Patent Application
20210148044
The present disclosure relates to articles, and more particularly, to soluble articles comprising a graphic and methods for making same.
Soluble fibrous structure products (articles), for example water-soluble fibrous structure products (articles) are known in the art. Further, it is known to print graphics comprising an ink on such soluble fibrous structure products.
It has been found that ink on such soluble fibrous structure products can present undesirable consumer negatives upon dissolution during use. For example, it has been found that a graphic formed from an ink, for example carbon black ink, printed directly on a soluble article, for example a soluble fibrous structure product may result in consumer negatives upon dissolution of the soluble article during use. Furthermore, for example graphic-containing soluble articles, for example graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure products wherein the graphic is formed from for example an ink may result in the ink forming the graphic to remain visible after dissolving, for example after applying a solvent, such as water, to the graphic-containing soluble article and applying several hand strokes to the soluble article to facilitate dissolution.
The problem faced by formulators is how to print a graphic from ink onto, for example directly onto, a soluble article, for example soluble fibrous structure product such that the graphic exhibits a consumer acceptable appearance, but also such that the ink forming the graphic readily disperses upon dissolution during use and/or exhibits no visual remnants of the ink after dissolving, for example after applying a solvent, for example water, to the graphic-containing soluble article and applying several hand strokes to the soluble article to facilitate dissolution.
The present invention unexpectedly fulfills the need described above by providing an graphic-containing soluble article, for example a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure product, such as a graphic-containing water-soluble fibrous structure product such that the graphic exhibits a consumer acceptable appearance, but also readily disperses upon dissolution during use and/or exhibits no visual remnants of the ink after dissolving, for example after applying a solvent, for example water, to the graphic-containing soluble article and applying several hand strokes to the soluble article to facilitate dissolution.
One solution to the problem identified above is to provide a graphic-containing soluble article, for example a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure product (article), such as a graphic-containing water-soluble fibrous structure product (article) comprising a graphic formed from an ink such that the soluble article exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein.
In one example of the present invention, a soluble article, for example a soluble fibrous structure product, such as a water-soluble fibrous structure product comprising a graphic formed from an ink such that the soluble article exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein is provided.
In another example of the present invention, a soluble article, for example a soluble fibrous structure product, such as a water-soluble fibrous structure product, comprising a graphic printed directly on at least a portion of a surface of the soluble fibrous structure product wherein the graphic is formed from an ink, for example black ink, such as carbon black ink, such that the soluble article exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein is provided.
In another example of the present invention, a method for making a graphic-containing soluble article, for example a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure product, such as a graphic-containing water-soluble fibrous structure product comprising the steps of:
a. providing a soluble article, for example a soluble fibrous structure product, such as a water-soluble fibrous structure product; and
b. printing a graphic formed from an ink onto, for example directly onto, for example directly onto at least a portion of a surface of, the soluble article, for example the soluble fibrous structure product, such as the water-soluble fibrous structure product such that the soluble article, for example the soluble fibrous structure product, such as the water-soluble fibrous structure product exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein is provided.
In yet another example of the present invention, a method for making a graphic-containing soluble article, for example a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure product, such as a graphic-containing water-soluble fibrous structure product comprising the steps of:
a. providing a filament-forming composition comprising one or more filament-forming materials;
b. spinning a plurality of soluble filaments from the filament-forming composition;
c. collecting the plurality of soluble filaments to form a soluble fibrous structure, for example a soluble web;
d making a soluble article, for example a soluble fibrous structure product, such as a water-soluble fibrous structure product comprising the soluble fibrous structure, for example the soluble web; and
e. printing a graphic formed from an ink onto, for example directly onto, for example directly onto at least a portion of a surface of, the soluble article, for example the soluble fibrous structure product, such as the water-soluble fibrous structure product such that the soluble article, for example the soluble fibrous structure product, such as the water-soluble fibrous structure product exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein is provided.
In still yet another example of the present invention, a method for making a graphic-containing soluble article, for example a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure product, such as a graphic-containing water-soluble fibrous structure product comprising the steps of:
a. providing a filament-forming composition comprising one or more filament-forming materials;
b. spinning a plurality of soluble filaments from the filament-forming composition;
c. collecting the plurality of soluble filaments to form a soluble fibrous structure, for example a soluble web;
d. printing a graphic formed from an ink onto, for example directly onto, for example directly onto at least a portion of a surface of, the soluble fibrous structure, for example the soluble web to form a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure, for example a graphic-containing soluble web; and
e. making a soluble article, for example a soluble fibrous structure product, such as a water-soluble fibrous structure product from the graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure, for example the graphic-containing soluble web, such that the soluble article, for example the soluble fibrous structure product, such as the water-soluble fibrous structure product exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein is provided.
The present invention provides a graphic-containing soluble article, for example a graphic-containing soluble fibrous structure product, such as a graphic-containing water-soluble fibrous structure product such that the soluble article, for example the soluble fibrous structure product, such as the water-soluble fibrous structure product exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein and methods for making same.
“Fibrous structure” as used herein means a structure that comprises one or more fibrous elements and one or more particles. In one example, a fibrous structure according to the present invention means an association of fibrous elements and particles that together form a structure, such as a unitary structure, capable of performing a function.
The fibrous structures of the present invention may be homogeneous or may be layered. If layered, the fibrous structures may comprise at least two and/or at least three and/or at least four and/or at least five layers, for example one or more fibrous element layers, one or more particle layers and/or one or more fibrous element/particle mixture layer.
In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may be a single ply or a multi-ply fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product (single-ply or multi-ply) may exhibit a basis weight of less than 5000 g/m2 as measured according to the Basis Weight Test Method described herein.
In one example, the fibrous structure of the present invention is a “unitary fibrous structure.” “Unitary fibrous structure” as used herein is an arrangement comprising one or more particles and a plurality of two or more and/or three or more fibrous elements that are inter-entangled or otherwise associated with one another to form a fibrous structure. A unitary fibrous structure of the present invention may be one or more plies within a multi-ply fibrous structure. In one example, a unitary fibrous structure of the present invention may comprise three or more different fibrous elements. In another example, a unitary fibrous structure of the present invention may comprise two different fibrous elements, for example a co-formed fibrous structure, upon which a different fibrous element is deposited to form a fibrous structure comprising three or more different fibrous elements.
“Fibrous element” as used herein means an elongate particulate having a length greatly exceeding its average diameter, i.e. a length to average diameter ratio of at least about 10. A fibrous element may be a filament or a fiber. In one example, the fibrous element is a single fibrous element rather than a yarn comprising a plurality of fibrous elements.
The fibrous elements of the present invention may be spun from a filament-forming compositions also referred to as fibrous element-forming compositions via suitable spinning process operations, such as meltblowing, spunbonding, electro-spinning, and/or rotary spinning.
The fibrous elements of the present invention may be monocomponent and/or multicomponent. For example, the fibrous elements may comprise bicomponent fibers and/or filaments. The bicomponent fibers and/or filaments may be in any form, such as side-by-side, core and sheath, islands-in-the-sea and the like.
“Filament” as used herein means an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of greater than or equal to 5.08 cm (2 in.) and/or greater than or equal to 7.62 cm (3 in.) and/or greater than or equal to 10.16 cm (4 in.) and/or greater than or equal to 15.24 cm (6 in.).
Filaments are typically considered continuous or substantially continuous in nature. Filaments are relatively longer than fibers. Non-limiting examples of filaments include meltblown and/or spunbond filaments. Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be spun into filaments include natural polymers, such as starch, starch derivatives, cellulose, such as rayon and/or lyocell, and cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, and synthetic polymers including, but not limited to thermoplastic polymer filaments, such as polyesters, nylons, polyolefins such as polypropylene filaments, polyethylene filaments, and biodegradable thermoplastic fibers such as polylactic acid filaments, polyhydroxyalkanoate filaments, polyesteramide filaments and polycaprolactone filaments.
“Fiber” as used herein means an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) and/or less than 3.81 cm (1.5 in.) and/or less than 2.54 cm (1 in.).
Fibers are typically considered discontinuous in nature. Non-limiting examples of fibers include staple fibers produced by spinning a filament or filament tow of the present invention and then cutting the filament or filament tow into segments of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) thus producing fibers.
In one example, one or more fibers may be formed from a filament of the present invention, such as when the filaments are cut to shorter lengths (such as less than 5.08 cm in length). Thus, in one example, the present invention also includes a fiber made from a filament of the present invention, such as a fiber comprising one or more filament-forming materials and one or more additives, such as active agents. Therefore, references to filament and/or filaments of the present invention herein also include fibers made from such filament and/or filaments unless otherwise noted. Fibers are typically considered discontinuous in nature relative to filaments, which are considered continuous in nature.
“Filament-forming composition” and/or “fibrous element-forming composition” as used herein means a composition that is suitable for making a fibrous element of the present invention such as by meltblowing and/or spunbonding. The filament-forming composition comprises one or more filament-forming materials that exhibit properties that make them suitable for spinning into a fibrous element. In one example, the filament-forming material comprises a polymer. In addition to one or more filament-forming materials, the filament-forming composition may comprise one or more additives, for example one or more active agents. In addition, the filament-forming composition may comprise one or more polar solvents, such as water, into which one or more, for example all, of the filament-forming materials and/or one or more, for example all, of the active agents are dissolved and/or dispersed prior to spinning a fibrous element, such as a filament from the filament-forming composition.
In one example, a filament of the present invention made from a filament-forming composition of the present invention is such that one or more additives, for example one or more active agents, may be present in the filament rather than on the filament, such as a coating composition comprising one or more active agents, which may be the same or different from the active agents in the fibrous elements and/or particles. The total level of filament-forming materials and total level of active agents present in the filament-forming composition may be any suitable amount so long as the fibrous elements of the present invention are produced therefrom.
In one example, one or more additives, such as active agents, may be present in the fibrous element and one or more additional additives, such as active agents, may be present on a surface of the fibrous element. In another example, a fibrous element of the present invention may comprise one or more additives, such as active agents, that are present in the fibrous element when originally made, but then bloom to a surface of the fibrous element prior to and/or when exposed to conditions of intended use of the fibrous element.
“Filament-forming material” as used herein means a material, such as a polymer or monomers capable of producing a polymer that exhibits properties suitable for making a fibrous element. In one example, the filament-forming material comprises one or more substituted polymers such as an anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and/or nonionic polymer. In another example, the polymer may comprise a hydroxyl polymer, such as a polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate and/or a polysaccharide, such as starch and/or a starch derivative, such as an ethoxylated starch and/or acid-thinned starch, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose. In another example, the polymer may comprise polyethylenes and/or terephthalates. In yet another example, the filament-forming material is a polar solvent-soluble material.
“Particle” as used herein means a solid additive, such as a powder, granule, agglomerate, encapsulate, microcapsule, and/or prill. The shape of the particle can be in the form of spheres, rods, plates, tubes, squares, rectangles, discs, stars, fibers or have regular or irregular random forms. The particles of the present invention, at least those of at least 44 μm, can be measured by the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein. For particles that are less than 44 μm, a different test method may be used, for example light scattering, to determine the particle sizes less than 44 μm, for example perfume microcapsules that typically range from about 15 μm to about 44 μm and/or about 25 μm in size.
In one aspect, particles may comprise re-cycled fibrous-structure materials, specifically where said fibrous materials are re-cycled by grinding fibers into a finely-divided solid and re-incorporating said finely-divided solids into agglomerates, granules or other particle forms. In another aspect, particles may comprise re-cycled fibrous-structure materials, specifically where said fibrous materials are incorporated into a fluid paste, suspension or solution, and then processed to form agglomerates, granules or other particle forms. In another aspect, said fluid pastes, suspensions or solutions comprising recycled fibrous materials may be directly applied to fibrous layers in the process of making new fibrous articles.
“Active agent-containing particle” as used herein means a solid additive, for example a particle, comprising one or more active agents. In one example, the active agent-containing particle is an active agent in the form of a particle (in other words, the particle comprises 100% active agent(s)). The active agent-containing particle may exhibit a particle size of 5000 μm or less as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In one example of the present invention, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises a plurality of particles, for example active agent-containing particles, and a plurality of filaments in a weight ratio of particles, for example active agent-containing particles to filaments of 1:100 or greater and/or 1:50 or greater and/or 1:10 or greater and/or 1:3 or greater and/or 1:2 or greater and/or 1:1 or greater and/or 2:1 or greater and/or 3:1 or greater and/or 4:1 or greater and/or 5:1 or greater and/or 7:1 or greater and/or 8:1 or greater and/or 10:1 or greater and/or from about 10:1 to about 1:100 and/or from about 8:1 to about 1:50 and/or from about 7:1 to about 1:10 and/or from about 7:1 to about 1:3 and/or from about 6:1 to 1:2 and/or from about 5:1 to about 1:1 and/or from about 4:1 to about 1:1 and/or from about 3:1 to about 1.5:1.
In another example of the present invention, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises a plurality of particles, for example active agent-containing particles, and a plurality of filaments in a weight ratio of particles, for example active agent-containing particles, to filaments of from about 20:1 to about 1:1 and/or from about 10:1 to about 1:1 and/or from about 10:1 to about 1.5:1 and/or from about 8:1 to about 1.5:1 and/or from about 8:1 to about 2:1 and/or from about 7:1 to about 2:1 and/or from about 7:1 to about 3:1 and/or from about 6:1 to about 2.5:1.
In yet another example of the present invention, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises a plurality of particles, for example active agent-containing particles, and a plurality of filaments in a weight ratio of particles, for example active agent-containing particles, to filaments of from about 1:1 to about 1:100 and/or from about 1:15 to about 1:80, and/or from about 1:2 to about 1:60 and/or from about 1:3 to about 1:50 and/or from about 1:3 to about 1:40.
In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises a plurality of particles, for example active agent-containing particles, at a basis weight of greater than 1 g/m2 and/or greater than 10 g/m2 and/or greater than 20 g/m2 and/or greater than 30 g/m2 and/or greater than 40 g/m2 and/or from about 1 g/m2 to about 5000 g/m2 and/or to about 3500 g/m2 and/or to about 2000 g/m2 and/or from about 1 g/m2 to about 2000 g/m2 and/or from about 10 g/m2 to about 1000 g/m2 and/or from about 10 g/m2 to about 500 g/m2 and/or from about 20 g/m2 to about 400 g/m2 and/or from about 30 g/m2 to about 300 g/m2 and/or from about 40 g/m2 to about 200 g/m2 as measured by the Basis Weight Test Method described herein.
In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises a plurality of filaments at a basis weight of greater than 1 g/m2 and/or greater than 10 g/m2 and/or greater than 20 g/m2 and/or greater than 30 g/m2 and/or greater than 40 g/m2 and/or from about 1 g/m2 to about 3000 g/m2 and/or from about 10 g/m2 to about 5000 g/m2 and/or to about 3000 g/m2 and/or to about 2000 g/m2 and/or from about 20 g/m2 to about 2000 g/m2 and/or from about 30 g/m2 to about 1000 g/m2 and/or from about 30 g/m2 to about 500 g/m2 and/or from about 30 g/m2 to about 300 g/m2 and/or from about 40 g/m2 to about 100 g/m2 and/or from about 40 g/m2 to about 80 g/m2 as measured by the Basis Weight Test Method described herein. In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises two or more layers wherein filaments are present in at least one of the layers at a basis weight of from about 1 g/m2 to about 500 g/m2.
The solid additives, for example particles, may comprise one or more types or different types of particles. In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, comprise a mixture of particles of differing compositions. In another example, the solid additives, for example particles, comprise a blend of particle of differing composition. In another example, the solid additives, for example particles, comprise water-soluble particles and/or water-insoluble particles, which may comprise water-swellable particles. Further, in one example, the particles may be in the form of an agglomerate, for example an agglomerate comprising a water-soluble material and a water-insoluble material.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D50 particle size of from about 100 μm to about 5000 μm and/or from about 100 μm to about 2000 μm and/or from about 250 μm to about 1200 μm and/or from about 250 μm to about 850 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D10 of 250 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In another example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D90 of 1200 μm and/or 850 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D10 of greater than 44 μm and/or greater than 90 μm and/or greater than 150 μm and/or greater than 212 μm and/or greater than 300 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D90 of less than 1400 μm and/or less than 1180 μm and/or less than 850 μm and/or less than 600 μm and/or less than 425 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit any combination of the above-identified D10, D50, and/or D90 so long as D50, when present, is greater than D10, when present, and D90, when present, is greater than D10 and D50, when present.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit any combination of the above-identified D10 and D90 so long as D90 is greater than D10.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D10 of greater than 212 μm and a D90 of less than 1180 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the solid additives, for example particles, may exhibit a D10 of greater than 90 μm and a D90 of less than 425 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein.
“Commingled” and/or “commingling” as used herein means the state or form where particles are mixed with fibrous elements, for example filaments. The mixture of filaments and particles can be throughout a composite structure or within a plane or a region of the composite structure. In one example, the commingled filaments and particles may form at least a surface of a composite structure. In one example, the particles may be homogeneously dispersed throughout the composite structure and/or plane and/or region of the composite structure. In one example, the particles may be homogeneously distributed throughout the composite structure, which avoids and/or prevents sag and/or free movement and/or migration of the particles within the composite structure to other areas within the composite structure thus resulting in higher concentrated zones of particles and lower concentrated zones or zero concentration zones of particles within the composite structure. In one example, μCT cross-sections of a composite structure can show whether the particles are homogeneously distributed throughout a composite structure.
“Additive” as used herein means any material present in the fibrous element of the present invention that is not a filament-forming material. In one example, an additive comprises an active agent. In another example, an additive comprises a processing aid. In still another example, an additive comprises a filler. In one example, an additive comprises any material present in the fibrous element that its absence from the fibrous element would not result in the fibrous element losing its fibrous element structure, in other words, its absence does not result in the fibrous element losing its solid form. In another example, an additive, for example an active agent, comprises a non-polymer material.
In another example, an additive may comprise a plasticizer for the fibrous element. Non-limiting examples of suitable plasticizers for the present invention include polyols, copolyols, polycarboxylic acids, polyesters and dimethicone copolyols. Examples of useful polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerin, diglycerin, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, cyclohexane dimethanol, hexanediol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, polyethylene glycol (200-600), pentaerythritol, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, manitol, lactitol and other mono- and polyhydric low molecular weight alcohols (e.g., C2-C8 alcohols); mono di- and oligo-saccharides such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup solids, and dextrins, and ascorbic acid.
In one example, the plasticizer includes glycerin and/or propylene glycol and/or glycerol derivatives such as propoxylated glycerol. In still another example, the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of glycerin, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycidol, urea, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, sugars, ethylene bisformamide, amino acids, and mixtures thereof
In another example, an additive may comprise a rheology modifier, such as a shear modifier and/or an extensional modifier. Non-limiting examples of rheology modifiers include but not limited to polyacrylamide, polyurethanes and polyacrylates that may be used in the fibrous elements of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of rheology modifiers are commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Mich.).
In yet another example, an additive may comprise one or more colors and/or dyes that are incorporated into the fibrous elements of the present invention to provide a visual signal when the fibrous elements are exposed to conditions of intended use and/or when an active agent is released from the fibrous elements and/or when the fibrous element's morphology changes.
In still yet another example, an additive may comprise one or more release agents and/or lubricants. Non-limiting examples of suitable release agents and/or lubricants include fatty acids, fatty acid salts, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, sulfonated fatty acid esters, fatty amine acetates, fatty amide, silicones, aminosilicones, fluoropolymers, and mixtures thereof. In one example, the release agents and/or lubricants may be applied to the fibrous element, in other words, after the fibrous element is formed. In one example, one or more release agents/lubricants may be applied to the fibrous element prior to collecting the fibrous elements on a collection device to form a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In another example, one or more release agents/lubricants may be applied to a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product formed from the fibrous elements of the present invention prior to contacting one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products, such as in a stack of fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products. In yet another example, one or more release agents/lubricants may be applied to the fibrous element of the present invention and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous element prior to the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product contacting a surface, such as a surface of equipment used in a processing system so as to facilitate removal of the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product and/or to avoid layers of fibrous elements and/or plies of fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention sticking to one another, even inadvertently. In one example, the release agents/lubricants comprise particulates.
