Patent Application
20230381597
This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) on Patent Application No. 2022-087751 filed in Japan on May 30, 2022, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a golf ball for professional golfers and skilled amateurs which has a construction of three or more pieces, including a core, a cover and at least one intermediate layer interposed between the core and the cover.
Multi-piece solid golf balls such as three-piece solid golf balls are commonly used as golf balls for professional golfers and skilled amateurs. Multi-piece solid golf balls generally have a construction in which a core made of a rubber composition is encased by a multi-layer cover composed of various resin materials. The core accounts for most of the golf ball volume and exerts a large influence on ball properties such as the rebound, feel at impact and durability. In a number of recent disclosures in the art, the cross-sectional hardness of the core is suitably adjusted to create a special core hardness gradient, enabling the ball to achieve an increased distance owing to optimization of the spin characteristics on full shots with drivers and iron clubs. Also, a polyurethane cover is often used as the outermost structural layer in golf balls for skilled amateur golfers and professionals. Improving the durability to cracking on repeated impact of golf balls having such a construction is important as well.
Exemplary methods for adjusting the cross-sectional hardness of the core include suitably adjusting the compounding ingredients in the rubber composition for the core, and suitably adjusting the vulcanization temperature and time. For example, JP-A 2011-120898, JP-A 2013-230361, JP-A 2013-230362, JP-A 2013-230363, JP-A 2015-077405, JP-A 2013-230365, JP-A 2016-112308, JP-A 2016-116627, JP-A 2016-179052, JP-A 2017-000183, JP-A 2017-000470, JP-A 2017-077355, JP-A 2017-079905, JP-A 2019-198465, JP-A 2019-213606, JP-A 2021-062026, JP-A 2021-062036, JP-A 2011-217857, JP-A 2012-019820, JP-A 2012-010726, U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2013/0157781, JP-A 2015-006314, JP-A 2013-009814, JP-A 2013-031640 and JP-A 2013-248298 describe special core interior cross-sectional hardnesses achieved by, with regard to the compounding ingredients within the core-forming rubber composition, selecting the types and adjusting the contents of co-crosslinking agents and organic peroxides or including other ingredients such as water and organosulfur compounds.
However, the golf balls described in the foregoing patent literature fail to provide yet higher levels of both distance when the ball is played by a high head-speed golfer and durability upon repeated impact, and so further increases in both flight performance and durability on impact are desired.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a golf ball for professional golfers and skilled amateurs which achieves high levels of both flight performance and durability on repeated impact.
As a result of intensive investigations, we have found that, in a golf ball having a single-layer core, a cover and at least one intermediate layer interposed between the core and the cover, certain advantageous effects can be achieved by having the surface hardness relationship between the sphere obtained by encasing the core with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the ball satisfy the condition:
(surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere)>(surface hardness of ball),
designing the core diameter so as to be from 35.5 to 39.5 mm, and moreover constructing the golf ball in such a way as to satisfy the following conditions in the core hardness profile:
(H75−H50)>(H25−H0)>(H100−H87.5)>(H50−H25),
(H87.5−H0)≥17.0,
(H87.5−H0)/(H50−H0)≥2.0, and
(H75−H50)−(H25−H0)>0.3,
where H100 is the Shore C hardness at the core surface and Hk is the Shore C hardness at a position k % of the core radius outward from the core center. Namely, the distance traveled by the ball when struck with a driver (W #1) or an iron in the high head-speed (HS) range by a professional golfer or a skilled amateur can be sufficiently increased and the durability of the ball on repeated impact can be enhanced. Moreover, a high controllability can be achieved on approach shots in the short game.
That is, the golf ball of the invention is a golf ball for professional golfers and skilled amateurs which has a relatively soft cover that enables a high level of spin control in the short game, a hard intermediate layer that suppresses excessive receptivity of the ball to spin on full shots, and a core with a special hardness profile that confers the ball with both a good flight in the high head-speed range and also good durability to cracking on repeated impact. The golf ball of the invention achieves a superior distance owing to synergistic effects between a reduced spin rate on full shots and a high initial velocity, which effects are primarily attributable to the fact that the core is produced with a unique hardness profile. Moreover, the inventive golf ball having this core hardness profile structure also possesses a high durability to repeated impact.
In the golf ball of the invention, “high head-speed range” refers to the head speed range of professional golfers and skilled amateurs having head speeds of generally from 46 to 57 m/s.
Accordingly, the invention provides a golf ball having a single-layer core, a cover and at least one intermediate layer interposed between the core and the cover, wherein the sphere obtained by encasing the core with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the ball have a surface hardness relationship therebetween which satisfies the condition:
(surface hardness of intermediate layer-encased sphere)>(surface hardness of ball);
the core has a diameter of from 35.5 to 39.5 mm and a corresponding radius; and the core has a hardness profile which satisfies the following conditions:
(H75−H50)>(H25−H0)>(H100−H87.5)>(H50−H25),
(H87.5−H0)≥17.0,
(H87.5−H0)/(H50−H0)≥2.0, and
(H75−H50)−(H25−H0)>0.3,
where H100 is the Shore C hardness at a surface of the core, H87.5 is the Shore C hardness at a position 87.5% of the core radius outward from a center of the core, H75 is the Shore C hardness at a position 75% of the core radius outward from the core center, H50 is the Shore C hardness at a position 50% of the core radius outward from the core center, H25 is the Shore C hardness at a position 25% of the core radius outward from the core center and H0 is the Shore C hardness at the core center.
In a preferred embodiment of the golf ball of the invention, the core hardness profile satisfies the condition:
0≤(H100−H87.5)≤3.0.
In another preferred embodiment of the inventive golf ball, the core hardness profile satisfies the condition:
4.0≤(H75−H50)≤9.0.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the core hardness profile satisfies the condition:
−1.0≤(H50−H25)≤1.0.
In still another preferred embodiment, the core hardness profile satisfies the condition:
3.0≤(H25−H0)≤6.0.
In a further preferred embodiment, the intermediate layer and the cover are made of respective materials such that the ball satisfies the following three conditions:
−0.10≤(specific gravity of core)−(specific gravity of intermediate layer material)≤0.10,
−0.10≤(specific gravity of cover material)−(specific gravity of intermediate layer material)≤0.10, and
−0.10≤(specific gravity of core)−(specific gravity of cover material)≤0.10.
In a yet further preferred embodiment, the intermediate layer is made of a material having a specific gravity of 1.05 or more.
In a still further preferred embodiment, the intermediate layer is made of a material which includes a granular inorganic filler.
In another preferred embodiment, the core has a deflection of from 2.5 to 3.5 mm when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) and the ball has a deflection of from 2.1 to 2.8 mm when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf).
In yet another preferred embodiment, letting CL1 be the coefficient of lift measured at a Reynolds number of 80,000 and a spin rate of 2,000 rpm and CL2 be the coefficient of lift measured at a Reynolds number of 70,000 and a spin rate of 1,900, CL1 and CL2 satisfy the condition:
0.900≤CL2/CL1.
In still another preferred embodiment, letting CL3 be the coefficient of lift measured at a Reynolds number of 200,000 and a spin rate of 2,500 rpm and CL4 be the coefficient of lift measured at a Reynolds number of 120,000 and a spin rate of 2,250, CL3 and CL4 satisfy the condition:
1.250≤CL4/CL3≤1.300.
