cycloalkyl: The term “C3-7 cycloalkyl”, as used herein, pertains to an alkyl group which is also a cyclyl group; that is, a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alicyclic ring atom of a cyclic hydrocarbon (carbocyclic) compound, which moiety has from 3 to 7 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified).
Examples of saturated cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from: cyclopropane (C3), cyclobutane (C4), cyclopentane (C5), cyclohexane (C6), cycloheptane (C7), norbornane (C7), norpinane (C7), norcarane (C7).
C5-7 Heterocyclyl: The term “C5-7 heterocyclyl”, as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a heterocyclic compound, which moiety has from 5 to 7 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 4 are ring heteroatoms.
In this context, the prefix C5-7 denotes the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term “C5-7 heterocyclyl” as used herein, pertains to a heterocyclyl group having 5 to 7 ring atoms. Examples of groups of heterocyclyl groups include C5-7 heterocyclyl and C5-6 heterocyclyl.
Examples of (non-aromatic) monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
N1: pyrrolidine (tetrahydropyrrole) (C5), pyrroline (e.g., 3-pyrroline, 2,5-dihydropyrrole) (C5), 2H-pyrrole or 3H-pyrrole (isopyrrole, isoazole) (C5), piperidine (C6), dihydropyridine (C6), tetrahydropyridine (C6), azepine (C7); O1: oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) (C5), oxole (dihydrofuran) (C5), oxane (tetrahydropyran) (C6), dihydropyran (C6), pyran (C6), oxepin (C7);
S1: thiolane (tetrahydrothiophene) (C5), thiane (tetrahydrothiopyran) (C6), thiepane (C7);
O2: dioxolane (C5), dioxane (C6), and dioxepane (C7);
O3: trioxane (C6);
N2: imidazolidine (C5), pyrazolidine (diazolidine) (C5), imidazoline (C5), pyrazoline (dihydropyrazole) (C5), piperazine (C6);
N1O1: tetrahydrooxazole (C5), dihydrooxazole (C5), tetrahydroisoxazole (C5), dihydroisoxazole (C5), morpholine (C6), tetrahydrooxazine (C6), dihydrooxazine (C6), oxazine (C6);
N1S1: thiazoline (C5), thiazolidine (C5), thiomorpholine (C6);
N2O1: oxadiazine (C6);
O1S1: oxathiole (C5) and oxathiane (thioxane) (C6); and, N1O1S1: oxathiazine (C6).
Examples of substituted (non-aromatic) monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include those derived from saccharides, in cyclic form, for example, furanoses (C5), such as arabinofuranose, lyxofuranose, ribofuranose, and xylofuranse, and pyranoses (C6), such as allopyranose, altropyranose, glucopyranose, mannopyranose, gulopyranose, idopyranose, galactopyranose, and talopyranose.
Examples of heterocyclyl groups which are also heteroaryl groups are described below with aryl groups.
C5-6 aryl: The term “C5-6 aryl”, as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 5 to 6 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified). In this context, the prefix C5-6 denotes the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term “C5-6 aryl,” as used herein, pertains to an aryl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.
The ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in “carboaryl groups.” Examples of carboaryl groups include C5-6 carboaryl, C5 carboaryl, and C6 carboaryl.
Examples of carboaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from benzene (i.e., phenyl) (C6).
Alternatively, the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in “heteroaryl groups.” Examples of heteroaryl groups include C5-6 heteroaryl, C5 heteroaryl, and C6 heteroaryl.
Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
N1: pyrrole (azole) (C5), pyridine (azine) (C6);
O1: furan (oxole) (C5);
S1: thiophene (thiole) (C5);
N1O1: oxazole (C5), isoxazole (C5), isoxazine (C6);
N2O1: oxadiazole (furazan) (C5);
N3O1: oxatriazole (C5);
N3S1: thiazole (C5), isothiazole (C5);
N2: imidazole (1,3-diazole) (C5), pyrazole (1,2-diazole) (C5), pyridazine (1,2-diazine) (C6), pyrimidine (1,3-diazine) (C6) (e.g., cytosine, thymine, uracil), pyrazine (1,4-diazine) (C6);
N3: triazole (C5), triazine (C6); and,
N4: tetrazole (C5).
Heterocyclic groups (including heteroaryl groups) which have a nitrogen ring atom in the form of an —NH— group may be N-substituted, that is, as —NR—. For example, pyrrole may be N-methyl substituted, to give N-methylpyrrole. Examples of N-substitutents include, but are not limited to C1-4 alkyl, C5-7 heterocyclyl, C5-6 aryl, and acyl groups.
The term “bidentate substituents,” as used herein, pertains to substituents which have two points of covalent attachment, and which act as a linking group between two other moieties.
C1-4 alkylene: The term “C1-4 alkylene” as used herein, pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from opposite ends of a linear hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), and which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated. Thus, the term “alkylene” includes the sub-classes alkenylene, alkynylene, etc., discussed below.
In this context, the prefix C1-4 denotes the number of carbon atoms, or range of number of carbon atoms. For example, the term “C1-4 alkylene” as used herein, pertains to an alkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
Examples of saturated C1-4 alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, —(CH2)n— where n is an integer from 1 to 4, for example, —CH2— (methylene), —CH2CH2— (ethylene), —CH2CH2CH2— (propylene), and —CH2CH2CH2CH2— (butylene)
Examples of partially unsaturated C1-4 alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, —CH═CH— (vinylene), —CH═CH—CH2—, —CH2—CH═CH2—, —CH═CH—CH2—CH2—, —CH═CH—CH═CH—.
C5-6 arylene: The term “C5-6 arylene”, as used herein, pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms, one from each of two different aromatic ring atoms of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 5 to 6 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified).
In this context, the prefix C5-6 denotes the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term “C5-6 arylene” as used herein, pertains to an arylene group having 5 or 6 ring atoms. Examples of groups of arylene groups include C5-6 arylene, C5 arylene, and C6 arylene.
The ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in “carboarylene groups” (e.g., C5-6 carboarylene).
Examples of C5-6 arylene groups which do not have ring heteroatoms (i.e., C5-6 carboarylene groups) include, but are not limited to, those derived from the compounds discussed above in regard to carboaryl groups.
