Patent Grant
9857476
The invention generally relates to a system and method for positioning and navigation of assets and, more particularly, to a system and method for using hybrid spectral compression and cross correlation signal processing using signals of opportunity.
The global positioning system (GPS) has fundamentally changed the methods of navigation, location tracking, and time synchronization worldwide. With thirty-two satellites on orbit, the GPS provides continuous positioning service at almost any place signals can be received. With the advent of low-cost positioning sensors using GPS, accurate to a few meters, there has been a proliferation of the technology into core infrastructures including power systems, communications, transportation, and military. The importance of this capability as a national asset cannot be overstated and is highlighted by the fact that many other nations are now either operating or developing their own GNSS, including Russia, Japan, China and the European Union.
Despite its many advantages, GNSS has one significant drawback: satellite-based navigation systems signals are typically very weak as they reach the positioning receiver. In some cases, like the GPS, this is a key part of its design, but practically it is difficult to operate high power transmitters on orbit. These weak signals make it difficult to operate positioning receivers in obstructed environments, such as indoors, as the obstructions will tend to attenuate the signal power and render it useless for positioning or, at the very least, substantially degrade the overall measurement capability.
While significant effort has been made to overcome these limitations, particularly Assisted GPS and High-Sensitivity GPS, in practical terms meter level positioning in obstructed environments using GNSS is not feasible for broad usage. To provide positioning in obstructed environment another class of positioning technologies has been developed known as real time locating systems (RTLS), which derive from radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies.
Using a variety of ranging methods, such as time difference of arrival (TDOA), Received Signal Strength (RSS), fixed reader, and landmark tagging, RTLS offers a variety of positioning capabilities and accuracies. The most advanced and versatile systems tend to use TDOA and can offer positioning accuracy to within a few meters. Some of the systems even claim sub-meter accuracy, though this tends to be in highly controlled environments.
While promising, RTLS systems are very expensive to install and operate. When high accuracy is needed, the cost and complexity of the equipment can make it all but impractical except for a few limited applications. RTLS offers a variety of solutions that can be tailored to fit a variety of applications; however, when compared to the relative simplicity and wide availability of GNSS based positioning they all are less than desirable.
Further, for combined applications requiring positioning in both local area obstructed and wide area unobstructed environments, options are extremely limited as neither GNSS nor RTLS can satisfy the requirement alone. Combined RTLS and GNSS systems are impractical due to the fact that they are largely incompatible and are difficult to integrate and, as a result, very expensive. Several attempts have been made to adapt commodity GPS receiver technologies using pseudolites to provide RTLS capabilities. While attractive in concept, these solutions are at best too expensive and power intensive to be practical in addressing many of the RTLS applications and at worst they are illegal to operate in much of the world as they tend to jam normal GPS operations.
Accordingly, there is a need for a cost effective, highly accurate positioning technology that operates equally well in obstructed environments using locally deployed beacon reference points and can utilize GNSS reference points such as a GPS satellite for wide area unobstructed environments.
The following definitions of certain terms are useful to provide a foundation for the discussion of the preferred and alternative embodiments of the present invention.
“Almanac” means information describing the configuration, current physical state, or predicted future physical state of a reference point or physical state sensor. This information may be internally generated by a reference network processor or be provided by an external source (e.g. GPS receiver for GPS almanac and precision ephemeris). Typically almanac information has a time of applicability and is stored in a format that makes it relatively easy to use for physical state estimation.
“Almanac correction” means corrections to almanac information. These corrections are typically adjustments to one or more elements of an almanac and are more compact in size when compared to a full almanac record thus reducing bandwidth and storage requirements.
“Configuration data” means information that defines the system configuration and relationship to external references. Configuration data includes specifications of reference points, coordinate system transformations, and external time transformation data. The system information may also include security attributes, physical state sensor registrations and specifications of integrity performance criteria.
“Coordinate system fiducial reference” means a known or accepted location in the coordinate system frame of reference that is determined to accuracy better than the accuracy of the system end-user performance requirement.
“Differential observables” means the observables that are formed whenever observables from two or more interceptors are differenced producing a differential measurement that effectively cancels the systematic errors due to the uncertainties in the physical state of an emitter. Note that there are 1st, 2nd, and higher differenced observables. The preferred embodiment typically uses first differences.
“Emitter” means any object that produces an energy emission.
“Energy emission” means structured or unstructured energy propagated in some transmission medium that can be intercepted and processed. Structured emissions include any emissions whose characteristics are known and are deterministic and predictable in some manner. Unstructured emissions are anything that are not considered structured and typically have random characteristics.
“Interceptor” means any object capable of intercepting at least one energy emission.
“Location sensor” means a physical state sensor configured to produce observables useful to the determination of position.
“Navigation processor” means a physical state estimator configured to process observables for at least one physical state sensor resulting in an estimate of the physical state of the physical state sensor. Physical state estimation can be implemented by any number of means. The preferred embodiment uses a combination of stochastic estimation methods including least squares, Kalman filtering, and hybrid methods.
“Observable” means a measurement of the intercepted energy propagated in some transmission medium between emitters and interceptors.
“Physical state” means the physical characteristics relative to a reference frame of a device comprised of at least one or more of the following: position, attitude, clock and temporal derivatives. Position and attitude may be in one, two, or three dimensions. Position is a measurement of linear distance along one or more axes. Attitude is a measurement of an angular rotation about some axis. Clock is the measurement of time. Temporal derivatives are the time derivatives of the primary physical characteristics.
“Physical state estimate” or “PSE” means a computed estimate of physical state derived from observables.
“Physical state estimator” means a system element that processes observables given previously defined configuration data producing a physical state estimate.
“Physical state sensor” means a system element that is used to sense the physical state. The physical state sensor may be an energy interceptor or an emitter depending upon the configuration.
“Reference point” means a system element acting as a point of reference for measuring position of one or more location sensor(s). A reference point element can be either an emitter or a receiver of energy propagated in some transmission medium. They can be placed at known fiducial points within the coordinate system reference frame. Reference points can also be moving, or of external origin such as quasars, satellite signals of opportunity, and any other emitter of energy. The primary characteristic of reference point is that one or more physical characteristics are known prior to estimation of the relative physical state between the reference point and a physical state sensor.
“Ranging signal” means a structured energy emission purposefully designed to have appropriate characteristics to be useful in measuring the range between an emitter and an interceptor.
“Ranging signal transmitter” or “RST” means an emitter that transmits a ranging signal. This can be a global navigation satellite, a local beacon, or any transmitter that produces a signal that can be exploited as a ranging signal.
“Reference network processor” means a physical state estimator configured to estimate the physical state for at least one reference point with respect to a second reference point and subsequently using the resulting physical state information to update almanac and corrections information and other related configuration data for the system.
“Reference SCT” means a spectral compressor and translator that is designated as a reference point in the system.
“Signal” means a whole or part of a structured energy emission having distinct characteristics that can be intercepted and processed to produce observables. An energy emission may contain multiple signals within the same or separate frequency bands. Multiple signals comprising an emission may have a fixed or coherent relationship, which may be useful for disambiguating, correcting, calibrating, or validating the other signal observables.
“Spectral compressor and translator”, “SCT”, or “spectral compressor” means a physical state sensor configured as an interceptor that processes intercepted energy emissions using at least one method of spectral compression producing observables that can be used for physical state estimation.
“Spectral compression” means a process of extracting the changing physical characteristics in the form of amplitude, phase and temporal derivatives of the intercepted energy as it propagates through a transmission medium without regard to the preservation of information content potentially modulated within the energy emissions. The process of extraction utilizes at least one or more known physical characteristics of the energy emission and emitter to distill wideband spectral content into a narrowband regime, which preserves the physical characteristics. The distillation of wideband spectral content can be performed without regard to modulated information content, enabling effective process gain that yields high signal to noise ratio for extraction of the physical characteristics.
“System controller” means a system element (typically software) that has the responsibility to coordinate system operations managing configuration, calibration, and coordinating the flow of information to other elements in the system. The system controller implements timing and control functions needed to coordinate other system functions to provide a certain performance and quality of service. Note these functions may be physically implemented in a single controller or distributed/shared amongst a group of controllers depending on specific implementation requirements.
“Time reference” means an external signal that provides external time and frequency information that is useful for synchronizing the system's time and frequency reference. One of the most common external time references is universal time coordinated (UTC) and GPS time, enabling the system time and frequency references to be linked to those specified systems.
“Transmission medium” means any medium capable of propagating energy in some form; mediums include free space, liquids, solids and gases.
The present invention provides a system and method for determining the physical state and principal position of a physical state sensor relative to known reference points that may include both global navigation satellites (e.g. global positioning system (GPS)) and local beacons such that proper coverage is provided even when the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is not available or otherwise obstructed. The invention presents a system and method for a beacon-based local area location system utilizing RF (or other signals) to provide ranging signals to one or more location sensors.
An exemplar embodiment of the system of the present invention for providing physical state information within a configured environment includes at least one emitter that emits energy within a transmission medium; at least one interceptor that receives energy propagated through a transmission medium from the emitter, wherein the interceptor is configured to process the received emissions using spectral compression to produce a set of observables suitable for physical state estimation. The system communicates the set of observables to a physical state estimator, which is configured to determine a member of the relative physical state between the interceptor and emitter based on the set of observables received from the interceptor. The system then reports determined member of the relative physical state based on the set of observables received from the interceptor.
An exemplar embodiment of the method of the present invention for providing physical state information within a configured environment includes the steps of emitting energy from at least one emitter through a propagation medium; intercepting the energy emission at the interceptor; processing the received energy emission using spectral compression to produce a set of observables associated with the emission; communicating the set of observables to a physical state estimator; receiving configuration data pertaining to the deployment and configuration of the emitter and interceptor within the configured environment; determining a member of the relative physical state between the interceptor and emitter based on the set of observables and the configuration data; and reporting the member of the relative physical state.
The resulting alternative embodiments of the present invention overcome the disadvantages associated with current systems and methods and provide a cost effective, simple to implement and rapidly deployable system with a complete standalone method for physical state estimation using either local area beacons and/or wide area GNSS satellites such as GPS.
Preferred and alternative embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawings.
There are situations in which a GNSS implementation for determining the physical state of some sensor is impractical because the satellites signals are either too weak, obstructed or interfered with by accident or intent. Such situations can occur in an enclosed space such as within a metal constructed warehouse, below ground/rubble, or possibly GNSS jamming environments.
By way of overview, the present invention utilizes a beacon constellation environment, which although low in transmitter power (<1 microwatt), provides signal flux that is 40 to 60 dB more powerful than GNSS signals and thus is able to determine the physical state of a sensor in missions where GNSS is either absent or unreliable in the context of a configured environment or, in other words, an environment in which there is the ability to deploy a beacon constellation in a manner that affords the maximum of flexibility for the system operator. The constellation of beacons uses spread spectrum techniques without the need for time and frequency synchronization while achieving sufficiently stable frequency control to identify a beacon individually by its frequency offset. Such beacon constellations could be in terrestrial, marine, air or space environments.
For example, in a terrestrial situation where interference, by accident or intent, has rendered the GPS (a type of GNSS) unavailable, unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs, balloon-borne or rocket/parachute beacon deployments may be used. Spectral compression modes are preferably used within the GNSS sensors with high dynamic range digital sampling to tolerate residual interference at altitude. In this embodiment, the spectral compression GNSS data are down linked via a communications channel or, alternatively, imbedded within the beacon spectrum. In this manner, the dynamic physical state of these airborne beacons can be determined.
Beacons are devices that emit a loosely constrained signal structure that are configured to simplify the overall design to minimize cost of an intercepting device, minimize data cross-link requirements and simplify physical state estimators. The concept of these beacons is not constrained to operate in any one emission modality. In alternative embodiments, these beacons operate in several physical domains such as electromagnetic (RF, optical or nuclear regions of x-rays and gamma) and acoustical (through water, air or solid materials).
The beacon modulation in the preferred embodiment utilizes spread spectrum full carrier suppression to accomplish code division multiple access (CDMA) simultaneous reception of many beacons. The modulation from all beacons may or may not be phase coherent or time synchronized between the entire beacon constellation. The constellation signal coherence and synchronization state is an issue of the choice to be made by the particular configuration desired and matter related to cost and flexibility of the remote receiver equipment.