In a further preferred embodiment, the core is a product molded under heat from a rubber composition which includes (A) a base rubber, (B) an organic peroxide, (C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate, and (D) sulfur.
In this preferred embodiment, components (C) and (D) may have a weight ratio (D)/(C) therebetween which is from 0.02 to 0.20.
The golf ball of the invention, which is designed for professional golfers and skilled amateurs, enables a superior distance to be achieved owing to synergistic effects between a reduced spin rate and a high initial velocity on full shots in the high head-speed range, and also has a good controllability in the short game and a high durability on repeated impact.
The objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended diagrams.
The golf ball of the invention has a single-layer core, an intermediate layer and a cover.
The core is composed primarily of a rubber material. Specifically, a core-forming rubber composition can be prepared by using a base rubber as the chief component and also including other ingredients such as a co-crosslinking agent, an organic peroxide, an inert filler and an organosulfur compound.
The core used in this invention is preferably a product molded under heat from a rubber composition which includes components (A) to (D) below:
It is preferable to use polybutadiene as the base rubber (A). Commercial products may be used as the polybutadiene. Illustrative examples include BR01, BR51, BR730 and T0700 (all from JSR Corporation). The proportion of polybutadiene within the base rubber is preferably at least 60 wt %, and more preferably at least 80 wt %. Rubber ingredients other than the above polybutadienes may be included in the base rubber, provided that doing so does not detract from the advantageous effects of the invention. Examples of rubber ingredients other than the above polybutadienes include other polybutadienes and also other diene rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene rubbers, natural rubbers, isoprene rubbers and ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers.
It is suitable to use an organic peroxide having a relatively high thermal decomposition temperature as the organic peroxide (B). Organic peroxides having a high one-minute half-life temperature of between about 165° C. and about 185° C., such as dialkyl peroxides, may be used. Examples of dialkyl peroxides that may be suitably used include dicumyl peroxide (Percumyl D, from NOF Corporation), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane (Perhexa 25B, from NOF Corporation) and di(2-t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene (Perbutyl P, from NOF Corporation). Preferred use can be made of dicumyl peroxide. These organic peroxides may be used singly or two or more may be used together. The half-life is one indicator representing the magnitude of the decomposition rate by the organic peroxide, and is expressed as the time required for the original organic peroxide to decompose and the amount of active oxygen therein to fall to one-half. The vulcanization temperature in the core-forming rubber composition is generally in a range of between 120° C. and 190° C.; within this range, an organic peroxide having a high one-minute half-life temperature of between about 165° C. and about 185° C. undergoes relatively slow thermal decomposition. Using the above rubber composition in this invention, it is possible to obtain a crosslinked rubber product having the subsequently described specific internal hardness profile as the core by adjusting the amount of free radicals generated, which amount increases as the vulcanization time elapses.
The water (C) is not particularly limited, and may be distilled water or tap water. The use of distilled water that is free of impurities is especially suitable. The amount of water included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.2 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 2 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 1 part by weight.
Decomposition of the organic peroxide within the core formulation can be promoted by the direct addition of water or a water-containing material as component (C) to the core material. The decomposition efficiency of the organic peroxide within the core-forming rubber composition is known to change with temperature; starting at a given temperature, the decomposition efficiency rises with increasing temperature. If the temperature is too high, the amount of decomposed radicals rises excessively, leading to recombination between radicals and, ultimately, deactivation. As a result, fewer radicals act effectively in crosslinking. Here, when a heat of decomposition is generated by decomposition of the organic peroxide at the time of core vulcanization, the vicinity of the core surface remains at substantially the same temperature as the temperature of the vulcanization mold, but the temperature near the core center, due to the build-up of heat of decomposition by the organic peroxide which has decomposed from the outside, becomes considerably higher than the mold temperature. In cases where water or a water-containing material is added directly to the core, because the water acts to promote decomposition of the organic peroxide, radical reactions like those described above can be made to differ at the core center and core surface. That is, decomposition of the organic peroxide is further promoted near the center of the core, bringing about greater radical deactivation, which leads to a further decrease in the amount of active radicals. As a result, it is possible to obtain a core in which the crosslink densities at the core center and the core surface differ markedly. It is also possible to obtain a core having different dynamic viscoelastic properties at the core center.
A metal monocarboxylate may be used instead of the above water. In a metal monocarboxylate, the carboxylic acid is presumably coordination bonded to the metal atom, which differentiates such compounds from metal dicarboxylates such as zinc diacrylate of the chemical formula [CH2═CHCOO]2Zn. Because a metal monocarboxylate furnishes the rubber composition with water by way of a dehydrative condensation reaction, an effect similar to that of water can be obtained. Also, a metal monocarboxylate can be included in the rubber composition as a powder, which enables the operations to be simplified and makes uniform dispersion within the rubber composition easy. Effectively carrying out this reaction requires the use of a monosalt. The amount of metal monocarboxylate included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 3 parts by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 60 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 50 parts by weight. When too little metal monocarboxylate is included, it may be difficult to obtain a suitable crosslink density, which may make it impossible to obtain a sufficient golf ball spin rate-lowering effect. On the other hand, when too much is included, the core becomes too hard, as a result of which it may be difficult to retain a suitable feel at impact.
Examples of carboxylic acids that may be used include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and stearic acid. Examples of the substituting metal include Na, K, Li, Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Co, Ni and Pb. Preferred use can be made of Zn. Specific examples of the metal monocarboxylate include zinc monoacrylate and zinc monomethacrylate. The use of zinc monoacrylate is especially preferred.
Specific examples of the sulfur (D) include those available under the trade names Sanmix S-80N (from Sanshin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) and Sulfax-5 (Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.). The amount of sulfur included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is more than 0 parts by weight, preferably at least 0.005 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.01 part by weight. Although there is no upper limit in the amount included, the amount is set to preferably not more than 0.1 part by weight, more preferably not more than 0.05 part by weight, and even more preferably not more than 0.03 part by weight. Adding sulfur makes it possible to increase hardness differences in the core. However, including too much sulfur may result in a large decline in the rebound or a decrease in the durability to repeated impact.
The ratio in which components (C) and (D) are included, expressed as the weight ratio (D)/(C), is preferably at least 0.02, more preferably at least 0.03, and even more preferably at least 0.04. The upper limit is preferably not more than 0.20, more preferably not more than 0.16, and even more preferably not more than 0.12. Outside of this numerical range, it may be difficult to achieve the intended core hardness profile and it may be impossible to achieve both a superior distance on high head-speed shots with a driver (W #1) and a good durability to repeated impact. It should be noted that the amount of component (D) refers not to the weight of the sulfur product itself, but to the weight of the sulfur constituent included within the product.
In addition to above components (A) to (D), the rubber composition may also include (E) a co-crosslinking agent and (F) an inert filler. Where necessary, an antioxidant and an organic sulfur compound may also be added. These ingredients are described in detail below.
Examples of the co-crosslinking agent (E) include unsaturated carboxylic acids and the metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Specific examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. The use of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid is especially preferred. Exemplary metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids include, without particular limitation, the above unsaturated carboxylic acids that have been neutralized with desired metal ions. Specific examples include the zinc salts and magnesium salts of methacrylic acid and acrylic acid. The use of zinc acrylate is especially preferred.
The unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or metal salt thereof is included in an amount, per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber, which is generally at least 5 parts by weight, preferably at least 9 parts by weight, and more preferably at least 13 parts by weight. The upper limit is generally not more than 60 parts by weight, preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 40 parts by weight. Too much may make the core too hard, giving the ball an unpleasant feel at impact, whereas too little may lower the rebound.
Examples of the inert filler (F) that may be suitably used include zinc oxide, barium sulfate and calcium carbonate. One of these may be used alone, or two or more may be used together. The amount of inert filler included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 5 parts by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 40 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 36 parts by weight. Too much or too little inert filler may make it impossible to obtain a proper ball weight and a suitable rebound.
In addition, an antioxidant may be optionally included. Illustrative examples of suitable commercial antioxidants include Nocrac MB, Nocrac NS-6 and Nocrac NS-30 (available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), and Yoshinox 425 (available from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.). One of these may be used alone, or two or more may be used together.
The amount of antioxidant included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is set to preferably 0 part by weight or more, more preferably at least 0.05 part by weight, and even more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight. The upper limit is set to preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 2 parts by weight, even more preferably not more than 1 part by weight, and most preferably not more than 0.5 part by weight. Too much or too little antioxidant may make it impossible to achieve a suitable ball rebound and durability.
An organosulfur compound may be included in the core in order to impart a good resilience. The organosulfur compound is not particularly limited, provided that it can enhance the rebound of the golf ball. Exemplary organosulfur compounds include thiophenols, thionaphthols, halogenated thiophenols, and metal salts of these. Specific examples include pentachlorothiophenol, pentafluorothiophenol, pentabromothiophenol, p-chlorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentafluorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentabromothiophenol, the zinc salt of p-chlorothiophenol, and any of the following having 2 to 4 sulfur atoms: diphenylpoly sulfides, dibenzylpoly sulfides, dibenzoylpolysulfides, dibenzothiazoylpolysulfides and dithiobenzoylpolysulfides. The use of the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol is especially preferred.
It is recommended that the amount of organosulfur compound included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber be preferably 0 part by weight or more, more preferably at least part by weight, and even more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and that the upper limit be preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 2.5 parts by weight. Including too much organosulfur compound may make a greater rebound-improving effect (particularly on shots with a W #1) unlikely to be obtained, may make the core too soft or may worsen the feel of the ball at impact. On the other hand, including too little may make a rebound-improving effect unlikely.
The core can be produced by vulcanizing and curing the rubber composition containing the above ingredients. For example, the core can be produced by using a Banbury mixer, roll mill or other mixing apparatus to intensively mix the rubber composition, subsequently compression molding or injection molding the mixture in a core mold, and curing the resulting molded body by suitably heating it under conditions sufficient to allow the organic peroxide or co-crosslinking agent to act, such as at a temperature of between 100 and 200° C., preferably between 140 and 180° C., for 10 to 40 minutes.
In this invention, the core is formed as a single layer. In a multi-layer rubber core, separation at the interface may arise with repeated impact, worsening the durability.
The core has a diameter that is from 35.5 to 39.5 mm, preferably at least 37.5 mm, and more preferably at least 38.3 mm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 39.2 mm, and more preferably not more than 38.8 mm. When the core diameter is too small, the initial velocity on full shots may decrease, resulting in a poor distance, or the feel at impact may worsen. On the other hand, when the core diameter is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may decrease.
The core has a specific gravity which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 1.03, more preferably at least 1.06, and even more preferably at least 1.09. The specific gravity is preferably not more than 1.23, more preferably not more than 1.18, and even more preferably not more than 1.15. At a core specific gravity outside of this range, the ball rebound may decrease, as a result of which it may not be possible to achieve the desired distance.
The core has a deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 2.5 mm, more preferably at least 2.7 mm, and even more preferably at least 2.9 mm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 3.5 mm, more preferably not more than 3.4 mm, and even more preferably not more than 3.3 mm. When the core deflection is too small, i.e., when the core is too hard, the spin rate of the ball may rise excessively and the intended distance may not be achieved, or the feel at impact may become too hard. On the other hand, when the core deflection is too large, i.e., when the core is too soft, the initial velocity of the ball on shots may decrease and the intended distance may not be achieved, the feel at impact may become too soft, or the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
Next, the hardness profile of the core is described. The core hardnesses mentioned below are Shore C hardnesses. These are hardness values measured with a Shore C durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240.
In the following explanation of the core hardness profile, H100 is defined as the Shore C hardness at the core surface, H87.5 as the Shore C hardness at a position 87.5% of the core radius outward from the core center, H75 as the Shore C hardness at a position 75% of the core radius outward from the core center, H62.5 as the Shore C hardness at a position 62.5% of the core radius outward from the core center, H50 as the Shore C hardness at a position 50% of the core radius outward from the core center, H37.5 as the Shore C hardness at a position 37.5% of the core radius outward from the core center, H25 as the Shore C hardness at a position 25% of the core radius outward from the core center, H12.5 as the Shore C hardness at a position 12.5% of the core radius outward from the core center and H0 as the Shore C hardness at the core center.
The surface hardness of the core (H100), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 83, more preferably at least 85, and even more preferably at least 87, and is preferably not more than 94, more preferably not more than 92, and even more preferably not more than 90. When this value is too small, the rebound may decrease and the flight performance may worsen, or the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when this value is too large, the feel of the ball may become harder, or the spin rate on full shots may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be achieved.
The hardness at a position 87.5% of the core radius outward from the core center (H87.5), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 82, more preferably at least 84, and even more preferably at least 86, and is preferably not more than 92, more preferably not more than 90, and even more preferably not more than 88. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the core surface hardness (H100).
The hardness at a position 75% of the core radius outward from the core center (H75), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 71, more preferably at least 73, and even more preferably at least 75, and is preferably not more than 83, more preferably not more than 81, and even more preferably not more than 79. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the core surface hardness (H100).
The hardness at a position 62.5% of the core radius outward from the core center (H62.5), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 65, more preferably at least 67, and even more preferably at least 69, and is preferably not more than 76, more preferably not more than 74, and even more preferably not more than 72. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the surface hardness of the core (H100).
The hardness at a position 50% of the core radius outward from the core center (H50), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 65, more preferably at least 67, and even more preferably at least 69, and is preferably not more than 76, more preferably not more than 74, and even more preferably not more than 72. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the core surface hardness (H100).
The hardness at a position 37.5% of the core radius outward from the core center (H37.5), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 65, more preferably at least 67, and even more preferably at least 70, and is preferably not more than 76, more preferably not more than 74, and even more preferably not more than 73. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the surface hardness of the core (H100).
The hardness at a position 25% of the core radius outward from the core center (H25), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 66, more preferably at least 68, and even more preferably at least 70, and is preferably not more than 76, more preferably not more than 74, and even more preferably not more than 72. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the surface hardness of the core (H100).
The hardness at a position 12.5% of the core radius outward from the core center (H12.5), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 64, more preferably at least 66, and even more preferably at least 68, and is preferably not more than 74, more preferably not more than 72, and even more preferably not more than 70. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the surface hardness of the core (H100).