Alternatively, the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in “heteroarylene groups” (e.g., C5-6 heteroarylene).
Examples of C5-6 heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from the compounds discussed above in regard to heteroaryl groups.
C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene: The term “C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene”, as used herein, pertains to a bidentate moiety comprising a C1-4 alkylene moiety, —C1-4 alkylene-, linked to a C5-6 arylene moiety, —C5-6 arylene-, that is, —C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene-.
Examples of C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene groups include, for example, methylene-phenylene, ethylene-phenylene, propylene-phenylene, and ethenylene-phenylene (also known as vinylene-phenylene).
The phrase “optionally substituted”, as used herein, pertains to a group, as above, which may be unsubstituted or which may be substituted by one of the following substituent groups or one of the groups listed above:
C1-7 alkyl group: The term “C1-7 alkyl”, as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), which may be aliphatic or alicyclic, and which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated. Thus, the term “alkyl” includes the sub-classes alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl discussed below.
In this context, the prefixes (e.g. C1-4, C1-7, C2-7, C3-7, etc.) denote the number of carbon atoms, or range of number of carbon atoms. For example, the term “C1-4 alkyl,” as used herein, pertains to an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of groups of alkyl groups include C1-4 alkyl (“lower alkyl”) and C1-7 alkyl.
Examples of saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), propyl (C3), butyl (C4), pentyl (C5), hexyl (C6), heptyl (C7).
Examples of saturated linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), n-pentyl (amyl) (C5), n-hexyl (C6), and n-heptyl (C7).
Examples of saturated branched alkyl groups include iso-propyl (C3), iso-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), iso-pentyl (C5), and neo-pentyl (C5).
Cycloalkyl: The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein, pertains to an alkyl group which is also a cyclyl group; that is; a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alicyclic ring atom of a cyclic hydrocarbon (carbocyclic) compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified). Preferably, each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
Examples of saturated cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from: cyclopropane (C3), cyclobutane (C4), cyclopentane (C5), cyclohexane (C6), cycloheptane (C7), norbornane (C7), norpinane (C7), norcarane (C7), adamantane (C10), and decalin (decahydronaphthalene) (C10).
Examples of saturated cycloalkyl groups, which are also referred to herein as “alkyl-cycloalkyl” groups, include, but are not limited to, methylcyclopropyl, dimethylcyclopropyl, methylcyclobutyl, dimethylcyclobutyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, and dimethylcyclohexyl, menthane, thujane, carane, pinane, bornane, norcarane, and camphene.
Examples of unsaturated cyclic alkenyl groups, which are also referred to herein as “alkyl-cycloalkenyl” groups, include, but are not limited to, methylcyclopropenyl, dimethylcyclopropenyl, methylcyclobutenyl, dimethylcyclobutenyl, methylcyclopentenyl, dimethylcyclopentenyl, methylcyclohexenyl, and dimethylcyclohexenyl.
Examples of cycloalkyl groups, with one or more other rings fused to the parent cycloalkyl group, include, but are not limited to, those derived from: indene (C9), indan (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene) (C9), tetraline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (C10), acenaphthene (C12), fluorene (C13), phenalene (C13), acephenanthrene (C15), aceanthrene (C16). For example, 2H-inden-2-yl is a C5cycloalkyl group with a substituent (phenyl) fused thereto.
Alkenyl: The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, pertains to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of groups of alkenyl groups include C2-4 alkenyl, C2-7 alkenyl, C2-20 alkenyl.
Examples of unsaturated alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (vinyl, —CH═CH2), 1-propenyl (—CH═CH—CH3), 2-propenyl (allyl, —CH—CH′CH2), isopropenyl (—C(CH3)═CH2), butenyl (C4), pentenyl (C5), and hexenyl (C6).
Examples of unsaturated cyclic alkenyl groups, which are also referred to herein as “cycloalkenyl” groups, include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl (C3), cyclobutenyl (C4), cyclopentenyl (C5), and cyclohexenyl (C6)
Alkynyl: The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, pertains to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples of groups of alkynyl groups include C2-4 alkynyl, C2-7 alkynyl, C2-20 alkynyl.
Examples of unsaturated alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (ethinyl, —C≡CH) and 2-propynyl (propargyl, —CH2—C≡CH).
C3-7 heterocyclyl group: The term “C3-7 heterocyclyl”, as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a heterocyclic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 7 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified), of which from 1 to 4 are ring heteroatoms.
In this context, the prefixes (e.g. C3-7, C5-6 etc.) denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term “C5-6heterocyclyl”, as used herein, pertains to a heterocyclyl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms. Examples of groups of heterocyclyl groups include C3-7 heterocyclyl, C5-7 heterocyclyl.
Examples of monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
N1: aziridine (C3), azetidine (C4), pyrrolidine (tetrahydropyrrole) (C5), pyrroline (e.g., 3-pyrroline, 2,5-dihydropyrrole) (C5), 2H-pyrrole or 3H-pyrrole (isopyrrole, isoazole) (C5), piperidine (C6), dihydropyridine (C6), tetrahydropyridine (C6), azepine (C7);
O1: oxirane (C3), oxetane (C4), oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) (C5), oxole (dihydrofuran) (C5), oxane (tetrahydropyran) (C6), dihydropyran (C6), pyran (C6), oxepin (C7);
S1: thiirane (C3), thietane (C4), thiolane (tetrahydrothiophene) (C5), thiane (tetrahydrothiopyran) (C6), thiepane (C7);
O2: dioxolane (C5), dioxane (C6), and dioxepane (C7);
O3: trioxane (C6);
N2: imidazolidine (C5), pyrazolidine (diazolidine) (C5), imidazoline (C5), pyrazoline (dihydropyrazole) (C5), piperazine (C6);
N1O1: tetrahydrooxazole (C5), dihydrooxazole (C5), tetrahydroisoxazole (C5), dihydroisoxazole (C5), morpholine (C6), tetrahydrooxazine (C6), dihydrooxazine (C6), oxazine (C6);
N1S1: thiazoline (C5), thiazolidine (C5), thiomorpholine (C6);
N2O1: oxadiazine (C6);
O1S1: oxathiole (C5) and oxathiane (thioxane) (C6); and,
N1O1S1: oxathiazine (C6).