In even still yet another example, an additive may comprise one or more anti-blocking and/or detackifying agents. Non-limiting examples of suitable anti-blocking and/or detackifying agents include starches, starch derivatives, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, crosslinked cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, metallic oxides, calcium carbonate, talc, mica, and mixtures thereof.
“Conditions of intended use” as used herein means the temperature, physical, chemical, and/or mechanical conditions that a fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention is exposed to when the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is used for one or more of its designed purposes. For example, if a fibrous element and/or a particle and/or a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising a fibrous element is designed to be used in a washing machine for laundry care purposes, the conditions of intended use will include those temperature, chemical, physical and/or mechanical conditions present in a washing machine, including any wash water, during a laundry washing operation. In another example, if a fibrous element and/or a particle and/or a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising a fibrous element is designed to be used by a human as a shampoo for hair care purposes, the conditions of intended use will include those temperature, chemical, physical and/or mechanical conditions present during the shampooing of the human's hair. Likewise, if a fibrous element and/or a particle and/or a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising a fibrous element is designed to be used in a dishwashing operation, by hand or by a dishwashing machine, the conditions of intended use will include the temperature, chemical, physical and/or mechanical conditions present in a dishwashing water and/or dishwashing machine, during the dishwashing operation.
“Active agent” as used herein means an additive that produces an intended effect in an environment external to a fibrous element and/or a particle and/or a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising a fibrous element of the present invention, such as when the fibrous element and/or a particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is exposed to conditions of intended use of the fibrous element and/or a particle and/or a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising a fibrous element. In one example, an active agent comprises an additive that treats a surface, such as a hard surface (i.e., kitchen countertops, bath tubs, toilets, toilet bowls, sinks, floors, walls, teeth, cars, windows, mirrors, dishes) and/or a soft surface (i.e., fabric, hair, skin, carpet, crops, plants,). In another example, an active agent comprises an additive that creates a chemical reaction (i.e., foaming, fizzing, coloring, warming, cooling, lathering, disinfecting and/or clarifying and/or chlorinating, such as in clarifying water and/or disinfecting water and/or chlorinating water). In yet another example, an active agent comprises an additive that treats an environment (i.e., deodorizes, purifies, perfumes air). In one example, the active agent is formed in situ, such as during the formation of the fibrous element and/or particle containing the active agent, for example the fibrous element and/or particle may comprise a water-soluble polymer (e.g., starch) and a surfactant (e.g., anionic surfactant), which may create a polymer complex or coacervate that functions as the active agent used to treat fabric surfaces.
“Treats” as used herein with respect to treating a surface means that the active agent provides a benefit to a surface or environment. Treats includes regulating and/or immediately improving a surface's or environment's appearance, cleanliness, smell, purity and/or feel. In one example treating in reference to treating a keratinous tissue (for example skin and/or hair) surface means regulating and/or immediately improving the keratinous tissue's cosmetic appearance and/or feel. For instance, “regulating skin, hair, or nail (keratinous tissue) condition” includes: thickening of skin, hair, or nails (e.g, building the epidermis and/or dermis and/or sub-dermal [e.g., subcutaneous fat or muscle] layers of the skin, and where applicable the keratinous layers of the nail and hair shaft) to reduce skin, hair, or nail atrophy, increasing the convolution of the dermal-epidermal border (also known as the rete ridges), preventing loss of skin or hair elasticity (loss, damage and/or inactivation of functional skin elastin) such as elastosis, sagging, loss of skin or hair recoil from deformation; melanin or non-melanin change in coloration to the skin, hair, or nails such as under eye circles, blotching (e.g., uneven red coloration due to, e.g., rosacea) (hereinafter referred to as “red blotchiness”), sallowness (pale color), discoloration caused by telangiectasia or spider vessels, and graying hair.
In another example, treating means removing stains and/or odors from fabric articles, such as clothes, towels, linens, and/or hard surfaces, such as countertops and/or dishware including pots and pans.
“Fabric care active agent” as used herein means an active agent that when applied to a fabric provides a benefit and/or improvement to the fabric. Non-limiting examples of benefits and/or improvements to a fabric include cleaning (for example by surfactants), stain removal, stain reduction, wrinkle removal, color restoration, static control, wrinkle resistance, permanent press, wear reduction, wear resistance, pill removal, pill resistance, soil removal, soil resistance (including soil release), shape retention, shrinkage reduction, softness, fragrance, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, odor resistance, and odor removal.
“Dishwashing active agent” as used herein means an active agent that when applied to dishware, glassware, pots, pans, utensils, and/or cooking sheets provides a benefit and/or improvement to the dishware, glassware, plastic items, pots, pans and/or cooking sheets. Non-limiting examples of benefits and/or improvements to the dishware, glassware, plastic items, pots, pans, utensils, and/or cooking sheets include food and/or soil removal, cleaning (for example by surfactants) stain removal, stain reduction, grease removal, water spot removal and/or water spot prevention, glass and metal care, sanitization, shining, and polishing.
“Hard surface active agent” as used herein means an active agent when applied to floors, countertops, sinks, windows, mirrors, showers, baths, and/or toilets provides a benefit and/or improvement to the floors, countertops, sinks, windows, mirrors, showers, baths, and/or toilets. Non-limiting examples of benefits and/or improvements to the floors, countertops, sinks, windows, mirrors, showers, baths, and/or toilets include food and/or soil removal, cleaning (for example by surfactants), stain removal, stain reduction, grease removal, water spot removal and/or water spot prevention, limescale removal, disinfection, shining, polishing, and freshening.
“Weight ratio” as used herein means the ratio between two materials on their dry basis. For example, the weight ratio of filament-forming materials to active agents within a fibrous element is the ratio of the weight of filament-forming material on a dry weight basis (g or %) in the fibrous element to the weight of additive, such as active agent(s) on a dry weight basis (g or %—same units as the filament-forming material weight) in the fibrous element. In another example, the weight ratio of particles to fibrous elements within a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is the ratio of the weight of particles on a dry weight basis (g or %) in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to the weight of fibrous elements on a dry weight basis (g or %—same units as the particle weight) in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product.
“Water-soluble material” as used herein means a material that is miscible in water. In other words, a material that is capable of forming a stable (does not separate for greater than 5 minutes after forming the homogeneous solution) homogeneous solution with water at ambient conditions.
“Ambient conditions” as used herein means 23° C.±1.0° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±2%.
“Weight average molecular weight” as used herein means the weight average molecular weight as determined using gel permeation chromatography according to the protocol found in Colloids and Surfaces A. Physico Chemical & Engineering Aspects, Vol. 162, 2000, pg. 107-121.
“Length” as used herein, with respect to a fibrous element, means the length along the longest axis of the fibrous element from one terminus to the other terminus. If a fibrous element has a kink, curl or curves in it, then the length is the length along the entire path of the fibrous element from one terminus to the other terminus.
“Diameter” as used herein, with respect to a fibrous element, is measured according to the Diameter Test Method described herein. In one example, a fibrous element of the present invention exhibits a diameter of less than 100 μm and/or less than 75 μm and/or less than 50 μm and/or less than 25 μm and/or less than 20 μm and/or less than 15 μm and/or less than 10 μm and/or less than 6 μm and/or greater than 1 μm and/or greater than 3 μm.
“Triggering condition” as used herein in one example means anything, as an act or event, that serves as a stimulus and initiates or precipitates a change in the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention, such as a loss or altering of the fibrous element's and/or fibrous structure's and/or article's and/or fibrous structure product's physical structure and/or a release of an additive, such as an active agent therefrom. In another example, the triggering condition may be present in an environment, such as water, when a fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention is added to the water. In other words, nothing changes in the water except for the fact that the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention is added to the water.
“Morphology changes” as used herein with respect to a fibrous element's and/or particle's morphology changing means that the fibrous element experiences a change in its physical structure. Non-limiting examples of morphology changes for a fibrous element and/or particle of the present invention include dissolution, melting, swelling, shrinking, breaking into pieces, exploding, lengthening, shortening, and combinations thereof. The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may completely or substantially lose their fibrous element or particle physical structure or they may have their morphology changed or they may retain or substantially retain their fibrous element or particle physical structure as they are exposed to conditions of intended use.
“By weight on a dry fibrous element basis” and/or “by weight on a dry particle basis” and/or “by weight on a dry fibrous structure basis” and/or “by weight on a dry article basis” and/or “by weight on a dry fibrous structure product basis” means the weight of the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product, respectively, measured immediately after the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product, respectively, has been conditioned in a conditioned room at a temperature of 23° C.±1.0° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±10% for 2 hours. In one example, by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or by weight on a dry article basis and/or by weight on a dry fibrous structure product basis means that the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises less than 20% and/or less than 15% and/or less than 10% and/or less than 7% and/or less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or to 0% and/or to greater than 0% based on the dry weight of the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of moisture, such as water, for example free water, as measured according to the Water Content Test Method described herein.
“Total level” as used herein, for example with respect to the total level of one or more active agents present in the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product, means the sum of the weights or weight percent of all of the subject materials, for example active agents. In other words, a fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise 25% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of an anionic surfactant, 15% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of a nonionic surfactant, 10% by weight of a chelant on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis, and 5% by weight of a perfume a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis so that the total level of active agents present in the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is greater than 50%; namely 55% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
“Article” and/or “Fibrous structure product” as used herein means a solid form, which may be a film or a fibrous structure, for example a rectangular solid, sometimes referred to as a sheet, in this case one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention, that comprises a plurality of fibrous elements and optionally, in one example always, a plurality of particles. The articles and/or fibrous structure products comprises one or more active agents, for example an effervescent agent, a fabric care active agent, a dishwashing active agent, a hard surface active agent, a tooth care active agent, a hair care active agent, and mixtures thereof, present in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In one example, an article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises one or more surfactants, for example two or more surfactants, and/or one or more enzymes (such as in the form of an enzyme prill), and/or one or more perfumes and/or one or more suds suppressors. In another example, an article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises a builder and/or a chelating agent. In another example, an article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises a bleaching agent (such as an encapsulated bleaching agent). In one example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a toilet bowl cleaning product. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a shampoo. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a hair conditioner. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a tooth care/cleaning product, with or without fluoride. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a hard surface cleaning product. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a face wash product. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a body wash product. In another example, the article and/or fibrous structure product is a laundry care product.
“Different from” or “different” as used herein means, with respect to a material, such as a fibrous element as a whole and/or a filament-forming material within a fibrous element and/or an active agent within a fibrous element, that one material, such as a fibrous element and/or a filament-forming material and/or an active agent, is chemically, physically and/or structurally different from another material, such as a fibrous element and/or a filament-forming material and/or an active agent. For example, a filament-forming material in the form of a filament is different from the same filament-forming material in the form of a fiber. Likewise, a starch polymer is different from a cellulose polymer. However, different molecular weights of the same material, such as different molecular weights of a starch, are not different materials from one another for purposes of the present invention.
“Random mixture of polymers” as used herein means that two or more different filament-forming materials are randomly combined to form a fibrous element. Accordingly, two or more different filament-forming materials that are orderly combined to form a fibrous element, such as a core and sheath bicomponent fibrous element, is not a random mixture of different filament-forming materials for purposes of the present invention.
“Associate,” “Associated,” “Association,” and/or “Associating” as used herein with respect to fibrous elements and/or particle means combining, either in direct contact or in indirect contact, fibrous elements and/or particles such that a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is formed. In one example, the associated fibrous elements and/or particles may be bonded together for example by adhesives and/or thermal bonds. In another example, the fibrous elements and/or particles may be associated with one another by being deposited onto the same fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product making belt and/or patterned belt.
“Aperture” as used herein means an opening or void or indentation in a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product which is distinct from the surrounding fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In one example, an aperture may comprise any feature where there is a localized disruption of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In one example, an aperture may comprise a local indentation or localized disruption of the basis weight, thickness, or caliper of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In another example, an aperture may be an opening in a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product wherein the opening passes substantially or completely through both generally planar surfaces of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product, through one generally planar surface of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product, or even through neither planar surface of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In another example, an aperture may be an opening in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product wherein there is a complete opening, partial opening, or even no apparent opening. In still another example, an aperture may comprise a feature which is an embossment in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In even another example, an aperture is an internal feature to a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product and/or multi-ply fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product wherein for example the aperture feature may be present on an internal ply of a multi-ply fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In even yet another example, an aperture comprises an opening or void or indentation in a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product wherein the opening or void or indentation is a non-random and/or designed and/or fabricated opening, void, or indentation rather than a random pore that exists between and/or amongst fibrous elements of a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product resulting from the collection and inter-entangling of fibrous elements on a collection device.
“Base Color,” as used herein, refers to a color that is used in the halftoning printing process as the foundation for creating additional colors. In some non-limiting embodiments, a base color is provided by a colored ink. Non-limiting examples of base colors may selected from the group consisting of: cyan, magenta, yellow, black, red, green, and blue-violet.
“Black”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which absorbs wavelengths in the entire spectral region of from about 380 nm to about 740 nm.
“Blue” or “Blue-violet”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which have a local maximum reflectance in the spectral region of from about 390 nm to about 490 nm.
“Cyan”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which have a local maximum reflectance in the spectral region of from about 390 nm to about 570 nm. In some embodiments, the local maximum reflectance is between the local maximum reflectance of the blue or blue-violet and green local maxima.
“Dot gain” is a phenomenon in printing which causes printed material to look darker than intended. It is caused by halftone dots growing in area between the original image (“input halftone”) and the image finally printed upon the web material (“output halftone”).
An “ink” is a liquid containing coloring matter, for imparting a particular hue to web materials. An ink may include dyes, pigments, organic pigments, inorganic pigments, and/or combinations thereof. A non-limiting example of an ink would encompass spot colors. Additional non-limiting examples of inks include inks having white color. Additional non-limiting examples of inks include hot melt inks.
“Green”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which have a local maximum reflectance in the spectral region of from about 491 nm to about 570 nm.
“Halftone” or “halftoning” as used herein, sometimes referred to as “screening,” is a printing technique that allows for less-than-full saturation of the primary colors. In halftoning, relatively small dots of each primary color are printed in a pattern small enough such that the average human observer perceives a single color. For example, magenta printed with a 20% halftone will appear to the average observer as the color pink. The reason for this is because, without wishing to be limited by theory, the average observer may perceive the tiny magenta dots and white paper between the dots as lighter, and less saturated, than the color of pure magenta ink.
“Hue” is the relative red, yellow, green, and blue-violet in a particular color. A ray can be created from the origin to any color within the two-dimensional a*b* space. Hue is the angle measured from 0° (the positive a* axis) to the created ray. Hue can be any value of between 0° to 360°. Lightness is determined from the L* value with higher values being more white and lower values being more black.
“Lab Color” or “L*a*b* Color Space,” as used herein, refers to a color model that is used by those of skill in the art to characterize and quantitatively describe perceived colors with a relatively high level of precision. More specifically, CIELab may be used to illustrate a gamut of color because L*a*b* color space has a relatively high degree of perceptual uniformity between colors. As a result, L*a*b* color space may be used to describe the gamut of colors that an ordinary observer may actually perceive visually.
“Magenta”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which have a local maximum reflectance in the spectral region of from about 390 nm to about 490 nm and 621 nm to about 740 nm.
“Process Printing,” as used herein, refers to the method of providing color prints using at least three of the primary of colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black. Each layer of color is added over a base substrate. In some embodiments, the base substrate is white or off-white in color. With the addition of each layer of color, certain amounts of light are absorbed (those of skill in the printing arts will understand that the inks actually “subtract” from the brightness of the white background), resulting in various colors. CMY (cyan, magenta, yellow) are used in combination to provide additional colors. Non-limiting examples of such colors are red, green, and blue. K (black) is used to provide alternate shades and pigments. One of skill in the art will appreciate that CMY may alternatively be used in combination to provide a black-type color.
“Red”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which has a local maximum reflectance in the spectral region of from about 621 nm to about 740 nm.
“Resultant Color,” as used herein, refers to the color that an ordinary observer perceives on the finished product of a halftone printing process. As exemplified herein, the resultant color of magenta printed at a 20% halftone is pink.
“Yellow”, as used herein, refers to a color and/or base color which have a local maximum reflectance in the spectral region of from about 571 nm to about 620 nm.
The term “graphic” refers to images or designs that are constituted by a figure (e.g., a line(s)), a symbol or character, a color difference or transition of at least two colors, or the like. A graphic may include an aesthetic image or design that can provide certain benefit(s) when viewed. A graphic may be in the form of a photographic image. A graphic may also be in the form of a 1-dimensional (1-D) or 2-dimensional (2-D) bar code or a quick response (QR) bar code. A graphic design is determined by, for example, the color(s) used in the graphic (individual pure ink or spot colors as well as built process colors), the sizes of the entire graphic (or components of the graphic), the positions of the graphic (or components of the graphic), the movements of the graphic (or components of the graphic), the geometrical shapes of the graphic (or components of the graphics), the number of colors in the graphic, the variations of the color combinations in the graphic, the number of graphics printed, the disappearance of color(s) in the graphic, and the contents of text messages in the graphic.
“Different in terms of graphic design” means that graphics are intended to be different when viewed by users or consumers with normal attentions. Thus, two graphics having a graphic difference(s) which are unintentionally caused due to a problem(s) or an error(s) in a manufacture process, for example, are not different from each other in terms of graphic design.
“Standard” or “standardized” refers to graphics, products, and/or articles that have the same aesthetic appearance without intending to be different from each other.
The term “custom” or “customized” refers to graphics, products, and/or articles that are changed to suit a small demographic, region, purchaser, customer, or the like. Custom graphics may be selected from a set of graphics. For example, custom graphics may include animal depictions selected from groups of animals, such as farm animals, sea creatures, birds, and the like. In other examples, custom graphics may include nursery rhymes and the like. In one scenario, custom products or articles may be created by a purchaser of such products or articles wherein the purchaser selects graphics for the articles or products from a set of graphics offered by a manufacturer of such articles or products. Custom graphics may also include “personalized” graphics, which may be graphics created for a particular purchaser. For example, personalized graphics may include a person's name alone or in combination with a design.
“Machine Direction” or “MD” as used herein means the direction parallel to the flow of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product through the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product making machine and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product manufacturing equipment.
“Cross Machine Direction” or “CD” as used herein means the direction perpendicular to the machine direction in the same plane of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous structure.
“Ply” or “Plies” as used herein means an individual fibrous structure optionally to be disposed in a substantially contiguous, face-to-face relationship with other plies, forming a multiple ply fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. It is also contemplated that a single fibrous structure can effectively form two “plies” or multiple “plies”, for example, by being folded on itself.
As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” when used herein, for example, “an anionic surfactant” or “a fiber” is understood to mean one or more of the material that is claimed or described.
All percentages and ratios are calculated by weight unless otherwise indicated. All percentages and ratios are calculated based on the total composition unless otherwise indicated.
Unless otherwise noted, all component or composition levels are in reference to the active level of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which may be present in commercially available sources.
The articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention comprise a graphic, for example a graphic printed thereon, such as on a surface of the article and/or fibrous structure product. As discussed below, the articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention may comprise a fibrous structure comprising fibrous elements, for example filaments, such as inter-entangled filaments. In turn, the fibrous elements, for example filaments may comprise one or more filament-forming materials. In addition to the one or more filament-forming materials, the fibrous elements, for example filaments, and/or the articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention may comprise one or more an active agents releasable from the fibrous elements, for example filaments, and/or from the articles and/or fibrous structure products when exposed to conditions of intended use. In addition, a graphic may be printed directly onto the article and/or fibrous structure product, for example onto a surface, such as an exterior surface of the article and/or fibrous structure product. In one example, the article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and one or more graphics form from ink may be printed directly on the first and/or second surfaces of the article and/or fibrous structure product. In some embodiments, the graphic comprises ink positioned on the first and/or second surface. It is also to be appreciated that the ink may penetrate into the fibrous structure below the surface on which the ink is applied. As such, the ink may reside on the fibrous structure and/or within the fibrous structure at various depths below the first and/or second surface. In some embodiments, the graphics may be applied such that the fibrous structures have various wet and/or dry ink adhesion ratings. In addition, the graphics may be applied such that the fibrous structure may exhibit desired certain physical properties, such as for example, desired ranges of a geometric mean modulus, geometric mean elongation, and/or geometric means tensile strength. In addition, a graphic may be printed directly on the fibrous structure such that the graphic can be defined by the difference in CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by systems of equations. Definitions and explanations of various terms used herein are provided below.