The preferred design philosophy is a combination of the satellite navigation architecture of three segments and the spectral compression GNSS reception methodologies. The wideband RF signal structure minimizes the spectral density and the potential for interference with other RF equipment that may be in the area as well as limiting the potential for interference to the system of this invention. This is preferably accomplished by spreading the signals over the maximum band allowed, approximately 20 MHz, by utilizing predefined ranges of ISM bands, for example, centered at 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz in accordance with current U.S. regulations.
System and Method Overview
The preferred embodiment provides a local area positioning system and methodology that produces high accuracy positioning (centimeters if required), simplicity of operation and low-cost implementation so as to achieve a ubiquity of utilization. More specifically, the present invention blends three methodologies: radio astronomy space geodesy, spread spectrum communications and the methods of non-linear processing of signals from the GPS.
Radio astronomy, such as very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) space geodesy, utilizes the concept of an array of incoherent radio sources, typically quasars, to serve as a frame of reference to determine the three dimensional vector separations between two or more radio telescopes.
Spread spectrum CDMA communications exploits the methodology of direct sequence pseudo random noise (PRN) generation using a linear tapped shift register feedback digital generator. PRN generators use an internal frequency source to operate the clocking of the shift register operation that serves to achieve carrier signal suppression and spreads the signal to reduce the spectral density. This provides simultaneous advantages of channel reuse, relative immunity to in-band interference and low probability of detection and interception.
The methods of non-linear GPS signal utilization provide the basis for a derived methodology known as spectral compression that minimizes expense in terms of custom chip/firmware development and DC power consumption. A typical GPS receiver functions by having a priori knowledge of the PRN code sequence that each satellite used to spread the carrier signal onto which telemetry is modulated. This in turn allows the GPS receiver to extract the navigation message including the time and frequency synchronization state of each satellite in order for the GPS receiver internal processor to derive its position and velocity in an autonomous manner. By comparison, spectral compression GPS methods derive phase ranging data types from multiple synchronized satellites without any knowledge of the PRN code sequence used to spread the carrier signals.
The design of the beacon constellation avoids the need for time and frequency synchronization while still functioning as the frame of reference for physical state determination. In the simplest form, the beacons form an incoherent array of low power RF signals of very low spectral density so as to avoid interfering with other systems in the same spectral region, most likely the ISM bands. The incoherent beacon array is usable in the differential relative positioning approach of the VLBI. The beacons and location sensors depend upon crystal reference sources no better than those used in inexpensive digital wristwatches, with a frequency accuracy and stability of approximately 10 parts per million (PPM). In the spectral compression methodology there is no telemetry extraction. As a result, beacons are distinguished from one another by their designated frequency offsets relative to PRN sequence chipping rate nominal frequency.
The location sensors do not depend upon cross-correlation signal processing of known PRN code sequences to derive pseudo ranging. Spectral compression methods allow the acquisition of ambiguous phase ranging observables derived from a delay and multiply non-linear processing that recovers the chipping frequencies of each beacon.
Each of the beacons preferably makes use of the same PRN sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the PRN code is of maximal length, meaning that it has an auto-correlation function that is zero for all shift values except when shifted by zero or a value equal to the code length given by 2n−1, where n is the number of shift register stages.
With calibration processing of all non-repeated pairs of inter-beacon baseline vectors, the present invention combines the N beacons into the equivalent of a geodetic network adjustment of dimensions n/2.times.(n−1) combinations. For example, with six beacons configured to receive or transmit in accordance with the calibration methods described in the present invention, there will be fifteen unique baseline vectors in the network. Network based calculations results in advantages related to data processing, especially when RF multipath contamination is present; for example, multipath contamination will be particular to each of the baseline vectors and not systematic throughout the network. Thus, the network adjustment produced as a result of the present invention is effective in deriving the best estimate of the true beacon physical state and provides a figure of merit as to the accuracy of the individual measurements when applied to measurements made by location sensors. These network estimates can be applied to continuously monitor the configuration data integrity, making the system self-calibrating and able to monitor for unexpected changes in physical states of beacons relative to the common internal frame of reference. In the present invention, the location sensor physical state may be estimated as part of the network or after application of network adjustments as corrections pursuant to the a priori beacon Almanac information.
By way of example, various alternative embodiments of the present invention are contemplated and illustrate in part the scope and applicability of the technology.
A centralized processing unit that receives the spectral compression observables for one or more location sensors and reference points enabling physical state estimation of selected location sensors and reference points.
Placement of the beacons can be somewhat arbitrary, as they themselves can act as a location sensor, positioning themselves within the network in a post deployment calibration mode. In this embodiment, vertical in addition to horizontal placement of at least one beacon device is used to achieve 3-D positioning.
The location determination system may be underlain on existing communication bands without interference. This embodiment utilizes whatever system exists to augment its capabilities without requiring the existence of a particular communication network.
Simultaneous observation of beacon signals from a reference location sensor and from a second location sensor in which a differential signal is formed which removes common time offsets. In this embodiment, timing requirements are reduced without sacrificing overall measurement precision while simultaneously enabling a low-cost oscillator implementation. CDMA signals are separated in their PRN chipping frequency with sufficient separation for unique identification. There is no need for a frequency standard better 1 PPM accuracy such as a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO). In an alternative embodiment, meter level accuracy location determination is achievable with low-cost oscillators that are accurate to approximately 50 PPM although a proportionally larger separation between the beacon chipping frequencies will be needed.
Each beacon transmits a spread spectrum CDMA (code division multiple access) modulated signal over multiple channels, which are essentially overlapping but with each beacon having a slightly different chipping frequency for its PRN (pseudo random noise) sequence generator. The processing approach does not require beacon reference frequency coordination, phase coherence or time synchronization between multiple beacon units.
Ranging signals within a specified RF band are modulated with a very long period (on the order of 100's of days) tapped feedback shift register sequence, allowing for 100's of simultaneous beacons to operate from a given code generation. Each beacon is offset in time within the long sequence so that it only provides its portion of the sequence over an interval of 1 day. In one alternative embodiment, an approximately three second repeating PRN code sequence is used in all beacons, which has a chipping frequency of 10.23 MHz with each beacon started at an arbitrary time. This embodiment exploits the fact that there is a low probability of ever having two identical start events that coincide and remain within 50 nsec. The identity of the particular beacon, within the configured environment, is indicated by the PRN sequence chipping frequency. For example, an offset of 125 Hz above the nominal 10.23 MHz chipping frequency might correspond with the beacon placed in the northeast corner ceiling location of a large warehouse.
A location sensor within the domain of the local positioning system determined by the beacons that will despread the CDMA signals utilizing techniques of Spectral Compression, which recovers the chipping frequency of the particular beacon being received. Each beacon will use two or three PRN channels with different chipping rates (for example, 10.23 MHz, 1.023 MHz and 0.1023 MHz, corresponding to ambiguity wavelengths of approximately 29 m, 293 m and 2.93 km, respectively) so as to allow the resolution of phase ambiguities of the next highest frequency chipping frequency. Frequency offsets, chipping rates, and channels are all configurable based on the intended application, device environment, and accuracy requirements, and are fully configurable. In the preferred embodiment, the location sensor utilize FFT processing to determine the amplitude, frequency, and phase for each of the three channels from each beacon signal received. An alternative embodiment may also extract amplitude, frequency and phase using a series of phased lock loops, one for each beacon on each channel.
With a sufficiently high signal to noise ratio, a single additional 102.3 kHz channel may be sufficient to resolve the 29.3 m ambiguity from the 10.23 MHz channel. For example, with a receiver operating in a spectral compression delay and multiply mode, that achieves an amplitude signal to noise ratio of 100 to one, the phase noise will be 0.01 radians or 0.6 degrees or 1.6 milli-cycles or 5 meters. A five meter precision obtained from the 102.3 kHz chipping rate channel will reliably resolves the 29.3 meter ambiguity. The 102.3 kHz channel ambiguity will have its 2.93 km ambiguity, however, for a physical space where the separation between the user remote unit is also less than 1.4 km, there is no ambiguity. In an alternative embodiment, a third channel of perhaps 1.023 kHz with a 293 km ambiguity and phase precision of 500 meters may be used to resolve the 2.93 km ambiguities from the 102.3 kHz chipping frequency PRN generator.
The technology has application for RTLS applications in which location sensors are placed on an asset to be tracked, and further in applications such as bar code scanners in which the scanner unit itself acts as the location sensor, and correlates position to the bar code identification of a given asset.
These and other embodiments of the present invention provide some or all of the following advantages:
The capability to arbitrarily place beacons and for them to be able to determine their own locations, thus reducing the cost and complexity of installation and use of the system.
The capability to eliminate the requirement for time and frequency synchronization such as between the tags and readers in other systems. This greatly reduces the complexity and cost involved in this system's deployment. This flexibility dramatically opens up the possibilities for deployment in non-standard configured environments such as emergencies where search and rescue missions require a timely response.
Use of a distributed architecture in which computation and processing of data occurs when appropriate. In one embodiment of the present invention, this occurs at a central site with data transferred from individual units. In an alternative embodiment, this occurs within the sensing unit itself. The capability of the present invention to dynamically locate the computation algorithms allows for simple and relatively inexpensive implementation of sensors where appropriate, or more complex and expensive sensors with full positioning capability if that is appropriate for other applications.
The capability to perform a hybrid local area and wide area location determination in the same platform. That is, local positioning performed when GNSS signals are not available or, if GNSS signals are available, processing data simultaneously.
The use of a software defined radio architecture that allows the simultaneous processing of GNSS or other signals of opportunity without significant changes to hardware or software implementation.
Preferred System Architecture
In the present invention, the functional components comprising the physical state determination system for configured environments can be implemented in a variety of ways to optimize performance.
More specifically, with reference to
Continuing in reference to
The system controller 102 serves to coordinate and monitor the functions of the system. It receives observables 111 from one or more reference SCTs 111 via a communication signal. This information may include optional external time reference 116 and optional coordinate system reference data 117, which is preferably collected and passed along to functions 106 and 107 for the purposes of producing system configuration and calibration information of past, current, and future physical state and configuration. The system configuration data 115 is used by the system controller to configure and adjust the plurality of RSTs 101 via communications signal 119. Communication 119 between system controller 111 and RST 101 is optional in environments where the RST 101 ranging signal transmissions 108 are intercepted by at least one reference SCT enabling the system to determine the physical state of RST 101 by means of the reference network processor 107. The reference network processor 107 uses the collected observables and a priori information about the system configuration to compute the physical state of all RSTs 101 and reference SCTs 104 in the system relative to each other. These physical states preferably consist of estimates of position, velocity (typically zero), clock and clock terms (bias, rate, etc.) as well as RST transmission characteristics, which are combined to form the almanac and corrections data 114. The almanac and corrections data 114 for one or more epochs are stored in a database 106, which is preferably configured to provide these data upon demand. In alternative embodiments, the format of the almanac and corrections data 114 enables efficient computation of future states through one or more propagation models. The almanac and corrections data is used both by the system controller 102 and navigation processors 105 as previously described. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the almanac and corrections data 114 contains both the estimated state vectors for each RST and reference SCT as well as additional coefficients for a propagation model that enables the almanac and corrections data to be used successfully in the future. The ability to propagate almanac and corrections data into the future is dependent upon the quality of the RST/reference SCT oscillators, desired precision and propagation model complexity.
Integrated Wireless Data Communications Configuration
The preferred embodiment of the present invention facilitates a reduction in manufacturing cost and complexity of units implementing the SCT function while maximizing flexibility and performance. A further advantage of the present invention is achieved through integration of system functionality with wireless data communication functions, which allows sharing of digital signal processing and RF front-end circuits. As described in greater detail below, the SCT function of the present invention significantly reduces complexity and thus cost as compared to most wireless data communication receivers. By implementing SCT functions as an extension to the communications functions, physical state determination capabilities are added with little additional cost. Further, the integration with wireless data communications occurs naturally by combining sending/receiving data functions into the system controller.