C5-7 aryl: The term “C5-7 aryl” as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 5 to 7 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified).
In this context, the prefixes (e.g. C5-7, C5-6 etc.) denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term “C5-6aryl” as used herein, pertains to an aryl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms. Examples of groups of aryl groups include C5-7 aryl, C5-6 aryl, C5 aryl and C6aryl.
The ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in “carboaryl groups”. Examples of carboaryl groups include C5-7 carboaryl, C5-6 carboaryl, C5 carboaryl and C6 carboaryl.
Examples of carboaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from benzene (i.e. phenyl) (C6).
Alternatively, the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in “heteroaryl groups.” Examples of heteroaryl groups include C5-7 heteroaryl, C5-6 heteroaryl, C5 heteroaryl and C6 heteroaryl.
Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
N1: pyrrole (azole) (C5), pyridine (azine) (C6);
O1: furan (oxole) (C5);
S1: thiophene (thiole) (C5);
N1O1: oxazole (C5), isoxazole (C5), isoxazine (C6);
N2O1: oxadiazole (furazan) (C5);
N3O1: oxatriazole (C5);
N1S1: thiazole (C5), isothiazole (C5);
N2: imidazole (1,3-diazole) (C5), pyrazole (1,2-diazole) (C5), pyridazine (1,2-diazine) (C6), pyrimidine (1,3-diazine) (C6) (e.g., cytosine, thymine, uracil), pyrazine (1,4-diazine) (C6);
N3: triazole (C5), triazine (C6); and,
N4: tetrazole (C5).
Heterocyclic groups (including heteroaryl groups) which have a nitrogen ring atom in the form of an —NH— group may be N-substituted, that is, as —NR—. For example, pyrrole may be N-methyl substituted, to give N-methylpyrrole. Examples of N-substitutents include, but are not limited to C1-7 alkyl, C3-7 heterocyclyl, C5-7 aryl, and acyl groups.
Halo: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I.
Hydroxy: —OH.
Ether: —OR, wherein R is an ether substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as a C1-7 alkoxy group, discussed below), a C3-7 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C3-7 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C5-7 aryl group (also referred to as a C5-7 aryloxy group), preferably a C1-7 alkyl group.
C1-7 alkoxy: —OR, wherein R is a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of C1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OMe (methoxy), —OEt (ethoxy), —O(nPr) (n-propoxy), —O(iPr) (isopropoxy), —O(nBu) (n-butoxy), —O(sBu) (sec-butoxy), —O(iBu) (isobutoxy), and —O(tBu) (tert-butoxy).
Oxo (keto, -one): ═O.
Thione (thioketone): ═S.
Imino (imine): ═NR, wherein R is an imino substituent, for example, hydrogen, C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of ester groups include, but are not limited to, ═NH, ═NMe, ═NEt, and ═NPh.
Formyl (carbaldehyde, carboxaldehyde): —C(═O)H.
Acyl (keto): —C(═O)R, wherein R is an acyl substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as C1-7 alkylacyl or C1-7 alkanoyl), a C3-7 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as C3-7 heterocyclylacyl), or a C5-7 aryl group (also referred to as C5-7 arylacyl), preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of acyl groups include, but are not limited to, —C(═O)CH3 (acetyl), —C(═O)CH2CH3 (propionyl), —C(═O)C(CH3)3 (t-butyryl), and —C(═O)Ph (benzoyl, phenone).
Carboxy (carboxylic acid): —C(═O)OH.
Thiocarboxy (thiocarboxylic acid): —C(═S)SH.
Thiolocarboxy (thiolocarboxylic acid): —C(═O)SH.
Thionocarboxy (thionocarboxylic acid): —C(═S)OH.
Imidic acid: —C(═NH)OH.
Hydroxamic acid: —C(═O)NH(OH).
Ester (carboxylate, carboxylic acid ester, oxycarbonyl): —C(═O)OR, wherein R is an ester substituent, for example, a C1-7alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of ester groups include, but are not limited to, —C(═O)OCH3, —C(═O)OCH2CH3, —C(═O)OC(CH3)3, and —C(═O)OPh.
Acyloxy (reverse ester): —OC(═O)R, wherein R is an acyloxy substituent, for example, a C1-7alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of acyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OC(═O)CH3 (acetoxy), —OC(═O)CH2CH3, —OC(═O)C(CH3)3, —OC(═O)Ph, and —OC(═O)CH2Ph.
Oxycarboyloxy: —OC(═O)OR, wherein R is an ester substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of ester groups include, but are not limited to, —OC(═O)OCH3, —OC(═O)OCH2CH3, —OC(═O)OC(CH3)3, and —OC(═O)OPh.
Amido (carbamoyl, carbamyl, aminocarbonyl, carboxamide): —C(═O)NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of amido groups include, but are not limited to, —C(═O)NH2, —C(═O)NHCH3, —C(═O)N(CH3)2, —C(═O)NHCH2CH3, and —C(═O)N(CH2CH3)2, as well as amido groups in which R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic structure as in, for example, piperidinocarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl, thiomorpholinocarbonyl, and piperazinocarbonyl.
Acylamido (acylamino): —NR1C(═O)R2, wherein R1 is an amide substituent, for example, hydrogen, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C1-7 alkyl group, and R2 is an acyl substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of acylamide groups include, but are not limited to, —NHC(═O)CH3, —NHC(═O)CH2CH3, and —NHC(═O)Ph. R1 and R2 may together form a cyclic structure, as in, for example, succinimidyl, maleimidyl, and phthalimidyl:
Thioamido (thiocarbamyl): —C(═S)NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of amido groups include, but are not limited to, —C((═S)NH2, —C((═S)NHCH3, —C(═S)N(CH3)2, and —C(═S)NHCH2CH3.
Ureido: —N(R1)CONR2R3 wherein R2 and R3 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups, and R1 is a ureido substituent, for example, hydrogen, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of ureido groups include, but are not limited to, —NHCONH2, —NHCONHMe, —NHCONHEt, —NHCONMe2, —NHCONEt2, —NMeCONH2, —NMeCONHMe, —NMeCONHEt, —NMeCONMe2, and —NMeCONEt2.
Guanidino: —NH—C(═NH)NH2.
