Claims
- 1. A method comprising:
providing a catalyst comprising a transition metal halide coordinated to at least one ligand; initiating, via the catalyst, a reaction between a vinyl group and a parent polymer comprising a repeat unit including a secondary halogen atom.
- 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vinyl group is a portion of a hydrophilic chain.
- 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the reaction provides a graft copolymer.
- 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the graft copolymer includes a hydrophilic side chain.
- 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the graft copolymer comprises a comb polymer.
- 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the comb polymer comprises a hydrophobic backbone.
- 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the graft copolymer is microphase-separated.
- 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the graft copolymer includes hydrophilic domains provided by the hydrophilic side chains.
- 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the molecular weight of a backbone of the graft copolymer is no smaller than a molecular weight of a backbone of the parent polymer.
- 10. The method of claim 3, wherein products of the reaction are essentially free of homopolymer.
- 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the ligand comprises at least one nitrogen-donor atom.
- 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogen atom is a fluorine atom.
- 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogen atom is a chlorine atom.
- 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogen atom is a bromine atom.
- 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the parent polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinyl bromide), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride)-co-vinyl chloride, chlorinated poly(vinyl fluoride), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), chlorinated polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 16. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydrophilic chain further comprises poly(ethylene oxide).
- 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the hydrophilic chain is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl methacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl acrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(aminostyrene), poly(methyl sulfonyl ethyl methacrylate), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the graft copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(vinylidene fluoride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate and chlorinated polypropylene-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 19. A membrane for water filtration, comprising a graft copolymer prepared by the method of claim 1.
- 20. An article comprising:
a microphase-separated comb polymer comprising a backbone repeat unit including a secondary carbon atom, a plurality of the secondary carbon atoms in the polymer being directly bonded to a hydrophilic side chain and the polymer having hydrophilic domains provided by the side chains.
- 21. The article of claim 20, the repeat unit further comprising a halogen atom directly bonded to the secondary carbon atom.
- 22. The article of claim 20, wherein the backbone of the comb polymer has a molecular weight no smaller than the a molecular weight of a parent polymer backbone prior to adding the hydrophilic side chain.
- 23. The article of claim 20, wherein the hydrophilic domains have a mean diameter of less than about 2 nm.
- 24. The article of claim 20, wherein the hydrophilic chain is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl methacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl acrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(aminostyrene), poly(methyl sulfonyl ethyl methacrylate), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 25. The article of claim 20, wherein the comb polymer is selected from the group poly(vinyl chloride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(vinylidene fluoride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate and chlorinated polypropylene-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 26. A membrane for water filtration, comprising the polymer of claim 20.
- 27. An article comprising:
a comb polymer having a hydrophobic backbone, the backbone including a repeat unit comprising a secondary carbon atom directly bonded to a halogen atom; a plurality of hydrophilic side chains bonded to the secondary carbon atoms of the backbone, wherein the comb polymer backbone has a molecular weight no smaller than the molecular weight of a backbone of the corresponding parent polymer.
- 28. The article of claim 27, wherein the polymer is microphase-separated.
- 29. The article of claim 28, wherein the polymer comprises hydrophilic domains provided by the hydrophilic side chains.
- 30. The article of claim 29, wherein the hydrophilic domains each have a mean diameter of less than about 3 nm.
- 31. The article of claim 27, wherein the hydrophilic chain is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl methacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl acrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(aminostyrene), poly(methyl sulfonyl ethyl methacrylate), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 32. The article of claim 31, wherein the corresponding parent polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinyl bromide), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride)-co-vinyl chloride, chlorinated poly(vinyl fluoride), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), chlorinated polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 33. The article of claim 27, wherein the article is resistant to cell and protein adsorption such that the article adsorbs less than 90% of protein adsorbed by the corresponding parent polymer.
- 34. The article of claim 27, wherein the plurality of side chains comprise a plasticizer such that a glass transition temperature of the comb polymer is at least 5° C. less than that of the corresponding parent polymer.
- 35. The article of claim 27, further comprising cell-binding ligands attached to between 1 and 100% of the hydrophilic side chains of the comb polymer.
- 36. The article of claim 35, wherein the cell-binding ligands are cell-signaling ligands.