Once deployed, as integrated with a wireless data communications network (shown in
Integrating the present invention with a wireless data communications network, for example as illustrated in the previous series of diagrams, provides flexibility to configure more optimal implementations for specific applications. One example is the case where a beacon unit is configured without integration of an SCT or a wireless data transceiver. This simplified beacon transmits a ranging signal in accordance with configuration data loaded prior to its use. These beacons can be deployed at known points for the purposes of augmenting the positioning performance when additional communications infrastructure is not required. This simplified beacon embodiment is substantially less expensive to produce than a more fully integrated alternative.
Integrated GNSS Configuration
The present invention can be easily adapted to simultaneously support ranging signals from GNSS as well as the local signals transmitted by a plurality of RSTs.
To support processing of GNSS observables, the system management functions including components 102, 106, and 107 in
Ranging Signal Transmission
While there are a variety of ranging signal structures that can be used to implement the present invention, the preferred embodiment of the present invention focuses on selecting signals that meet the following criteria: (1) include necessary precision requirements; (2) can be easily generated; (3) can be configured to transmit in a variety of RF or acoustic regimes; (4) are resistant to multipath and noise; and (5) possess low interference characteristics compared to other RST ranging signals in the energy emission region. In the preferred embodiment, direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) spread spectrum is the preferred method for generating ranging signals, where the pseudo random noise (PRN) sequence is a maximal length code selected for its low cross-correlation and autocorrelation properties.
In the preferred embodiment, beacon transmissions incorporate code orthogonality so that significant inter-modulation products will not occur in the delay and multiply function of the spectral compressor. The code properties are available from the GPS gold codes but are typically limited by the 32 or 34 code sets. However, alternative code modulation approaches are possible such as how the GPS design of the P(Y) channel is structured using a very long code sequence of 267 days, which has a 10.23 MHz chipping rate. In the P(Y) channel example, seven-day segments of this very long code are assigned to each satellite of the constellation with the entire satellite constellation resetting the phase of the code sequence to its starting condition at midnight each Saturday. This P(Y) code has the properties of code orthogonality such that the auto-correlation of the code is zero everywhere except when the code shift is zero or by multiples of 267 days. In the present invention, any long code with minimal auto-correlation, including the P(Y) code generation, can be configured, after which segments are assigned to each of the beacons.
Many beacons can be operated at random start times and the cross correlation between these beacons is essentially zero. For example, a 25 stage tapped shift register feedback pseudo random noise (PRN) sequence generator will have a code length of approximately 34 million chips code length. Assuming a chipping rate of 10.23 MHz, it will take 3.3 seconds to repeat this code.
Ranging Signal Processing
Though spectral compression is the preferred embodiment for processing intercepted emissions, alternative embodiment of the present invention can use similar methods of cross correlation, such as GPS, to produce code-phase observables for beacons and GNSS satellites. Using the types of sensors necessary to produce such code-phase observables would be more complicated and expensive to implement; however, in certain applications, such alternative methodology may be desirable if, for example, needs require that the sensor be able to decode information embedded within the ranging signal transmission.
In
Spectral compression of GPS signals operate because each satellite broadcasts a unique PRN code so that cross correlation product of each PRN sequence is essentially zero. Because the Earth is rotating and the satellites are in twelve hour period orbits, there is a Doppler shift along the line of sight of the receiver. From a crude knowledge of time and the GPS orbits it is possible to predict what Doppler shift is associated with each individual satellite. Codeless operation, for example as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,677, allows for the recovery of the chipping frequency of each of the satellites by means of a delay and multiply operation on the wideband signal from all the satellites. Using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing, each resulting spectral line is then associated with a specific satellite.
The present invention provides a signal detection method that is available compared to a pre-detection wideband signal capture buffer and transfer for cross correlation detection that is the VLBI approach or a pre-detection cross correlation processing of typical spread spectrum systems. The digital properties of PRN sequences are those having no auto-correlation matches except when the codes are nearly matched (within one half a chip time). For example, if the chipping rate is 10.23 MHz, the codes are necessarily aligned within 49 nanoseconds to create an interference situation. The same PRN sequences may be transmitted by all the beacons provided that they do not share the same PRN sequence starting epoch and chipping frequency. Neither of these conditions will likely be achieved with arbitrary starting conditions and low cost free running reference oscillators.
Accordingly, in a delay and multiply detection approach as taught by the present invention each of the spread spectrum beacons are preferably de-spread into a spectral line at the beacon chipping frequency. To avoid collapse of the chipping frequency spectral lines into the same frequency (e.g., 10.23 MHz), each beacon contains its own frequency offset value either above or below the nominal 10.23 MHz value. The offset magnitude is governed by the precision of the frequency reference available in the beacons. For example, using a reference oscillator with an accuracy of 2 PPM, the frequency is expected to be within +/−20 Hz at 10.23 MHz. Given that adjacent beacon channels can be in error by a similar amount with perhaps an opposite sign so an additional guard band is required for each beacon. For example, a channel spacing of 50 Hz could be considered adequate separation given that adjacent beacon channels could move in opposite algebraic senses and then the beacons would be separated by only 10 Hz. The frequency offset pattern is set by the value (50 Hz.times.N) where N is odd.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention for high accuracy and robustness, a traditional cross-correlation signal processing scheme can be used in conjunction with the spectral compression methods described herein. In this embodiment, spectral compression provides the means to derive physical state information needed to enable rapid correlation lock of the correlation channels without searching. Given the use of very long code sequences and reuse of the same sequences offset in time, the spectral compression method described in this invention minimizes the need to implement complicated searching techniques. By introducing a cross-correlation capability, particularly on the precision channel, the present invention takes advantage of improved signal to noise ratio and access to carrier phase and frequency data, which in certain applications (e.g. precision aircraft landing systems) may be desirable capabilities. However, with the introduction of correlation tracking capabilities, the costs of the receiver sensor are increased significantly and may limit its use when compared to an implementation using only spectral compression.
Navigation Data Processing
The avoidance of high precision time and frequency systems to achieve phase coherence of the receiving elements is achieved with the present invention preferably by causing all SCTs to observe all beacons during the same relative interval. In this embodiment, the FFT time series yields one spectral line for each beacon signal received.
By differencing observables from a known reference SCT, the specific phase and frequency offsets of all the beacons are common-mode cancelled in this single differenced data processing in favor of a single offset of phase and phase rate (frequency offset) of the SCT relative to the reference SCT. In one example, with four or more beacons well distributed geometrically around the reference and remote SCTs, it is possible to determine the physical state relative to the reference SCT physical state.
In an alternate embodiment, equivalent results to those obtained in the above-described approaches may be achieved by forming almanac and correction information at the central reference site by means of the reference network processor or by physical state estimation of each beacon relative to at least one reference SCT, and then applying the previously computed almanac and correction information during physical state estimation given observables from an SCT. This approach is preferred when the time of applicability for the almanac and corrections data is greater than the difference between the time of almanac and the epoch for which the observables of a second SCT are collected. The time of applicability is a function of the stability of the RST and reference SCT oscillators, system configuration and the required system performance. With the distributed architecture approach, the physical state estimation by a navigation processor may take place within the SCT, an RST beacon or at any other convenient location, such as in the control processor.
Reference Network
In one embodiment of the present invention, calibration of zones can be accomplished by selectively changing the operating mode of the RST beacon. Primarily the RST beacon transmits the ranging signal; however, from time to time, it may terminate its transmission so that it can receive signals using the integrated reference SCT. When operating as a receiver, the RST beacon listens for other transmitting beacons in the zone. Within each zone, multiple beacons may periodically listen to other beacons within the constellation so as to generate additional observables that add strength to the estimates produced by the reference network filter. The reference network filter processes these data in order to update the current almanac state configuration for each beacon. Several methods for managing the beacon operating mode (either transmit or receive) are possible and should balance calibration accuracy with overall system performance. In the preferred embodiment, enough beacons would be deployed such that it is possible to simultaneously calibrate and operate the system without adversely affecting performance, or required accuracy. A sustained period of initial calibration may be required when deploying the system for the first time and adding new zones. In these cases, a calibration pattern may be used where multiple RST beacons are cycled from transmit to receive modes such that multiple independent measurements can be made such that systematic errors are reduced. Once calibrated, the system is monitored and continually calibrated using an on-the-fly technique to update oscillator state coefficients and confirm placement of the beacons. Monitoring also provides useful data to determine the overall health and accuracy of the system.
Physical State Processing Methods
For systems where unmodeled error is negligible, these two methods are essentially equivalent; however, the differential method in
Deployment Configurations
SCT-A 1007 operates in the obstructed environment deriving physical state estimates using intercepted emissions from RSTs 1005, 1006 and 1008 in the manner previously described herein. GNSS satellite signal 1002 are either absorbed or reflected by the structure 1013 such that the signal level at SCT 1007 is too weak to provide useful observables. A GNSS reference receiver 1003 is deployed on structure 1013 for the purposes of collecting constellation and observable corrections that are stored in the database (not shown) for subsequent use by navigation processors (not shown).
The next situation in
The unobstructed GNSS environment in
Alternative Applications of the Present Invention
In this section, specific applications of the system are presented to illustrate some of the many anticipated uses of the technology. These applications are all possible with the preferred embodiment of the present invention; they are illustrative only of alternatives readily taught by the present invention, and are not meant to define an exclusive set of possible applications.
Integrated Bar Code Scanning Application
An alternative embodiment of the present invention provides for integration of an SCT communications unit with a barcode scanner. When a barcode associated with an object is scanned, the time and position is maintained as a record of the last known place and time the object was observed. For inventory and warehouse logistics, this application of the present invention enables 3-D indoor tracking of items without the expense of actually tagging the object with its own SCT communications unit. Position tagged barcode scans offer an alternative approach to implementing a full RFID tracking and positioning system where the size and/or cost of the tracked asset does not justify the additional expense.
Integrated Passive RFID Tag Reader Application
An alternative embodiment of the present invention provides for integration of an SCT with a passive RFID tag reader. When an RFID tag reader detects a passive RFID tag, the location of the reader at the time of this detection is associated with the scanned RFID data stream to provide approximate location of the RFID tag. Additionally, a further refined estimate of the RFID tag position can be determined by combining information about relative power of the measured tag data with the location and attitude of the tag reader.
Indoor/Outdoor Logistics Applications
An alternative embodiment of the present invention provides for advantages in logistics in intermodal transport, engineering and construction. Such applications benefit from real-time tracking and management of assets moving in and out of obstructed environments. For example, a Zigbee or GNSS solution integrated as taught in the present invention enables broad use of the technology in locating and communicating with assets throughout a localized area in three dimensions.
The present invention is also uniquely suited for this application given its inherent capability for self-configuration and calibration. An SCT communications unit no larger than a cell-phone may be used to quickly survey multiple points faster than is possible with theodolite technology or GNSS alone. Further, working in a similar fashion to a laser level, an SCT communications unit can determine horizontal and vertical alignment of any structural component to the sub-centimeter level relative to any desired reference point.
For site logistics, a similar cell-phone sized device (potentially supporting voice as well) may provide real-time tracking of people and assets throughout the entire construction site, including to places where a GNSS based solution is unreliable or totally unavailable. With integrated telemetry, the system becomes a powerful tool for coordination and monitoring of site activities. With support for mesh networking, sites of virtually any shape and size can be easily covered and managed centrally without the on-going expense of a wide-area wireless solution (for example a GSM/GPS solution).
Healthcare Applications
Alternative embodiments of the present invention may be readily applied in health care facilities. For example, an SCT communications unit integrated with either Zigbee or WiFi may provide real-time monitoring of patients and assets. Supervisory and patient services staff need the capability to locate doctors, nurses, patients and mobile equipment within the hospital facilities. Patients with severe mental illness pose a serious challenge if they move outside a geo-fence, and alarms could be activated in such situations to restrict the patient's further travel and provide the location of the patient for retrieval by staff. Patients on gurneys can also be easily located-critically important if they spend significant time outside of assigned areas, such as during emergency management or in situations when patients exceed hospital bed capacity. Further, with support from GNSS signals, the SCT communications unit can notify managers when patients leave the healthcare facility boundaries without authorization or discharge. This is particularly useful for Alzheimer patient tracking.
Alternatively, another embodiment for healthcare applications would be to equip selected staff members with a portable RFID reader equipped with an SCT such that the approximate location of passive tags can be determined through ad-hoc sampling. In this embodiment, the staff members would proceed through normal activity, where the SCT equipped reader would regularly poll for passive RFID tags, any received responses would be tagged with the current time and location as calculated by the present invention.