Tetrazolyl: a five membered aromatic ring having four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom,
Amino: —NR1R2, wherein R3 and R2 are independently amino substituents, for example, hydrogen, a C1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as C1-7 alkylamino or di-C1-7 alkylamino), a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably H or a C1-7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a “cyclic” amino group, R1 and R2, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms. Amino groups may be primary (—NH2), secondary (—NHR1), or tertiary (—NHR1R2), and in cationic form, may be quaternary (—+NR1R2R3). Examples of amino groups include, but are not limited to, —NH2, —NHCH3, —NHC(CH3)2, —N(CH3)2, —N(CH2CH3)2, and —NHPh. Examples of cyclic amino groups include, but are not limited to, aziridino, azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, and thiomorpholino.
Amidine (amidino): —C(═NR)NR2, wherein each R is an amidine substituent, for example, hydrogen, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably H or a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of amidine groups include, but are not limited to, —C(═NH)NH2, —C(═NH)NMe2, and —C(═NMe)NMe2.
Nitro: —NO2.
Nitroso: —NO.
Cyano (nitrile, carbonitrile): —CN.
Isocyano: —NC.
Thiocyano (thiocyanato): —SCN.
Sulfhydryl (thiol, mercapto): —SH.
Thioether (sulfide): —SR, wherein R is a thioether substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as a C1-7 alkylthio group), a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of C1-7 alkylthio groups include, but are not limited to, —SCH3 and —SCH2CH3.
Disulfide: —SS—R, wherein R is a disulfide substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group (also referred to herein as C1-7 alkyl disulfide). Examples of C1-7 alkyl disulfide groups include, but are not limited to, —SSCH3 and —SSCH2CH3.
Sulfine (sulfinyl, sulfoxide): —S(═O)R, wherein R is a sulfine substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfine groups include, but are not limited to, —S(═O)CH3 and —S(═O)CH2CH3.
Sulfone (sulfonyl): —S(═O)2R, wherein R is a sulfone substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group, including, for example, a fluorinated or perfluorinated C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfone groups include, but are not limited to, —S(═O)2CH3 (methanesulfonyl, mesyl), —S(═O)2CF3 (triflyl), —S(═O)2CH2CH3 (esyl), —S(═O)2C4F9 (nonaflyl), —S(═O)2CH2CF3 (tresyl), —S(═O)2CH2CH2NH2 (tauryl), —S(═O)2Ph(phenylsulfonyl, besyl), 4-methylphenylsulfonyl (tosyl), 4-chlorophenylsulfonyl (closyl), 4-bromophenylsulfonyl (brosyl), 4-nitrophenyl (nosyl), 2-naphthalenesulfonate (napsyl), and 5-dimethylamino-naphthalen-1-ylsulfonate (dansyl).
Sulfinic acid (sulfino): —S(═O)OH, —SO2H.
Sulfonic acid (sulfo): —S(═O)2OH, —SO3H.
Sulfinate (sulfinic acid ester): —S(═O)OR; wherein R is a sulfinate substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfinate groups include, but are not limited to, —S(═O)OCH3 (methoxysulfinyl; methyl sulfinate) and —S(═O)OCH2CH3 (ethoxysulfinyl; ethyl sulfinate).
Sulfonate (sulfonic acid ester): —S(═O)2OR, wherein R is a sulfonate substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfonate groups include, but are not limited to, —S(═O)2OCH3 (methoxysulfonyl; methyl sulfonate) and —S(═O)2OCH2CH3 (ethoxysulfonyl; ethyl sulfonate).
Sulfinyloxy: —OS(═O)R, wherein R is a sulfinyloxy substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfinyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OS(═O)CH3 and —OS(═O)CH2CH3.
Sulfonyloxy: —OS(═O)2R, wherein R is a sulfonyloxy substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfonyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OS(═O)2CH3 (mesylate) and —OS(═O)2CH2CH3 (esylate).
Sulfate: —OS(═O)2OR; wherein R is a sulfate substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfate groups include, but are not limited to, —OS(═O)2OCH3 and —SO(═O)2OCH2CH3.
Sulfamyl (sulfamoyl; sulfinic acid amide; sulfinamide): —S(═O)NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of sulfamyl groups include, but are not limited to, —S(═O)NH2, —S(═O)NH(CH3), —S(═O)N(CH3)2, —S(═O)NH(CH2CH3), —S(═O)N(CH2CH3)2, and —S(═O)NHPh.
Sulfonamido (sulfinamoyl; sulfonic acid amide; sulfonamide): —S(═O)2NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of sulfonamido groups include, but are not limited to, —S(═O)2NH2, —S(═O)2NH (CH3), —S(═O)2N(CH3)2, —S(═O)2NH(CH2CH3, —S(═O)2N(CH2CH3)2, and —S(═O)2NHPh.
Sulfamino: —NR1S(═O)2OH, wherein R1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups. Examples of sulfamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS(═O)2OH and —N(CH3)S(═O)2OH.
Sulfonamino: —NR1S(═O)2R, wherein R1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups, and R is a sulfonamino substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfonamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS(═O)2CH3 and —N(CH3)S(═O)2C6H5.
Sulfinamino: —NR1S(═O)R, wherein R1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups, and R is a sulfinamino substituent, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a C5-7 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfinamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS(═O)CH3 and —N(CH3)S(═O)C6H5.
Includes Other Forms
Unless otherwise specified, included in the above are the well known ionic, salt, solvate, and protected forms of these substituents. For example, a reference to carboxylic acid (—COOH) also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (—COO−), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms such as esters. Similarly, a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (—N+HR1R2), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for example, a hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group. Similarly, a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (—O−), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms of a hydroxyl group.
Ester Derivatives
The carboxylic acid moiety of compounds of formula I may be protected as an ester for example, as an optionally substituted C1-7 alkyl ester (e.g. a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester; a chloroethyl ester); an optionally substituted C5-6 aryl ester (e.g. a phenyl ester; a chlorophenyl ester; a tolyl ester); or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 aryl ester (e.g., a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester). Thus included in the above are compounds of formula Ia:
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, L1, L2, L3and L4 are as defined above and R6 is selected from optionally substituted C1-7 alkyl, C5-6 aryl and C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 aryl.