The hardness at the core center (H0), although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 62, more preferably at least 64, and even more preferably at least 66, and is preferably not more than 72, more preferably not more than 70, and even more preferably not more than 68. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the core surface hardness (H100).
It is critical for the core used in the invention to satisfy the following condition:
(H75−H50)>(H25−H0)>(H100−H87.5)>(H50−H25).
When this condition is not satisfied, the spin rate of the ball on full shots rises or the initial velocity on shots decreases, as a result of which the intended distance is not achieved, or the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact worsens.
The value of (H75−H50) in the above expression is preferably at least 4.0, more preferably at least 4.3, and even more preferably at least 4.5. The upper limit is preferably not more than 9.0, more preferably not more than 8.5, and even more preferably not more than 8.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may increase and a good distance may not be achieved.
The value of (H25−H0) in the above expression is preferably at least 3.0, more preferably at least 3.2, and even more preferably at least 3.4. The upper limit is preferably not more than 6.0, more preferably not more than 5.0, and even more preferably not more than 4.5. Outside of this range, the spin rate on full shots may increase and a good distance may not be achieved, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The value of (H100− H87.5) in the above expression is preferably at least 0, more preferably at least 0.3, and even more preferably at least 0.5. The upper limit is preferably not more than 3.0, more preferably not more than 2.5, and even more preferably not more than 2.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may increase and a good distance may not be achieved.
The value of (H50− H25) in the above expression is preferably equal to or more than −1.0, more preferably equal to or more than −0.6, and even more preferably equal to or more than −0.2. The upper limit is preferably not more than 1.0, more preferably not more than 0.6, and even more preferably not more than 0.2. Outside of this range, the spin rate on full shots may increase and a good distance may not be achieved.
The value of (H75− H50)−(H25− H0) is more than 0.3 and preferably at least 0.6. The upper limit is preferably not more than 7.0, more preferably not more than 5.0, and even more preferably not more than 3.1. Outside of this range, it may be impossible to achieve both a reduced spin rate on full shots at high head speeds and a good durability to cracking on repeated impact.
The value of (H25− H0)−(H100− H87.5) is more than 0, preferably at least 1.0, and more preferably at least 1.8. The upper limit is preferably not more than 8.0, more preferably not more than 6.0, and even more preferably not more than 4.1. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the value of (H75− H50)−(H25− H0).
The value of (H100− H87.5)−(H50− H25) in the above expression is more than 0, preferably at least 0.3, and more preferably at least 0.6. The upper limit is preferably not more than 6.0, more preferably not more than 4.0, and even more preferably not more than 1.8. A value outside of this range may lead to disadvantageous results similar to those described above for the value of (H75− H50)−(H25− H0).
It is also critical for the core used in the invention to satisfy the following condition:
(H87.5−H0)≥17.0.
The value of (H87.5− H0) in this expression is at least 17.0, preferably at least 18.0, and more preferably at least 19.0. The upper limit is preferably not more than 30.0, more preferably not more than 23.0, and even more preferably not more than 21.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. When it is too small, the spin rate on full shots increases and a good distance is not achieved.
In addition, it is critical for the core used in this invention to satisfy the following condition:
(H87.5−H0)/(H50−H0)≥2.0.
That is, (H87.5− H0)/(H50− H0) is at least 2.0, preferably at least 3.0, and more preferably at least 4.0. The upper limit is preferably not more than 8.0, more preferably not more than 7.0, and even more preferably not more than 6.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, or the initial velocity on full shots may decrease, as a result of which the intended distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots rises and so the intended distance may not be achieved.
It is preferable for the hardness profile of the core used in this invention to also satisfy the following condition.
Namely, the hardness difference between the core surface and center, expressed as the value (H100− H0), is preferably at least 18.0, more preferably at least 19.0, and even more preferably at least 20.0. The upper limit is preferably not more than 30.0, more preferably not more than 26.0, and even more preferably not more than 23.0. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may increase and a good distance may not be achieved.
Next, the intermediate layer is described. The intermediate layer is formed as a single layer or as a plurality of layers. As described below, it is preferable for each such layer to be formed of a resin material.
The intermediate layer has a material hardness on the Shore D hardness scale which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 60, more preferably at least 62, and even more preferably at least 64. The material hardness is preferably not more than 72, more preferably not more than 70, and even more preferably not more than 68. The surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the core with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere), expressed on the Shore D hardness scale, is preferably at least 66, more preferably at least 68, and even more preferably at least 70. The upper limit is preferably not more than 78, more preferably not more than 76, and even more preferably not more than 74. When the material hardness and surface hardness of the intermediate layer are lower than the above ranges, the spin rate of the ball on full shots may rise excessively and a good distance may not be achieved, or the initial velocity of the ball may decrease, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved on full shots. On the other hand, when the material hardness and surface hardness are too high, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the feel may worsen.
The intermediate layer has a material hardness on the Shore C hardness scale which is preferably at least 88, more preferably at least 89, and even more preferably at least 92. The upper limit is preferably not more than 98, more preferably not more than 96, and even more preferably not more than 94. The intermediate layer-encased sphere has a surface hardness on the Shore C hardness scale which is preferably at least 92, more preferably at least 94, and even more preferably at least 96. The upper limit is preferably not more than 100, more preferably not more than 99, and even more preferably not more than 98.
The intermediate layer has a thickness which is preferably at least 0.90 mm, more preferably at least 1.10 mm, and even more preferably at least 1.15 mm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 1.50 mm, more preferably not more than 1.35 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.25 mm. When the intermediate layer is too thin, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, or the spin rate on full shots with an iron may rise and a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when the intermediate layer is too thick, the initial velocity on shots may decrease and the intended distance may not be achieved, or the feel may worsen.
Various thermoplastic resins that are used as golf ball materials, particularly resin materials composed primarily of an ionomer resin, can be employed as the intermediate layer material.
It is preferable for the ionomer resin material to include a high-acid ionomer. For example, the ionomer resin material may be one obtained by blending with an ordinary ionomer resin and using, of commercially available ionomer resins, a high-acid ionomer resin having an acid content of at least 16 wt %. With this blend, a lower spin rate and a higher rebound are both obtained on full shots with a driver (W #1), enabling the intended distance to be achieved.
The amount of unsaturated carboxylic acid included in the high-acid ionomer resin (acid content) is generally at least 16 wt %, preferably at least 17 wt %, and more preferably at least 18 wt %. The upper limit is preferably not more than 22 wt %, more preferably not more than 21 wt %, and even more preferably not more than 20 wt %. When this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots with a driver (W #1), a utility club or an iron may rise, as a result of which the intended distance may not be attainable. On the other hand, when this value is too large, the feel at impact may become too hard or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The amount of high-acid ionomer resin included per 100 wt % of the resin material is preferably at least 20 wt %, more preferably at least 50 wt %, and even more preferably at least 60 wt %. The upper limit is 100 wt % or less, preferably 90 wt % or less, and more preferably 85 wt % or less. When the amount of the above high-acid ionomer resin included is too low, the spin rate on full shots may rise and a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when the amount of high-acid ionomer resin included is too high, the durability to repeated impact may worsen.