Location Commerce Applications
With the combined capabilities for simultaneously processing both GNSS and local area RST signals, the present invention enables high-precision location commerce applications both in obstructed areas and where GNSS typically provides services (e.g. outdoors). An alternative embodiment of the present invention is to equip consumer communication devices such as cell phones and other mobile devices with SCT functions such that location can be determined both in large geographic regions as well as in localized areas such as a shopping mall. The SCT equipped communication device can be used to identify the location of an individual enabling the delivery of location specific content relevant to the individual's precise location. With minimal cost, the present invention performs both wide area positioning and local area positioning simultaneously, yielding accuracy and positioning information where GNSS alone is unable to function. Unlike current location commerce applications using GNSS/network assisted location services, this alternative embodiment of the present invention allows the individual to be pinpointed with meter level accuracy indoors and outdoors. Further, the present invention can smoothly transition from local area positioning to wide area GNSS without loss of coverage. For example, given a store that has deployed an array of RST beacon units for the purposes of position, information regarding the selection of goods and services in the immediate vicinity can be delivered to an individual with an SCT equipped cell-phone; this information may include advertisements, product information, coupons, purchase statistics, and ratings. Further, in this embodiment, the communications network already supported in the device can be used to transport the location relevant content.
Emergency Services Applications
In a situation such as post-Katrina New Orleans where there was no surviving regional communications networks, the present invention with its integrated communications infrastructure may provide a telemetry network and accurate tracking of first responders, vehicles, supplies, and other key mobile assets. In this embodiment, the SCT communications unit is integrated with Zigbee and P25 VHF to form a robust local area and wide area location and communications management solution. This embodiment enables real-time monitoring of rescue workers as they enter buildings during search and recovery and to provide for regional monitoring when out of doors (via GNSS). Alarms could be triggered in the event of the absence of a first responder's lack of movement, which may be indicative of an emergency situation.
Aerial Search and Rescue (SAR) Applications
An alternative embodiment of the present invention may be utilized for search and rescue operations. In one example, two SCT communication units may be deployed into an airborne environment (either free flyers or one flyer and one towed package). Each SCT communication unit is configured to process GNSS signals simultaneously with RST ranging signals. A beacon unit is deployed with a victim that to be located. The beacon unit transmits an RST ranging signal that may be received overhead. In certain situations, the victim may be deep within a forested environment, buried in the snow, or in some obstructed environment that prevents normal use of GNSS sensors.
The ground segment (GS) consists of a pair of UAV controllers of these airborne platforms and a Zigbee two-way communications subsystem that controls airborne operations and retrieves the SCT observables from the UAVs. The ground segment also has a conventional GNSS receiver that allows the acquisition of GNSS orbits and time. A ground processor receives Zigbee downlinks, determines the dynamic inter SCT communication units baseline vector separation, beacon delta phase and derives the intersected hyperboloids that gives the beacon's ground location which is associated with the victim under debris (i.e., an avalanche or collapsed building).
These UAVs may be very small type model aircraft, which could be considered as expendable assets, depending upon circumstances. A minimum of two UAVs flying in the area of interest are enough to be able to find the beacon with several meter accuracy after a few minutes of flying above the general region of interest. When the SAR team arrives in the general region as indicated by the airborne segment, a hand-held SCT-type receiver as described in the present invention, can be operated in a total power detection mode, which will provide meter level accuracy guidance for digging and effecting the actual rescue operations.
Maritime Station Keeping and Close-Quarters Navigation
An alternative embodiment of the present invention involves tug and barge towing operations at-sea and during approach to locks. The beacon allows phase-stabilized GNSS sensors on tug, at lock entrance and at multiple points on barge(s).
The tug would provide the beacon reference signal (perhaps in the 2.4 GHz ISM band) to phase-lock the barge GNSS sensors. The tug also has a 915 MHz ISM band receiver to receive the primary reference signal from the lock, if it was available. The lock also has a GNSS receiver driven by the lock reference source that is being broadcast to the tug and others vessels as required. GNSS sensor data is also acquired using the same ashore reference oscillator. The lock reference signal at 915 MHz would be used to phase-lock the tug GNSS sensor and then the tug reference beacon at 2.4 GHz, which phase-locks the multiple GNSS sensors on the barges. If the tug is out of range of the 915 MHz ashore lock reference signal, the tug internal reference is the source to phase-locked array of GNSS sensors on the barges. All GNSS sensor data, from ashore, the barges and the tug, are collected and processed at the tug. This phase coherent array is processed in real-time with an accuracy of better than 30 cm and in the Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system of the WGS 84. Aboard the tug, position and velocity situational awareness information can be available at the tug's bridge control. The low cost architecture allows the formation of an affordable system that is unachievable by other means.
On-Orbit Operations—Mother Satellite with Orbiter Daughter Satellite
An alternative embodiment of the present invention involves relative positioning in space of a daughter satellite, which is co-orbiting with another main satellite at altitudes where GNSS signals are unavailable. Small nano-powered beacons are placed on the mother satellite at known locations of opportunity. These known beacon locations form the frame of reference for positioning of sub-satellites. All of these beacons are time synchronized and phase-coherent relative to the mother satellite internal time and frequency reference source. The daughter satellite moves around in the vicinity of the mother satellite. The observables are the phase ranges from the various beacon signals arriving at the daughter satellite. The observables would be linked back to the mother satellite for processing. Four or more observables are required in order to estimate the 3-D position of the daughter satellite and to synchronize the daughter internal time reference source. Depending upon the distance separation between the mother/daughter, the GDOP parameter will be a significant issue because as the daughter will tend to view these multiple beacons as a point source at a distance of approximately twenty times the maximum separation between the beacons on the mother satellite. For a five meter maximum beacon separation at the mother satellite, and with a few millimeter range measurement precision at the daughter satellite, the 3-D position of the daughter satellite relative to the mother can be estimated with a precision of approximately 20 cm at a 100 m separation between these satellites.
Low-Cost 3D Land Survey System
An alternative embodiment of the present invention may be utilized for low cost land surveying systems. A common beacon is used to phase-lock all GNSS sensors, which cross-link their SCT data to a central processor. The central processor has satellite orbits and GNSS time. Pseudo range and carrier phase data types provide millimeter precisions over kilometer scale operations. Systematic errors due to multipath contamination will be limiting error sources for this method and can be mitigated by special GNSS antennas. On short baselines typically involved in local area construction, the atmospheric errors from the troposphere and the ionosphere will be common-mode self-canceling errors. Survey system designs are possible that can reduce multi-instrument system cost by 70% to 90% relative to currently available instruments.
Precision Takeoff/Landing for Shipboard Rotary Wing Aircraft
An alternative embodiment of the present invention may be utilized for positioning during takeoff and landing of rotary wing aircraft operating in shipboard environments. Conventional GPS based tracking systems contain significant limitations for such applications due to the inability of a conventional GPS receiver to decode the 50 bps navigation data stream, and due to the potential for interference from other shipboard navigation and communication systems. The technology of the present invention mitigates these concerns by placing RST beacons on the ship super structure, and SCT receivers on the aircraft. The system and method do not require decoding of a data stream to determine beacon position for operation, and frequency of operation can be adjusted to minimize interference with other systems. Additionally, the rapid update rate of the present invention handles the relevant dynamics of both the ship and the aircraft.
Augmented GNSS Aircraft Precision Approach
An alternative embodiment of the present invention may be utilized for augmenting aircraft precision approach and landing operations. A local RST network is placed around the runways of a landing strip. SCTs aboard the aircraft recover beacon data and utilize this data to augment positioning from GNSS or other means. The data can be processed in a combined solution, and there is no interference between the RST beacon system and GNSS systems because the RST frequencies are adjustable. This application can be applied to land based aircraft landing strips and to shipboard applications such as fighter aircraft deployment from a Navy aircraft carrier. The high update rate available with the RST beacon and SCT receiver handles the extreme dynamics of such an aircraft.
Yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention is to provide a rapid deployment and recovery capability for aircraft without reliance upon GNSS signals. The embodiment would function without reliance upon GNSS signals being available to support air operations. A reference SCT at the airstrip provides RST beacon calibration data, which is up-linked to the aircraft. The aircraft receives the ground-based beacons and the reference site calibration data and processes an estimate of the position and velocity of the aircraft relative to the ground based system from several beacons surrounds the airstrip. In this configuration, each aircraft has its own navigation processor and remains in an emission silent mode.
The system horizontal positioning accuracy will be limited by the RST beacon position calibrations at approximately 10 cm. Because these RST beacons will tend to be co-planar, the horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) will be good at near unity; however, the vertical DOP for the aircraft will be in the domain of a factor of 10 to 20. Because the system has high precision of a few centimeters, the aircraft vertical precision estimate to be within a meter over a broad domain of altitudes as the aircraft approaches the airstrip. Placement of one or more RST beacons out of plane with the rest of the beacons will improve precision in the vertical estimates. As a backup, when the aircraft comes to an altitude of approximately 5 meters, an acoustic RST could be activated with an acoustic mode SCT that would provide altimetric accuracy of a few cm and with low probability of detection that will allow the aircraft to flare for touchdown.
The aircraft can also carry three beacon receivers to provide an attitude determination capability. These attitude receiver antennas would be located on the underside of the aircraft probably at each wingtip and at the aft end of the fuselage. The aircraft processor would compute the phase differential arrival from each beacon and be capable of determining the aircraft attitude with an accuracy of a few degrees depending upon the specific aircraft geometry relative to the ground beacons.
Airport Ground Tracking and Monitoring System
An alternative embodiment of the present invention may be utilized for airport ground tracking and monitoring systems. In this application, the present invention will function inside of buildings such as hangers, and in obstructed areas where GNSS navigation alone will be unreliable. When an aircraft which has been in an enclosed environment for a significant period of time exits the hanger, there may be a substantial amount of time required for the GNSS receivers to begin positioning. This application provides aiding data of position and time to such receivers, and thus enhances runway incursion detection and collision avoidance alerting. Further, this application enables centralized monitoring and secure data base development of tracked assets.
Local Area Location Authentication
In yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the signals transmitted by the RST can be used to authenticate the location of an SCT by processing the observed data captured by the SCT together with Reference SCT observables to determine if the SCT is at the a priori known location of the SCT. The observables collected by the SCT to be authenticated contain useful information unique to the location (the location signature) that can be authenticated by observing the current state of the RST array via the Reference SCT and the observed errors in the location signature. The fact that a plurality of RSTs are unsynchronized and phase incoherent in their PRN chipping relative to each other requires continuous calibration of the RST array but brings with it a security attribute in that an adversary could not predict well enough the various code phases or chipping rates to achieve sub-meter precisions. The reference SCT, which is presumed to be protected, will sense and report what is actually happening with the RST array. This is a very useful attribute because these unpredictable features make the present invention the way to implement location authentication in GNSS obstructed environments. Additionally, with the present invention's capability to process GNSS signals, it can also provide GNSS derived location signature data as well.
Design Considerations
The analysis of the transmission power levels, battery consumption, identification and differentiation of beacon signals and other characteristics has been carried out for variations of the preferred embodiment. These are detailed in the following sections, which are provided solely to demonstrate present implementation of various and alternative embodiments of the present invention.
RST Beacon/SCT Receiver Design Considerations
The coarse channel receiver self noise assuming a 3 dB noise figure low noise amplifier will be: KTB noise power=(1.38.times.10.sup.−23 W/Hz-K)(300 Kelvin)(2.times.10.sup.6 Hz)=8.2.times.10.sup.−15=−140 dBW=−110 dBm.
Consider a 0.1 micro-Watt (1.times.10.sup.−7 W) beacon power at a distance of 3 km.
Beacon flux at distance D, P.sub.rec=P.sub.xmtr/(4 pi D.sup.2), P.sub.rec=(1.times.10.sup.−7 W)/4 pi (3000).sup.2=9.times.10.sup.−16 W=−150 dBW=−120 dBm.
Beacon signal power=−120 dBm. Post-LNA SNR=−120−(−110)=−10 dB
Delay and multiple (D&M) processor squares the signal & noise so that SNR D&M=−20 dB.
Assuming a beacon with a 1.023 MHz chipping frequency and an SCT FFT processor with a 1 second time series has 1.0 Hz bin width and an effective Process Gain, Gp=2 MHz/1 Hz=63 dB.