C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 aryl: The term “C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 aryl”, as used herein, pertains to a bidentate moiety comprising a C1-4 alkylene moiety, —C1-4 alkylene-, linked to a C5-6 aryl moiety, —C5-6 aryl, that is, —C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 aryl.
Examples of C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 aryl groups include, for example, methylene-phenyl (also known as benzyl), ethylene-phenyl, propylene-phenyl, and ethenylene-phenyl (also known as vinylene-phenylene).
The ester derivatives of formula Ia may function as prodrugs for the treatment of conditions alleviated by inhibition of glyoxalase I, i.e. proliferative conditions.
Isomers, Salts, Solvates and Protected Forms
Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r-forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and 1-forms; (+) and (−) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; α- and β-forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).
Note that, except as discussed below for tautomeric forms, specifically excluded from the term “isomers,” as used herein, are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e., isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space). For example, a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH3, is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, —CH2OH. Similarly, a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl. However, a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g., C1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
The above exclusion does not pertain to tautomeric forms, for example, keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms, as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
Note that specifically included in the term “isomer” are compounds with one or more isotopic substitutions. For example, H may be in any isotopic form, including 1H, 2H (D), and 3H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12C, 13C, and 14C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16O and 18O; and the like.
Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof. Methods for the preparation (e.g., asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g., fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound also includes ionic, salt, solvate, and protected forms of thereof, for example, as discussed below.
It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding salt of the active compound, for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.
For example, if the compound is anionic, or has a functional group which may be anionic (e.g., —COOH may be —COO−), then a salt may be formed with a suitable cation. Examples of suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na+ and K+, alkaline earth cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, and other cations such as Al+3. Examples of suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e., NH4+) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g., NH3R+, NH2R2+, NHR3+, NR4+). Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine. An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH3)4+.
If the compound is cationic, or has a functional group which may be cationic (e.g., —NH2 may be —NH3+), then a salt may be formed with a suitable anion. Examples of suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
Examples of suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric. Examples of suitable polymeric organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following polymeric acids: tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose.
It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding solvate of the active compound. The term “solvate” is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle the active compound in a chemically protected form. The term “chemically protected form” is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like). In practice, well known chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive a functional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specified conditions. In a chemically protected form, one or more reactive functional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blocking group). By protecting a reactive functional group, reactions involving other unprotected reactive functional groups can be performed, without affecting the protected group; the protecting group may be removed, usually in a subsequent step, without substantially affecting the remainder of the molecule. See, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (T. Green and P. Wuts; 3rd Edition; John Wiley and Sons, 1999).
A wide variety of such “protecting”, “blocking”, or “masking” methods are widely used and well known in organic synthesis. For example, a compound which has two nonequivalent reactive functional groups, both of which would be reactive under specified conditions, may be derivatized to render one of the functional groups “protected,” and therefore unreactive, under the specified conditions; so protected, the compound may be used as a reactant which has effectively only one reactive functional group. After the desired reaction (involving the other functional group) is complete, the protected group may be “deprotected” to return it to its original functionality.
For example, a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (—OR) or an ester (—OC(═O)R), for example, as: a t-butyl ether; a benzyl, benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl), or trityl (triphenylmethyl) ether; a trimethylsilyl or t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; or an acetyl ester (—OC(═O)CH3, —OAc).
For example, an aldehyde or ketone group may be protected as an acetal (R—CH(OR)2) or ketal (R2C(OR)2), respectively, in which the carbonyl group (>C═O) is converted to a diether (>C(OR)2), by reaction with, for example, a primary alcohol. The aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
For example, an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (—NRCO—R) or a urethane (—NRCO—OR), for example, as: a methyl amide (—NHCO—CH3); a benzyloxy amide (—NHCO—OCH2C6H5, —NH—Cbz); as a t-butoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH3)3, —NH—Boc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH3)2C6H4C6H5, —NH—Bpoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide (—NH—Fmoc), as a 6-nitroveratryloxy amide (—NH—Nvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (—NH—Teoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (—NH—Troc), as an allyloxy amide (—NH-Alloc), as a 2(-phenylsulfonyl)ethyloxy amide (—NH—Psec); or, in suitable cases (e.g., cyclic amines), as a nitroxide radical (>N—O—).
For example, a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester for example, as: an C1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester); a C1-7haloalkyl ester (e.g., a C1-7trihaloalkyl ester); a triC1-7 alkylsilyl-C1-7 alkyl ester; or a C5-7 aryl-C1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester); or as an amide, for example, as a methyl amide.
For example, a thiol group may be protected as a thioether (—SR), for example, as: a benzyl thioether; an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH2NHC(═O)CH3).
The term “treatment,” as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis) is also included.
The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen. Suitable dose ranges will typically be in the range of from 0.01 to 20 mg/kg/day, preferably from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day.
Compositions and their Administration
Compositions may be formulated for any suitable route and means of administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents include those used in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
For solid compositions, conventional non-toxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like may be used. The active compound as defined above may be formulated as suppositories using, for example, polyalkylene glycols, acetylated triglycerides and the like, as the carrier. Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc, an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 15th Edition, 1975. The composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the active compound(s) in an amount effective to alleviate the symptoms of the subject being treated.
Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.25 to 95% with the balance made up from non-toxic carrier may be prepared.
For oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic composition is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium, carbonate, and the like. Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like. Such compositions may contain 1%-95% active ingredient, more preferably 2-50%, most preferably 5-8%.
Parenteral administration is generally characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol or the like. In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, etc.
The percentage of active compound contained in such parental compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject. However, percentages of active ingredient of 0.1% to 10% in solution are employable, and will be higher if the composition is a solid which will be subsequently diluted to the above percentages. Preferably, the composition will comprise 0.2-2% of the active agent in solution.
Acronyms
For convenience, many chemical moieties are represented using well known abbreviations, including but not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl (nPr), iso-propyl (iPr), n-butyl (nBu), sec-butyl (sBu), iso-butyl (iBu), tert-butyl (tBu), n-hexyl (nHex), cyclohexyl (cHex), phenyl (Ph), biphenyl (biPh), benzyl (Bn), naphthyl (naph), methoxy (MeO), ethoxy (EtO), benzoyl (Bz), and acetyl (Ac).