In one example, the graphic-containing article, for example graphic-containing soluble article and/or graphic-containing fibrous structure product comprises a graphic formed from an ink such that the soluble article exhibits a % Ink Coverage Area of less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or greater than 5% and/or greater than 8% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or from about 5% to about 45% and/or from about 8% to about 45% and/or from about 10% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 45% and/or from about 15% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 40% and/or from about 20% to about 35% and/or from about 25% to about 35% as measured according to the % Ink Coverage Test Method described herein.
In one example, upon dissolution, for example in water after rubbing in hands for 5 and/or 10 and/or 20 strokes, show no visible remnants of the ink. In other words after rubbing in hands for 5 and/or 10 and/or 20 strokes no remnant of the ink is visible.
The article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit a water content (% moisture) from 0% to about 20%; in certain embodiments, fibrous structures can have a water content from about 1% to about 15%; and in certain embodiments, fibrous structures can have a water content from about 5% to about 10%.
The article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit a geometric mean TEA of about 100 g*in/in2 or more, and/or about 150 g*in/in2 or more, and/or about 200 g*in/in2 or more, and/or about 300 g*in/in2 or more according to the Tensile Test Method described herein.
The article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit a geometric mean modulus of about 5000 g/cm or less, and/or 4000 g/cm or less, and/or about 3500 g/cm or less, and/or about 3000 g/cm or less, and/or about 2700 g/cm or less according to the Tensile Test Method described herein.
The article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit a geometric mean peak elongation of about 10% or greater, and/or about 20% or greater, and/or about 30% or greater, and/or about 50% or greater, and/or about 60% or greater, and/or about 65% or greater, and/or about 70% or greater as measured according to the Tensile Test Method described herein.
The article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit a geometric mean tensile strength of about 200 g/in or more, and/or about 300 g/in or more, and/or about 400 g/in or more, and/or about 500 g/in or more, and/or about 600 g/in or more as measure according to the Tensile Test Method described herein.
Additional, non-limiting examples of other suitable fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US2013/0171421A1 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,980,816 and 9,139,802, hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The graphics formed from ink may be printed on fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products. Printing may be characterized as an industrial process, for example a continuous and/or online process or an offline process, in which a graphic is reproduced on a sheet.
It is to be appreciated that the printing station 308 may be configured in various ways and may include various types of printing accessories. For example, in some embodiments, the printing station may include a printer in the form of an ink-jet printer. Ink-jet printing, where the ink is ink-jetted onto the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product, is a non-impact dot-matrix printing technology in which droplets of ink are jetted from a small aperture directly to a specified position on a media to create a graphic. Two examples of inkjet technologies include thermal bubble or bubble jet and piezoelectric. Thermal bubble uses heat to apply to the ink, while piezoelectric uses a crystal and an electric charge to apply the ink. In some configurations, the printing station may include a corona treater, which may be positioned upstream of the printer. The corona treater may be configured to increase the surface energy of the surface of the web material to be printed. In some configurations, the printing station may also include an ink curing apparatus. In some configurations, the ink curing apparatus may be in the form of an ultraviolet (UV) light source that may include one or more ultraviolet (UV) lamps, which may be positioned downstream of the printer to help cure inks deposited onto the web material from the printer to form the graphics. In some configurations, the ink curing apparatus may also include an infrared (IR) dryer light source that may include one or more infrared (IR) lamps, which may be positioned downstream of the printer to help dry water-based or solvent-based inks deposited onto the web material from the printer to form the graphics. In some configurations, the ink curing apparatus may include an electron beam (EB or e-beam) generator that may include one or more e-beam electrodes, which may be positioned downstream of the printer to help cure inks deposited onto the web material from the printer to form the graphics.
It is it to be appreciated that various types of printing processes may be used to create the graphics disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, flexography may be used. In particular, flexography may utilize printing plates made of rubber or plastic with a slightly raised image thereon. The inked plates are rotated on a cylinder which transfers the image to the sheet. Flexography may be a relatively high-speed print process that uses fast-drying inks. Other embodiments may utilize gravure printing. More particularly, gravure printing utilizes an image etched on the surface of a metal plate. The etched area is filled with ink and the plate is rotated on a cylinder that transfers the image to the sheet. In some embodiments, printing devices such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0222576A1 may be used.
In addition to the aforementioned various types of printing processes, it is to be appreciated that various types of inks or ink systems may be applied to various types of sheets to create the disclosed patterns, such as solvent-based, water-based, and UV-cured inks. Some embodiments may utilize inks such as Artistri® Inks available from DuPont™, including 500 Series Acid Dye Ink; 5000 Series Pigment Ink; 700 Series Acid Dye Ink; 700 Series Disperse Dye Ink; 700 Series Reactive Dye Ink; 700 Series Pigment Ink; 2500 Series Acid Dye Ink; 2500 Series Disperse Dye Ink; 2500 Series Reactive Dye Ink; 2500 Series Pigment Dye Ink; 3500 Series Disperse Dye Ink; 3500 Series Pigment Dye Ink; and Solar Brite™ Ink. Ink such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,137,721 may also be utilized. Water-based inks that may be utilized are available from Environmental Inks and Coatings Corporation, Morganton, N.C., under the following code numbers: EH034677 (yellow); EH057960 (magenta); EH028676 (cyan); EH092391 (black); EH034676 (orange); and EH064447 (green). Some embodiments may utilized water based inks composed of food-grade ingredients and formulated to be printed directly onto ingestible food or drug products, such as Candymark Series inks available in colors such as black pro, red pro, blue pro, and yellow pro, available from Inkcups located in Danvers, Mass. Other broad ranges of general purpose and specialty inks may also be used, including food grade inks available from Videojet Technologies Inc. located in Wood Dale, Ill.
The primary difference among the ink systems is the method used for drying or curing the ink. For example, solvent-based and water-based inks are dried by evaporation, while UV-cured inks are cured by chemical reactions. Inks may also include components, such as solvents, colorants, resins, additives, and (for ultraviolet inks only) UV-curing compounds, that are responsible for various functions. In some embodiments, a multi-stage printing system may be utilized.
In some embodiments, to improve ink rub-off resistance, ink compositions used herein may contain a wax. Such waxes may include a polyethylene wax emulsion. Addition of a wax to the ink composition may enhances rub resistance by setting up a barrier which inhibits the physical disruption of the ink film after application of the ink to the fibrous sheet. Based on weight percent solids of the total ink composition, addition ranges for the wax may be from about 0.5% solids to 10% solids. An example polyethylene wax emulsion is JONWAX 26 supplied by S.C. Johnson & Sons, Inc. of Racine, Wis.
As discussed above with reference to
It is to be appreciated that the fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products with graphics printed thereon may have various ink adhesion ratings. For example, it may be desirable for a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to have a dry average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater, 3.0 or greater, or 4.0 or greater as measured with the Dry Ink Adhesion Rating Test Method herein. Further, it may be desirable for a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to have a wet average ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater, 3.0 or greater, or 4.0 or greater as measured with the Wet Ink Adhesion Rating Test Method herein. It is to be appreciated that a dry ink adhesion rating and/or wet ink adhesion rating of at least about 1.5 or greater is an indication of a desired level of resistance to ink rub off.
As previously mentioned, the graphics herein may include any color. For example, in some embodiments, a graphic includes a primary color selected from the group consisting of: cyan, yellow, magenta, and black. It is also to be appreciated that the primary colors may have various optical densities. For example, in some embodiments, the primary color of cyan has an optical density of greater than about 0.05. In other embodiments, the primary color of yellow has an optical density of greater than about 0.05. In still other embodiments, the primary color of magenta has an optical density of greater than about 0.05. In yet other embodiments, the primary color of black has an optical density of greater than about 0.05. In one example, the ink is a spot color.
A color's identification is determined according to the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* Color Space (hereinafter “CIELab”). CIELab is a mathematical color scale based on the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (hereinafter “CIE”) 1976 standard. CIELab allows a color to be plotted in a three-dimensional space analogous to the Cartesian xyz space. Any color may be plotted in CIELab according to the three values (L*, a*, b*). For example, there is an origin with two axis a* and b* that are coplanar and perpendicular, as well as an L-axis which is perpendicular to the a* and b* axes, and intersects those axes only at the origin. A negative a* value represents green and a positive a* value represents red. CIELab has the colors blue-violet to yellow on what is traditionally the y-axis in Cartesian xyz space. CIELab identifies this axis as the b*-axis. Negative b* values represent blue-violet and positive b* values represent yellow. CIELab has lightness on what is traditionally the z-axis in Cartesian xyz space. CIELab identifies this axis as the L-axis. The L*-axis ranges in value from 100, which is white, to 0, which is black. An L* value of 50 represents a mid-tone gray (provided that a* and b* are 0). Any color may be plotted in CIELab according to the three values (L*, a*, b*). As described herein, equal distances in CIELab space correspond to approximately uniform changes in perceived color. As a result, one of skill in the art is able to approximate perceptual differences between any two colors by treating each color as a different point in a three dimensional, Euclidian, coordinate system, and calculating the Euclidian distance between the two points (ΔE*ab).
The three dimensional CIELab allows the three color components of chroma, hue, and lightness to be calculated. Within the two-dimensional space formed from the a-axis and b-axis, the components of hue and chroma can be determined. Chroma, (C*), is the relative saturation of the perceived color and can be determined by the distance from the origin in the a*b* plane. Chroma, for a particular a*, b* set can be calculated as follows:
C*=(a*2+b*2)1/2
For example, a color with a*b* values of (10,0) would exhibit a lesser chroma than a color with a*b* values of (20,0). The latter color would be perceived qualitatively as being “more red” than the former. Hue is the relative red, yellow, green, and blue-violet in a particular color. A ray can be created from the origin to any color within the two-dimensional a*b* space.
With reference to the CIELab coordinate system referred to above, a web may include: a fibrous structure comprising: filament-forming material; and an active agent releasable from the fibrous structure when exposed to conditions of intended use. A graphic printed directly on the fibrous structure, the graphic comprising L*a*b* color values, the graphic being defined by the difference in CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=−13.0 to −10.0;b*=7.6 to 15.5}-->b*=2.645a*+41.869
{a*=−10.0 to −2.1;b*=15.5 to 27.0}-->b*=1.456a*+30.028
{a*=−2.1 to 4.8;b*=27.0 to 24.9}-->b*=−0.306a*+26.363
{a*=4.8 to 20.9;b*=24.9 to 15.2}-->>b*=−0.601a*+27.791
{a*=20.9 to 23.4;b*=15.2 to −4.0}-->b*=−7.901a*+180.504
{a*=23.4 to 20.3;b*=−4.0 to −10.3}-->b*=2.049a*−51.823
{a*=20.3 to 6.6;b*=−10.3 to −19.3}-->b*=0.657a*−23.639
{a*=6.6 to −5.1;b*=−19.3 to −18.0}-->b*=−0.110a*−18.575
{a*=−5.1 to −9.2;b*=−18.0 to −7.1}-->b*=−2.648a*−31.419
{a*=−9.2 to −13.0;b*=−7.1 to 7.6}-->b*=−3.873a*−42.667; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100.
It is to be appreciated that the printed webs or fibrous structures herein may be used in various applications. In some embodiments, the webs or fibrous structures may be used to form a pouch, such as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0071572, which is incorporated by reference herein. For example, the webs or fibrous structures may be configured to a pouch wall material that forms one or more of the walls of a pouch such that an internal volume of the pouch is defined and enclosed, at least partially or entirely by the pouch wall material. In some applications, contents of the pouch, for example active agents in the form of powder, laundry detergent compositions, dishwashing compositions, and other cleaning compositions, may be contained and retained in the internal volume of the pouch at least until the pouch ruptures, for example during use and it releases its contents. Thus, the pouch wall material made from webs or fibrous materials herein may include a printed graphic that may be positioned on an internal and/or external wall surface of the pouch. A graphic positioned on an internal wall surface of a pouch may be configured to be visible from the external wall surface.
As discussed above, a fibrous structure and a graphic printed directly on the fibrous structure. The fibrous structure may include filaments; wherein the filaments include filament-forming material; and an active agent releasable from the filaments when exposed to conditions of intended use. The fibrous structure may also include a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and the graphic may include ink positioned on the first surface. As such, the fibrous structure may be formed as a pouch wall material that defines an internal volume of a pouch. Thus, the first surface may face the internal volume of the pouch. And the first surface may face away from the internal volume of the pouch.
Non-limiting examples of processes for printing graphics on articles, for example soluble articles, are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0159330, which is incorporate herein by reference.
Fibrous Structure and/or Article and/or Fibrous Structure Product
The fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises a plurality of fibrous elements, for example a plurality of filaments, and one or more particles, for example one or more active agent-containing particles, such as water-soluble, active agent-containing particles.
In one example, the fibrous elements and/or particles may be arranged within the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to provide the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product with two or more regions that comprise different active agents. For example, one region of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise bleaching agents and/or surfactants and another region of the fibrous structure may comprise softening agents.
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Even though the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention are in solid form, the filament-forming composition used to make the fibrous elements of the present invention may be in the form of a liquid.
In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises a plurality of identical or substantially identical from a compositional perspective of fibrous elements and/or particles according to the present invention. In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise two or more different fibrous elements and/or particles according to the present invention. Non-limiting examples of differences in the fibrous elements and/or particles may be physical differences such as differences in diameter, length, texture, shape, rigidness, elasticity, and the like; chemical differences such as crosslinking level, solubility, melting point, Tg, active agent, filament-forming material, color, level of active agent, basis weight, density, level of filament-forming material, presence of any coating on fibrous element, biodegradable or not, hydrophobic or not, contact angle, and the like; differences in whether the fibrous element and/or particle loses its physical structure when the fibrous element and/or particle is exposed to conditions of intended use; differences in whether the fibrous element's and/or particle's morphology changes when the fibrous element and/or particle is exposed to conditions of intended use; and differences in rate at which the fibrous element and/or particle releases one or more of its active agents when the fibrous element and/or particle is exposed to conditions of intended use. In one example, two or more fibrous elements and/or particles within the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise different active agents. This may be the case where the different active agents may be incompatible with one another, for example an anionic surfactant (such as a shampoo active agent) and a cationic surfactant (such as a hair conditioner active agent).
In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may exhibit different regions, such as different regions of basis weight, density and/or caliper. In yet another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise texture on one or more of its surfaces. A surface of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise a pattern, such as a non-random, repeating pattern. The fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may be embossed with an emboss pattern. In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise apertures. The apertures may be arranged in a non-random, repeating pattern.
In another example of the present invention, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises one or more apertures and thus is an apertured fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises a plurality of apertures. The apertures may be arranged in a pattern, for example a repeating pattern, such as a non-random, repeating pattern, and/or a non-repeating pattern.
Apertures within the apertured fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may be of virtually any shape and size. In one example, the apertures within the apertured fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products are generally round or oblong shaped, in a regular pattern of spaced apart openings. In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprises two or more apertures that are spaced apart from one another at a distance of from about 0.2 mm to about 100 mm and/or from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm.
Aperturing of fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products, for example soluble fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products, can be accomplished by any number of techniques. For example, aperturing can be accomplished by various processes involving bonding and stretching, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,949,127 and 5,873,868. In one embodiment, the apertures may be formed by forming a plurality of spaced, melt stabilized regions, and then ring-rolling the web to stretch the web and form apertures in the melt stabilized regions, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,628,097 and 5,916,661, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. In another embodiment, apertures can be formed in a multilayer, fibrous structure configuration by the method described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,830,800 and 6,863,960 which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Still another process for aperturing webs is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,241,543 entitled “Method And Apparatus For Making An Apertured Web”, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of processes for imparting apertures to a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention include embossing, rodding, rotary knife aperturing, pinning, die cutting, die punching, needlepunching, knurling, crush cutting, shear cutting, pneumatic forming, hydraulic forming, laser cutting, and tufting. In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises pinning-imparted apertures. In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises rodding-imparted apertures. In another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises rotary knife aperturing-imparted apertures. In still another example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may comprise apertures that have been imparted to the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product by different types of aperturing processes.
In one example, apertures may be imparted to a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product during forming of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product on a collection device, such as a patterned belt, that has features, for example depressions and/or protrusions that impart apertures to the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product upon the fibrous elements contacting the collection device during formation.
In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise discrete regions of fibrous elements that differ from other parts of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product.
Non-limiting examples of use of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention include, but are not limited to a laundry dryer substrate, washing machine substrate, washcloth, hard surface cleaning and/or polishing substrate, floor cleaning and/or polishing substrate, as a component in a battery, baby wipe, adult wipe, feminine hygiene wipe, bath tissue wipe, window cleaning substrate, oil containment and/or scavenging substrate, insect repellant substrate, swimming pool chemical substrate, food, breath freshener, deodorant, waste disposal bag, packaging film and/or wrap, wound dressing, medicine delivery, building insulation, crops and/or plant cover and/or bedding, glue substrate, skin care substrate, hair care substrate, air care substrate, water treatment substrate and/or filter, toilet bowl cleaning substrate, candy substrate, pet food, livestock bedding, teeth whitening substrates, carpet cleaning substrates, and other suitable uses of the active agents of the present invention.
The fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may be used as is or may be coated with one or more active agents.
In one example, the article, for example fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit an average disintegration time of less than 360 seconds (s) and/or less than 200 s and/or less than 100 s and/or less than 60 s and/or less than 30 s, and/or less than 10 s and/or less than 5 s and/or less than 2.0 s and/or less than 1.5 s and/or about 0 s and/or greater than 0 s as measured according to the Dissolution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the article, for example fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit an average dissolution time of less than 3600 seconds (s) and/or less than 3000 s and/or less than 2400 s and/or less than 1800 s and/or less than 1200 s and/or less than 600 s and/or less than 400 s and/or less than 300 s and/or less than 200 s and/or less than 175 s and/or less than 100 s and/or less than 50 s and/or greater than 1 s as measured according to the Dissolution Test Method described herein.
In another example, the article, for example fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention exhibits an average dissolution time of less than 24 hours and/or less than 12 hours and/or less than 6 hours and/or less than 1 hour (3600 seconds) and/or less than 30 minutes and/or less than 25 minutes and/or less than 20 minutes and/or less than 15 minutes and/or less than 10 minutes and/or less than 5 minutes and/or greater than 1 second and/or greater than 5 seconds and/or greater than 10 seconds and/or greater than 30 seconds and/or greater than 1 minute as measured according to the Dissolution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the article, for example fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit an average disintegration time per gsm of sample of about 1.0 second/gsm (s/gsm) or less, and/or about 0.5 s/gsm or less, and/or about 0.2 s/gsm or less, and/or about 0.1 s/gsm or less, and/or about 0.05 s/gsm or less, and/or about 0.03 s/gsm or less as measured according to the Dissolution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the article, for example fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may exhibit an average dissolution time per gsm of sample of about 10 seconds/gsm (s/gsm) or less, and/or about 5.0 s/gsm or less, and/or about 3.0 s/gsm or less, and/or about 2.0 s/gsm or less, and/or about 1.8 s/gsm or less, and/or about 1.5 s/gsm or less as measured according to the Dissolution Test Method described herein.
In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention exhibits a thickness of greater than 0.01 mm and/or greater than 0.05 mm and/or greater than 0.1 mm and/or to about 100 mm and/or to about 50 mm and/or to about 20 mm and/or to about 10 mm and/or to about 5 mm and/or to about 2 mm and/or to about 0.5 mm and/or to about 0.3 mm as measured by the Thickness Test Method described herein.