A granular inorganic filler may be included in the intermediate layer material. The granular inorganic filler is an ingredient which is included in order to adjust the specific gravity and also as a reinforcement. Although not particularly limited, zinc oxide, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide and the like may be suitably used. The advantageous effect of enhancing the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact afforded by barium sulfate is large and so the use of barium sulfate is preferred; precipitated barium sulfate is more preferred.
The granular inorganic filler has a mean particle size which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably from 0.01 to 100 μm, and more preferably from 0.1 to 10 μm. When the mean particle size of the granular inorganic filler is too small or too large, the dispersibility during preparation of the intermediate layer material may worsen. As used herein, “mean particle size” refers to the particle size obtained by dispersing the granular inorganic filler, together with a suitable dispersant, in an aqueous solution and carrying out measurement with a particle size analyzer.
The granular inorganic filler is included in an amount, per 100 parts by weight of the base resin of the intermediate layer material, which is generally more than 0 part by weight, preferably at least 10 parts by weight, and more preferably at least 15 parts by weight. The upper limit is generally not more than 50 parts by weight, preferably not more than 40 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 30 parts by weight. When this content is too low, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when this content is too high, the ball rebound may become too low and a good distance may not be achieved.
Depending on the intended use of the ball, optional additives may be suitably included in the intermediate layer material. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers and light stabilizers may be included. When these additives are included, the amount added per 100 parts by weight of the base resin is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.5 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 10 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight.
It is desirable to abrade the surface of the intermediate layer in order to increase adhesion of the intermediate layer material with the polyurethane that is used in the subsequently described cover material. In addition, it is desirable to apply a primer (adhesive) to the surface of the intermediate layer following such abrasion treatment or to add an adhesion reinforcing agent to the intermediate layer material.
The intermediate layer material has a specific gravity which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 0.90, more preferably at least 1.00, and even more preferably at least 1.05. The specific gravity is preferably not more than 1.20, more preferably not more than 1.15, and even more preferably not more than 1.10. When the specific gravity of the intermediate layer is too low, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when the specific gravity of the intermediate layer is too high, the rebound may become too low, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved.
Next, the cover which serves as the outermost layer is described. The cover has a material hardness on the Shore D hardness scale which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 35, more preferably at least 40, and even more preferably at least 45. The material hardness is preferably not more than 60, more preferably not more than 55, and even more preferably not more than 50. The surface hardness of the sphere obtained by encasing the intermediate layer-encased sphere with the cover (i.e., the ball surface hardness), expressed on the Shore D hardness scale, is preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 53, and even more preferably at least 56. The upper limit is preferably not more than 70, more preferably not more than 67, and even more preferably not more than 64. When the material hardness of the cover and the ball surface hardness are lower than the respective above ranges, the spin rate of the ball on full shots may rise and a good distance may not be achieved under any hitting conditions. On the other hand, when the material hardness of the cover and the ball surface hardness are higher than the above ranges, the ball may not be sufficiently receptive to spin on approach shots or the scuff resistance may worsen.
The cover has a material hardness on the Shore C hardness scale which is preferably at least 57, more preferably at least 63, and even more preferably at least 70. The upper limit is preferably not more than 89, more preferably not more than 83, and even more preferably not more than 76. The surface hardness of the ball on the Shore C hardness scale is preferably at least 75, more preferably at least 80, and even more preferably at least 85. The upper limit is preferably not more than 95, more preferably not more than 92, and even more preferably not more than 90.
The cover has a thickness of preferably at least 0.3 mm, more preferably at least 0.45 mm, and even more preferably at least 0.6 mm. The upper limit in the cover thickness is preferably not more than 1.2 mm, more preferably not more than 1.15 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.0 mm. When the cover is too thick, the rebound on full shots with an iron may be inadequate or the spin rate may rise, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when the cover is too thin, the scuff resistance may worsen or the ball may not be fully receptive to spin on approach shots and may thus lack sufficient controllability.
The combined thickness of the cover and the intermediate layer is preferably at least 1.4 mm, more preferably at least 1.7 mm, and even more preferably at least 2.0 mm. The upper limit of this combined thickness is preferably not more than 2.8 mm, more preferably not more than 2.5 mm, and even more preferably not more than 2.3 mm. When the combined thickness is too small, the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, when the combined thickness is too large, the spin rate on full shots may rise and the desired distance may not be achieved.
The cover has a specific gravity which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 1.00, more preferably at least 1.04, and even more preferably at least 1.08. The specific gravity is preferably not more than 1.20, more preferably not more than 1.17, and even more preferably not more than 1.14. When the specific gravity of the cover is lower than the above range, the proportion in which a low-specific-gravity material such as an ionomer is blended in the urethane serving as the chief material of the cover ends up being high, as a result of which the scuff resistance may worsen. On the other hand, when the specific gravity of the cover is too high, the amount of filler added becomes large, as a result of which the rebound may become too low and the desired distance may be unattainable.
Various types of thermoplastic resins used in golf ball cover stock may be employed as the cover material. For reasons having to do with spin controllability in the short game and scuff resistance, the use of a resin material made up largely of a thermoplastic polyurethane is preferred. That is, it is preferable to form the cover of a resin blend in which the chief components are (I) a thermoplastic polyurethane and (II) a polyisocyanate compound.
It is recommended that components (I) and (II) have a combined weight which accounts for preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 70%, of the overall amount of the cover-forming resin composition. Components (I) and (II) are described in detail below.
The thermoplastic polyurethane (I) has a structure which includes soft segments composed of a polymeric polyol (polymeric glycol) that is a long-chain polyol, and hard segments composed of a chain extender and a polyisocyanate compound. Here, the long-chain polyol serving as a starting material may be any that has hitherto been used in the art relating to thermoplastic polyurethanes, and is not particularly limited. Illustrative examples include polyester polyols, polyether polyols, polycarbonate polyols, polyester polycarbonate polyols, polyolefin polyols, conjugated diene polymer-based polyols, castor oil-based polyols, silicone-based polyols and vinyl polymer-based polyols. These long-chain polyols may be used singly, or two or more may be used in combination. Of these, in terms of being able to synthesize a thermoplastic polyurethane having a high rebound resilience and excellent low-temperature properties, a polyether polyol is preferred.
Any chain extender that has hitherto been employed in the art relating to thermoplastic polyurethanes may be suitably used as the chain extender. For example, low-molecular-weight compounds with a molecular weight of 400 or less which have on the molecule two or more active hydrogen atoms capable of reacting with isocyanate groups are preferred. Illustrative, non-limiting, examples of the chain extender include 1,4-butylene glycol, 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. Of these, the chain extender is preferably an aliphatic diol having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and is more preferably 1,4-butylene glycol.
Any polyisocyanate compound hitherto employed in the art relating to thermoplastic polyurethanes may be suitably used without particular limitation as the polyisocyanate compound. For example, use may be made of one or more selected from the group consisting of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, norbornene diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate and dimer acid diisocyanate. However, depending on the type of isocyanate, the crosslinking reactions during injection molding may be difficult to control. In the practice of the invention, to provide a balance between stability at the time of production and the properties that are manifested, it is most preferable to use the following aromatic diisocyanate: 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
Commercially available products may be used as the thermoplastic polyurethane serving as component (I). Illustrative examples include Pandex T-8295, Pandex T-8290 and Pandex T-8260 (all from DIC Covestro Polymer, Ltd.).