For convenience, many chemical compounds are represented using well known abbreviations, including but not limited to, methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), iso-propanol (i-PrOH), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), ether or diethyl ether (Et2O), acetic acid (AcOH), dichloromethane (methylene chloride, DCM), acetonitrile (ACN), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
General Synthesis Methods
Methods for the chemical synthesis of compounds of the present invention are described herein. These methods may be modified and/or adapted in known ways in order to facilitate the synthesis of additional compounds within the scope of the present invention. Descriptions of general laboratory methods and procedures, useful for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention, are described in Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th edition, Ed. Furniss, B. S., Hannaford, A. J., Smith, P. W. G., Tatchell, A. R., Longmann, UK).
In the methods described below, other substituent groups to those introduced may be present as precursors of those groups, or as protected versions of those groups.
Compounds of formula I where L2 is —C(═O)—CH2—, can be synthesised according to the route shown in Scheme 1.
Compounds of formula I where X is N, L2 is a single bond, R1═CN and R3═H can be synthesised according to the route based on those disclosed in Manna et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10, 1883-1885 (2000) and Salman, Pharmazie 54, 178-183 (1999) (scheme 2).
Compounds of formula I where L2 is a single bond and L4=—CH2N(OH)C(═O)— can be synthesised according to the route based on that shown in Scheme 3. Compounds of formula I where L2 is a single bond and L3=—CH2N(OH)C(═O)— can also be synthesised by a route based on that shown in Scheme 3, except that the starting material comprises a hydroxymethyl group present in the meta position relative to the thiol group, rather than in the para position as shown in scheme 3.
As shown in the above three schemes, the sulfur atom between L2 and L1 may be introduced as a nucleophilic attacking group (scheme 1) or by replacement (scheme 2), or may be present in the starting material (scheme 3).
As an alternative to the substitution of the doubly protected amine group at the position meta to the X group in scheme 3, a singly protected amine group may be substituted in the same position. In this case the group meta to the X group on the heterocyclic compound may be an —OTs group (as in scheme 3) or may alternatively be an —OH group. This general reaction is shown in scheme 4 below. In either case, the reaction may proceed by reaction with a singly protected amine group. Subsequent substitution of the amine —H group with R3C(═O)X may then be achieved as shown in scheme 3 followed by deprotection of the amine groups to leave —OH attached to the amine N atom.
In scheme 4 above, the protecting group may be any suitable protecting group such as acetyl, allyl, alloc, BOM, benzyl, benzoyl, DMPM, FMOC, MEM, MOM, MPM, PMB, PMP, SEM, TBDMS, TBDPS, TBS, THP, TIPS, TMS, trityl or tosyl.
In general, the group R3 can be derived using standard reactions for the conversion of aryl substituent groups, including alkylation, reduction and substitution.
If R3 and R4 form a fused ring, then this would be present in the starting materials of a synthesis route to the compounds of the present invention.
When R4 is an aryl or heterocyclyl group, this may be introduced to the compound by means of Suzuki coupling, i.e. by the coupling of an aryl halide to an organoboron derivative (scheme 5, wherein L2 indicates -L2-S-L1-CO2H or a precursor or protected form thereof and R is aryl or alkyl):
A similar approach may be used to couple R3 and R2 to the central ring, when L4 and L3 respectively are single bonds. Furthermore, if R2 or R3 are aryl groups, the appropriate aryl halides may be coupled to boron derivatives of the remainder of the compound.
Certain compounds of the present invention are commercially available or can be derived from such compounds.
Preferences
The following preferences may be combined with one another, and may be different for each aspect of the present invention.
R1 is preferably H, cyano, methyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxamic acid, methoxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, or methyl sulfide.
More preferably R1 is cyano, H or hydroxamic acid.
Preferably L1 is phenylene, methylene, ethylene, —CH(CH3)—, —CH(iPr)—, —CH(Ph)—, —CH2-phenylene-, —CH2C(═O)NHCH2— or —CH2C(═O)NH-phenylene-.
Preferably L2 is a single bond or —C(═O)CH2—.
Preferably L3 is a single bond, -L9YN(OH)C(═O)L10- or -L9C(═O)N(OH)YL10-, wherein L9 and L10 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, C5-6 arylene, C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene and a single bond, and wherein Y is NH or a single bond.
Preferably L4 is a single bond, -L9YN(OH)C(═O)L10- or -L9C(═O)N(OH)YL10-, wherein L9 and L10 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, C5-6 arylene, C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene and a single bond, and wherein Y is NH or a single bond.
For example, L3 or L4 may be a single bond, —CH2N(OH)C(═O)—, -phenylene-CH2N(OH)C(═O)—, -phenylene-NHN(OH)C(═O)—, or —CH2C(═O)N(OH)—.
When X is CH, preferably one or more of R1, R2 and R4 are H. More preferably two of R1, R2 and R4 are H, when X is CH. It is most preferred that all of R1, R2 and R4 are H, when X is CH.
When X is CH, preferably one of R2 and R3 is optionally substituted C5-6 aryl, C3-7 cycloalkyl or C5-7 heterocyclyl. More preferably, when X is CH, R3 is optionally substituted C5-6 aryl, C3-7 cycloalkyl or C5-7 heterocyclyl. It is most preferred that when X is CH, R3 is optionally substituted phenyl or C3-7 cycloalkyl. For example, R3 may be phenyl or cyclopentyl.
When X is CH, preferably L1 is phenylene or —CH(Ph)—.
When X is CH, preferably one of L3 and L4 is a single bond. More preferably, when X is CH, L3 is a single bond.
When X is CH, preferably one of L3 and L4 is -L9YN(OH)C(═O)L10- or -L9C(═O)N(OH)YL10-, wherein L9 and L10 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, C5-6 arylene, C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene and a single bond, and wherein Y is NH or a single bond. More preferably, when X is CH, L4 is -L9YN(OH)C(═O)L10- or -L9C(═O)N(OH)YL10-, wherein L9 and L10 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, C5-6 arylene, C1-4 alkylene-C5-6 arylene and a single bond, and wherein Y is NH or a single bond.
When X is N, R1 is preferably CN or hydroxamic acid.