Overall system power SNR=63 dB-20 dB=43 dB or 22 dBV amplitude SNR=140:1.
The FFT phase noise estimate is the reciprocal of the voltage SNR, so the phase noise=7.times.10-3 radians=0.4 degrees=1 milli-cycle.
The beacon with a PRN chipping rate of 1.023 MHz, 293 m wavelength. The 1 milli-cycle precision will provide a 30 cm Coarse channel phase ranging precision.
Consider now the precision channel receiver self noise assuming a 3 dB noise figure low noise amplifier will be: KTB noise power=(1.38.times.10-23 W/Hz-K)(300 Kelvin)(20.times.106 Hz)=82.times.10-15=−130 dBW=−100 dBm.
Consider a 0.1 micro-Watt (1.times.10-7 W) beacon power at a distance of 3 km.
Beacon flux at distance D, Prec=Pxmtr/(4 pi D2), Prec=(1.times.10-7 W)/4 pi (3000)2=
9.times.10-16 W=−150 dBW=−120 dBm.
Beacon signal power=−120 dBm. Post-LNA SNR=−120−(−100)=−20 dB.
Delay and multiple (D&M) processor squares the signal & noise so that SNR D&M=−40 dB.
Assuming a Beacon with a 10.23 MHz chipping frequency and an SCT FFT processor with a 1 second time series has 1.0 Hz bin width and an effective Process Gain, Gp=20 MHz/1 Hz=73 dB.
Overall system power SNR=73 dB-40 dB=33 dB or 16.5 dBV amplitude SNR=50:1.
The FFT phase noise estimate is the reciprocal of the voltage SNR, so the phase noise=2.times.10-2 radians=1.2 degrees=3.2 milli-cycle.
The beacon with a PRN chipping rate of 10.23 MHz, 29.3 m wavelength. The 3.2 milli-cycle precision will provide a 9 cm precision channel phase ranging precision.
Battery Power Requirements
The beacon power requirements will be dominated by the digital circuitry and not the very low power of the 0.1 micro-Watt beacon transmitted. The beacon will require approximately 40 mW assuming 1.8 V logic. Consider a 3.3 V Lithium Manganese battery of 1500 mA hour capacity with the voltage falling to 1.5 V in 50 hours or about two days. The power source could also be batteries with a solar recharge if in an outdoor situation or powered from conventional building power with a battery backup to provide for continuous operations.
Beacon Identification
The beacon identification will be by its frequency offset from the nominal 1.023 MHz coarse channel chipping rate with multiples of 5 Hz spacing offsets between beacons. Thus, for a hundred beacons, the processor would have a total search interval of +/−250 Hz centered at 1.023 MHz. Once a particular beacon chipping rate was identified, the processor would refer to the registry data base to determine to what person or asset the identified tag had been assigned.
Similarly for the Precision channel the beacon identification will be by its frequency offset from the nominal 10.23 MHz Precision channel chipping rate with multiples of 50 Hz spacing offsets between beacons. Thus, for a hundred beacons, the processor would have a total search interval of +/−2500 Hz centered at 10.23 MHz. Once a particular beacon chipping rate was identified, the processor would refer to the registry data base to determine to what location, person, or asset the identified beacon had been assigned.
ISM Band Implementation
In an alternative embodiment, an RF implementation with each beacon transmitting multiple phase coherent channels of direct sequence spread spectrum signals is described. For example, to achieve positioning within a confined environment where the receiver device is a priori location is known within 500 meter, there is a channel with a chipping rate of 1.023 kHz (wavelength of 3 km). With a location sensor implementing a spectral compression delay and multiply operation and a resultant amplitude signal to noise ratio of 20 to one, the phase noise will be 0.05 radians or 2.8 degrees or 7.9 milli-cycles or 24 meters.
With a second channel with an SNR of 20 and a chipping rate of 1.023 MHz, the phase range precision is 2.4 meters. With a third channel with an SNR of 20 and a chipping rate of 10.23 MHz, the phase range precision is 24 cm. With a fourth channel with an SNR of 20 and a chipping rate of 102.3 MHz, the phase range precision is 2 cm.
The estimated SNR of 20 is very modest and effective SNR at 100 could be more reasonable. In this higher signal case, the 10.23 MHz chipping rate channel would yield 5 cm precision. By U.S. regulations, the ISM bands are:
5725-5875 MHz (150 MHz center frequency 5800 MHz)
2400-2500 MHz (100 MHz center frequency 2450 MHz)
902-928 MHz in Region 2 (26 MHz center frequency 915 MHz)
Beacon locations can be expressed in the WSG 84 coordinate system to maintain a consistent frame of reference with the GNSS. Thus, the resulting physical state estimates could express the positions in the GNSS frame as if they had clear lines of sight to the GNSS satellites.
Application to Positioning in a Large Area
In an alternative embodiment, application is in reference to an area defined 100 m by 100 m (10,000 square meters, 110,000 square feet). The maximum horizontal distance that a location sensor could be away from a beacon is approximately 141 meters. Consider a design for a spectral compression system with an intercepted phase measurement precision of 3 cm. With a maximum chipping rate of 10.23 MHz, there is a 29.3 m wavelength. A 3 cm precision requires 0.1% of a cycle (0.36 degrees) phase measurement precision or 6.3 milliradians. Six milliradian phase precision requires FFT amplitude SNR of 160 or 44 dB signal power.
Telecommunications Considerations for the Present Invention
In an alternative embodiment, various test cases may be described.
Test case: ISTAC 2002 Codeless GNSS Land Surveyor
The receiver self noise assuming a 1.5 dB noise figure low noise amplifier will be: KTB noise power=(1.38.times.10-23 W/Hz-K)(120 Kelvin)(2.times.106 Hz)=3.3.times.10-15=−145 dBW=−115 dBm.
GPS C/A channel signal power=−130 dBm. Post-LNA SNR=−130−(−115)=−15 dB.
Delay and multiple processor squares the signal & noise so that SNR D&M=−30 dB.
FFT processor with 40 second time series has 0.025 Hz bin width, effective Process Gain, Gp=2 MHz/0.025 Hz=79 dB.
Overall system SNR=79−30=49 dB or 25 dBV amplitude SNR=316:1 in good agreement with the actual C/A channel performance of the ISTAC 2002 Land Surveyor product.
Near-Far Degradation in a Warehouse Environment
In an alternative embodiment, a near-far degradation in a warehouse environment may be described.
At the nearest, the 1 nano-W beacon might be within 10 m of the remote receiver.
Beacon flux at distance D, Prec=Pxmtr/(4 pi D2), Prec=(1.times.10-9 W)/4 pi (10)2=8.times.10-13 W=−121 dBW=−91 dBm.
A beacon at 141 m will present −114 dBm while a beacon 10 m away will present −91 dBm. Thus, the near-far problem is the absolute value of −91 dBm minus −114 dBm=23 dB. With 12 bits of analog to digital conversion the receiver will have 72 dB of dynamic range and allows a 49 dB of margin to accommodate other relatively higher power in-band signals that could shift the noise floor.
Simplicity of Receiver
An advantage of using a spread spectrum approach for beacons is to radiate the least amount of power, reducing DC power requirements for beacons that may be battery powered for operations over long periods of time. The spread spectrum utilization affords a high level of immunity to strong in-band signals that would otherwise present substantial interference with a conventional signaling modality.
Generalized System Architecture and Method
The previous discussions of the various embodiments of this system and related methods for physical state estimation in configured environments show the broad applicability to a wide variety of applications. The system and method disclosed and taught above may be summarized in the following description of a generalized architecture, which reduces the system to its canonical form essentially comprised of emitters, interceptors implementing spectral compression and a physical state estimator and covers most if not all possible implementation architectures. The form also teaches that through proper design and construction, the preferred embodiment of the present invention can be easily adapted to support a broad spectrum of applications, configurations, and environments.
Determining an absolute physical state estimate 1209 requires designation of at least one emitter or interceptor as a reference point that has some aspect of its physical state known prior to estimation of the relative physical state. Determination of the absolute physical state 1209 is the addition of relative physical state to the a priori physical states defined by the reference points.
One or more references points defined within the configuration data 1208 can be treated collectively to form a local reference frame for positioning and timing information. Preferably all physical state estimates 1209 are reported within this reference frame. Further, reference points can be associated 1210 and 1211 with a coordinate system fiducial reference 1204 within the configuration data 1208. Through these associations, estimates determined in the internal reference frame can be translated to an external reference frame.
For example, in an indoor applications, a plurality of beacons (e.g., emitters 1201) are first calibrated such that the combination of configuration data and system calibration data enables the beacons to be established as reference points for physical state estimation of a location sensor (e.g., an interceptor 1202). The location of these reference points are then determined in the external WGS-84 reference frame. This can be accomplished in any number of ways through survey, or through direct measurement with location sensors supporting reception of GNSS ranging signal emissions. With these determinations of external fiducial references a transformation matrix can be specified that translates from the internal reference frame to the external WGS-84 frame. In the preferred embodiment, three non-colinear reference points associated with external fiducial points are used to establish a three-dimensional transformation. Once this is accomplished, the resultant estimate of physical state for a location sensor can be reported in the external reference frame. Reporting of time epoch in internal and external time frames such as universal time coordinated (UTC) may be accomplished in the same manner using the time at reference points with respect to the external time frame.
Some emitters may be known to the system but not controlled by the system and considered external. GPS satellites, quasars, communications satellites, television stations and autonomous beacons are all examples of reference points whose existence can be known and monitored but not managed by the system.
In the same manner for defining the canonical form of the system architecture, the related canonical form is defined for the method of physical state determination in configured environments.
From this method, all variations may be derived, and thus it serves to further explain the essential processes at work in all embodiments of the present invention. An important benefit of this generalized method is that the processing is defined without respect to implementation. Constraints of physical location and communication between processing elements 1302, 1303 and 1304 are purely a function of the logical architecture of the system to which the method is embodied. Different physical arrangements of the processing can provide certain optimizations as required. Processing blocks 1302, 1303 and 1304 are most often physically arranged to minimize communication bandwidth and reduce power requirements on the location sensor, as discussed previously herein.
Hybrid Spectral Compression and Cross Correlation System
An alternative embodiment of the present invention for high-accuracy and robustness is to combine spectral compression with cross-correlation. Spectral compression enables correlation lock without search of the frequency space for the differential carrier frequency offset since it can be determined directly using spectral compression observables. Methods and systems for hybrid spectral compression and correlation are described below with reference to
The inherent utility of this embodiment is to provide a simple way to determine the whole number of code phase chips using cross correlation to resolve the ambiguous phase observables produced by spectral compression techniques. For example, this technique makes possible a multi-channel receiver that can acquire all the GNSS signal emissions in view using spectral compression and then through a one-time cross correlation, resolve the code phase ambiguity, thus enabling the generation of traditional code phase observables typical of GNSS receivers without the requirement of the traditional multichannel tracking loop methods. The intercepted emission 1206 is intercepted by front-end 1410, which transforms the signal into a baseband regime suitable for signal processing by spectral compression and other means. For an RF spread spectrum emission, the front end down converts the signal to baseband or IF, which can be digitally converted using an ADC for DSP or processed by analog means. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the front-end down converts the intercepted spread spectrum emissions to baseband and digitally samples the signals using complex quadrature processing techniques. The baseband spread spectrum signals 1420 are subsequently processed by Spectral Compressor 1205 and Cross Correlator 1411. The Spectral Compressor 1205 use the same spectral compression techniques described for
Continuing with
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the SSE produces observables 1423, which are associated with one or more signal emitters. These observables are then used by Cross Correlator 1411 to construct a spread spectrum code replica clocked at or near the frequency of the intercepted emission of interest. Using this code replica, the Cross Correlator determines the whole code phase offset of the intercepted emission relative to an internal time epoch. This cross correlation is typically done by accumulating a sufficient number of samples to determine an unambiguous point of correlation, which can vary depending upon the type of code sequence used to generate the spread spectrum emission. The whole number of code chips 1422 are passed to the SSE, which combines this information with the ambiguous phase observables produced by Spectral Compressor 1205 to produce an unambiguous code phase observable comprising the whole number of code chips and fractional phase. These data are then used to update Observables 1423, which are essentially equivalent to observables defined in
This alternative embodiment of the present invention requires the use of configuration data to associate the spectral compression observables with at least one or more spread spectrum emitters. This approach makes it possible to collect unambiguous observables without the need to implement tracking loops (e.g. a Costas Loop in a GPS receiver). This allows the receiver to operate in high dynamic regimes as extensive searching for the spread spectrum emission in a 2-D space of code and frequency offset is essentially avoided. The spectral compression observables make it possible to determine a precision frequency offset estimate needed to successfully demodulate a particular spread spectrum emission continuously over time. Further, the cross correlation function need only be used once during initial signal acquisition to resolve code phase ambiguity. Once this is determined, only spectral compression observables are needed to produce the full set of observables, as any changes in the whole number of code phase cycles can be readily determined by continuous monitoring of the SCT observables.