A thermoplastic elastomer other than the above thermoplastic polyurethanes may also be optionally included as a separate component, i.e., component (III), together with above components (I) and (II). By including this component (III) in the above resin blend, the flowability of the resin blend can be further improved and the properties required of a golf ball cover material, such as resilience and scuff resistance, can be increased.
The compositional ratio of components (I), (II) and (III) is not particularly limited. However, to fully elicit the advantageous effects of the invention, the compositional ratio (I):(II):(III) is preferably in the weight ratio range of from 100:2:50 to 100:50:0, and is more preferably from 100:2:50 to 100:30:8.
In addition, various additives other than the ingredients making up the above thermoplastic polyurethane may be optionally included in this resin blend. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, light stabilizers, ultraviolet absorbers and internal mold lubricants may be suitably included.
The manufacture of golf balls in which the above-described core, intermediate layer and cover (outermost layer) are formed as successive layers may be carried out in the usual manner, such as by a known injection molding process. For example, a golf ball can be produced by injection-molding the intermediate layer material over the core in an injection mold so as to obtain an intermediate layer-encased sphere, and then injection-molding the material for the cover serving as the outermost layer over the intermediate layer-encased sphere. Alternatively, the respective encasing layers may each be formed by enclosing the sphere to be encased within two pre-molded hemispherical half-cups and then molding under applied heat and pressure.
The golf ball has a deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) which is preferably at least 2.1 mm, more preferably at least 2.2 mm, and even more preferably at least 2.4 mm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 2.8 mm, more preferably not more than 2.7 mm, and even more preferably not more than 2.6 mm. When the golf ball deflection is too small, i.e., when the ball is too hard, the spin rate may rise excessively or the feel at impact may be too hard. On the other hand, when the deflection is too large, i.e., when the ball is too soft, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the initial velocity on shots may be low, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved on shots with a driver (W #1).
Hardness Relationships Among Layers
It is desirable for the intermediate layer-encased sphere to have a higher surface hardness than the core, the difference between these surface hardnesses on the Shore C hardness scale being preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 4, and even more preferably at least 8. The upper limit is preferably not more than 20, more preferably not more than 15, and even more preferably not more than 12. When this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may rise and a good distance may not be achieved. When this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The intermediate layer-encased sphere has a higher surface hardness than the ball, the difference between these surface hardnesses on the Shore C hardness scale being preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 5, and even more preferably at least 9. The upper limit is preferably not more than 20, more preferably not more than 17, and even more preferably not more than 15. When this value is small, in cases where this small value is attributable to the material hardness of the intermediate layer, the spin rate on full shots may rise and the intended distance may not be achieved. In cases where this small value is attributable to the material hardness of the cover, the spin controllability in the short game may worsen or the scuff resistance may worsen. On the other hand, when this value is large, in cases where this large value is attributable to the material hardness of the intermediate layer, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the feel at impact may become too hard. In cases where this large value is attributable to the material hardness of the cover, the spin rate on full shots may rise and the intended distance may not be achieved.
Specific Gravities of the Layers
In this invention, it is recommended that the differences among the specific gravities of the core, the intermediate layer and the cover be generally within ±0.25, preferably within ±0.10, and more preferably within ±0.05. That is, the value of (specific gravity of core)−(specific gravity of intermediate layer material), the value of the (specific gravity of cover material)−(specific gravity of intermediate layer material) and the value of (specific gravity of core)−(specific gravity of cover material) are each generally equal to or more than −0.25, preferably equal to or more than −0.10, and more preferably equal to or more than −0.05; the upper limit value of each of these differences is generally 0.25 or less, preferably 0.10 or less, and more preferably 0.05 or less. If the weight differences between these layers are too large, in cases where the intermediate layer material and/or the cover material cannot be molded completely concentric with the layer positioned to the inside of these respective layers and they end up becoming eccentric, wobbling of the ball when hit with a putter may increase.
Deflection Relationship Between Core and Ball
Letting E (mm) be the deflection of the core when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) and B (mm) be the deflection of the ball when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf), the value E-B is preferably at least 0.3 mm, more preferably at least 0.5 mm, and even more preferably at least 0.6 mm; the upper limit is preferably not more than 1.2 mm, more preferably not more than 1.0 mm, and even more preferably not more than 0.8 mm. When this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may rise and a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, when this value is too large, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the run of the ball on iron shots may be too long.
The ratio between the ball deflection and the core deflection, expressed as the value B/E, is preferably at least 0.70, more preferably at least 0.73, and even more preferably at least 0.78. The upper limit is preferably not more than 0.84, more preferably not more than 0.82, and even more preferably not more than 0.80. When this value is too small, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the run of the ball on iron shots may be too long. On the other hand, when this value is too large, the spin rate on full shots ends up rising and so the intended distance may not be achieved.
Numerous dimples may be formed on the outside surface of the cover. The number of dimples arranged on the cover surface, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 323, more preferably at least 326, and even more preferably at least 330. The number of dimples is preferably not more than 380, more preferably not more than 360, and even more preferably not more than 350. When the number of dimples is higher than this range, the ball trajectory may become lower and the distance traveled by the ball may decrease. On the other hand, when the number of dimples is lower that this range, the ball trajectory may become higher and a good distance may not be achieved.
The dimple shapes used may be of one type or may be a combination of two or more types suitably selected from among, for example, circular shapes, various polygonal shapes, dewdrop shapes and oval shapes. When circular dimples are used, the dimple diameter may be set to at least about 2.5 mm and up to about 6.5 mm, and the dimple depth may be set to at least 0.08 mm and up to 0.30 mm.
In order for the aerodynamic properties to be fully manifested, it is desirable for the dimple coverage ratio on the spherical surface of the golf ball, i.e., the dimple surface coverage SR, which is the sum of the individual dimple surface areas, each defined by the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of the dimple, as a percentage of the spherical surface area of the ball were the ball to have no dimples thereon, to be set to at least 70% and not more than 90%. Also, to optimize the ball trajectory, it is desirable for the value Vo, defined as the spatial volume of the individual dimples below the flat plane circumscribed by the dimple edge, divided by the volume of the cylinder whose base is the flat plane and whose height is the maximum depth of the dimple from the base, to be set to at least 0.35 and not more than 0.80. Moreover, it is preferable for the ratio VR of the sum of the volumes of the individual dimples, each formed below the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of the dimple, with respect to the volume of the ball sphere were the ball surface to have no dimples thereon, to be set to at least 0.6% and not more than 1.0%. Outside of the above ranges in these respective values, the resulting trajectory may not enable a good distance to be achieved and so the ball may fail to travel a fully satisfactory distance.
In the golf ball of the invention, it is desirable to optimize the ratios CL2/CL1 and CL4/CL3, where CL1 is the coefficient of lift at a Reynolds number of 80,000 and a spin rate of 2,000 rpm, CL2 is the coefficient of lift at a Reynolds number of 70,000 and a spin rate of 1,900 rpm, CL3 is the coefficient of lift at a Reynolds number of 200,000 and a spin rate of 2,500 rpm and CL4 is the coefficient of lift at a Reynolds number of 120,000 and a spin rate of 2,250 rpm.