- 37. The article of claim 35, wherein the cell-binding ligands are selected from the group consisting of adhesion peptides, cell-signaling peptides, and growth factors.
- 38. A membrane for water filtration, comprising:
a microphase-separated polymer including hydrophilic domains having a mean diameter of less than about 3 nm, the hydrophilic domains providing transport pathways for water.
- 39. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the hydrophilic domains are provided by hydrophilic side chains bonded to a backbone of the polymer.
- 40. The membrane of claim 39, further comprising hydrophobic domains provided by the backbone.
- 41. The membrane of claim 39, wherein each of the hydrophilic chains comprises poly(ethylene oxide).
- 42. The membrane of claim 39, wherein each of the hydrophilic chains the hydrophilic chain is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl methacrylate), hydrolyzed poly(t-butyl acrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(aminostyrene), poly(methyl sulfonyl ethyl methacrylate), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 43. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the hydrophilic domains provide at least 90% of the transport pathways for water.
- 44. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the hydrophilic domains provide at least 95% of the transport pathways for water.
- 45. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the microphase-separated polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate, poly(vinylidene fluoride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate and chlorinated polypropylene-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 46. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the membrane comprises a blend of the microphase-separated polymer and at least one other polymer.
- 47. The membrane of claim 46, wherein the at least one other polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene, halogenated polypropylene, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(aryl sulfone), polyacrylonitrile, and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 48. The membrane of claim 46, wherein the microphase-separated polymer is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight of the blend.
- 49. The membrane of claim 48, wherein the microphase-separated polymer is present in an amount from 5% to 10% by weight of the blend.
- 50. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the membrane is spontaneously wettable.
- 51. The membrane of claim 38, wherein the membrane is self-supporting.
- 52. A membrane for water filtration, comprising a microphase-separated polymer including hydrophilic domains, the membrane being self-supporting.
- 53. The membrane of claim 52, wherein the membrane is free of a mechanical support layer.
- 54. The membrane of claim 52, comprising a blend of the microphase-separated polymer and at least one other polymer.
- 55. The membrane of claim 54, wherein the at least one polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride) and chlorinated polypropylene.
- 56. A method for water filtration, comprising:
providing a membrane comprising a microphase-separated polymer including hydrophilic domains; and allowing water to pass completely through the membrane via the hydrophilic domains.
- 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising preventing targeted species from passing completely through the membrane.
- 58. The method of claim 56, wherein the hydrophilic domains have a mean diameter of less than about 2 nm.
- 59. The method of claim 56, wherein the microphase-separated polymer comprises a comb polymer having hydrophilic side chains.
- 60. An article comprising:
a graft copolymer having a hydrophobic backbone, the backbone including a repeat unit comprising a secondary carbon atom directly bonded to a halogen atom; a plurality of hydrophilic side chains bonded to the secondary carbon atoms of the backbone, wherein the graft polymer backbone has a molecular weight no smaller than the molecular weight of a backbone of a corresponding parent polymer and the article is resistant to cell and protein adsorption such that the article adsorbs less than 90% of protein adsorbed by the corresponding parent polymer.
- 61. The article of claim 60, wherein each hydrophilic side chain of the graft copolymer comprises poly(ethylene oxide).
- 62. The article of claim 61, wherein each hydrophilic side chain of the graft copolymer is polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 63. The article of claim 62, wherein the graft copolymer is poly(vinyl chloride)-g-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 64. The article of claim 60, wherein the graft copolymer has hydrophilic side chains selected from the group poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 65. The article of claim 64, wherein the backbone selected from the group of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polypropylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), halogenated polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 66. The article of claim 60, wherein the graft copolymer is blended with at least one other polymer.
- 67. The article of claim 66, wherein the graft copolymer is blended with at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), polypropylene, chlorinated polypropylene, halogenated polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene, and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 68. An article comprising:
a graft copolymer having a hydrophobic backbone, the backbone including a repeat unit comprising a secondary carbon atom directly bonded to a halogen atom; a plurality of hydrophilic side chains bonded to secondary carbon atoms, wherein the graft polymer backbone has a molecular weight no smaller than the molecular weight of a corresponding parent polymer backbone and the plurality of side chains comprising a plasticizer such that a glass transition temperature of the comb polymer is at least 5° C. less than that of the corresponding parent polymer.