The particles may be water-soluble or water-insoluble. In one example, one group of particles may be water-soluble and a different group of particles may be water-insoluble. In another example, the particles may comprise one or more active agents (in other words, the particles may comprises active agent-containing particles). In still another example, the particles may consist essentially of and/or consist of one or more active agents (in other words, the particles may comprise 100% or about 100% by weight on a dry particle basis of one or more active agents). In still another example, the particles may comprise water-soluble particles. In yet another example, the particles may comprise water-soluble, active agent-containing particles.
In one example, the particles comprise agglomerates of different materials, for example different sub-particles, such as one or more surfactant particles, for example an anionic surfactant such as a linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) as described herein, a builder, for example zeolite, an effervescent agent, for example sodium bicarbonate, a pH adjusting agent, such as citric acid, and a polymer, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone.
In one example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention comprises a plurality of particles and a plurality of fibrous elements, for example filaments, at a weight ratio of particles to fibrous elements of from about 3:1 to about 20:1 and/or from about 5:1 to about 15:1 and/or from about 5:1 to about 12:1 and/or from about 7:1 to about 12:1.
Non-limiting examples of articles, for example fibrous structures comprising particles are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,980,816, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The fibrous elements may be water-soluble or water-insoluble. In one example, the fibrous elements comprise one or more filament-forming materials. In another example, the fibrous elements comprise one or more active agents. In still another example, the fibrous elements comprise one or more filament-forming materials and one or more active agents. In another example, the fibrous elements are water-soluble fibrous elements.
The fibrous element, such as a filament and/or fiber, of the present invention comprises one or more filament-forming materials. In addition to the filament-forming materials, the fibrous element may further comprise one or more active agents that are releasable from the fibrous element, such as when the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous element is exposed to conditions of intended use. In one example, the total level of the one or more filament-forming materials present in the fibrous element is less than 80% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis and the total level of the one or more active agents present in the fibrous element is greater than 20% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis.
In one example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises about 100% and/or greater than 95% and/or greater than 90% and/or greater than 85% and/or greater than 75% and/or greater than 50% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of one or more filament-forming materials. For example, the filament-forming material may comprise polyvinyl alcohol, starch, carboxymethylcellulose, and other suitable polymers, especially hydroxyl polymers.
In another example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises one or more filament-forming materials and one or more active agents wherein the total level of filament-forming materials present in the fibrous element is from about 5% to less than 80% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis and the total level of active agents present in the fibrous element is greater than 20% to about 95% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
In one example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises at least 10% and/or at least 15% and/or at least 20% and/or less than less than 80% and/or less than 75% and/or less than 65% and/or less than 60% and/or less than 55% and/or less than 50% and/or less than 45% and/or less than 40% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of the filament-forming materials and greater than 20% and/or at least 35% and/or at least 40% and/or at least 45% and/or at least 50% and/or at least 60% and/or less than 95% and/or less than 90% and/or less than 85% and/or less than 80% and/or less than 75% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of active agents.
In one example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises at least 5% and/or at least 10% and/or at least 15% and/or at least 20% and/or less than 50% and/or less than 45% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 30% and/or less than 25% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of the filament-forming materials and greater than 50% and/or at least 55% and/or at least 60% and/or at least 65% and/or at least 70% and/or less than 95% and/or less than 90% and/or less than 85% and/or less than 80% and/or less than 75% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of active agents. In one example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises greater than 80% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of active agents.
In another example, the one or more filament-forming materials and active agents are present in the fibrous element at a weight ratio of total level of filament-forming materials to active agents of 4.0 or less and/or 3.5 or less and/or 3.0 or less and/or 2.5 or less and/or 2.0 or less and/or 1.85 or less and/or less than 1.7 and/or less than 1.6 and/or less than 1.5 and/or less than 1.3 and/or less than 1.2 and/or less than 1 and/or less than 0.7 and/or less than 0.5 and/or less than 0.4 and/or less than 0.3 and/or greater than 0.1 and/or greater than 0.15 and/or greater than 0.2.
In still another example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises from about 10% and/or from about 15% to less than 80% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis of a filament-forming material, such as polyvinyl alcohol polymer, starch polymer, and/or carboxymethylcellulose polymer, and greater than 20% to about 90% and/or to about 85% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of an active agent. The fibrous element may further comprise a plasticizer, such as glycerin and/or pH adjusting agents, such as citric acid.
In yet another example, the fibrous element of the present invention comprises from about 10% and/or from about 15% to less than 80% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of a filament-forming material, such as polyvinyl alcohol polymer, starch polymer, and/or carboxymethylcellulose polymer, and greater than 20% to about 90% and/or to about 85% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis of an active agent, wherein the weight ratio of filament-forming material to active agent is 4.0 or less. The fibrous element may further comprise a plasticizer, such as glycerin and/or pH adjusting agents, such as citric acid.
In even another example of the present invention, a fibrous element comprises one or more filament-forming materials and one or more active agents selected from the group consisting of: enzymes, bleaching agents, builder, chelants, sensates, dispersants, and mixtures thereof that are releasable and/or released when the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous element is exposed to conditions of intended use. In one example, the fibrous element comprises a total level of filament-forming materials of less than 95% and/or less than 90% and/or less than 80% and/or less than 50% and/or less than 35% and/or to about 5% and/or to about 10% and/or to about 20% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis and a total level of active agents selected from the group consisting of: enzymes, bleaching agents, builder, chelants, perfumes, antimicrobials, antibacterials, antifungals, and mixtures thereof of greater than 5% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 35% and/or greater than 50% and/or greater than 65% and/or to about 95% and/or to about 90% and/or to about 80% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis. In one example, the active agent comprises one or more enzymes. In another example, the active agent comprises one or more bleaching agents. In yet another example, the active agent comprises one or more builders. In still another example, the active agent comprises one or more chelants. In still another example, the active agent comprises one or more perfumes. In even still another example, the active agent comprises one or more antimicrobials, antibacterials, and/or antifungals.
In yet another example of the present invention, the fibrous elements of the present invention may comprise active agents that may create health and/or safety concerns if they become airborne. For example, the fibrous element may be used to inhibit enzymes within the fibrous element from becoming airborne.
In one example, the fibrous elements of the present invention may be meltblown fibrous elements. In another example, the fibrous elements of the present invention may be spunbond fibrous elements. In another example, the fibrous elements may be hollow fibrous elements prior to and/or after release of one or more of its active agents.
The fibrous elements of the present invention may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The fibrous elements may be surface treated and/or internally treated to change the inherent hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the fibrous element.
In one example, the fibrous element exhibits a diameter of less than 100 μm and/or less than 75 μm and/or less than 50 μm and/or less than 25 μm and/or less than 10 μm and/or less than 5 μm and/or less than 1 μm as measured according to the Diameter Test Method described herein. In another example, the fibrous element of the present invention exhibits a diameter of greater than 1 μm as measured according to the Diameter Test Method described herein. The diameter of a fibrous element of the present invention may be used to control the rate of release of one or more active agents present in the fibrous element and/or the rate of loss and/or altering of the fibrous element's physical structure.
The fibrous element may comprise two or more different active agents. In one example, the fibrous element comprises two or more different active agents, wherein the two or more different active agents are compatible with one another. In another example, the fibrous element comprises two or more different active agents, wherein the two or more different active agents are incompatible with one another.
In one example, the fibrous element may comprise an active agent within the fibrous element and an active agent on an external surface of the fibrous element, such as an active agent coating on the fibrous element. The active agent on the external surface of the fibrous element may be the same or different from the active agent present in the fibrous element. If different, the active agents may be compatible or incompatible with one another.
In one example, one or more active agents may be uniformly distributed or substantially uniformly distributed throughout the fibrous element. In another example, one or more active agents may be distributed as discrete regions within the fibrous element. In still another example, at least one active agent is distributed uniformly or substantially uniformly throughout the fibrous element and at least one other active agent is distributed as one or more discrete regions within the fibrous element. In still yet another example, at least one active agent is distributed as one or more discrete regions within the fibrous element and at least one other active agent is distributed as one or more discrete regions different from the first discrete regions within the fibrous element.
The filament-forming material is any suitable material, such as a polymer or monomers capable of producing a polymer that exhibits properties suitable for making a filament, such as by a spinning process.
In one example, the filament-forming material may comprise a polar solvent-soluble material, such as an alcohol-soluble material and/or a water-soluble material.
In another example, the filament-forming material may comprise a non-polar solvent-soluble material.
In still another example, the filament-forming material may comprise a water-soluble material and be free (less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or less than 1% and/or 0% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis) of water-insoluble materials.
In yet another example, the filament-forming material may be a film-forming material. In still yet another example, the filament-forming material may be synthetic or of natural origin and it may be chemically, enzymatically, and/or physically modified.
In even another example of the present invention, the filament-forming material may comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polymers derived from acrylic monomers such as the unsaturated carboxylic monomers and ethylenically unsaturated monomers, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylformamide, polyvinylamine, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, copolymers of acrylic acid and methyl acrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyalkylene oxides, starch and starch derivatives, pullulan, gelatin, and cellulose derivatives (for example, hydroxypropylmethyl celluloses, methyl celluloses, carboxymethy celluloses).
In still another example, the filament-forming material may comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol derivatives, starch, starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, proteins, sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, polyethylene glycol, tetramethylene ether glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
In another example, the filament-forming material comprises a polymer is selected from the group consisting of: pullulan, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, tragacanth gum, guar gum, acacia gum, Arabic gum, polyacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate copolymer, carboxyvinyl polymer, dextrin, pectin, chitin, levan, elsinan, collagen, gelatin, zein, gluten, soy protein, casein, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxylated polyvinyl alcohol, sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol, starch, starch derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, proteins, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, polyethylene glycol, tetramethylene ether glycol, hydroxymethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
Non-limiting examples of water-soluble materials include water-soluble polymers. The water-soluble polymers may be synthetic or natural original and may be chemically and/or physically modified. In one example, the polar solvent-soluble polymers exhibit a weight average molecular weight of at least 10,000 g/mol and/or at least 20,000 g/mol and/or at least 40,000 g/mol and/or at least 80,000 g/mol and/or at least 100,000 g/mol and/or at least 1,000,000 g/mol and/or at least 3,000,000 g/mol and/or at least 10,000,000 g/mol and/or at least 20,000,000 g/mol and/or to about 40,000,000 g/mol and/or to about 30,000,000 g/mol.
Non-limiting examples of water-soluble polymers include water-soluble hydroxyl polymers, water-soluble thermoplastic polymers, water-soluble biodegradable polymers, water-soluble non-biodegradable polymers and mixtures thereof. In one example, the water-soluble polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol. In another example, the water-soluble polymer comprises starch. In yet another example, the water-soluble polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol and starch. In yet another example, the water-soluble polymer comprises carboxymethyl cellulose. And yet in another example, the polymer comprise carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol.
a. Water-Soluble Hydroxyl Polymers—
Non-limiting examples of water-soluble hydroxyl polymers in accordance with the present invention include polyols, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, starch, starch derivatives, starch copolymers, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, chitosan copolymers, cellulose derivatives such as cellulose ether and ester derivatives, cellulose copolymers, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, hemicellulose copolymers, gums, arabinans, galactans, proteins, carboxymethylcellulose, and various other polysaccharides and mixtures thereof.
In one example, a water-soluble hydroxyl polymer of the present invention comprises a polysaccharide.
“Polysaccharides” as used herein means natural polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives and/or modified polysaccharides. Suitable water-soluble polysaccharides include, but are not limited to, starches, starch derivatives, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, gums, arabinans, galactans and mixtures thereof. The water-soluble polysaccharide may exhibit a weight average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 40,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than 100,000 g/mol and/or greater than 1,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than 3,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than 3,000,000 to about 40,000,000 g/mol.
The water-soluble polysaccharides may comprise non-cellulose and/or non-cellulose derivative and/or non-cellulose copolymer water-soluble polysaccharides. Such non-cellulose water-soluble polysaccharides may be selected from the group consisting of: starches, starch derivatives, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, gums, arabinans, galactans and mixtures thereof.
In another example, a water-soluble hydroxyl polymer of the present invention comprises a non-thermoplastic polymer.
The water-soluble hydroxyl polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of from about 10,000 g/mol to about 40,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than 100,000 g/mol and/or greater than 1,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than 3,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than 3,000,000 g/mol to about 40,000,000 g/mol. Higher and lower molecular weight water-soluble hydroxyl polymers may be used in combination with hydroxyl polymers having a certain desired weight average molecular weight.
Well known modifications of water-soluble hydroxyl polymers, such as natural starches, include chemical modifications and/or enzymatic modifications. For example, natural starch can be acid-thinned, hydroxy-ethylated, hydroxy-propylated, and/or oxidized. In addition, the water-soluble hydroxyl polymer may comprise dent corn starch.
Naturally occurring starch is generally a mixture of linear amylose and branched amylopectin polymer of D-glucose units. The amylose is a substantially linear polymer of D-glucose units joined by (1,4)-α-D links. The amylopectin is a highly branched polymer of D-glucose units joined by (1,4)-α-D links and (1,6)-α-D links at the branch points. Naturally occurring starch typically contains relatively high levels of amylopectin, for example, corn starch (64-80% amylopectin), waxy maize (93-100% amylopectin), rice (83-84% amylopectin), potato (about 78% amylopectin), and wheat (73-83% amylopectin). Though all starches are potentially useful herein, the present invention is most commonly practiced with high amylopectin natural starches derived from agricultural sources, which offer the advantages of being abundant in supply, easily replenishable and inexpensive.
As used herein, “starch” includes any naturally occurring unmodified starches, modified starches, synthetic starches and mixtures thereof, as well as mixtures of the amylose or amylopectin fractions; the starch may be modified by physical, chemical, or biological processes, or combinations thereof. The choice of unmodified or modified starch for the present invention may depend on the end product desired. In one embodiment of the present invention, the starch or starch mixture useful in the present invention has an amylopectin content from about 20% to about 100%, more typically from about 40% to about 90%, even more typically from about 60% to about 85% by weight of the starch or mixtures thereof.
Suitable naturally occurring starches can include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, wheat starch, sago palm starch, tapioca starch, rice starch, soybean starch, arrow root starch, amioca starch, bracken starch, lotus starch, waxy maize starch, and high amylose corn starch. Naturally occurring starches particularly, corn starch and wheat starch, are the preferred starch polymers due to their economy and availability.
Polyvinyl alcohols herein can be grafted with other monomers to modify its properties. A wide range of monomers has been successfully grafted to polyvinyl alcohol. Non-limiting examples of such monomers include vinyl acetate, styrene, acrylamide, acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, sodium vinylsulfonate, sodium allylsulfonate, sodium methylallyl sulfonate, sodium phenylallylether sulfonate, sodium phenylmethallylether sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPs), vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, vinyl amine and a variety of acrylate esters.
In one example, the water-soluble hydroxyl polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polyvinyl alcohols, hydroxymethylcelluloses, hydroxyethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, carboxymethylcelluloses, and mixtures thereof. A non-limiting example of a suitable polyvinyl alcohol includes those commercially available from Sekisui Specialty Chemicals America, LLC (Dallas, Tex.) under the CELVOL® trade name. Another non-limiting example of a suitable polyvinyl alcohol includes G Polymer commercially available from Nippon Ghosei. A non-limiting example of a suitable hydroxypropylmethylcellulose includes those commercially available from the Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Mich.) under the METHOCEL® trade name including combinations with above mentioned polyvinyl alcohols.
b. Water-Soluble Thermoplastic Polymers—
Non-limiting examples of suitable water-soluble thermoplastic polymers include thermoplastic starch and/or starch derivatives, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polycaprolactone, polyesteramides and certain polyesters, and mixtures thereof.
The water-soluble thermoplastic polymers of the present invention may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The water-soluble thermoplastic polymers may be surface treated and/or internally treated to change the inherent hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the thermoplastic polymer.
The water-soluble thermoplastic polymers may comprise biodegradable polymers.
Any suitable weight average molecular weight for the thermoplastic polymers may be used. For example, the weight average molecular weight for a thermoplastic polymer in accordance with the present invention is greater than about 10,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 40,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 50,000 g/mol and/or less than about 500,000 g/mol and/or less than about 400,000 g/mol and/or less than about 200,000 g/mol.
Active agents are a class of additives that are designed and intended to provide a benefit to something other than the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product itself, such as providing a benefit to an environment external to the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. Active agents may be any suitable additive that produces an intended effect under intended use conditions of the fibrous element. For example, the active agent may be selected from the group consisting of: personal cleansing and/or conditioning agents such as hair care agents such as shampoo agents and/or hair colorant agents, hair conditioning agents, skin care agents, sunscreen agents, and skin conditioning agents; laundry care and/or conditioning agents such as fabric care agents, fabric conditioning agents, fabric softening agents, fabric anti-wrinkling agents, fabric care anti-static agents, fabric care stain removal agents, soil release agents, dispersing agents, suds suppressing agents, suds boosting agents, anti-foam agents, and fabric refreshing agents; liquid and/or powder dishwashing agents (for hand dishwashing and/or automatic dishwashing machine applications), hard surface care agents, and/or conditioning agents and/or polishing agents; other cleaning and/or conditioning agents such as antimicrobial agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, fabric hueing agents, perfume, bleaching agents (such as oxygen bleaching agents, hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate bleaching agents, perborate bleaching agents, chlorine bleaching agents), bleach activating agents, chelating agents, builders, lotions, brightening agents, air care agents, carpet care agents, dye transfer-inhibiting agents, clay soil removing agents, anti-redeposition agents, polymeric soil release agents, polymeric dispersing agents, alkoxylated polyamine polymers, alkoxylated polycarboxylate polymers, amphilic graft copolymers, dissolution aids, buffering systems, water-softening agents, water-hardening agents, pH adjusting agents, enzymes, flocculating agents, effervescent agents, preservatives, cosmetic agents, make-up removal agents, lathering agents, deposition aid agents, coacervate-forming agents, clays, thickening agents, latexes, silicas, drying agents, odor control agents, antiperspirant agents, cooling agents, warming agents, absorbent gel agents, anti-inflammatory agents, dyes, pigments, acids, and bases; liquid treatment active agents; agricultural active agents; industrial active agents; ingestible active agents such as medicinal agents, oral care agents, such as teeth whitening agents, tooth care agents, mouthwash agents, and periodontal gum care agents, edible agents, dietary agents, vitamins, minerals; water-treatment agents such as water clarifying and/or water disinfecting agents, and mixtures thereof.
Non-limiting examples of suitable cosmetic agents, skin care agents, skin conditioning agents, hair care agents, and hair conditioning agents are described in CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, Second Edition, The Cosmetic, Toiletries, and Fragrance Association, Inc. 1988, 1992.
One or more classes of chemicals may be useful for one or more of the active agents listed above. For example, surfactants may be used for any number of the active agents described above. Likewise, bleaching agents may be used for fabric care, hard surface cleaning, dishwashing and even teeth whitening. Therefore, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the active agents will be selected based upon the desired intended use of the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product made therefrom.
For example, if the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product made therefrom is to be used for hair care and/or conditioning then one or more suitable surfactants, such as a lathering surfactant could be selected to provide the desired benefit to a consumer when exposed to conditions of intended use of the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product incorporating the fibrous element and/or particle.
In one example, if the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product made therefrom is designed or intended to be used for laundering clothes in a laundry operation, then one or more suitable surfactants and/or enzymes and/or builders and/or perfumes and/or suds suppressors and/or bleaching agents could be selected to provide the desired benefit to a consumer when exposed to conditions of intended use of the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product incorporating the fibrous element and/or particle. In another example, if the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product made therefrom is designed to be used for laundering clothes in a laundry operation and/or cleaning dishes in a dishwashing operation, then the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may comprise a laundry detergent composition or dishwashing detergent composition or active agents used in such compositions.