In this Specification, the coefficients of lift (CL1, CL2, CL3 and CL4) are measured in conformity with the Indoor Test Range (ITR) method established by the United States Golf Association (USGA). The coefficient of lift can be adjusted by adjusting the composition (arrangement, diameter, depth, volume, number, shape, etc.) of the dimples on the golf ball. The coefficient of lift does not depend on the internal construction of the golf ball. The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number used in the field of fluid dynamics, and is calculated using formula (I) below.
Re=ρvL/μ (I)
In formula (I), p represents the density of a fluid, v is the average velocity of an object relative to flow by the fluid, L is a characteristic length, and μ is the coefficient of viscosity of the fluid.
The conditions under which the coefficient of lift CL1 is measured, i.e., a Reynolds number of 80,000 and a spin rate of 2,000 rpm, generally correspond approximately to the state at the time that the coefficient of lift begins to decrease and, in turn, the golf ball begins to fall after having reached its highest point following launch. The conditions under which the coefficient of lift CL2 is measured, i.e., a Reynolds number of 70,000 and a spin rate of 1,900 rpm, generally correspond approximately to the state just before the golf ball drops to the ground after having reached its highest point following launch. These are particularly fitting in cases where the golf ball is launched under high-velocity conditions (e.g., an initial velocity of 66 m/s, a spin rate of 2,600 rpm, and a launch angle of 11°). These high-velocity conditions generally correspond to the launch conditions when the ball is hit with a driver by an amateur golfer.
The ratio CL2/CL1 has a value of preferably at least 0.900, more preferably at least 0.970, and even more preferably at least 0.990. By satisfying this range, the decrease in lift as the golf ball falls can be suppressed, which can, in turn, make it easier for the flight distance (and thus the carry) to be extended as the ball falls or for the run to be extended. Hence, the total distance can be increased. When CL2/CL1 is too low, the golf ball tends to fall more steeply, making it difficult to satisfactorily increase the carry and run. A higher CL2/CL1 is better from the standpoint of increasing the total distance. However, when this value is too high, the carry increases but the run decreases, as a result of which the total distance may not exceed the optimal value. Therefore, the upper limit value for CL2/CL1 is preferably not more than 1.100, and more preferably not more than 1.018.
The conditions under which the coefficient of lift CL3 is measured, i.e. a Reynolds number of 200,000 and a spin rate of 2,500 rpm, generally correspond approximately to the state just after the golf ball has been launched under high-velocity conditions (e.g., an initial velocity of 72 m/s, a spin rate of 2,500 rpm and a launch angle of 10°). The conditions under which the coefficient of lift CL4 is measured, i.e. a Reynolds number of 120,000 and a spin rate of 2,250 rpm, generally correspond approximately to the state of the ball as it rises about 2 seconds after being launched under high-velocity conditions (e.g., an initial velocity of 72 m/s, a spin rate of 2,500 rpm and a launch angle of 10°).
The ratio CL4/CL3 has a value of preferably at least 1.250, more preferably at least 1.252, and even more preferably at least 1.255. The upper limit is preferably not more than 1.300, more preferably not more than 1.295, and even more preferably not more than 1.290. By setting the ratio in this range, when the golf ball has been launched under high-velocity conditions (e.g., when hit with a driver), the amount of rise by the golf ball can be kept from becoming excessive (i.e., the ball can be kept from climbing too steeply), making it possible to increase the resistance of the ball to the wind and thus enabling the carry to be increased. The run can also be increased. This enables the total distance traveled by the ball to be increased.
From the standpoint of increasing the distance traveled by the ball, the coefficient of lift CL1 is preferably at least 0.230, the coefficient of lift CL2 is preferably at least 0.230, the coefficient of lift CL3 is preferably at least 0.145 and the coefficient of lift CL4 is preferably at least 0.185. Also, CL1 is preferably not more than 0.240, CL2 is preferably not more than 0.240, CL3 is preferably not more than 0.155 and CL4 is preferably not more than 0.195.
The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided to illustrate the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope thereof.
Formation of Core
Solid cores were produced by preparing the rubber compositions for Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 shown in Table 1 and then molding and vulcanizing the compositions under the temperature and time conditions shown in Table 1.
In Example 4 and Comparative Examples 7 and 8, solid cores are produced in the same way as above using the rubber compositions and vulcanization conditions shown in Table 1.
Details on the ingredients mentioned in Table 1 are given below.
Polybutadiene A: Available under the trade name “BR01” from JSR Corporation
Polybutadiene B: Available under the trade name “T0700” from JSR Corporation
Polybutadiene C: Available under the trade name “BR730” from JSR Corporation
Isoprene rubber: Available under the trade name “Nipol IR2200” from Zeon Corporation
Zinc acrylate: “ZN-DA85S” from Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.
Zinc stearate: Available under the trade name “Zinc Stearate G” from NOF Corporation
Organic Peroxide (1): Dicumyl peroxide, available under the trade name “Percumyl D” from NOF Corporation; one-minute half-life temperature, 175.2° C.
Organic Peroxide (2): Mixture of 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane and silica, available under the trade name “Perhexa C-40” from NOF Corporation
Sulfur (1): Sulfur masterbatch containing 80 wt % of powder sulfur for rubber, available under the trade name Sanmix S-80N from Sanshin Chemical Industry Col., Ltd.
Sulfur (2): Available as Sulfax®-5 from Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; sulfur content, 95 wt %
Water: Pure water from Seiki Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
Antioxidant A: 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-butylphenol), available under the trade name “Nocrac NS-6” from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Antioxidant B:2-Mercaptobenzimidazole, available under the trade name “Nocrac MB” from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Zinc oxide: Available as “Grade 3 Zinc Oxide” from Sakai Chemical Co., Ltd.
Zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol: Available from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
Formation of Intermediate Layer and Cover (Outermost Layer)
Next, in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6, an intermediate layer was formed by injection-molding Intermediate Layer Material No. 1 or No. 2 formulated as shown in Table 2 over the core obtained above, thereby producing an intermediate layer-encased sphere. A cover (outermost layer) was then formed by injection-molding Cover Material No. 3 formulated as shown in the same table over the intermediate layer-encased sphere, thereby producing the golf ball. The Type A dimples shown below were formed at this time on the cover surface.
In Example 4 and Comparative Examples 7 and 8, golf balls are produced in the same way as above by injection-molding Intermediate Layer Material No. 1 or No. 2 and Cover Material No. 3 formulated as shown in Table 2. The Type A dimples shown below are formed on the surface of the cover in Comparative Examples 7 and 8.
Trade names for the materials in the above table are given below.
Eight varieties of circular dimples are used as the Type A dimples. The details are shown in Table 3 below. The dimples are arranged as shown in
Table 4 below shows the coefficient of lift CL1 measured at a Reynolds number of 80,000 and a spin rate of 2,000 rpm, the coefficient of lift CL2 measured at a Reynolds number of 70,000 and a spin rate of 1,900 rpm, the coefficient of lift CL3 measured at a Reynolds number of 200,000 and a spin rate of 2,500 rpm, the coefficient of lift CL4 measured at a Reynolds number of 120,000 and a spin rate of 2,250 rpm, and the values of the ratios CL2/CL1 and CL4/CL3 for golf balls having the above Type A dimples formed on the cover surface. These coefficients of lift are measured in conformity with the Indoor Test Range (ITR) method established by the USGA.