- 69. The article of claim 68, wherein the hydrophilic side chain of the graft copolymer comprises poly(ethylene oxide).
- 70. The article of claim 69, wherein the hydrophilic side chain of the graft copolymer is polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 71. The article of claim 70, wherein the graft copolymer is poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 72. The article of claim 68, wherein the graft copolymer has hydrophilic side chains selected from the group poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 73. The article of claim 72, wherein the hydrophobic backbone is selected from the group of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polypropylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), halogenated polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 74. An article of claim 68, wherein the graft copolymer is blended with at least one other polymer.
- 75. The article of claim 74, wherein the graft copolymer is blended with at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), polypropylene, chlorinated polypropylene, halogenated polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene, and copolymers comprising any of the above.
- 76. An article comprising:
a graft copolymer having a hydrophobic backbone, the backbone including a repeat unit comprising a secondary carbon atom directly bonded to a halogen atom; a plurality of hydrophilic side chains side chains bonded to secondary carbon atoms of the backbone, wherein the graft polymer backbone has a molecular weight no smaller than a molecular weight of a corresponding parent polymer backbone; and cell-binding ligands attached to between 1 and 100% of the hydrophilic side chains of the graft copolymer.
- 77. The article of claim 76, wherein the cell-binding ligands comprise cell-signaling ligands.
- 78. The article of claim 76, wherein the ligands are selected from the group consisting of adhesion peptides, cell-signaling peptides, and growth factors.
- 79. The article of claim 76, wherein the hydrophilic side chain of the graft copolymer comprises poly(ethylene oxide).
- 80. The article of claim 76, wherein the hydrophilic side chain of the graft copolymer is polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 81. The article of claim 80, wherein the graft copolymer is poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 82. The article of claim 76, wherein the graft copolymer has hydrophilic side chains selected from the group poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 83. The article of claim 82, wherein the hydrophobic backbone selected from the group of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polypropylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), halogenated polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 84. The article of claim 76, wherein the graft copolymer is blended with at least one other polymer.
- 85. The article of claim 84, wherein the graft copolymer is blended with at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(1,2 difluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), polypropylene, chlorinated polypropylene, halogenated polypropylene, halogenated polyethylene, and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 86. An article comprising a graft copolymer comprising:
a backbone comprising a polysulfone or polycarbonate derivative; hydrophilic side chains directly bonded to oxyphenylene units of the backbone and; wherein the graft copolymer backbone has a molecular weight no smaller than a molecular weight of a corresponding parent polymer backbone.
- 87. The article of claim 86, wherein the hydrophilic side chain comprises poly(ethylene oxide).
- 88. The article of claim 87, wherein the hydrophilic side chain is polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 89. The article of claim 88, wherein the graft copolymer is poly(sulfone)-graft-polyoxyethylene methacrylate.
- 90. The article of claim 86, wherein the graft copolymer has hydrophilic side chains selected from the group poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 91. The article of claim 90, wherein the backbone is selected from the group poly(sulfone), methyl bisphenol poly(sulfone), poly(ether sulfone), poly(aryl sulfone), poly(aryl ether sulfone), poly(phenyl sulfone), poly(carbonate), methyl bisphenol poly(carbonate), poly(ether carbonate), poly(aryl carbonate), poly(aryl ether carbonate), poly(phenyl carbonate) and copolymers comprising combinations thereof.
- 92. The article of claim 86, wherein the article is resistant to cell and protein adsorption such that the article adsorbs less than 90% of protein adsorbed by the corresponding parent polymer.
- 93. The article of claim 86, wherein the plurality of side chains comprise a plasticizer such that a glass transition temperature of the comb polymer is at least 5° C. less than that of the parent polysulfone derivative.
- 94. The article of claim 86, wherein cell-binding ligands are attached to between 1 and 100% of the hydrophilic side chains of the graft copolymer.
- 95. The article of claim 94, wherein the ligands are selected from the group consisting of adhesion peptides, cell-signaling peptides, and growth factors.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/231,599, filed Sep. 11, 2000.
Provisional Applications (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
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60231599 |
Sep 2000 |
US |