In one example, the active agent comprises a non-perfume active agent. In another example, the active agent comprises a non-surfactant active agent. In still another example, the active agent comprises a non-ingestible active agent, in other words an active agent other than an ingestible active agent.
Non-limiting examples of suitable surfactants include anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Co-surfactants may also be included in the fibrous elements and/or particles. For fibrous elements and/or particles designed for use as laundry detergents and/or dishwashing detergents, the total level of surfactants should be sufficient to provide cleaning including stain and/or odor removal, and generally ranges from about 0.5% to about 95%. Further, surfactant systems comprising two or more surfactants that are designed for use in fibrous elements and/or particles for laundry detergents and/or dishwashing detergents may include all-anionic surfactant systems, mixed-type surfactant systems comprising anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures, or nonionic-cationic surfactant mixtures or low-foaming nonionic surfactants.
The surfactants herein can be linear or branched. In one example, suitable linear surfactants include those derived from agrochemical oils such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, or other vegetable-based oils.
a. Anionic Surfactants
Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic surfactants include alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, branched alkyl sulfates, branched alkyl alkoxylates, branched alkyl alkoxylate sulfates, mid-chain branched alkyl aryl sulfonates, sulfated monoglycerides, sulfonated olefins, alkyl aryl sulfonates, primary or secondary alkane sulfonates, alkyl sulfosuccinates, acyl taurates, acyl isethionates, alkyl glycerylether sulfonate, sulfonated methyl esters, sulfonated fatty acids, alkyl phosphates, acyl glutamates, acyl sarcosinates, alkyl sulfoacetates, acylated peptides, alkyl ether carboxylates, acyl lactylates, anionic fluorosurfactants, sodium lauroyl glutamate, and combinations thereof.
Alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates suitable for use herein include materials with the respective formula ROSO3M and RO(C2H4O)xSO3M, wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl of from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, x is 1 to 10, and M is a water-soluble cation such as ammonium, sodium, potassium and triethanolamine Other suitable anionic surfactants are described in McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers, North American Edition (1986), Allured Publishing Corp. and McCutcheon's, Functional Materials, North American Edition (1992), Allured Publishing Corp.
In one example, anionic surfactants useful in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention include C9-C15 alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), C8-C20 alkyl ether sulfates, for example alkyl poly(ethoxy) sulfates, C8-C20 alkyl sulfates, and mixtures thereof. Other anionic surfactants include methyl ester sulfonates (MES), secondary alkane sulfonates, methyl ester ethoxylates (MEE), sulfonated estolides, and mixtures thereof.
In another example, the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: C11-C18 alkyl benzene sulfonates (“LAS”) and primary, branched-chain and random C10-C20 alkyl sulfates (“AS”), C10-C18 secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfates of the formula CH3(CH2)x(CHOSO3−M+)CH3 and CH3(CH2)y(CHOSO3−M+)CH2CH3 where x and (y+1) are integers of at least about 7, preferably at least about 9, and M is a water-solubilizing cation, especially sodium, unsaturated sulfates such as oleyl sulfate, the C10-C18 alpha-sulfonated fatty acid esters, the C10-C18 sulfated alkyl polyglycosides, the C10-C18 alkyl alkoxy sulfates (“AExS”) wherein x is from 1-30, and C10-C18 alkyl alkoxy carboxylates, for example comprising 1-5 ethoxy units, mid-chain branched alkyl sulfates as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,303 and 6,060,443; mid-chain branched alkyl alkoxy sulfates as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,008,181 and 6,020,303; modified alkylbenzene sulfonate (MLAS) as discussed in WO 99/05243, WO 99/05242 and WO 99/05244; methyl ester sulfonate (MES); and alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS).
b. Cationic Surfactants
Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, those having the formula (I):
in which R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently selected from (a) an aliphatic group of from 1 to 26 carbon atoms, or (b) an aromatic, alkoxy, polyoxyalkylene, alkylcarboxy, alkylamido, hydroxyalkyl, aryl or alkylaryl group having up to 22 carbon atoms; and X is a salt-forming anion such as those selected from halogen, (e.g. chloride, bromide), acetate, citrate, lactate, glycolate, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, and alkylsulphate radicals. In one example, the alkylsulphate radical is methosulfate and/or ethosulfate.
Suitable quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants of general formula (I) may include cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, behenyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTAC), stearyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, octyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, decyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, didodecyldimethylammonium chloride, didecyldimehtylammonium chloride, dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride, distearyldimethylammonium chloride, tallowtrimethylammonium chloride, cocotrimethylammonium chloride, 2-ethylhexylstearyldimethylammonum chloride, dipalmitoylethyldimethylammonium chloride, ditallowoylethyldimethylammonium chloride, distearoylethyldimethylammonium methosulfate, PEG-2 oleylammonium chloride and salts of these, where the chloride is replaced by halogen, (e.g., bromide), acetate, citrate, lactate, glycolate, phosphate nitrate, sulphate, or alkylsulphate.
Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic surfactants are commercially available under the trade names ARQUAD® from Akzo Nobel Surfactants (Chicago, Ill.).
In one example, suitable cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium surfactants, for example that have up to 26 carbon atoms include: alkoxylate quaternary ammonium (AQA) surfactants as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,769; dimethyl hydroxyethyl quaternary ammonium as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,922; dimethyl hydroxyethyl lauryl ammonium chloride; polyamine cationic surfactants as discussed in WO 98/35002, WO 98/35003, WO 98/35004, WO 98/35005, and WO 98/35006; cationic ester surfactants as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,228,042, 4,239,660 4,260,529 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,844; and amino surfactants as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,825 and WO 00/47708, for example amido propyldimethyl amine (APA).
In one example the cationic ester surfactants are hydrolyzable under the conditions of a laundry wash.
c. Nonionic Surfactants
Non-limiting examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include alkoxylated alcohols (AE's) and alkyl phenols, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides (PFAA's), alkyl polyglycosides (APG's), C10-C18 glycerol ethers, and the like.
In one example, non-limiting examples of nonionic surfactants useful in the present invention include: C12-C18 alkyl ethoxylates, such as, NEODOL® nonionic surfactants from Shell; C6-C12 alkyl phenol alkoxylates wherein the alkoxylate units are a mixture of ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy units; C12-C18 alcohol and C6-C12 alkyl phenol condensates with ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block alkyl polyamine ethoxylates such as PLURONIC® from BASF; C14-C22 mid-chain branched alcohols, BA, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,322; C14-C22 mid-chain branched alkyl alkoxylates, BAEx, wherein x is from 1-30, as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,153,577, 6,020,303 and 6,093,856; alkylpolysaccharides as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,647 Llenado, issued Jan. 26, 1986; specifically alkylpolyglycosides as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,483,780 and 4,483,779; polyhydroxy detergent acid amides as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,528; and ether capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,994 and WO 01/42408.
Examples of commercially available nonionic surfactants suitable for the present invention include: Tergitol® 15-S-9 (the condensation product of C11-C15 linear alcohol with 9 moles ethylene oxide) and Tergitol® 24-L-6 NMW (the condensation product of C12-C14 primary alcohol with 6 moles ethylene oxide with a narrow molecular weight distribution), both marketed by Dow Chemical Company; Neodol® 45-9 (the condensation product of C14-C15 linear alcohol with 9 moles of ethylene oxide), Neodol® 23-3 (the condensation product of C12-C13 linear alcohol with 3 moles of ethylene oxide), Neodol® 45-7 (the condensation product of C14-C15 linear alcohol with 7 moles of ethylene oxide) and Neodol® 45-5 (the condensation product of C14-C15 linear alcohol with 5 moles of ethylene oxide) marketed by Shell Chemical Company; Kyro® EOB (the condensation product of C13-C15 alcohol with 9 moles ethylene oxide), marketed by The Procter & Gamble Company; and Genapol LA O3O or O5O (the condensation product of C12-C14 alcohol with 3 or 5 moles of ethylene oxide) marketed by Clariant. The nonionic surfactants may exhibit an HLB range of from about 8 to about 17 and/or from about 8 to about 14. Condensates with propylene oxide and/or butylene oxides may also be used.
Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols are also suitable for use as a nonionic surfactant in the present invention. These compounds include the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, in either a straight-chain or branched-chain configuration with the alkylene oxide. Commercially available nonionic surfactants of this type include Igepal® CO-630, marketed by Solvay-Rhodia; and Triton® X-45, X-114, X-100 and X-102, all marketed by the Dow Chemical Company.
For automatic dishwashing applications, low foaming nonionic surfactants may be used. Suitable low foaming nonionic surfactants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,138 col. 7, line 10 to col. 7, line 60.
Examples of other suitable nonionic surfactants are the commercially-available Pluronic® surfactants, marketed by BASF, the commercially available Tetronic® compounds, marketed by BASF, and the commercially available Plurafac® surfactants, marketed by BASF.
d. Zwitterionic Surfactants
Non-limiting examples of zwitterionic or ampholytic surfactants include: derivatives of secondary and tertiary amines, derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines, or derivatives of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium compounds. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678 at column 19, line 38 through column 22, line 48, for examples of zwitterionic surfactants; betaines, including alkyl dimethyl betaine and cocodimethyl amidopropyl betaine, C8 to C18 (for example from C12 to C18) amine oxides and sulfo and hydroxy betaines, such as N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammino-1-propane sulfonate where the alkyl group can be C8 to C18 and in certain embodiments from C10 to C14.
e. Amphoteric Surfactants
Non-limiting examples of amphoteric surfactants include: aliphatic derivatives of secondary or tertiary amines, or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be straight- or branched-chain and mixtures thereof. One of the aliphatic substituents may contain at least about 8 carbon atoms, for example from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and at least one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g. carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678 at column 19, lines 18-35, for suitable examples of amphoteric surfactants.
One or more perfume and/or perfume raw materials such as accords and/or notes may be incorporated into one or more of the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention. The perfume may comprise a perfume ingredient selected from the group consisting of: aldehyde perfume ingredients, ketone perfume ingredients, and mixtures thereof.
One or more perfumes and/or perfumery ingredients may be included in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention. A wide variety of natural and synthetic chemical ingredients useful as perfumes and/or perfumery ingredients include but not limited to aldehydes, ketones, esters, and mixtures thereof. Also included are various natural extracts and essences which can comprise complex mixtures of ingredients, such as orange oil, lemon oil, rose extract, lavender, musk, patchouli, balsamic essence, sandalwood oil, pine oil, cedar, and the like. Finished perfumes can comprise extremely complex mixtures of such ingredients. In one example, a finished perfume typically comprises from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or a dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
In an embodiment, pyridinethione particulates are suitable antimicrobial active agents for use in the present invention. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial active agent is a 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione salt and is in particulate form. In an embodiment, the concentration of pyridinethione particulate ranges from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt %, by weight of the dry fibrous element and/or dry particle and/or dry fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention. In an embodiment, the pyridinethione salts are those formed from heavy metals such as zinc, tin, cadmium, magnesium, aluminium and zirconium, generally zinc, typically the zinc salt of 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (known as “zinc pyridinethione” or “ZPT”), commonly 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione salts in platelet particle form. In an embodiment, the 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione salts in platelet particle form have an average particle size of up to about 20 microns, or up to about 5 microns, or up to about 2.5 microns as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method described herein. Salts formed from other cations, such as sodium, may also be suitable. Pyridinethione actives are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,809,971; 3,236,733; 3,753,196; 3,761,418; 4,345,080; 4,323,683; 4,379,753; and 4,470,982.
In another embodiment, the antibacterial is chosen from triclosan, triclocarban, chlorohexidine, metronitazole and mixtures thereof.
In an embodiment, in addition to the antimicrobial active selected from polyvalent metal salts of pyrithione, the composition can further include one or more anti-fungal and/or anti-microbial actives. In an embodiment, the anti-microbial active is selected from the group consisting of: coal tar, sulfur, azoles, selenium sulphide, particulate sulphur, keratolytic agents, charcoal, whitfield's ointment, castellani's paint, aluminum chloride, gentian violet, octopirox (piroctone olamine), ciclopirox olamine, undecylenic acid and its metal salts, potassium permanganate, selenium sulphide, sodium thiosulfate, propylene glycol, oil of bitter orange, urea preparations, griseofulvin, 8-hydroxyquinoline ciloquinol, thiobendazole, thiocarbamates, haloprogin, polyenes, hydroxypyridone, morpholine, benzylamine, allylamines (such as terbinafine), tea tree oil, clove leaf oil, coriander, palmarosa, berberine, thyme red, cinnamon oil, cinnamic aldehyde, citronellic acid, hinokitol, ichthyol pale, Sensiva SC-50, Elestab HP-100, azelaic acid, lyticase, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), isothiazalinones such as octyl isothiazalinone, and azoles, and mixtures thereof.
The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may comprise one or more bleaching agents. Non-limiting examples of suitable bleaching agents include peroxyacids, perborate, percarbonate, chlorine bleaches, oxygen bleaches, hypohalite bleaches, bleach precursors, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, hydrogen peroxide, bleach boosters, photobleaches, bleaching enzymes, free radical initiators, peroxygen bleaches, and mixtures thereof.
One or more bleaching agents may be included in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may be included at a level from about 0.05% to about 30% and/or from about 1% to about 20% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis. If present, bleach activators may be present in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention at a level from about 0.1% to about 60% and/or from about 0.5% to about 40% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
Non-limiting examples of bleaching agents include oxygen bleach, perborate bleach, percarboxylic acid bleach and salts thereof, peroxygen bleach, persulfate bleach, percarbonate bleach, and mixtures thereof. Further, non-limiting examples of bleaching agents are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,781, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 740,446, European Patent Application 0 133 354, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,412,934, and 4,634,551.
Non-limiting examples of bleach activators (e.g., acyl lactam activators) are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,915,854; 4,412,934; 4,634,551; and 4,966,723.
In one example, the bleaching agent comprises a transition metal bleach catalyst, which may be encapsulated. The transition metal bleach catalyst typically comprises a transition metal ion, for example a transition metal ion from a transition metal selected from the group consisting of: Mn(II), Mn(III), Mn(IV), Mn(V), Fe(II), Fe(III), Fe(IV), Co(I), Co(II), Co(III), Ni(I), Ni(II), Ni(III), Cu(I), Cu(II), Cu(III), Cr(II), Cr(III), Cr(IV), Cr(V), Cr(VI), V(III), V(IV), V(V), Mo(IV), Mo(V), Mo(VI), W(IV), W(V), W(VI), Pd(II), Ru(II), Ru(III), and Ru(IV). In one example, the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of: Mn(II), Mn(III), Mn(IV), Fe(II), Fe(III), Cr(II), Cr(III), Cr(IV), Cr(V), and Cr(VI). The transition metal bleach catalyst typically comprises a ligand, for example a macropolycyclic ligand, such as a cross-bridged macropolycyclic ligand. The transition metal ion may be coordinated with the ligand. Further, the ligand may comprise at least four donor atoms, at least two of which are bridgehead donor atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable transition metal bleach catalysts are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,485, 4,430,243; 4,728,455; 5,246,621; 5,244,594; 5,284,944; 5,194,416; 5,246,612; 5,256,779; 5,280,117; 5,274,147; 5,153,161; 5,227,084; 5,114,606; 5,114,611, EP 549,271 A1; EP 544,490 A1; EP 549,272 A1; and EP 544,440 A2. In one example, a suitable transition metal bleach catalyst comprises a manganese-based catalyst, for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,282. In another example, suitable cobalt bleach catalysts are described, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,597,936 and 5,595,967. Such cobalt catalysts are readily prepared by known procedures, such as taught for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,597,936, and 5,595,967. In yet another, suitable transition metal bleach catalysts comprise a transition metal complex of ligand such as bispidones described in WO 05/042532 A1.
Non-limiting examples of bleach catalysts include a catalyst system comprising a transition metal cation of defined bleach catalytic activity, such as copper, iron, titanium, ruthenium tungsten, molybdenum, or manganese cations, an auxiliary metal cation having little or no bleach catalytic activity, such as zinc or aluminum cations, and a sequestrate having defined stability constants for the catalytic and auxiliary metal cations, particularly ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphonic acid) and water-soluble salts thereof. Such catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,243. Other types of bleach catalysts include the manganese-based complexes disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,246,621 and 5,244,594. Preferred examples of theses catalysts include Mn.sup.IV.sub.2 (u-O).sub.3 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane).sub.2-(PF.sub.6).sub. 2 (“MnTACN”), Mn.sup.III.sub.2 (u-O).sub.1 (u-OAc).sub.2 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane).sub.2-(ClO.sub.4).sub.2, Mn.sup.IV. sub.4 (u-O). sub.6 (1,4,7-triazacyclononane).sub.4-(ClO.sub.4).sub.2, Mn. sup.III Mn. sup.IV.sub.4 (u-O).sub.1 (u-OAc).sub.2 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane).sub.2-(ClO.sub.4).sub.3, and mixtures thereof. See also European patent application publication no. 549,272. Other ligands suitable for use herein include 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane, 2-methyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 2-methyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, and mixtures thereof. The bleach catalysts useful in automatic dishwashing compositions and concentrated powder detergent compositions may also be selected as appropriate for the present invention. For examples of suitable bleach catalysts see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,246,612 and 5,227,084. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,416 which teaches mononuclear manganese (IV) complexes such as Mn(1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane(OCH3). sub. 3-(PF.sub.6). Still another type of bleach catalyst, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,606, is a water-soluble complex of manganese (II), (III), and/or (UV) with a ligand which is a non-carboxylate polyhydroxy compound having at least three consecutive C—OH groups. Preferred ligands include sorbitol, iditol, dulsitol, mannitol, xylitol, arabitol, adonitol, meso-erythritol, meso-inositol, lactose, and mixtures thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,611 teaches a bleach catalyst comprising a complex of transition metals, including Mn, Co, Fe, or Cu, with an non-(macro)-cyclic ligand. Non-limiting examples of ligands include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, and triazole rings. In one example, the ligand is 2,2′-bispyridylamine. In one example, the bleach catalysts includes a Co, Cu, Mn, Fe,-bispyridylmethane and -bispyridylamine complex, such as Co(2,2′-bispyridylamine)Cl2, Di(isothiocyanato) bispyridylamine-cobalt (II), trisdipyridylamine-cobalt(II) perchlorate, Co(2,2-bispyridylamine)2O2ClO4, Bis-(2,2′-bispyridylamine) copper(II) perchlorate, tris(di-2-pyridylamine) iron(II) perchlorate, and mixtures thereof. Other examples of bleach catalysts include Mn gluconate, Mn(CF3SO3)2, Co(NH3)5CI, and the binuclear Mn complexed with tetra-N-dentate and bi-N-dentate ligands, including N4Mn(III) (u-O)2 Mn(IV) N4)+ and [Bipy2Mn(III) (u-O)2Mn(IV) bipy2]-(ClO4)3.
The bleach catalysts may also be prepared by combining a water-soluble ligand with a water-soluble manganese salt in aqueous media and concentrating the resulting mixture by evaporation. Any convenient water-soluble salt of manganese can be used herein. Manganese (II), (III), (IV) and/or (V) is readily available on a commercial scale. In some instances, sufficient manganese may be present in the wash liquor, but, in general, it is preferred to detergent composition Mn cations in the compositions to ensure its presence in catalytically-effective amounts. Thus, the sodium salt of the ligand and a member selected from the group consisting of MnSO.sub.4, Mn(ClO.sub.4). sub.2 or MnCl.sub.2 (least preferred) are dissolved in water at molar ratios of ligand:Mn salt in the range of about 1:4 to 4:1 at neutral or slightly alkaline pH. The water may first be de-oxygenated by boiling and cooled by spraying with nitrogen. The resulting solution is evaporated (under N.sub.2, if desired) and the resulting solids are used in the bleaching and detergent compositions herein without further purification.