An alternative embodiment of the present invention is to reduce the function of the signal state estimator 1412 to perform only emitter identification without additional filtering and smoothing of observables. In this case, the outputs 1421, 1422 are used directly without processing by the SSE.
In GNSS spacecraft navigation applications, where it is desirable to use GNSS signals to track the position and velocity of spacecraft in real time, the hybrid spectral compression and cross correlator embodiment of the present invention has particular utility. In these regimes, the dynamics can cause more than 30 kHz of carrier frequency offset due to Doppler frequency shifts making signal acquisition more complicated using traditional code correlation methods. The introduction of the spectral compressor with the cross correlator eliminates the frequency search, preferably allowing acquisition of the classic code phase observables in four to five seconds from a cold-start condition. Additionally, this alternative embodiment of the present invention can be readily implemented in a lightweight software defined radio (SDR) form factor making it suitable for operations in multi-use radios. Alternatively, this approach provides significant simplification of the receiver that enables reduction size, weight and power requirements.
Spread spectrum emissions 1206 are converted using a front end to a baseband regime suitable for processing by Spectral Compressor 1205 and Cross Correlator 1411. The Signal State Estimator 1412 uses the observables 1421 to determine the approximate code clock frequency offset and then configures the Cross Correlator 1411 to search for one or more correlated emissions. For a particular spread spectrum transmission system (e.g. GPS, GLONASS, CDMA cellular), there will be a specific set of spread spectrum sequences that are known a priori. The SCT observables contain information for one or more emissions that form a two-dimensional search space: a first axis is the quantity M observed code frequency offsets in SCT observables 1421 and a second axis is quantity N known possible spread spectrum code sequences. This comprises a search space of M times N combinations.
For example, given five distinct code frequency offsets, M=5, and five correlated emissions, N=5, there are 25 possible combinations to search. In certain cases, there may be one or more correlated emissions for a particular frequency offset depending upon the measurement resolution of the spectral compressor or limited dynamics causing the code clock frequency to be nearly identical for one or more spread spectrum emissions. In this case, the number of correlated emissions will be greater than the code frequency offsets.
The Cross Correlator 1411 produces observables 1422 comprising the intercepted spread spectrum code sequence identifier and whole code phase. This information is passed to the Signal State Estimator 1412, which then provides updated spreading code observables for all intercepted emissions to one or more Signal Processing Channels 1416 to measure the carrier frequency offset. Each Signal Processing Channel 1416 is assigned a code frequency offset and one intercepted spread spectrum sequence. The resulting Carrier Observables 1426 are provided to the Signal State Estimator 1412, which then determines if a match is made. The processing continues until observables 1421 are matched with cross correlation observables 1422 (comprising whole code phase and spread spectrum sequence identifier). If a match is made, when the observed carrier frequency offset is determined to be nearly equivalent to a fixed multiple of the code clock frequency contained within observables 1421. With the code sequence identifier now associated with the SCT observables complete spreading code observables 1423 are available with whole and fractional code phase, code clock frequency, code clock amplitude and spread spectrum sequence identifier information for each intercepted a spread spectrum emission observed by blocks 1205 and 1411.
The signal processing channels 1416 are also useful in providing carrier observables, which may include carrier phase (whole and fractional parts), carrier frequency offset, carrier amplitude and telemetry data. With the code phase established by the Spectral Compressor 1205 and Cross Correlator 1411, additional functions to track changes in code phase such as a Costas tracking loop are not necessary, for example, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention a Costas tracking loop can be implemented as part of the Signal Processing Channel 1416 if additional tracking information is needed or as a crosscheck and validation to the output of the Spectral Compressor 1205. Depending on the output data rate and dynamics of the system, this alternate embodiment can have additional benefits.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the Signal Processing Channels 1416 is implemented by first removing the spreading code in block 1413, which recovers baseband carrier signal and modulated telemetry 1424 with a carrier frequency offset resulting from Doppler shift or interceptor oscillator bias. The carrier frequency offset is then removed in block 1414, resulting in a narrowband baseband sample stream 1425 comprising carrier phase information, telemetry, transmission path effects and other physical characteristics. This band limited raw sample stream is then processed by Data/Carrier Recovery block 1415 producing Carrier Observables 1426 as discussed previously. In certain applications, the Raw Sample Stream 1425 is useful to provide additional information such as ionospheric scintillation. The raw sample stream can be down sampled and stored at a relatively low data rate and limited to the bandwidth of interest. For example, ionospheric scintillation and radio occultation applications, the bandwidths can vary between 50 Hz and 1 KHz depending on transmission path observables of interest. Higher bandwidths require higher intercepted emission SNR to produce usable results. Lower bandwidths achieve higher SNR benefiting from longer signal integration time.
In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the cross correlation, search and match functionality provided by the Cross Correlator 1411, Signal State Estimator 1412 and Signal Processing Channels 1416 can be implemented in a single block or other distribution. The particular implementation of these functions, whether combined or distributed, will be present in this embodiment of a hybrid spectral compressor and cross correlator interceptor.
Hybrid Spectral Compression and Cross Correlation Methods
As discussed previously, these methods apply primarily to RF spread spectrum emissions, where a pseudorandom sequence is used to modulate a signal containing information content modulated on some carrier. The pseudorandom sequence is typically a code of known structure that can be generated both by the emitter and the interceptor. CDMA systems such as GNSS (including but not limited to GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass), WLAN WiFi, 3G cellular CDMA and W-CDMA systems are all examples of systems with wideband emissions that would be suitable for processing using the methods described herein.
Continuing with
Given a spreading code comprising of N code chips, the code phase is a measurement of the whole and fractional chips within a code at a particular epoch. For example, consider a pseudorandom noise sequence generated using a simple shift register and combinatorial feedback. Configured correctly, this shift register will produce a maximal length sequence of N=2.sup.M−1 chips, where M is the number of stages in the shift register. A 10 stage shift register can produce a code sequence length of N=1023 chips. The Observables 1306 provide ambiguous fractional code phase information, the offset within one chip. At block 1505, Cross Correlate Intercepted Wideband Emissions determines the whole number of code chips needed to align the internal code replica with the intercepted wideband emission 1314 spreading code at a particular epoch.
Determining the source identifier in 1503 or producing whole code phase observables in 1505 can be performed in reverse order or simultaneously depending on the particular implementation and source identification methods used. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, both of these operations are performed nearly simultaneously using the same buffered data such that only one sample set of wideband energy emissions is needed to determine both the code phase and its source. This makes it possible to execute both steps in a minimum amount of time, chiefly limited by processing resources. In the case where source identification is not accomplished prior to Cross Correlation in 1505, it is possible to perform cross correlation with an additional step of searching the set of possible codes and comparing the correlation results accordingly. Correlation results meeting certain threshold requirements will indicate the presence of a source of emission using the particular code sequence. This information can be stored temporarily in a table indicating the presence of certain source emissions but not yet associated with the observables in 1306. This table can be then subsequently used in the source identification method described in
The methods for cross correlating the signal with an internal replica based on the signal source identifier as determined by 1503 can be accomplished in a variety of ways depending on the particular implementation. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is to buffer the intercepted wideband emissions for one or more whole code cycles and perform a convolution of the buffered emissions with the internal code replica shifting in quarter or half chip steps. The result is a set of amplitudes of the correlation values for each step within the code. A simple search of this result set for the maximal amplitude indicates the spreading code offset at the epoch where the wide band energy emissions were sampled. This technique is readily implemented in modern digital signal processing systems. Correlating in at least half chip steps provides the ability to determine the alignment of the whole code phase boundaries so that it can be combined with the fractional code phase as determined by Observables 1306. Thus, it is not required that the correlator produce high resolution fractional code phase measurements as the data is readily available by spectral compression.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, some calibration and adjustment will be required to combine these data types accounting for filtering and latency due to signal processing implementation. Assuming these are dealt with, it is then possible to combine the whole code phase measurements from the correlator with a fractional code phase measurements in 1306. At this point, spreading code observables 1506 are produced, which can be updated there after without the need for identifying the emissions or recalculating the whole code phase as the Observables 1306 provide the means to track the evolution of code phase and the emission over time. In instances where tracking by block 1501 is lost for whatever reason, signal identification and cross correlation can be repeated. Within systems where the source emissions are stable and predictable for some period of time, identification and cross correlation for whole code phase may not be required if previously known and deemed valid. This assumes that local oscillator state is known when the intercepted wideband emission is interrupted or lost.
This method as described with reference to
The choice to use either or both methods depends on the specific application. In high dynamic systems, where there is substantial Doppler shift or in systems where the transmission path can adversely affect carrier phase tracking, preventing stable operation of the Costas Loop (or similar), the hybrid spectral compression correlation method can have a distinct advantage as it is a relatively straightforward process to track signals in high dynamics and the emission group phase as observed by the spreading code clock phase will tend to have different or less impact resulting from challenging transmission paths. For applications where the transmission path characteristics are of interest (e.g. ionospheric TEC, or lower atmosphere radio occultation observations), the hybrid method enables the interceptor to continue to intercept and process wideband emissions where traditional code correlation systems may lose code lock due to an inability to maintain carrier phase tracking.
More specifically, in this case, the method matches the observed spreading code clock frequency offset contained within the Observables 1306 with the observed carrier signal frequency offset given the a priori carrier/code clock frequency ratio information. Since the code sequence/source emitter identifier for the spreading code is not known, one or more codes may need to be tried in despreading the emission before a signal match can be made. The cross correlation method 1505 described with reference to
This method should always yield a match in that it provides only the limited set of possible observables 1306 and previously determined spreading code configurations. If a match is not found, then it is likely that either there was insufficient signal-to-noise ratio to make a positive match or the transmission path is degrading the coherency of the recovered carrier. Data modulation of the recovered carrier will have a broadening effect on the frequency; however, with sufficient integration time, it can be assumed that the center frequency of the resulting carrier signal is a fairly accurate observation of the carrier frequency offset, particularly in high dynamic systems where the Doppler Shift is a significant characteristic. In the cases where a match is not found, additional integration time may be required. In the preferred embodiment the present invention the number code sequence chips buffered would be increased to provide higher SNR. Preferably, the number of chips buffered is a multiple of the spreading code sequence length.
In the case where Doppler shift and frequency offsets do not differ substantially enough to determine unique code phase frequency offsets 1306, then the observed code frequency offset in 1306 are assumed to be equivalent for the affected intercepted emissions and the method described in the previous paragraph associates the same code clock frequency offset for each source emissions identified within the temporary table described above. For example, in 3G CDMA systems multiple signals may share the same frequency space and have the same code clock frequency. In this case it is not possible to determine unique observables for each emissions using spectral compressions Observables 1306 alone. However, the addition of the code correlation method makes it possible to use the observed aggregate code clock frequency to determine the local oscillator offset and then despread the CDMA signals using traditional Costas Loops for code tracking. The Costas Loop produces the whole and fractional code phase observables.
The detection methods for determining the carrier frequency offset may include FFT and peak detection, low pass filter and threshold detection, or phase locked loop. The particular method used depends upon the type of dynamics expected for the system. The FFT of the detection method can be very effective for systems with minimal Carrier Doppler shift, where the frequency space is small. The phase lock loop and filter and threshold detection methods may be a more efficient implementation approaches when Doppler shifts are large and the frequency space can be more effectively covered by focusing only on the specific frequency offset as predicted by the Observables 1306 multiplied by the carrier/code clock frequency ratio 1523.