Various properties of the resulting golf balls, including the internal hardnesses of the core at various positions, the diameters of the core and each layer-encased sphere, the thickness and material hardness of each layer, and the surface hardness of each layer-encased sphere, are measured by the following methods. The results are presented in Table 5.
Diameters of Core and Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere
The spheres to be measured are held isothermally for at least 3 hours in a thermostatic chamber adjusted to 23.9±1° C., following which they are measured in a 23.9±2° C. room. The diameters at five random places on the surface of each sphere are measured and, using the average of these measurements as the measured value for a single sphere, the average diameter for ten such spheres is determined.
Ball Diameter
The balls to be measured are held isothermally for at least 3 hours in a thermostatic chamber adjusted to 23.9±1° C., following which they are measured in a 23.9±2° C. room. The diameters at 15 random dimple-free areas on each ball are measured and, using the average of these 15 measurements as the measured value for a single ball, the average diameter for ten balls is determined.
Deflections of Core and Ball
The core or ball is placed on a hard plate and the amount of deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) is measured. The amount of deflection is the measured value obtained after temperature conditioning the core or ball at 23.9° C. The rate at which pressure is applied by the head which compresses the ball is set to 10 mm/s.
Core Hardness Profile
The indenter of a durometer is set substantially perpendicular to the spherical surface of the core, and the surface hardness on the Shore C hardness scale is measured in accordance with ASTM D2240. The hardnesses at the center and specific positions of the core are measured as Shore C hardness values by cutting the core into hemispheres so as to form a cross-section that is a flat plane, and perpendicularly pressing the indenter of a durometer against the flat cross-section at the center and other specific positions shown in Table 5. The P2 Automatic Rubber Hardness Tester (Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) equipped with a Shore C durometer can be used for measuring the hardness. The maximum value is read off as the hardness value. Measurements are all carried out in a 23±2° C. environment. The numbers in Table 5 are Shore C hardness values.
Material Hardnesses of Intermediate Layer and Cover
The resin material for each layer is molded into a sheet having a thickness of 2 mm and left to stand for at least two weeks. The Shore C hardness and Shore D hardness of each material are then measured in accordance with ASTM D2240. The P2 Automatic Rubber Hardness Tester (Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) can be used for measuring the hardnesses. Shore C hardness and Shore D hardness attachments are mounted on the tester and the respective hardnesses are measured. The maximum value is read off as the hardness value. All measurements are carried out in a 23±2° C. environment.
Surface Hardnesses of Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere and Ball
These hardnesses are measured by perpendicularly pressing an indenter against the surfaces of the respective spheres. The surface hardness of a ball (cover) is the value measured at a dimple-free area (land) on the surface of the ball. The Shore C and Shore D hardnesses are measured in accordance with ASTM D2240. The P2 Automatic Rubber Hardness Tester (Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) can be used for measuring the hardness. Shore C hardness and Shore D hardness attachments are mounted on the tester and the respective hardnesses are measured. The maximum value is read off as the hardness value. Measurements are all carried out in a 23±2° C. environment.
The flight performances (W #1 and I #6), spin rate on approach shots and durability to repeated impact of each golf ball are evaluated by the following methods. The results are shown in Table 6.
Evaluation of Flight (W #1)
A driver (W #1) is mounted on a golf swing robot and the spin rate and total distance of the ball when struck at a head speed (HS) of 53 m/s are each measured. The club used is the Tour B XD-5 Driver (loft angle, 8.5°) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. The spin rate of the ball immediately after being similarly struck is measured with a launch monitor.
In addition, a driver is mounted on a golf swing robot and the spin rate and total distance of the ball when struck at a head speed of 48 m/s are each measured. The club used is the JGR (2016 model) Driver (loft angle, 9.5°) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd.
The sum of the distances traveled by the ball under the above two conditions is calculated and the flight performance is evaluated based on the following criteria.
Evaluation of Flight (I #6)
A middle iron (I #6) is mounted on a golf swing robot and the distance traveled by the ball when struck at a head speed of 43.5 m/s is measured. The club used is the JGR Forged (2016 model) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. The spin rate of the ball immediately after being similarly struck is measured with a launch monitor.
Rating Criteria
Evaluation of Spin Rate on Approach Shots
A sand wedge is mounted on a golf swing robot and the spin rate of the ball when struck at a head speed of 15 m/s is rated according to the criteria shown below. The spin rate of the ball immediately after being similarly struck is measured with a launch monitor. The sand wedge used is the TourStage TW-03 (loft angle, 57°), 2002 model, manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd.
Rating Criteria:
A test is performed in which, when a golf ball is fired at a velocity of 43 m/s and made to repeatedly strike a steel plate, the number of shots until the ball begins to crack is determined. N=30 sample balls are repeatedly struck in this way and the minimum number of shots after which the balls begin to crack is evaluated. Durability indices for the balls in the respective examples are calculated relative to an arbitrary value of 100 for the number of shots required for the ball in Example 2 to crack.
Rating Criteria:
As demonstrated by the results in Table 6, the golf balls of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 are inferior in the following respects to the golf balls according to the present invention that are obtained in Examples 1 to 4.
In Comparative Example 1, the core hardness profile is such that (H25− H0)<(H100−H87.5). As a result, the spin rate of the ball on shots with a driver (W #1) and a middle iron (I #6) rises and a good distance is not achieved. In addition, the durability to cracking on repeated impact is poor.
In Comparative Example 2, the core hardness profile is such that (H25− H0)<(H100−H87.5) and (H87.5− H0)<17. As a result, the spin rate on shots with a driver (W #1) rises and a good distance is not achieved. In addition, the durability to cracking on repeated impact is poor.
In Comparative Example 3, (H87.5− H0)<17. As a result, the spin rate on shots with a driver (W #1) rises and a good distance is not achieved.
In Comparative Example 4, the core hardness profile is such that (H25− H0)<(H100−H87.5) and (H87.5− H0)<17. As a result, the spin rate on shots with a driver (W #1) rises and a good distance is not achieved.
In Comparative Example 5, the core hardness profile is such that (H25− H0)<(H100−H87.5), (H87.5− H0)<17 and (87.5− H0)/(H50− H0)<2.0. As a result, the spin rate on shots with a driver (W #1) rises and a good distance is not achieved.
In Comparative Example 6, the core hardness profile is such that (H25− H0)<(H100−H87.5) and (H87.5− H0)<17. As a result, the spin rate on shots with a driver (W #1) and a middle iron (I #6) rises and a good distance is not achieved.
In Comparative Example 7, the core hardness profile is such that (H75− H50)<(H25−H0) and (H87.5− H0)/(H50− H0)<2.0. As a result, the initial velocity on full shots decreases and the distance is inferior, in addition to which the durability to cracking on repeated impact is poor.
In Comparative Example 8, the core hardness profile is such that (H75− H50)<(H25−H0), (H87.5− H0)<17 and (H87.5− H0)/(H50− H0)<2.0. As a result, the balance between the spin rate and the initial velocity on shots with a driver (W #1) is poor, and so a good distance is not achieved.
Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-087751 is incorporated herein by reference. Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-087751 | May 2022 | JP | national |