In an alternate mode, the water-soluble manganese source, such as MnSO. sub.4, is added to the bleach/cleaning composition or to the aqueous bleaching/cleaning bath which comprises the ligand. Some type of complex is apparently formed in situ, and improved bleach performance is secured. In such an in situ process, it is convenient to use a considerable molar excess of the ligand over the manganese, and mole ratios of ligand:Mn typically are 3:1 to 15:1. The additional ligand also serves to scavenge vagrant metal ions such as iron and copper, thereby protecting the bleach from decomposition. One possible such system is described in European patent application, publication no. 549, 271.
While the structures of the bleach-catalyzing manganese complexes useful in the present invention have not been elucidated, it may be speculated that they comprise chelates or other hydrated coordination complexes which result from the interaction of the carboxyl and nitrogen atoms of the ligand with the manganese cation. Likewise, the oxidation state of the manganese cation during the catalytic process is not known with certainty, and may be the (+II), (+III), (+IV) or (+V) valence state. Due to the ligands' possible six points of attachment to the manganese cation, it may be reasonably speculated that multi-nuclear species and/or “cage” structures may exist in the aqueous bleaching media. Whatever the form of the active Mn•ligand species which actually exists, it functions in an apparently catalytic manner to provide improved bleaching performances on stubborn stains such as tea, ketchup, coffee, wine, juice, and the like.
Other bleach catalysts are described, for example, in European patent application, publication no. 408,131 (cobalt complex catalysts), European patent applications, publication nos. 384,503, and 306,089 (metallo-porphyrin catalysts), U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,455 (manganese/multidentate ligand catalyst), U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,748 and European patent application, publication no. 224,952, (absorbed manganese on aluminosilicate catalyst), U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,845 (aluminosilicate support with manganese and zinc or magnesium salt), U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,373 (manganese/ligand catalyst), U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,557 (ferric complex catalyst), German Pat. specification 2,054,019 (cobalt chelant catalyst) Canadian 866,191 (transition metal-containing salts), U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,243 (chelants with manganese cations and non-catalytic metal cations), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,455 (manganese gluconate catalysts).
In one example, the bleach catalyst comprises a cobalt pentaamine chloride salts having the formula [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 Cl] Y. sub.y, and especially [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 Cl]CI.sub.2. Other cobalt bleach catalysts useful herein are described for example along with their base hydrolysis rates, in M. L. Tobe, “Base Hydrolysis of Transition-Metal Complexes”, Adv. Inorg. Bioinorg. Mech., (1983), 2, pages 1-94. For example, Table 1 at page 17, provides the base hydrolysis rates (designated therein as k.sub.OH) for cobalt pentaamine catalysts complexed with oxalate (k.sub.OH=2.5Ã-10.sup.−4 M.sup.−1 s.sup.32 1 (25° C.)), NCS.sup.−(k.sub.OH=5. 0 Ã-10.sup.−4 M. sup.−1 s.sup.−1 (25ð C.)), formate (k.sub.OH=5. 8. times.10.sup.−4 M.sup.−1 s.sup.−1 (25° C.)), and acetate (k.sub. OH=9.6Ã-10. sup.−4 M.sup.−1 s.sup.−1 (25° C.)). The most preferred cobalt catalyst useful herein are cobalt pentaamine acetate salts having the formula [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 OAc]T.sub.y, wherein OAc represents an acetate moiety, and especially cobalt pentaamine acetate chloride, [Co(NH. sub.3).sub.5 OAc]Cl.sub.2; as well as [Co(NH.sub.3). sub.5 OAc](OAc).sub. 2; [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 OAc](PF.sub.6).sub.2; [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 OAc] (SO.sub.4); [Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 OAc](BF.sub.4). sub.2; and [Co(NH.sub.3). sub.5 OAc](NO.sub.3).sub.2.
These bleach catalysts may be readily prepared by known procedures, such as taught for example in the Tobe article hereinbefore and the references cited therein, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,410, to Diakun et al, issued Mar. 7, 1989, J. Chem. Ed. (1989), 66 (12), 1043-45; The Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds, W. L. Jolly (Prentice-Hall; 1970), pp. 461-3; Inorg. Chem., 18, 1497-1502 (1979); Inorg. Chem., 21, 2881-2885 (1982); Inorg. Chem., 18, 2023-2025 (1979); Inorg. Synthesis, 173-176 (1960); and Journal of Physical Chemistry 56, 22-25 (1952). These bleach catalysts may also be coprocessed with adjunct materials so as to reduce the color impact if desired for the aesthetics of the product, or to be included in enzyme-containing particles as exemplified hereinafter, or the compositions may be manufactured to contain catalyst “speckles”.
Bleaching agents other than oxygen bleaching agents are also known in the art and can be utilized herein (e.g., photoactivated bleaching agents such as the sulfonated zinc and/or aluminum phthalocyanines (U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,718, incorporated herein by reference)), and/or pre-formed organic peracids, such as peroxycarboxylic acid or salt thereof, and/or peroxysulphonic acids or salts thereof. In one example, a suitable organic peracid comprises phthaloylimidoperoxycaproic acid or salt thereof. When present, the photoactivated bleaching agents, such as sulfonated zinc phthalocyanine, may be present in the fibrous elements and/or particles and/or fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention at a level from about 0.025% to about 1.25% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
Non-limiting examples of bleach activators are selected from the group consisting of tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED), benzoylcaprolactam (BzCL), 4-nitrobenzoylcaprolactam, 3-chlorobenzoyl-caprolactam, benzoyloxybenzenesulphonate (BOBS), nonanoyloxybenzene-sulphonate (NOBS), phenyl benzoate (PhBz), decanoyloxybenzenesulphonate (C.sub.10-OBS), benzoylvalerolactam (BZVL), octanoyloxybenzenesulphonate (C.sub.8-OBS), perhydrolyzable esters and mixtures thereof, most preferably benzoylcaprolactam and benzoylvalerolactam. Particularly preferred bleach activators in the pH range from about 8 to about 9.5 are those selected having an OBS or VL leaving group. Quaternary substituted bleach activators (a quaternary substituted bleach activator (QSBA) or a quaternary substituted peracid (QSP)) may also be included.
Non-limiting examples of organic peroxides, such as diacyl peroxides are extensively illustrated in Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 17, John Wiley and Sons, 1982 at pages 27-90 and especially at pages 63-72, all incorporated wherein by reference. If a diacyl peroxide is used, it may be one which exerts minimal adverse impact on spotting/filming.
The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may include one or more dye transfer inhibiting agents. Suitable polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof. The dye transfer inhibiting agents may be present in the fibrous elements and/or particles and/or fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention at levels from about 0.0001% to about 10%, from about 0.01% to about 5% or even from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may contain active agents, such as brighteners, for example fluorescent brighteners. Such brighteners may tint articles being cleaned.
The fibrous elements and/or particles may comprise C.I. fluorescent brightener 260 in α-crystalline form having the following structure:
In one aspect, the brightener is a cold water-soluble brightener, such as the C.I. fluorescent brightener 260 in α-crystalline form.
In one aspect the brightener is predominantly in α-crystalline form, which means that typically at least 50 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or even substantially all, of the C.I. fluorescent brightener 260 is in α-crystalline form.
The brightener is typically in a micronized particulate form, having a weight average primary particle size of from 3 to 30 μm, from 3 to 20 μm, or from 3 to 10 μm as measured according to the Particle Size Distribution Test Method
The composition may comprises C.I. fluorescent brightener 260 in β-crystalline form, and the weight ratio of: (i) C.I. fluorescent brightener 260 in α-crystalline form, to (ii) C.I. fluorescent brightener 260 in β-crystalline form may be at least 0.1, or at least 0.6.
BE680847 relates to a process for making C.I fluorescent brightener 260 in α-crystalline form.
Commercial optical brighteners which may be useful in the present invention can be classified into subgroups, which include, but are not necessarily limited to, derivatives of stilbene, pyrazoline, coumarin, carboxylic acid, methinecyanines, dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, azoles, S- and 6-membered-ring heterocycles, and other miscellaneous agents. Examples of such brighteners are disclosed in “The Production and Application of Fluorescent Brightening Agents”, M. Zahradnik, Published by John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982). Specific nonlimiting examples of optical brighteners which are useful in the present compositions are those identified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,790,856 and 3,646,015.
A further suitable brightener has the structure below:
Suitable fluorescent brightener levels include lower levels of from about 0.01, from about 0.05, from about 0.1 or even from about 0.2 wt % to upper levels of 0.5 or even 0.75 wt %.
In one aspect the brightener may be loaded onto a clay to form a particle.
The composition may comprise a hueing agent. Suitable hueing agents include dyes, dye-clay conjugates, and pigments. Suitable dyes include small molecule dyes and polymeric dyes. Suitable small molecule dyes include small molecule dyes selected from the group consisting of dyes falling into the Colour Index (C.I.) classifications of Direct Blue, Direct Red, Direct Violet, Acid Blue, Acid Red, Acid Violet, Basic Blue, Basic Violet and Basic Red, or mixtures thereof.
In another aspect, suitable small molecule dyes include small molecule dyes selected from the group consisting of Colour Index (Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, UK) numbers Direct Violet 9, Direct Violet 35, Direct Violet 48, Direct Violet 51, Direct Violet 66, Direct Violet 99, Direct Blue 1, Direct Blue 71, Direct Blue 80, Direct Blue 279, Acid Red 17, Acid Red 73, Acid Red 88, Acid Red 150, Acid Violet 15, Acid Violet 17, Acid Violet 24, Acid Violet 43, Acid Red 52, Acid Violet 49, Acid Violet 50, Acid Blue 15, Acid Blue 17, Acid Blue 25, Acid Blue 29, Acid Blue 40, Acid Blue 45, Acid Blue 75, Acid Blue 80, Acid Blue 83, Acid Blue 90 and Acid Blue 113, Acid Black 1, Basic Violet 1, Basic Violet 3, Basic Violet 4, Basic Violet 10, Basic Violet 35, Basic Blue 3, Basic Blue 16, Basic Blue 22, Basic Blue 47, Basic Blue 66, Basic Blue 75, Basic Blue 159 and mixtures thereof. In another aspect, suitable small molecule dyes include small molecule dyes selected from the group consisting of Colour Index (Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, UK) numbers Acid Violet 17, Acid Violet 43, Acid Red 52, Acid Red 73, Acid Red 88, Acid Red 150, Acid Blue 25, Acid Blue 29, Acid Blue 45, Acid Blue 113, Acid Black 1, Direct Blue 1, Direct Blue 71, Direct Violet 51 and mixtures thereof. In another aspect, suitable small molecule dyes include small molecule dyes selected from the group consisting of Colour Index (Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, UK) numbers Acid Violet 17, Direct Blue 71, Direct Violet 51, Direct Blue 1, Acid Red 88, Acid Red 150, Acid Blue 29, Acid Blue 113 or mixtures thereof.
Suitable polymeric dyes include polymeric dyes selected from the group consisting of polymers containing conjugated chromogens (dye-polymer conjugates) and polymers with chromogens co-polymerized into the backbone of the polymer and mixtures thereof.
In another aspect, suitable polymeric dyes include polymeric dyes selected from the group consisting of surface-substantive colorants sold under the name of Liquitint® (Milliken, Spartanburg, S.C., USA), dye-polymer conjugates formed from at least one reactive dye and a polymer selected from the group consisting of polymers comprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a thiol moiety and mixtures thereof. In still another aspect, suitable polymeric dyes include polymeric dyes selected from the group consisting of Liquitint® (Milliken, Spartanburg, S.C., USA) Violet CT, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) conjugated with a reactive blue, reactive violet or reactive red dye such as CMC conjugated with C.I. Reactive Blue 19, sold by Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland under the product name AZO-CM-CELLULOSE, product code S-ACMC, alkoxylated triphenyl-methane polymeric colourants, alkoxylated thiophene polymeric colourants, and mixtures thereof.
Preferred hueing dyes include the whitening agents found in WO 08/87497 A1. These whitening agents may be characterized by the following structure (I):
wherein R1 and R2 can independently be selected from:
a) [(CH2CR′HO)x(CH2CR″HO)yH]
wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, CH2O(CH2CH2O)zH, and mixtures thereof; wherein R″ is selected from the group consisting of H, CH2O(CH2CH2O)zH, and mixtures thereof; wherein x+y≤5; wherein y≥1; and wherein z=0 to 5;
b) R1=alkyl, aryl or aryl alkyl and R2=[(CH2CR′HO)x(CH2CR″HO)yH]
c) R1=[CH2CH2(OR3)CH2OR4] and R2=[CH2CH2(OR3)CH2O R4]
wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, (CH2CH2O)zH, and mixtures thereof; and wherein z=0 to 10;
wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)alkyl, aryl groups, and mixtures thereof; and
d) wherein R1 and R2 can independently be selected from the amino addition product of styrene oxide, glycidyl methyl ether, isobutyl glycidyl ether, isopropylglycidyl ether, t-butyl glycidyl ether, 2-ethylhexylgycidyl ether, and glycidylhexadecyl ether, followed by the addition of from 1 to 10 alkylene oxide units.
A preferred whitening agent of the present invention may be characterized by the following structure (II):
wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, CH2O(CH2CH2O)zH, and mixtures thereof; wherein R″ is selected from the group consisting of H, CH2O(CH2CH2O)zH, and mixtures thereof; wherein x+y≤5; wherein y≥1; and wherein z=0 to 5.
A further preferred whitening agent of the present invention may be characterized by the following structure (III):
This whitening agent is commonly referred to as “Violet DD”. Violet DD is typically a mixture having a total of 5 EO groups. This structure is arrived the following selection in Structure I of the following pendant groups in “part a” above:
Further whitening agents of use include those described in USPN 2008 34511 A1 (Unilever). A preferred agent is “Violet 13”.
Suitable dye clay conjugates include dye clay conjugates selected from the group comprising at least one cationic/basic dye and a smectite clay, and mixtures thereof. In another aspect, suitable dye clay conjugates include dye clay conjugates selected from the group consisting of one cationic/basic dye selected from the group consisting of C.I. Basic Yellow 1 through 108, C.I. Basic Orange 1 through 69, C.I. Basic Red 1 through 118, C.I. Basic Violet 1 through 51, C.I. Basic Blue 1 through 164, C.I. Basic Green 1 through 14, C.I. Basic Brown 1 through 23, CI Basic Black 1 through 11, and a clay selected from the group consisting of Montmorillonite clay, Hectorite clay, Saponite clay and mixtures thereof. In still another aspect, suitable dye clay conjugates include dye clay conjugates selected from the group consisting of: Montmorillonite Basic Blue B7 C.I. 42595 conjugate, Montmorillonite Basic Blue B9 C.I. 52015 conjugate, Montmorillonite Basic Violet V3 C.I. 42555 conjugate, Montmorillonite Basic Green G1 C.I. 42040 conjugate, Montmorillonite Basic Red R1 C.I. 45160 conjugate, Montmorillonite C.I. Basic Black 2 conjugate, Hectorite Basic Blue B7 C.I. 42595 conjugate, Hectorite Basic Blue B9 C.I. 52015 conjugate, Hectorite Basic Violet V3 C.I. 42555 conjugate, Hectorite Basic Green G1 C.I. 42040 conjugate, Hectorite Basic Red R1 C.I. 45160 conjugate, Hectorite C.I. Basic Black 2 conjugate, Saponite Basic Blue B7 C.I. 42595 conjugate, Saponite Basic Blue B9 C.I. 52015 conjugate, Saponite Basic Violet V3 C.I. 42555 conjugate, Saponite Basic Green G1 C.I. 42040 conjugate, Saponite Basic Red R1 C.I. 45160 conjugate, Saponite C.I. Basic Black 2 conjugate and mixtures thereof.
Suitable pigments include pigments selected from the group consisting of flavanthrone, indanthrone, chlorinated indanthrone containing from 1 to 4 chlorine atoms, pyranthrone, dichloropyranthrone, monobromodichloropyranthrone, dibromodichloropyranthrone, tetrabromopyranthrone, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide, wherein the imide groups may be unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C3-alkyl or a phenyl or heterocyclic radical, and wherein the phenyl and heterocyclic radicals may additionally carry substituents which do not confer solubility in water, anthrapyrimidinecarboxylic acid amides, violanthrone, isoviolanthrone, dioxazine pigments, copper phthalocyanine which may contain up to 2 chlorine atoms per molecule, polychloro-copper phthalocyanine or polybromochloro-copper phthalocyanine containing up to 14 bromine atoms per molecule and mixtures thereof.
In another aspect, suitable pigments include pigments selected from the group consisting of Ultramarine Blue (C.I. Pigment Blue 29), Ultramarine Violet (C.I. Pigment Violet 15) and mixtures thereof.
The aforementioned fabric hueing agents can be used in combination (any mixture of fabric hueing agents can be used). Suitable fabric hueing agents can be purchased from Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis., USA; Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland; BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Dayglo Color Corporation, Mumbai, India; Organic Dyestuffs Corp., East Providence, R.I., USA; Dystar, Frankfurt, Germany; Lanxess, Leverkusen, Germany; Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland; Clariant, Muttenz, Switzerland; Avecia, Manchester, UK and/or made in accordance with the examples contained herein. Suitable hueing agents are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,459 B2.
One or more enzymes may be present in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of suitable enzymes include proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases, carbohydrases including mannanases and endoglucanases, pectinases, hemicellulases, peroxidases, xylanases, phopholipases, esterases, cutinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, penosanases, malanases, glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluraonidases, chrondroitinases, laccases, and mixtures thereof.
Enzymes may be included in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to removal of protein-based, carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based stains from substrates, for the prevention of refugee dye transfer in fabric laundering, and for fabric restoration. In one example, the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may include proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases, peroxidases, and mixtures thereof of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. Selections of the enzymes utilized are influenced by factors such as pH-activity and/or stability optima, thermostability, and stability to other additives, such as active agents, for example builders, present within the fibrous elements and/or particles. In one example, the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of: bacterial enzymes (for example bacterial amylases and/or bacterial proteases), fungal enzymes (for example fungal cellulases), and mixtures thereof.
When present in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention, the enzymes may be present at levels sufficient to provide a “cleaning-effective amount”. The term “cleaning effective amount” refers to any amount capable of producing a cleaning, stain removal, soil removal, whitening, deodorizing, or freshness improving effect on substrates such as fabrics, dishware, flooring, porcelain and ceramics, metal surfaces and the like. In practical terms for current commercial preparations, typical amounts are up to about 5 mg by weight, more typically 0.01 mg to 3 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the fibrous element and/or particle of the present invention. Stated otherwise, the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention will typically comprise from about 0.001% to about 5% and/or from about 0.01% to about 3% and/or from about 0.01% to about 1% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
One or more enzymes may be applied to the fibrous element and/or particle after the fibrous element and/or particle is produced.
A range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into the filament-forming composition of the present invention, which may be a synthetic detergent composition, is also disclosed in WO 9307263 A; WO 9307260 A; WO 8908694 A; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,553,139; 4,101,457; and 4,507,219.
When enzymes are present in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention, an enzyme stabilizing system may also be included in the fibrous elements and/or particles. Enzymes may be stabilized by various techniques. Non-limiting examples of enzyme stabilization techniques are disclosed and exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,600,319 and 3,519,570; EP 199,405, EP 200,586; and WO 9401532 A.
In one example, the enzyme stabilizing system may comprise calcium and/or magnesium ions.
The enzyme stabilizing system may be present in the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention at a level of from about 0.001% to about 10% and/or from about 0.005% to about 8% and/or from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis. The enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing system which is compatible with the enzymes present in the fibrous elements and/or particles. Such an enzyme stabilizing system may be inherently provided by other formulation actives, or be added separately, e.g., by the formulator or by a manufacturer of enzymes. Such enzyme stabilizing systems may, for example, comprise calcium ion, magnesium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and mixtures thereof, and are designed to address different stabilization problems.