Once the spreading code observables are determined including spreading code/emitter source identifier and whole and fractional code phase as described in
Starting with the Intercepted Wideband Emissions 1314, using the Spreading Code Configuration 1521 as determined by the cross correlation and source identification methods, the signal is despread in 1601 and carrier frequency offset removed in block 1602 given Observables 1306 and the Carrier/Code Clock Frequency Ratio 1525. With the carrier frequency offset removed, additional narrowband baseband data processing performed produces a variety of observables as required by the particular application. These additional processing options may include Carrier Phase Tracking 1603, Telemetry Extraction 1604, or archiving of a band limited sample stream 1605 for subsequent post-processing. Collectively, these baseband data processing options produce a set of carrier observables 1505. These observables 1505 can then be used for additional processing such as physical state estimation.
The band limit applied to the baseband sample stream is dependent upon the particular application and available archiving storage. Contained within the sample stream are additional observables relating to transmission path, source emitter and interceptor physical state information. For example, when applied to GNSS these observables may provide information relating to ionosphere TEC, ionospheric scintillation, tropospheric delay and other data used for space weather remote sensing. In the case of GPS, cutoff frequencies can range between 50 Hz and 1 kHz depending upon available signal-to-noise ratio and application requirements.
Example Hybrid Spectral Compression and Cross Correlation
When a code correlation receiver is operated in an environment where the receiver must be autonomous or functional in situations of virtually no external information, the initialization of the receiver is described as being in a cold-start condition. In such a condition, an almanac of potential emitter signals may be unavailable or aged beyond reliability. In addition, the receiver may have no credible a priori positional information or any detailed knowledge of the dynamics of the receiver or the state of the internal time and frequency reference of the receiver. In such a circumstance, the spectral compression subsystem provides a valuable contribution as a receiver configuration state-prompting mechanism without the necessity of a feedback mechanism. The spectral compression observables provides functional robustness against the inability to acquire GNSS signals in cold-start conditions or when receiving GNSS signals propagated through turbulent transmission media or when the receiver is in unknown dynamic conditions.
Consider the situation of simultaneously intercepting multiple CDMA signals from the GPS satellites 1701 which have a code chipping rate of 1.023 MHz of the GPS C/A channel. The emitted energy is coupled from the free space by antenna 1702 and input to a low noise amplifier, LNA, 1703 down converted to baseband for complex quadrature processing: in-phase (I) 1704 and quadrature (Q) 1708 signal processing paths.
These digitized baseband signals are preferably shared with three subsystems: the spectral compressor (blocks 1713, 1715, 1717, 1720 and 1722); the C/A code cross correlator for whole code phase determination (blocks 1733 and 1732); and the BPSK spreading code demodulator/carrier signal processor (blocks 1740, 1742, 1743, 1746, 1747, 1748, and 1749) generate the precision observables of L-band carrier amplitude, frequency and phase.
Using spectral compression, a set of spectral lines is developed from the operation of delay and multiply implemented by blocks 1713 and block 1715. Block 1713 is a digital delay equivalent to one-half the PRN chipping period of the C/A code of 489 ns or two ADC samples. The delayed sample stream is multiplied in 1715 with the original sample stream. The output of 1715 is down converted using multiplier 1717 and digital local oscillator (DLO 1) 1718 by 1.023 MHz centering the observables of interest (the recovered code clock) at near 0 Hz. In a preferred SDR implementation, blocks 1717 and 1718 would be implemented using a CORDIC and phase counter for efficiency. The effect of blocks 1713, 1715, 1717, and 1719 is to compress all of the arriving C/A signals, perhaps a dozen or more, each of 2 MHz bandwidth, into a spectral width determined by the most negative to the most positive Doppler shift imposed by the receiver to GPS satellite range rate, all of which are centered near 0 Hz. For terrestrial applications this physics bandwidth is .+−0.2.7 Hz. For low Earth orbit applications, the physics bandwidth would typically be less than .+−0.27 Hz for a receiver aboard a satellite.
The baseband signals are detected initially using a FFT 1720 to identify and measure initial frequency offsets. Following initial observation, a phase lock loop (PLL) 1722 is assigned to each detected spectral line found in the FFT 1720. Periodically thereafter (e.g. once every 30 seconds), an FFT is performed to determine if new signals are available and to determine frequency offset change rates to improve PLL tracking. The PLL tracking mode allows flexibility where the spectral line is undergoing rapid changes in Doppler frequency for which the FFT mode experiences straddling between FFT bins with its degraded SNR effects. In high dynamic systems where the Doppler frequency rate is significant, a rate-aided PLL is recommended. Aiding data can be observed by the FFT or calculated using GPS almanac and receiver state information. The output of the FFT and PLL 1721 and 1723 are the amplitude, frequency, and phase observables for each intercepted C/A spread spectrum signal. The phase values are ambiguous at 293 m and can be connected across many observations to produce range change observables with sub-meter accuracy. Precision Doppler observables can then be generated with no ambiguity that will allow subsequent positioning, velocity and timing estimation.
This family of spectral lines is specifically the chipping frequency that is to be applied when generating a code replica in order to acquire a particular GPS satellite by matching a particular PRN sequence and code chipping rate. By recovering the actual chipping frequency arriving at the receiver, the effects of the receiver's reference oscillator offset and any Doppler shift are explicitly accounted. This critical information of combined oscillator offset and possible receiver Doppler shift has been derived without knowledge of which C/A signals were present in the received baseband sample stream 1714 or their code sequences or carrier tracking or telemetry decoding. The internal clock will in general have an arbitrary starting epoch.
The Signal State Estimator (SSE) 1733 uses the observations 1721, 1723, and 1735 to associate PRN ID and whole code phase observations from Cross Correlator 1732 with the spectral compressor observables. As discussed previously, matching these observables can be accomplished by multiple methods: 1) GPS almanac and approximate receiver physical state or 2) matching of code clock and carrier frequency offset observables contained in 1720 and 1750.
Buffer 1733 stores at least one whole code cycle of the C/A (4092 samples), which is then operated by the Cross Correlator 1732 to determine the whole code phase offset of one or more received C/A signals. The method of the preferred embodiment is to perform a convolution of an internal C/A code replica with the buffered received signals. Correlation is considered achieved when a particular maximum meets the correlation criteria (e.g. signal threshold). If a definitive maximum or minimum is not found for a specific signal additional whole C/A code cycles may need to be buffered to increase integration time: for example 1 C/A code cycle is 1 msec integration time and 5 C/A code cycles are 5 msec of integration time. Weak GPS signals can require significant integration time greater than 20 msec, which also requires managing telemetry bit shifts if done coherently. The choice of which cross correlations to perform depends on the search space, which can be as much as 32 different codes for C/A GPS if no GPS almanac is available and satellite identification was not performed previously using SCT observables 1721. Given the sampling clock rate of 4.092 MHz, minimum resolution of the correlation is one quarter chip, which is more than sufficient to resolve the ambiguous code phase in observables 1721 and 1723.
The spreading code demodulator/carrier signal processor blocks 1740, 1742, 1743, 1746, 1747, 1748 and 1749 produce precision carrier observables 1750. One set of these blocks (comprising both in-phase and quadrature) is required to track each intercepted C/A signal of interest. As many as twelve sets of these block is required to continuously track all C/A signals in view for terrestrial applications, as many as 18 sets may be required for orbital applications.
To obtain the carrier observables the intercepted signals are demodulated using a selected C/A code sequence generated by a Code Generator 1746 clocked by a Code Clock Generator 1747. The code offset and code clock frequency offset our determined by the SSE results 1734. The resulting demodulated carrier and telemetry 1741 are down converted to baseband by removing the carrier Doppler shift also determined by the SSE results 1734. The baseband data is then low pass filtered 1743, limiting the bandwidth to the specific information of interest. In most cases the bandwidth is limited to 100 Hz or less for extracting telemetry and tracking the carrier. As discussed previously, however, the bandwidth may be as much as 1 kHz in order to provide additional information for transmission path observables such as ionospheric scintillation. Block 1749 performs data/carrier recovery for bandwidth limited complex quadrature data 1744.
Direct GNSS Long Code Signal Acquisition
The present invention has application in providing an alternative means to acquire long code signal acquisition in GNSS. Long codes are often used with GNSS systems in that the infrequent repeat interval improves SNR and eliminates any ambiguity resulting in higher performance. Long codes are distinguished from short code spread spectrum signals by the fact that their repeat interval is so long that it is impractical to attempt a correlation search without highly precise a priori code state information that can effectively reduce the search domain making correlation search practical and a timely matter. To understand how the present invention accomplishes this, consider the GPS Precise Positioning Service (PPS) P(Y) channel with an assigned code segment length of 6.187104.times.10.sup.12 chips for a seven day period; the present invention can achieve code lock without first acquiring correlation lock on the C/A channel. Direct acquisition provides the benefit of allowing acquisition of the P(Y) channel in situations where the C/A channel is unavailable or jammed. The essential receiver elements have been discussed previously and the illustrative receiver system in
Direct long code acquisition of the present invention employs the methods of hybrid spectral compression and cross correlation discussed previously and adds physical state estimation and successive approximation to produce time and location information ever increasing measurement precision and accuracy that ultimately yields correlation of the long code. Using
For clarity the method is described using the GPS system, but it may be applied to other GNSS systems as well. The method starts with a priori configuration information including a GPS almanac describing the position, velocity and oscillator state of the GPS satellites and time at the intercepting receiver good to then a few seconds of GPS time (wrist watch accuracy). The first step is to acquire the spectral compression observables for the GPS P(Y) channel. As discussed previously, the intercepting receiver is configured to form delay and multiply tuned to recover the 10.23 MHz chipping rate. Next, the recovered code clock amplitude and phase values for each of the visible satellites are identified using the GPS almanac.
The next step is to use code clock frequency observables (containing Doppler frequency information) to determine the approximate position, velocity, epoch time and receiver clock state of the receiver to better than 1.5 km and epoch time uncertainty to better than 100 msec. Achieving this measurement accuracy within a particular observation interval depends upon geometry and the relative dynamics. For terrestrial applications an observation interval of approximately 90 seconds and good PDOP (<3) with a minimum of four different satellites should be sufficient to achieve this accuracy. Using the approximate location and epoch time, it is possible to localize the P(Y) code search space to about 1 million chips, where the uncertainty is due primarily to the uncertainty in epoch time. Next, starting with the satellite that has the highest SNR and high elevation angle, the cross correlator begins the search for correlation. The search continues until a maximum or minimum are found. The length of the buffer to use in the search is dependent upon the required correlation lock threshold certainty. Longer buffers will slow the search process but produce more definitive results. For maximum search speed, down sampling the buffered sample stream to 10.23 MHz will have the benefit of reducing the actual number of convolutions to perform. For example, a 1 msec integration time will require 10,230 buffered samples to accumulate for each correlation; searching all 1 million possible correlations using a 1 GHz DSP could be accomplished in less than 15 seconds assuming (1 clock per add). Longer or shorter integration time scales linearly. Once the maximum correlation whole chip offset is determined, the higher sample rate data can be used to determine the fractional chip correlation offset. The fractional code phase can also be further refined using the spectral compression observables using the methods discussed previously.
The initial correlation lock determined by the first correlation of the highest elevation satellite allows for immediate improvement in epoch time certainty by resolving the 0.1 microsecond ambiguity interval contained within the previously observed code clock phase data. Worst-case, time estimate improve to an uncertainty of a 10 microseconds that drastically reduces the search space for all subsequent satellite P(Y) channel correlations. Once the epoch time estimate is updated by combining the initial correlation with spectral compression code clock phase (discussed previously in reference to
Cross correlation of P(Y) signals for each observed satellite continues until the code phase (whole and fractional) observables for three or four satellites are produced. After the initial correlation of the first P(Y) signal, the remaining searches typically complete in less than one second given a 1 GHz DSP. At this point sufficient P(Y) channel spreading code observables are available to again process with a PSE to produce an updated estimate for position, velocity and time, at the measurement accuracy available by the GPS almanac. Next the remaining observed satellites are cross correlated and tracked if found.