When X is N, R2 is preferably selected from optionally substituted C5-6 aryl, C5-7 heterocyclyl, CF3 and, together with R3, an optionally substituted butylene group wherein L3 and L4 are single bonds thus forming a C6 ring fused with the aromatic ring to which L3 and L4 are attached.
When X is N, R2 is more preferably selected from optionally substituted C5-6 aryl and C5-7 heterocyclyl.
When X is N, R2 is even more preferably optionally substituted phenyl or thiophenyl. For example, when X is N, R2 may be thiophenyl, phenyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, o-methoxyphenyl, p-fluorophenyl. When X is N and R2 is a monosubstituted phenyl, it is preferred that R2 is a parasubstituted phenyl.
When X is N preferably R3 is H or, together with R2, an optionally substituted butylene group wherein L3 and L4 are single bonds thus forming a C6 ring fused with the aromatic ring to which L3 and L4 are attached.
When X is N, it is more preferable that R3 is H and L4 is a single bond such that the compounds of the invention are of formula Ib.
When X is N, R4 is preferably selected from optionally substituted C5-6 aryl and C5-7 heterocyclyl. When X is N, R4 is more preferably optionally substituted phenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl or pyridyl. For example, when X is N R4 may be phenyl, p-tolyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, p-fluorophenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl or pyridyl. When X is N and R4 is a monosubstituted phenyl, it is preferable that R4 is a parasubstituted phenyl. When X is N and R4 is a disubstituted phenyl, it is preferred that the substituents are in the meta and para positions.
When R2, R3 or R4 is a substituted C5-6 aryl group, preferred substituents are halo, C1-4 alkyl or —OR, wherein R is C1-4 alkyl. When R2, R3 or R4 is a monosubstituted phenyl group it is preferred that the substituent is in the para position. When R2, R3 or R4 is a disubstituted phenyl group it is preferred that the substituents are in the para and meta positions. For example R2, R3 and R4 may be p-tolyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, p-fluorophenyl.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, preferably at least one of R1, L3 or L4 comprises a —C(═O)N(OH)— group. Preferably L4 comprises a —C(═O)N(OH)-group.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, it is preferable that L4 is a L9-C(═O)N(OH)-group where preferably L9 is selected from C1-4 alkylene and C5-6 arylene and most preferably L9 is phenyl.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, it is preferable that X is CH.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, preferably at least one, more preferably at least two of R1, R2 and R4 is H. Most preferably all of R1, R2 and R4 are H.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, R3 is preferably C5-6 aryl and more preferably R3 is phenyl.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, R6 is preferably H or C1-7 alkyl and is more preferably C1-3 alkyl.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, L1 is preferably phenylene, —CH(Ph)—, —CH2-phenylene- or —CH2C(═O)NH-phenylene-.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, L2 is preferably a single bond or —C(═O)CH2—.
When compounds of formula I have at least one —C(═O)N(OH)-group, L3 is preferably a single bond.
Particularly preferred compounds include those listed in tables 1 and 4.
4-Mercaptobenzyl alcohol (0.582 g, 0.0042 mol), ethyl alpha bromophenyl acetate (0.727 ml, 0.0042 mol) and potassium carbonate (0.86 g, 0.0062 mol, 1.5 eq) were refluxed in acetone (25 ml) for 12 h. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography (Ethyl acetate/hexane) to give the product i as a yellow oil (0.79 g, 63%).
Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.4 ml, 0.002 mol) was added to a solution of i (0.65 g, 0.002 mol) in dichloromethane at 0° C. under nitrogen. After 5 min lutidine (0.29 ml, 0.0024 mol) was added and the solution stirred for a further 5 min. O-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl-hydroxylamine (0.5 g, 0.004 mol, 2 eq) was added and the cooling removed. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The required product was isolated following flash column chromatography yielding ii (362 mg, 42%), m/z [ES] 402 [M+H]+ 424 [M+Na]+
To a solution of ii (362 mg, 0.9 mmol) and triethylamine (0.19 ml, 1.5 eq) in dichloromethane (30 ml) was added benzoyl chloride (0.16 ml, 1.5 eq). This was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed in situ and the product purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane). The unexpected compound iii was recovered (0.147 g, 31%) as a colourless oil, m/z [ES] 548 [M+Na]+
To a solution of iii (0.144 g, 0.27 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) was added polymer supported trisamine (2.46 mmol/g, 0.33 g, 0.82 mmol, 3 eq). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 72 h. The resin was filtered off and the residue concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by prep HPLC to yield the required product (iv) (47 mg, 41%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD-d4) δ: 7.7-7.1 (14H, Ar), 4.95 (1H, s), 4.75 (2H, m, CH2), 3.95 (2H, m), 0.95 (3H, t), m/z [ES] 422 [M+H]+
To a solution of iv (0.079 g, 0.19 mmol) in THF/water (6 ml/2 ml) was added sodium hydroxide (0.47 mmol, 2.5 eq). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solution was neutralized with 1M HCl (0.11 ml) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified by prep HPLC to yield the required product (A) (4.1 mg, 6%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD-d4) δ: 7.7-7.1 (14H, Ar), 4.9 (1H, s), 4.75 (2H, m, CH2), m/z [ES] 394 [M+H]+
To a solution of methyl 2-methylbenzoate (5 g, 0.033 mol) in carbon tetrachloride (85 ml) was added n-bromosuccinimide (5.93 g, 0.033 mol) and benzoyl peroxide (0.22 g, 0.9 mol). The reaction was refluxed for 4 hr. The reaction was cooled to room temperature. The white precipitate was filtered and the solvent removed. The oil was dissolved in Et2O and cooled to −78° C. The product precipitated and collected yielding v (5.86 g, 77%).