The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may contain a heat forming agent. Heat forming agents are formulated to generate heat in the presence of water and/or oxygen (e.g., oxygen in the air, etc.) and to thereby accelerate the rate at which the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product degrades in the presence of water and/or oxygen, and/or to increase the effectiveness of one or more of the actives in the fibrous element. The heat forming agent can also or alternatively be used to accelerate the rate of release of one or more actives from the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. The heat forming agent is formulated to undergo an exothermic reaction when exposed to oxygen (i.e., oxygen in the air, oxygen in the water, etc.) and/or water. Many different materials and combination of materials can be used as the heat forming agent. Non-limiting heat forming agents that can be used in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product include electrolyte salts (e.g., aluminum chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, cupric chloride, cuprous chloride, ferric sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, etc.), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol, dipropylenenglycol, etc.), lime (e.g., quick lime, slaked lime, etc.), metals (e.g., chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, etc.), metal oxides (e.g., aluminum oxide, iron oxide, etc.), polyalkyleneamine, polyalkyleneimine, polyvinyl amine, zeolites, gycerin, 1,3, propanediol, polysorbates esters (e.g., Tweens 20, 60, 85, 80), and/or poly glycerol esters (e.g., Noobe, Drewpol and Drewmulze from Stepan). The heat forming agent can be formed of one or more materials. For example, magnesium sulfate can singularly form the heat forming agent. In another non-limiting example, the combination of about 2-25 weight percent activated carbon, about 30-70 weight percent iron powder and about 1-10 weight percent metal salt can form the heat forming agent. As can be appreciated, other or additional materials can be used alone or in combination with other materials to form the heat forming agent. Non-limiting examples of materials that can be used to form the heat forming agent used in a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,674,270 and 6,020,040; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008/0132438 and 2011/0301070.
The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may contain a degrading accelerators used to accelerate the rate at which a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product degrades in the presence of water and/or oxygen. The degrading accelerator, when used, is generally designed to release gas when exposed to water and/or oxygen, which in turn agitates the region about the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product so as to cause acceleration in the degradation of a carrier film of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. The degrading accelerator, when used, can also or alternatively be used to accelerate the rate of release of one or more actives from the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product; however, this is not required. The degrading accelerator, when used, can also or alternatively be used to increase the effectivity of one or more of the actives in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product; however, this is not required. The degrading accelerator can include one or more materials such as, but not limited to, alkali metal carbonates (e.g. sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc.), alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (e.g., sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, etc.), ammonium carbonate, etc. The water soluble strip can optionally include one or more activators that are used to activate or increase the rate of activation of the one or more degrading accelerators in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. As can be appreciated, one or more activators can be included in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product even when no degrading accelerator exists in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product; however, this is not required. For instance, the activator can include an acidic or basic compound, wherein such acidic or basic compound can be used as a supplement to one or more actives in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product when a degrading accelerator is or is not included in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product. Non-limiting examples of activators, when used, that can be included in the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product include organic acids (e.g., hydroxy-carboxylic acids [citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, etc.], saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids [acetic acid, succinic acid, etc.], unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids [e.g., fumaric acid, etc.]. Non-limiting examples of materials that can be used to form degrading accelerators and activators used in a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0301070.
One or more active agents may be released from the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product when the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is exposed to a triggering condition. In one example, one or more active agents may be released from the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product or a part thereof when the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product or the part thereof loses its identity, in other words, loses its physical structure. For example, a fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product loses its physical structure when the filament-forming material dissolves, melts or undergoes some other transformative step such that its structure is lost. In one example, the one or more active agents are released from the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product when the fibrous element's and/or particle's and/or fibrous structure's and/or article's and/or fibrous structure product's morphology changes.
In another example, one or more active agents may be released from the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product or a part thereof when the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product or the part thereof alters its identity, in other words, alters its physical structure rather than loses its physical structure. For example, a fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product alters its physical structure when the filament-forming material swells, shrinks, lengthens, and/or shortens, but retains its filament-forming properties.
In another example, one or more active agents may be released from the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product with its morphology not changing (not losing or altering its physical structure).
In one example, the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may release an active agent upon the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product being exposed to a triggering condition that results in the release of the active agent, such as by causing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to lose or alter its identity as discussed above. Non-limiting examples of triggering conditions include exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to solvent, a polar solvent, such as alcohol and/or water, and/or a non-polar solvent, which may be sequential, depending upon whether the filament-forming material comprises a polar solvent-soluble material and/or a non-polar solvent-soluble material; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to heat, such as to a temperature of greater than 75° F. and/or greater than 100° F. and/or greater than 150° F. and/or greater than 200° F. and/or greater than 212° F.; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to cold, such as to a temperature of less than 40° F. and/or less than 32° F. and/or less than 0° F.; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to a force, such as a stretching force applied by a consumer using the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product; and/or exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to a chemical reaction; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to a condition that results in a phase change; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to a pH change and/or a pressure change and/or temperature change; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to one or more chemicals that result in the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product releasing one or more of its active agents; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to ultrasonics; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to light and/or certain wavelengths; exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to a different ionic strength; and/or exposing the fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to an active agent released from another fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product.
In one example, one or more active agents may be released from the fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention when a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous elements and/or particles is subjected to a triggering step selected from the group consisting of: pre-treating stains on a fabric article with the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product; forming a wash liquor by contacting the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product with water; tumbling the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product in a dryer; heating the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product in a dryer; and combinations thereof.
The fibrous elements of the present invention are made from a filament-forming composition. The filament-forming composition is a polar-solvent-based composition. In one example, the filament-forming composition is an aqueous composition comprising one or more filament-forming materials and one or more active agents.
The filament-forming composition of the present invention may have a shear viscosity as measured according to the Shear Viscosity Test Method described herein of from about 1 Pascal·Seconds to about 25 Pascal·Seconds and/or from about 2 Pascal·Seconds to about 20 Pascal·Seconds and/or from about 3 Pascal·Seconds to about 10 Pascal·Seconds, as measured at a shear rate of 3,000 sec−1 and at the processing temperature (50° C. to 100° C.).
The filament-forming composition may be processed at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 100° C. and/or from about 65° C. to about 95° C. and/or from about 70° C. to about 90° C. when making fibrous elements from the filament-forming composition.
In one example, the filament-forming composition may comprise at least 20% and/or at least 30% and/or at least 40% and/or at least 45% and/or at least 50% to about 90% and/or to about 85% and/or to about 80% and/or to about 75% by weight of one or more filament-forming materials, one or more active agents, and mixtures thereof. The filament-forming composition may comprise from about 10% to about 80% by weight of a polar solvent, such as water.
In one example, non-volatile components of the filament-forming composition may comprise from about 20% and/or 30% and/or 40% and/or 45% and/or 50% to about 75% and/or 80% and/or 85% and/or 90% by weight based on the total weight of the filament-forming composition. The non-volatile components may be composed of filament-forming materials, such as backbone polymers, active agents and combinations thereof. Volatile components of the filament-forming composition will comprise the remaining percentage and range from 10% to 80% by weight based on the total weight of the filament-forming composition.
In a fibrous element spinning process, the fibrous elements need to have initial stability as they leave the spinning die. Capillary Number is used to characterize this initial stability criterion. At the conditions of the die, the Capillary Number should be at least 1 and/or at least 3 and/or at least 4 and/or at least 5.
In one example, the filament-forming composition exhibits a Capillary Number of from at least 1 to about 50 and/or at least 3 to about 50 and/or at least 5 to about 30 such that the filament-forming composition can be effectively polymer processed into a fibrous element.
“Polymer processing” as used herein means any spinning operation and/or spinning process by which a fibrous element comprising a processed filament-forming material is formed from a filament-forming composition. The spinning operation and/or process may include spun bonding, melt blowing, electro-spinning, rotary spinning, continuous filament producing and/or tow fiber producing operations/processes. A “processed filament-forming material” as used herein means any filament-forming material that has undergone a melt processing operation and a subsequent polymer processing operation resulting in a fibrous element.
The Capillary number is a dimensionless number used to characterize the likelihood of this droplet breakup. A larger capillary number indicates greater fluid stability upon exiting the die. The Capillary number is defined as follows:
V is the fluid velocity at the die exit (units of Length per Time),
η is the fluid viscosity at the conditions of the die (units of Mass per Length*Time),
σ is the surface tension of the fluid (units of mass per Time2). When velocity, viscosity, and surface tension are expressed in a set of consistent units, the resulting Capillary number will have no units of its own; the individual units will cancel out.
The Capillary number is defined for the conditions at the exit of the die. The fluid velocity is the average velocity of the fluid passing through the die opening. The average velocity is defined as follows:
Vol′=volumetric flowrate (units of Length3 per Time),
Area=cross-sectional area of the die exit (units of Length2).
When the die opening is a circular hole, then the fluid velocity can be defined as
R is the radius of the circular hole (units of length).
The fluid viscosity will depend on the temperature and may depend of the shear rate. The definition of a shear thinning fluid includes a dependence on the shear rate. The surface tension will depend on the makeup of the fluid and the temperature of the fluid.
In one example, the filament-forming composition may comprise one or more release agents and/or lubricants. Non-limiting examples of suitable release agents and/or lubricants include fatty acids, fatty acid salts, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, sulfonated fatty acid esters, fatty amine acetates and fatty amides, silicones, aminosilicones, fluoropolymers and mixtures thereof.
In one example, the filament-forming composition may comprise one or more antiblocking and/or detackifying agents. Non-limiting examples of suitable antiblocking and/or detackifying agents include starches, modified starches, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, crosslinked cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, metallic oxides, calcium carbonate, talc and mica.
Active agents of the present invention may be added to the filament-forming composition prior to and/or during fibrous element formation and/or may be added to the fibrous element after fibrous element formation. For example, a perfume active agent may be applied to the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous element after the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product according to the present invention are formed. In another example, an enzyme active agent may be applied to the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous element after the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product according to the present invention are formed. In still another example, one or more particles, which may not be suitable for passing through the spinning process for making the fibrous element, may be applied to the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product comprising the fibrous element after the fibrous element and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product according to the present invention are formed.
In one example, the fibrous element comprises an extensional aid. Non-limiting examples of extensional aids can include polymers, other extensional aids, and combinations thereof.
In one example, the extensional aids have a weight-average molecular weight of at least about 500,000 Da. In another example, the weight average molecular weight of the extensional aid is from about 500,000 to about 25,000,000, in another example from about 800,000 to about 22,000,000, in yet another example from about 1,000,000 to about 20,000,000, and in another example from about 2,000,000 to about 15,000,000. The high molecular weight extensional aids are preferred in some examples of the invention due to the ability to increase extensional melt viscosity and reducing melt fracture.
The extensional aid, when used in a meltblowing process, is added to the composition of the present invention in an amount effective to visibly reduce the melt fracture and capillary breakage of fibers during the spinning process such that substantially continuous fibers having relatively consistent diameter can be melt spun. Regardless of the process employed to produce fibrous elements and/or particles, the extensional aids, when used, can be present from about 0.001% to about 10%, by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis, in one example, and in another example from about 0.005 to about 5%, by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis, in yet another example from about 0.01 to about 1%, by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis, and in another example from about 0.05% to about 0.5%, by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be used as extensional aids can include alginates, carrageenans, pectin, chitin, guar gum, xanthum gum, agar, gum arabic, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, locust bean gum, alkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylcellulose, carboxyalkylcellulose, and mixtures thereof.
Nonlimiting examples of other extensional aids can include modified and unmodified polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyethyleneimine, polyamides, polyalkylene oxides including polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylenepropylene oxide, and mixtures thereof.
The fibrous elements of the present invention may be made by any suitable process. A non-limiting example of a suitable process for making the fibrous elements is described below.
In one example, as shown in
a. providing a filament-forming composition 48 comprising one or more filament-forming materials, and optionally one or more active agents; and
b. spinning the filament-forming composition 48, such as via a spinning die 50, into one or more fibrous elements 32, such as filaments, comprising the one or more filament-forming materials and optionally, the one or more active agents. The one or more active agents may be releasable from the fibrous element when exposed to conditions of intended use. The total level of the one or more filament-forming materials present in the fibrous element 32, when active agents are present therein, may be less than 80% and/or less than 70% and/or less than 65% and/or 50% or less by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis and the total level of the one or more active agents, when present in the fibrous element may be greater than 20% and/or greater than 35% and/or 50% or greater 65% or greater and/or 80% or greater by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
As shown in
In one example, during the spinning step, any volatile solvent, such as water, present in the filament-forming composition 48 is removed, such as by drying, as the fibrous element 32 is formed. In one example, greater than 30% and/or greater than 40% and/or greater than 50% of the weight of the filament-forming composition's volatile solvent, such as water, is removed during the spinning step, such as by drying the fibrous element being produced.
The filament-forming composition may comprise any suitable total level of filament-forming materials and any suitable level of active agents so long as the fibrous element produced from the filament-forming composition comprises a total level of filament-forming materials in the fibrous element of from about 5% to 50% or less by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis and a total level of active agents in the fibrous element of from 50% to about 95% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis.
In one example, the filament-forming composition may comprise any suitable total level of filament-forming materials and any suitable level of active agents so long as the fibrous element produced from the filament-forming composition comprises a total level of filament-forming materials in the fibrous element and/or particle of from about 5% to 50% or less by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis and a total level of active agents in the fibrous element and/or particle of from 50% to about 95% by weight on a dry fibrous element basis and/or dry particle basis and/or dry fibrous structure basis and/or dry article basis and/or dry fibrous structure product basis, wherein the weight ratio of filament-forming material to total level of active agents is 1 or less.
In one example, the filament-forming composition comprises from about 1% and/or from about 5% and/or from about 10% to about 50% and/or to about 40% and/or to about 30% and/or to about 20% by weight of the filament-forming composition of filament-forming materials; from about 1% and/or from about 5% and/or from about 10% to about 50% and/or to about 40% and/or to about 30% and/or to about 20% by weight of the filament-forming composition of active agents; and from about 20% and/or from about 25% and/or from about 30% and/or from about 40% and/or to about 80% and/or to about 70% and/or to about 60% and/or to about 50% by weight of the filament-forming composition of a volatile solvent, such as water. The filament-forming composition may comprise minor amounts of other active agents, such as less than 10% and/or less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or less than 1% by weight of the filament-forming composition of plasticizers, pH adjusting agents, and other active agents.
The filament-forming composition is spun into one or more fibrous elements and/or particles by any suitable spinning process, such as meltblowing, spunbonding, electro-spinning, and/or rotary spinning. In one example, the filament-forming composition is spun into a plurality of fibrous elements and/or particles by meltblowing. For example, the filament-forming composition may be pumped from a tank to a meltblown spinnerette. Upon exiting one or more of the filament-forming holes in the spinnerette, the filament-forming composition is attenuated with air to create one or more fibrous elements and/or particles. The fibrous elements and/or particles may then be dried to remove any remaining solvent used for spinning, such as the water.
The fibrous elements and/or particles of the present invention may be collected on a belt, such as a patterned belt to form a fibrous structure comprising the fibrous elements and/or particles.
As shown in
The addition of particles may be accomplished during the formation of the embryonic fibers or after collection of the embryonic fibers on the patterned belts. Disclosed are three methods involving the addition of particulates resulting in said particulates being entrapped in the structure
As shown in
The spinning die 50 shown in
Attenuation air can be provided by heating compressed air from a source by an electrical-resistance heater, for example, a heater manufactured by Chromalox, Division of Emerson Electric, of Pittsburgh, Pa., USA. An appropriate quantity of steam was added to saturate or nearly saturate the heated air at the conditions in the electrically heated, thermostatically controlled delivery pipe. Condensate was removed in an electrically heated, thermostatically controlled, separator.
The embryonic fibrous element are dried by a drying air stream having a temperature from about 149° C. (about 300° F.) to about 315° C. (about 600° F.) by an electrical resistance heater (not shown) supplied through drying nozzles and discharged at an angle of about 90 degrees relative to the general orientation of the non-thermoplastic embryonic fibers being extruded. The dried embryonic fibrous elements are collected on a collection device, such as, for example, a movable foraminous belt or patterned collection belt. The addition of a vacuum source directly under the formation zone may be used to aid collection of the fibers.
A particle source 58, for example a feeder, suitable to supply a flow of particles 36 is placed directly above the drying region for the fibrous elements 32 as shown in
While embryonic fibrous elements are being formed, the feeder is turned on and particles are introduced into the fibrous element stream. In this case, Green Zero (Green Speckle Granules) manufactured by Genencor International® of Leiden, The Netherlands is used as the particles. The particles associated and/or mixed with the fibrous elements and are collected together on the collecting belt.
Once the precursor fibrous structure has been formed, the precursor fibrous structure may be subjected to an aperturing process; namely, a process that imparts one or more apertures to the fibrous structure to produce an apertured fibrous structure. Non-limiting examples of such aperturing processes include embossing, rodding, rotary knife aperturing, pinning, die cutting, die punching, needlepunching, knurling, pneumatic forming, hydraulic forming, laser cutting, and tufting.
In one example, a precursor fibrous structure is subjected to a rotary knife aperturing operation as generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,679,391. In one example of a suitable rotary knife aperturing operation, a precursor fibrous structure is passed through a nip that comprises a 100 pitch toothed roll intermeshed with a 100 pitch ring roll. The teeth on the toothed roll have a pyramidal shape tip with six sides that taper from the base section of the tooth to a sharp point at the tip as shown in
In another example, the precursor fibrous structure is subjected to a pinning operation as described below. In one example, the precursor fibrous structure is passed through a nip that is formed between two opposing pin rollers of arranged in an intermeshing configuration so that pins from one roller pass through the space between pins on the opposing roller in the nip. A typical configurations may employ two rollers with the same pin design and arrangement. However, the opposing roller may be of a different pin design and arrangement, may instead not have pins, but other fibrous structure support members, or may be a solid surface comprised of a compliant material allowing for interference between the pins of the pinned roller and the compliant surface. The degree of interference between the virtual cylinders described by the tips of the pins is described as the Depth of Engagement. As the fibrous structure passes through the nip formed between the opposing rollers, the pins from each pinned roller engage with and penetrate the fibrous structure to a depth determined largely by the depth of engagement between the rollers and the nominal thickness of the fibrous structure. The pins used in the apparatus may be tapered pins having a circular cross section with a conical tip coming to a point as shown in
An example of a fibrous structure product, for example a usable unit that a consumer would use for its intended purpose, such as placing in a toilet bowl's water to clean the toilet bowl is shown in
In one example, the fibrous elements of the second layers 34 may be present at any suitable basis weight, for example from about 10 gsm to about 200 gsm and/or from about 20 gsm to about 150 gsm and/or from about 50 gsm to about 110 gsm.
In one example, the first layers 30 may be present at any suitable basis weight, for example from about 100 gsm to about 5000 gsm and/or from about 250 gsm to about 3000 gsm and/or from about 500 gsm to about 2000 gsm. The fibrous elements 32 within the first layers 30 may be present in the first layers 30 at any suitable basis weight, for example from about 10 gsm to about 500 gsm and/or from about 20 gsm to about 400 gsm and/or from about 100 gsm to about 300 gsm. The particles 36 within the first layers 30 may be present at any suitable basis weight, for example from about 100 gsm to about 4000 gsm and/or from about 250 gsm to about 3000 gsm and/or from about 500 gsm to about 2000 gsm.
In one example, other particles comprising other active agents may be added to the fibrous structures and/or between the fibrous structures. For example, a perfume may be positioned between the two fibrous structures before associating the fibrous structures together. In one example, the fibrous structures of the present invention are void or substantially void (doesn't negatively impact the foam generation by the fibrous structures) of suds suppressing agents and similar active agents that prevent and/or inhibit foam generation.
Automatic dishwashing articles comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention and a surfactant system, and optionally one or more optional ingredients known in the art of cleaning, for example useful in cleaning dishware in an automatic dishwashing machine. Examples of these optional ingredients include: anti-scalants, chelants, bleaching agents, perfumes, dyes, antibacterial agents, enzymes (e.g., protease, amylase), cleaning polymers (e.g., alkoxylated polyethyleneimine polymer), anti-redeposition polymers, hydrotropes, suds inhibitors, carboxylic acids, thickening agents, preservatives, disinfecting agents, glass and metal care agents, pH buffering means so that the automatic dishwashing liquor generally has a pH of from 3 to 14 (alternatively 8 to 11), or mixtures thereof. Examples of automatic dishwashing actives are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,679,630; 5,703,034; 5,703,034; 5,705,464; 5,962,386; 5,968,881; 6,017,871; 6,020,294.