Obtaining higher accuracy requires extraction of the precision ephemeris elements, which are encoded in the L1 band P(Y) channel. This step in the process can take 30 seconds for the precision satellite ephemeris and 12.5 minutes to extract the entire GPS message. With all signals now identified, tracked, and precision ephemeris extracted, the PSE can provide the full-accuracy of the Precision Positioning Service. Conventional or hybrid P(Y) tracking techniques can be applied at this point as discussed previously.
Continuing, the highest precision Doppler frequency observables contained within raw observables 2213 are processed by step 2201, estimate physical state, to determine the approximate physical state of interceptor comprising position, velocity, and epoch time. The accuracy and precision of this estimate is dependent upon the measurement precision of the Doppler frequency observables. As discussed previously, long code chipping frequency observables such as the P(Y) channel of the GPS can produce physical state estimates with 1.5 km accuracy and 100 msec epoch time uncertainty. The 34 times improvement in measurement precision of the L1-L2 differential carrier Doppler observables can significantly increase accuracy and reduce epoch time uncertainty further reducing the code domain search space and significantly reduction long code acquisition to better than 44 meters and 3 msec.
With improved initial estimate of position and epoch time comes a reduced search space needed to find the correlation point of the first emitter selected in step 2202. In this embodiment, following the initial estimate of physical state, the emitter with the highest elevation angle and strongest intercepted emission is chosen for an initial correlation search. Step 2203 then determines the search range given the interceptor physical state uncertainty both in position and epoch time as well as the emitter position and epoch time uncertainty. The position of the emitter and interceptor enables determination of the unambiguous code phase or including the true range and uncertainties in epoch time. Providing some additional margin to ensure correlation is not missed the search range is then chosen as the uncertainty interval surrounding the best estimate of interceptor/emitter range. The next step is to configure the long code replica generator state and begin correlating the intercepted emissions in step 2204. The correlation search begins at one end of the range and steps through until correlation lock is detected. Upon successful correlation acquisition, the observables for the specific emitter are updated in 2205. The initial acquisition of the emitter provides a very precise estimate of code phase, which is used subsequently. The correlation search continues in 2206 until all identified emitters in the raw observables 2213 have been searched. Each iteration through the search process reduces the search range for the next selected emitter emission given the improved measurement observables produced by 2205. For example the second time through after acquiring a first emitter emission correlation, the updated physical state estimate in step 2201 will significantly reduce the uncertainty in epoch time depending on the position uncertainty. In the case of the GPS, having an approximate position and one correlation acquisition of the P(Y) channel can reduce epoch time uncertainty to better than 10 .mu.s in most cases. This results in a significantly reduced search space for the second emitter. The third and fourth times through the method will significantly reduce the uncertainty in position error yielding search spaces for every subsequent emission of less than 10 chips. The process concludes when the long code acquisition state 2214 of all visible emissions has been determined. For multi-frequency interceptors such as L1 and L2 capable GPS receiver, the preferred alternative embodiment uses the L1-L2 differential carrier to provide initial Doppler frequency observables. For single frequency interceptors such as the L1 P(Y) GPS receiver, the preferred alternative embodiment is to use P(Y) chipping or squared carrier observables to provide the initial Doppler frequency observables. In the case of a single frequency receiver, the acquisition time may be longer than with multi-frequency receivers. In either case, the processing strategy remains essentially the same as illustrated in
Alternative Spectral Compression Methods
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.
Rapid Carrier Phase Ambiguity Resolution
This alternative of the preferred embodiment is directed at using SCT to resolve the L band Carrier phase of ranging signal transmissions. The specification teaches the technique using the GPS L1 and L2 bands, but has potential applications to any multi-band GNSS constellation including the EU Galileo, Russia GLONASS, China Beidou and other emerging national constellations.
By way of an example, consider the GPS signals at L1 and L2 arriving at antennas 1900 and 1901. A reference oscillator 1906 provides the common coherence element for the entire system by forming the signal used for the quadrature (both in-phase and 90 degree phase shifted) down-conversion from the L1 and L2 RF domains to baseband domain in blocks 1902 and 1904. The resultant in-phase and quadrature outputs from the L1 and L2 down-converters are digitized in blocks 1903 and 1905 under the control by reference oscillator 1906. The digitized baseband signals are designated as 1917, for the L1 band and 1918 for the L2 band. It is critical that a single frequency source block 1906 provide the phase reference for down-conversions and analog to digital conversions to baseband. The high precision receiver functions afforded by this design are dependent upon medium term (tens of seconds) stability of the 1906 reference oscillator. For example, the exploitation of the L1 carrier phase to a precision of 1 cm over an interval of one second will require a short-term stability of 1 cm of the 19 cm L1 wavelength over a one second interval, 0.05 Hz/1575.42 MHz=3.3 E-11 stability is required. This can be readily achieved with TXCO type oscillators.
The resultant digitally sampled data streams are then shared with the subsequent blocks, which extract observables by spectral compression operations illustrated in
Block 1907, L1 C/A Processor can be either hybrid SCT cross correlator discussed previously in this specification or a traditional code correlator utilizing: carrier phase tracking loops. This results in raw L1 C/A observables 1912 comprising C/A code phase, C/A carrier phase, and GPS telemetry data. These observables are then combined with observables 1913, resulting in the L1 P(Y) chipping, L2 P(Y) chipping 1914, and L1-L2 P(Y) differential carrier phase, which are then passed into the signal state estimator (SSE) 1911. SSE 1911 further processes observables utilizing the increasing measurement precision starting with unambiguous C/A code phase to resolve measurement ambiguity completing the process once carrier phase ambiguity resolution is achieved. The lower precision, unambiguous phase observables provide a correction to the higher precision observables enabling the computation of the whole number of phase cycles or code chips, thus resolving the fractional phase ambiguity. The unambiguous results for each of the observables processed are produced in 1916.
The ability of this method to provide carrier phase ambiguity resolution by means of a parallel processing exploits the fact that the GPS signal structure is composed of linear dependent functions with a common reference frequency source of F0=10.23 MHz. For example, the C/A code chipping rate is F0/10=1.023 MHz, L1 carrier=154.times.F0=1575.42, L2 carrier=120.times.F0=1227.6 MHz, L1-L2 differential carrier=1575.42-1227.6=347.82 MHz=34.times.F0.
The L1-L2 differential carrier data type has an ambiguity of 86 cm. With an observation uncertainty of 1% of the wavelength, the fractional phase estimate for the L1-L2 differential carrier phase is equivalent to 8.6 mm. Proceeding to the highest precision mode, the L1-L2 carrier phase precision will readily resolve the L1 19 cm wavelength ambiguity.
The ambiguity is resolved independent of epoch timing and depends upon the fact of coherent phase relationships between the various signals comprising the emission. The resolved carrier phase is computed without requiring calculation of position and time of the receiver. This has benefits in that the within the receiver architecture ambiguity resolution can be conducted simultaneously with initial receiver signal acquisition significantly reducing the time it takes for the receiver achieve precision tracking. In the case of the GPS, the L1 C/A code phase can be tracked in about six seconds from cold start, and SCT observables for the L1 P(Y), L2 P(Y), and L1-L2 differential carrier can be obtained in less than 20 seconds. Providing additional observables over time for validation and integrity checking, the whole process can be accomplished in under a minute if desired.
Other advantages and attributes of embodiments of the present invention include: tolerance of amplitude and phase scintillation, rapid recovery in the loss of signal, no PLL required and no almanac or ephemerides required self-initializing.
Signal Assurance and Interference Detection (SAID)
Another alternative embodiment of the present invention is to utilize the SCT observables in order to determine the validity of the intercepted emissions. For GPS and other GNSS, there is the potential to spoof or interfere with these relatively weak emissions. Using SCT systems and methods described in the specification, it is possible to monitor multiple channels and frequency bands of these systems and validate that the coherence of these signals remains intact. Other validation tests discussed following can be performed as well providing the means to determine if the intercepted emission matches a priori constraints. The system shown in
Utilizing the C/A chipping, L1 P(Y) chipping, L2 P(Y) chipping, L1-L2 differential carrier observables,
Step 2301 comprises validation tests focusing on one emitter and the multiple signals contained within its emission, which may include multiple RF bands. In the case of GNSS and GPS there exists specific constraints between the various channels that can be measured observed. As discussed previously the signals emitted by a navigation satellite are coherent having a fixed relationship that can be observed by SCT and conventional means producing observables including amplitude, frequency and phase. Tests for a single emitter include comparing the frequency multiple signals are multiples of one another given a priori knowledge of the emitter configuration. In the case of the GPS, the C/A chipping must be exactly one tenth of the frequency P(Y) chipping signal frequency, and the recovered carrier signal frequency must be exactly 154 times the recovered P(Y) chipping signal frequency. Similarly, the L1 carrier frequency, 1575.42 MHz, must be exactly 347.82 MHz offset from the L2 carrier at 1227.6 MHz as observed by the L1-L2 differential carrier signal. These observed signal frequency values must match within the uncertainty of the observed measurements. Similarly, phase relationships for the L1 C/A and L1 P(Y) channel are consistent within the measurement uncertainty and consistent with similar code phase measurements on L2 in the case of the GPS
Step 2302 comprises validation tests focusing on a plurality of emitters to determine if the physical observables are consistent with known physical constraints. These tests validate the frequency and physical relationships between multiple emissions each comprising multiple signals. These tests include comparing differential phase values produced by SCT observables and code correlation observables to verify that the physical relationships are consistent with known a priori configuration information and consistent amongst the various types of observables for each of the signals observed. For example these tests may produce a point position using C/A code correlation observables comparing to a point position calculated using P channel observables either from L1, L2, or even the L5 bands. The resulting positions must be consistent given allowances for measurement uncertainties, ionosphere and other environmental effects. Differential observables were first and second differences using multiple emissions can remove local oscillator terms and provide an analysis of the stability and coherency between the multiple missions. Any inconsistency determined not consistent with satellites orbiting the earth and the known good trajectory of the interceptor can result in a failed test. Tests for multiple emissions may also include the use of multiple antennas separated by a known distance, which can be measured using the first difference observables for a particular signal emission such as the L1 height and L2 differential carrier phase. In the case of the multiple antenna baseline tests, the first difference observables that are the same for multiple emitters within the measurement uncertainty is an indication of the interceptor being spoofed. Using two or more antennas separated by more than one wavelength, the SCT signal processing means is able to verify that the purported GNSS signals are actually arriving from the proper sky directions such that the baseline separation vector is measureable and conforms with the a priori known relationship between the two or more antennas (perhaps less than one meter separation). Other tests include measurement of the ionosphere using multiple emissions and the multiple signals for a specific emission to calculate the ionospheric delay using techniques of Differenced Range Versus Integrated Doppler (DRVID) as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,677 specification.
Step 2303 comprises validation tests better evaluate the consistency and authenticity of the telemetry. In particular, the almanac data contained within the telemetry should be consistent with the extracted observables. These set of tests include comparing Doppler rates with the almanac contained within the telemetry, clock state calculation for each of the satellites, given interceptor clock state relative to other known emitters or external configuration reference, and telemetry data comparison with known valid telemetry information from an external provider. If it is determined that the telemetry data is invalid for any reason relative to these tests than the emitter or multiple emitters responsible for transmitting these telemetry data would be deemed invalid or at least suspect. The SAID systems and methods comprising this alternative embodiment of the present invention exploit the ability to verify that a purported actual GNSS signal is actually from the intended orbiting constellation of GNSS satellites. The practicality of an adversary being capable of replicate all of the highly coherent signals in multiple RF bands for multiple emissions from multiple sky directions imposes upon the adversary a high-level of sophistication that borders on the improbable to implement.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/897,278, filed 17 May 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,341, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/029,966, filed 17 Feb. 2011, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/372,235, filed 17 Feb. 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,916,074, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/697,575, filed 6 Apr. 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,511,662, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/745,928, filed 28 Apr. 2006 and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/269,426, filed 7 Oct. 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,239,376, and further claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/648,533, filed 17 May 2012, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5347285 | MacDoran | Sep 1994 | A |
| 20050146459 | Dentinger | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20170234979 A1 | Aug 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 60745928 | Apr 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 13897278 | May 2013 | US |
| Child | 15584663 | US | |
| Parent | 12372235 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Child | 13029966 | US | |
| Parent | 11697575 | Apr 2007 | US |
| Child | 12372235 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13029966 | Feb 2011 | US |
| Child | 13897278 | US |