4-Mercaptobenzyl alcohol (0.579 g, 0.0041 mol), methyl 2-bromomethyl benzoate (v) (0.946, 0.0041 mol) and potassium carbonate (0.85 g, 0.0062 mol, 1.5 eq) were refluxed in acetone (25 ml) for 12 h. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane) to give the product vi as a colourless oil (0.855 g, 72%), m/z [ES] 311 [M+Na]+
Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.91 ml, 0.005 mol) was added to a solution of vi (1.41 g, 0.005 mol) in dichloromethane at 0° C. under nitrogen. After 5 min lutidine (0.66 ml, 0.56 mol) was added and the solution stirred for a further 5 min. O-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl-hydroxylamine (1.15 g, 0.0098 mol, 2 eq) was added dropwise and the reaction stirred for 30 minutes. The required product was isolated following prep HPLC yielding vii (0.114 g, 6%), m/z [ES] 388 [M+H]+ 410 [M+Na]+
To a solution of vii (114 mg, 0.29 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.19 ml, 1.5 eq) in dichloromethane (30 ml) was added benzoyl chloride (0.04 ml, 1.2 eq). This was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3 (1 ml), dried (Na2SO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The product was purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane). The required product viii was recovered (96.5 mg, 67%) as a colourless oil, m/z [ES] 492 [M+H]+, 514 [M+Na]+
Compound viii (68.2 mg, 0.14 mmol) was stirred with (TFA/H2O/DCM, 2.5:1:96.5, 10 ml) at room temperature and monitored by LC-MS (reaction was complete ˜3 h). The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3. The phases were separated and the organic layer concentrated in vacuo after drying. Compound ix required no further purification (97% LC-MS). 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD-d4) δ: 7.75 (1H, d, Ar), 7.5-7.6 (2H, m, Ar), 7.45-7.1 (10H, m, Ar), 4.75 (2H, m), 4.4 (2H, s), 3.75 (3H, s), m/z [ES) 408 (M+H]+.
To a solution of ix (60 mg, 0.15 mmol) in MeOH/water (4 ml/2 ml) was added NaOH (0.22 ml, 1M solution, 0.22 mmol) and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 6 days. After this time 60% conversion to product was observed. The required product was isolated following prep HPLC yielding the required product (E) as a white solid (7 mg, 12%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD-d4) δ: 7.85 (1H, m, Ar), 7.5-7.6 (2H, m, Ar), 7.45-7.1 (10H, m, Ar), 4.75 (2H, m), 4.45 (2H, s), m/z [ES] 394 [M+H]+.
Glyoxalase I catalyses the formation of S-D-lactoylglutathione from the hemithioacetal that forms non-enzymatically from methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione (GSH). The standard literature assay is a cuvette-based spectrophotometric method using the product of glyoxalase I, S-D-lactoylglutathione, as the chromophore (240 nm) (Racker, J. Biol. Chem. 190, 685-686 (1951); Principato et al., Biochem International 6, 249-255 (1983)). This literature method was modified for use as a 96-well plate, kinetic assay.
The buffer (0.1M potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.6) and inhibitors are added to appropriate wells of a 96 well plate. Methylglyoxal (prepared in potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.6) and reduced glutathione (prepared in potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.6) are added to appropriate wells. These reagents are incubated for 15 minutes, shaking at room temperature to allow the formation of the hemithioacetal substrate of glyoxalase I. Recombinant human glyoxalase I (expressed in E. coli. and purified by S-hexylglutathione-agarose chromatography as described in Ridderstorm M. and Mannervik B., Biochem J. 314, 463-467 (1996)) is added and the plate is shaken briefly, before being placed in a Spectra Max 190 microplate spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices) at 25° C. Absorbance is monitored at 240 nm, with readings being taken every 30 seconds. The reaction is monitored for 15 minutes and PathCheck® measurements are taken on completion of the assay and the absorbance values normalized to a 1 cm pathlength. The integral software determines the Vmax using the first 20 readings. S-hexylglutathione is used as a positive control in the assays.
Data are expressed as a percentage of the control Vmax, measured in the absence of inhibitor.
Compounds iv, A, ix and E from examples 1 to 4 above respectively were subjected to the above glyoxalase I binding assay at a concentration of 20 μM (20 micromolar). Inhibitory effects are expressed in table 2 as either IC50 values, defined as the concentration, in μM, of the compound that results in 50% of the vehicle control response, or as the percentage of the vehicle control response at the highest concentration of compound tested.
The results in table 2 show that compunds A and E exhibit good glyoxalase I inhibition, i.e. have low IC50 values, whereas the corresponding ethyl and methyl esters, iv and ix respectively, show relatively low % inhibition of glyoxalase I activity. This indicates that the ester forms of these compounds do not inhibit glyoxalase I as well as the free forms so indicating the suitability of the ester forms as a prodrug.
HL60 (human promyelocytic leukaemia) cells were seeded (50 μl/well) at a density between 0.25-0.4×105/ml in a 96 multi-well plate. Twenty four hours later 50 μl. of the relevant compound dilution made up in culture medium was added to the wells (final concentration range 20-1.25 μM in 0.1% DMSO). After incubating at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for a further 72 hours, assessment of growth inhibitory effects of compounds was measured using a colorimetric assay that is based on the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 (Roche) by mitochondrial dehydrogenase in viable cells. WST-1 reagent (10 μl) was added to each well and the plate was agitated for 1 min. After a 3-4 hour incubation at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 incubator the absorbance at 450 nM was read spectrophotometrically, after subtraction of a reference wavelength absorbance, at 690 nM.
Compounds iv, ix and E from examples 1, 3 and 4 above respectively were subjected to the above cell assay. Results were the mean of six replicates and were expressed as the percentage of the DMSO vehicle control response. Inhibitory effects are expressed in table 3 in the form of either IC50 values, which was defined as the concentration (μM) of compound that results in 50% of the vehicle control response, or as the % of vehicle control response at the highest concentration of compound tested.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the significant activity of the ester compounds iv and ix in the HL60 assay, shown in table 3, indicates that the ester compounds may be converted into active form in cell culture hence demonstrating their suitability for use as prodrug compounds.
The compounds of table 4 were obtained from commercial sources.
Various compounds from table 4 were subjected to the above glyoxalase I binding assay at a concentration of 20 μM (20 micromolar) as described in example 5. The following compounds exhibited inhibition, at 20 μM, of 30% or above: 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 25.
The ethyl ester of compound 3 in table 4 was obtained from commercial sources and was also tested using the HL60 assay as described in example 6. This compound exhibited a 72% inhibition of proliferation in HL60s and had an IC50 value of 7.5 μM.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0311195.2 | May 2003 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB04/02101 | 5/14/2004 | WO | 2/2/2006 |