Scale formation can be a problem. It can result from precipitation of alkali earth metal carbonates, phosphates, and silicates. Examples of anti-scalants include polyacrylates and polymers based on acrylic acid combined with other moieties. Sulfonated varieties of these polymers are particular effective in nil phosphate formulation executions. Examples of anti-scalants include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,540, col. 15, 1. 20-col. 16, 1. 2; and EP 0 851 022 A2, pg. 12, 1. 1-20.
In one example, an automatic dishwashing article comprising a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may contain a dispersant polymer typically in the range from 0 to about 30% and/or from about 0.5% to about 20% and/or from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the automatic dishwashing article. The dispersant polymer may be ethoxylated cationic diamines or ethoxylated cationic polyamines described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,802. Other suitable dispersant polymers include co-polymers synthesized from acrylic acid, maleic acid and methacrylic acid such as ACUSOL® 480N and ACUSOL 588® supplied by Rohm & Haas and an acrylic-maleic (ratio 80/20) phosphono end group dispersant copolymers sold under the tradename of Acusol 425N® available from Rohm &Haas. Polymers containing both carboxylate and sulphonate monomers, such as ALCOSPERSE® polymers (supplied by Alco) are also acceptable dispersant polymers. In one embodiment an ALCOSPERSE® polymer sold under the trade name ALCOSPERSE® 725, is a co-polymer of Styrene and Acrylic Acid. ALCOSPERSE® 725 may also provide a metal corrosion inhibition benefit. Other dispersant polymers are low molecular weight modified polyacrylate copolymers including the low molecular weight copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,530,766, and 5,084,535 and European Patent Application No. 66,915, published Dec. 15, 1982.
In one embodiment, an automatic dishwashing article comprising a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product of the present invention may contain a nonionic surfactant, a sulfonated polymer, optionally a chelant, optionally a builder, and optionally a bleaching agent, and mixtures thereof. A method of cleaning dishware is provided comprising the step of dosing an automatic dishwashing article of the present invention into an automatic dishwashing machine.
Hand dish washing articles comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention that contains a surfactant system, and optionally one or more optional ingredients known in the art of cleaning and hand care, for example useful in cleaning dishware by hand. Examples of these optional ingredients include: perfume, dyes, pearlescent agents, antibacterial agents, enzymes (e.g., protease), cleaning polymers (e.g., alkoxylated polyethyleneimine polymer), cationic polymers, hydrotropes, humectants, emollients, hand care agents, polymeric suds stabilizers, bleaching agent, diamines, carboxylic acids, thickening agents, preservatives, disinfecting agents, pH buffering means so that the dish washing liquor generally has a pH of from 3 to 14 and/or from 8 to 11, or mixtures thereof. Examples of hand dishwashing actives are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,990,065; and 6,060,122.
In one embodiment, the surfactant of the hand dishwashing article comprises an alkyl sulfate, an alkoxy sulfate, an alkyl sulfonate, an alkoxy sulfonate, an alkyl aryl sulfonate, an amine oxide, a betaine or a derivative of aliphatic or heterocyclic secondary and ternary amine, a quaternary ammonium surfactant, an amine, a singly or multiply alkoxylated alcohol, an alkyl polyglycoside, a fatty acid amide surfactant, a C8-C20 ammonia amide, a monoethanolamide, a diethanolamide, an isopropanolamide, a polyhydroxy fatty acid amide, or a mixture thereof.
A method of washing dishware is provided comprising the step of dosing a hand dishwashing article of the present invention in a sink or basin suitable for containing soiled dishware. The sink or basin may contain water and/or soiled dishware.
Hard surface cleaning articles comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention that contains one or more ingredients known in the art of cleaning, for example useful in cleaning hard surfaces, such as an acid constituent, for example an acid constituent that provides good limescale removal performance (e.g., formic acid, citric acid, sorbic acid, acetic acid, boric acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, lactic acid malic acid, malonic acid, glycolic acid, or mixtures thereof). Examples of ingredients that may be included an acidic hard surface cleaning article may include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,696,143. Alternatively the hard surface cleaning article comprises an alkalinity constituent (e.g., alkanolamine, carbonate, bicarbonate compound, or mixtures thereof). Examples of ingredients that may be included in an alkaline hard surface cleaning article may include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,772,217. A method of cleaning a hard surface includes using or dosing a hard surface cleaning article in a method to clean a hard surface. In one embodiment, the method comprises dosing a hard surface cleaning article in a bucket or similar container, optionally adding water to the bucket before or after dosing the article to the bucket. In another embodiment, the method comprising dosing a hard surface cleaning article in a toilet bowl, optionally scrubbing the surface of the toilet bowl after the article has dissolved in the water contained in the toilet bowl.
In one example, a toilet bowl cleaning product/article may comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention. The toilet bowl cleaning product/article may be placed into the water within a toilet bowl and allowed to dissolve resulting in foam generation within the toilet bowl. In one example, the foam coats the surfaces, for example sides of the toilet bowl to help facilitate removal and/or remove soil, such as biofilm, and/or prevent and/or mitigate soil, such as biofilm, from collecting on the toilet bowl surfaces for some time.
In another example, a toilet bowl cleaning head for a toilet bowl cleaning implement comprising one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention is provided. The toilet bowl cleaning head may be disposable. The toilet bowl cleaning head may be removably attached to a handle, so that the user's hands remain remote from the toilet bowl. In one embodiment, the toilet bowl cleaning head may contain a water dispersible shell. In turn, the water dispersible shell may comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention. This water dispersible shell may encase a core. The core may comprise at least one granular material. The granular material of the core may comprise surfactants, organic acids, perfumes, disinfectants, bleaches, detergents, enzymes, particulates, or mixtures thereof. Optionally, the core may be free from cellulose, and may comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention. Examples a suitable toilet bowl cleaning head may be made according to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 8,641,311. A suitable toilet bowl cleaning head containing starch materials may be made according to commonly assigned US Patent Publication No. 2012/0246854 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,763,192 and 8,726,444. A method of cleaning a toilet bowl surface is provided comprising the step of contacting the toilet bowl surface with a toilet bowl cleaning head of the present invention.
In one example, the fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products of the present invention comprising one or more fabric care active agents according the present invention may be utilized in a method for treating a fabric article. The method of treating a fabric article may comprise one or more steps selected from the group consisting of: (a) pre-treating the fabric article before washing the fabric article; (b) contacting the fabric article with a wash liquor formed by contacting the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product with water; (c) contacting the fabric article with the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product in a dryer; (d) drying the fabric article in the presence of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product in a dryer; and (e) combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise the step of pre-moistening the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product prior to contacting it to the fabric article to be pre-treated. For example, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product can be pre-moistened with water and then adhered to a portion of the fabric comprising a stain that is to be pre-treated. Alternatively, the fabric may be moistened and the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product placed on or adhered thereto. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise the step of selecting of only a portion of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product for use in treating a fabric article. For example, if only one fabric care article is to be treated, a portion of the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may be cut and/or torn away and either placed on or adhered to the fabric or placed into water to form a relatively small amount of wash liquor which is then used to pre-treat the fabric. In this way, the user may customize the fabric treatment method according to the task at hand. In some embodiments, at least a portion of a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may be applied to the fabric to be treated using a device. Exemplary devices include, but are not limited to, brushes, sponges and tapes. In yet another embodiment, the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product may be applied directly to the surface of the fabric. Any one or more of the aforementioned steps may be repeated to achieve the desired fabric treatment benefit.
Unless otherwise specified, all tests described herein including those described under the Definitions section and the following test methods are conducted on samples that have been conditioned in a conditioned room at a temperature of 23° C.±1.0° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±2% for a minimum of 2 hours prior to the test. The samples tested are “usable units.” “Usable units” as used herein means articles, for example unit dose articles/products, used by consumers for their intended purpose. All tests are conducted under the same environmental conditions and in such conditioned room. Do not test samples that have defects such as wrinkles, tears and like. Samples conditioned as described herein are considered dry samples (such as “dry filaments”) for testing purposes. All instruments are calibrated according to manufacturer's specifications.
Basis weight is defined as the weight in g/m2 of a sample being tested. It is determined by accurately weighing a known area of a conditioned sample using an appropriate balance, recording the weight and area of sample tested, applying the appropriate conversion factors, and finally calculating the basis weight in g/m2 of the sample.
Basis weight is measured by cutting a sample from a single web, a stack of webs, or other appropriate plied up, or consumer salable unit and weighing the sample using a top loading analytical balance with a resolution of ±0.001 g. The sample must be equilibrated at a temperature of 73°±2° F. (23°±1° C.) and a relative humidity of 50% (±2%) for a minimum of two hours prior to cutting samples. During weighing, the balance is protected from air drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield. A precision cutting die, measuring 1.625×1.625 in (41.275×41.275 mm) is used to prepare all samples. Select usable sample areas which are clean, free of holes, tears, wrinkles and other defects.
For each sample use the die cutter described above to cut a sample, weigh the mass of the sample, and record the mass result to the nearest 0.001 g.
The Basis Weight is calculated in g/m2 as follows:
Basis Weight=(Mass of sample)/(Area of sample).
Or specifically,
Basis Weight (g/m2)=(Mass of sample (g))/(0.001704 m2).
Report result to the nearest 0.1 g/m2. Sample dimensions can be changed or varied using a similar precision cutter as mentioned above. If the sample dimension is decreased, then several samples should be measured and the mean value reported as its basis weight.
The particle size distribution test is conducted to determine characteristic sizes of solid additives, for example particles. It is conducted using ASTM D 502-89, “Standard Test Method for Particle Size of Soaps and Other Detergents”, approved May 26, 1989, with a further specification for sieve sizes and sieve time used in the analysis. Following section 7, “Procedure using machine-sieving method,” a nest of clean dry sieves containing U.S. Standard (ASTM E 11) sieves #4 (4.75 mm), #6 (3.35 mm), #8 (2.36 mm), #12 (1.7 mm), #16 (1.18 mm), #20 (850 micrometer), #30 (600 micrometer), #40 (425 micrometer), #50 (300 micrometer), #70 (212 micrometer), #100 (150 micrometer), #170 (90 micrometer), #325 (44 micrometer) and pan is required to cover the range of particle sizes referenced herein. The prescribed Machine-Sieving Method is used with the above sieve nest. A suitable sieve-shaking machine can be obtained from W.S. Tyler Company, Ohio, U.S.A. The sieve-shaking test sample is approximately 100 grams and is shaken for 5 minutes.
The data are plotted on a semi-log plot with the micrometer size opening of each sieve plotted on the logarithmic abscissa and the cumulative mass percent finer (CMPF) is plotted on the linear ordinate. An example of the above data representation is given in ISO 9276-1:1998, “Representation of results of particle size analysis—Part 1: Graphical Representation”, Figure A.4. A characteristic particle size (Dx, x=10, 50, 90), for the purpose of this invention, is defined as the abscissa value at the point where the cumulative mass percent is equal to x percent, and is calculated by a straight line interpolation between the data points directly above (a) and below (b) the x value using the following equation:
Dx=10{circumflex over ( )}[Log(Da)−(Log(Da)−Log(Db))*(Qa−x%)/(Qa−Qb)]
where Log is the base 10 logarithm, Qa and Qb are the cumulative mass percentile values of the measured data immediately above and below the xth percentile, respectively; and Da and Db are the micrometer sieve size values corresponding to these data.
Example data and calculations:
For D10 (x=10), the micrometer screen size where CMPF is immediately above 10% (Da) is 300 micrometer, the screen below (Db) is 212 micrometer. The cumulative mass immediately above 10% (Qa) is 15.2%, below (Qb) is 6.8%. D10=10{circumflex over ( )}[Log(300)−(Log(300)−Log(212))*(15.2%−10%)/(15.2%−6.8%)]=242 micrometer.
For D90 (x=90), the micrometer screen size where CMPF is immediately above 90% (Da) is 1180 micrometer, the screen below (Db) is 850 micrometer. The cumulative mass immediately above 90% (Qa) is 99.3%, below (Qb) is 89.0%. D90=10{circumflex over ( )}[Log(1180)−(Log(1180)−Log(850))*(99.3%−90%)/(99.3%−89.0%)]=878 micrometer.
For D50 (x=50), the micrometer screen size where CMPF is immediately above 50% (Da) is 600 micrometer, the screen below (Db) is 425 micrometer. The cumulative mass immediately above 50% (Qa) is 60.3%, below (Qb) is 32.4%. D50=10{circumflex over ( )}[Log(600)−(Log(600)−Log(425))*(60.3%−50%)/(60.3%−32.4%)]=528 micrometer.
The water (moisture) content present in a fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is measured using the following Water Content Test Method. A fibrous element and/or particle and/or fibrous structure or portion thereof (“sample”) in the form of a pre-cut sheet is placed in a conditioned room at a temperature of 23° C.±1.0° C. and a relative humidity of 50%±2% for at least 24 hours prior to testing. Each fibrous structure sample has an area of at least 4 square inches, but small enough in size to fit appropriately on the balance weighing plate. Under the temperature and humidity conditions mentioned above, using a balance with at least four decimal places, the weight of the sample is recorded every five minutes until a change of less than 0.5% of previous weight is detected during a 10 minute period. The final weight is recorded as the “equilibrium weight”. Within 10 minutes, the samples are placed into the forced air oven on top of foil for 24 hours at 70° C.±2° C. at a relative humidity of 4%±2% for drying. After the 24 hours of drying, the sample is removed and weighed within 15 seconds. This weight is designated as the “dry weight” of the sample.
The water (moisture) content of the sample is calculated as follows:
The % Water (moisture) in sample for 3 replicates is averaged to give the reported % Water (moisture) in sample. Report results to the nearest 0.1%.
The diameter of a discrete fibrous element or a fibrous element within a fibrous structure is determined by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) or an Optical Microscope and an image analysis software. A magnification of 200 to 10,000 times is chosen such that the fibrous elements are suitably enlarged for measurement. When using the SEM, the samples are sputtered with gold or a palladium compound to avoid electric charging and vibrations of the fibrous element in the electron beam. A manual procedure for determining the fibrous element diameters is used from the image (on monitor screen) taken with the SEM or the optical microscope. Using a mouse and a cursor tool, the edge of a randomly selected fibrous element is sought and then measured across its width (i.e., perpendicular to fibrous element direction at that point) to the other edge of the fibrous element. A scaled and calibrated image analysis tool provides the scaling to get actual reading in μm. For fibrous elements within a fibrous structure, several fibrous element are randomly selected across the sample of the fibrous structure using the SEM or the optical microscope. At least two portions of the fibrous structure are cut and tested in this manner Altogether at least 100 such measurements are made and then all data are recorded for statistical analysis. The recorded data are used to calculate average (mean) of the fibrous element diameters, standard deviation of the fibrous element diameters, and median of the fibrous element diameters.
Another useful statistic is the calculation of the amount of the population of fibrous elements that is below a certain upper limit. To determine this statistic, the software is programmed to count how many results of the fibrous element diameters are below an upper limit and that count (divided by total number of data and multiplied by 100%) is reported in percent as percent below the upper limit, such as percent below 1 micrometer diameter or %-submicron, for example. We denote the measured diameter (in μm) of an individual circular fibrous element as di.
In the case that the fibrous elements have non-circular cross-sections, the measurement of the fibrous element diameter is determined as and set equal to the hydraulic diameter which is four times the cross-sectional area of the fibrous element divided by the perimeter of the cross-section of the fibrous element (outer perimeter in case of hollow fibrous elements). The number-average diameter, alternatively average diameter is calculated as:
The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of a material, such as a polymer, is determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) using a mixed bed column. A high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) having the following components: Millenium®, Model 600E pump, system controller and controller software Version 3.2, Model 717 Plus autosampler and CHM-009246 column heater, all manufactured by Waters Corporation of Milford, Mass., USA, is utilized. The column is a PL gel 20 μm Mixed A column (gel molecular weight ranges from 1,000 g/mol to 40,000,000 g/mol) having a length of 600 mm and an internal diameter of 7.5 mm and the guard column is a PL gel 20 μm, 50 mm length, 7.5 mm ID. The column temperature is 55° C. and the injection volume is 200 μL. The detector is a DAWN® Enhanced Optical System (EOS) including Astra® software, Version 4.73.04 detector software, manufactured by Wyatt Technology of Santa Barbara, Calif., USA, laser-light scattering detector with K5 cell and 690 nm laser. Gain on odd numbered detectors set at 101. Gain on even numbered detectors set to 20.9. Wyatt Technology's Optilab® differential refractometer set at 50° C. Gain set at 10. The mobile phase is HPLC grade dimethylsulfoxide with 0.1% w/v LiBr and the mobile phase flow rate is 1 mL/min, isocratic. The run time is 30 minutes.
A sample is prepared by dissolving the material in the mobile phase at nominally 3 mg of material/1 mL of mobile phase. The sample is capped and then stirred for about 5 minutes using a magnetic stirrer. The sample is then placed in an 85° C. convection oven for 60 minutes. The sample is then allowed to cool undisturbed to room temperature. The sample is then filtered through a 5 μm Nylon membrane, type Spartan-25, manufactured by Schleicher & Schuell, of Keene, N.H., USA, into a 5 milliliter (mL) autosampler vial using a 5 mL syringe.
For each series of samples measured (3 or more samples of a material), a blank sample of solvent is injected onto the column. Then a check sample is prepared in a manner similar to that related to the samples described above. The check sample comprises 2 mg/mL of pullulan (Polymer Laboratories) having a weight average molecular weight of 47,300 g/mol. The check sample is analyzed prior to analyzing each set of samples. Tests on the blank sample, check sample, and material test samples are run in duplicate. The final run is a run of the blank sample. The light scattering detector and differential refractometer is run in accordance with the “Dawn EOS Light Scattering Instrument Hardware Manual” and “Optilab® DSP Interferometric Refractometer Hardware Manual,” both manufactured by Wyatt Technology Corp., of Santa Barbara, Calif., USA, and both incorporated herein by reference.
The weight average molecular weight of the sample is calculated using the detector software. A dn/dc (differential change of refractive index with concentration) value of 0.066 is used. The baselines for laser light detectors and the refractive index detector are corrected to remove the contributions from the detector dark current and solvent scattering. If a laser light detector signal is saturated or shows excessive noise, it is not used in the calculation of the molecular mass. The regions for the molecular weight characterization are selected such that both the signals for the 90° detector for the laser-light scattering and refractive index are greater than 3 times their respective baseline noise levels. Typically, the high molecular weight side of the chromatogram is limited by the refractive index signal and the low molecular weight side is limited by the laser light signal.
The weight average molecular weight can be calculated using a “first order Zimm plot” as defined in the detector software. If the weight average molecular weight of the sample is greater than 1,000,000 g/mol, both the first and second order Zimm plots are calculated, and the result with the least error from a regression fit is used to calculate the molecular mass. The reported weight average molecular weight is the average of the two runs of the material test sample.
Apparatus and Materials (also, see
600 mL Beaker 84
Magnetic Stirrer 86 (Labline Model No. 1250 or equivalent)
Magnetic Stirring Rod 88 (5 cm)
Thermometer (1 to 100° C.+/−1° C.)
Cutting Die—Stainless Steel cutting die with dimensions 3.8 cm×3.2 cm
Timer (0-3,600 seconds or 1 hour), accurate to the nearest second. Timer used should have sufficient total time measurement range if sample exhibits dissolution time greater than 3,600 seconds. However, timer needs to be accurate to the nearest second.
Polaroid 35 mm Slide Mount 90 (commercially available from Polaroid Corporation or equivalent)-)
35 mm Slide Mount Holder 92 (or equivalent)
City of Cincinnati Water or equivalent having the following properties: Total Hardness=155 mg/L as CaCO3; Calcium content=33.2 mg/L; Magnesium content=17.5 mg/L; Phosphate content=0.0462.
Test Protocol
Equilibrate samples in constant temperature and humidity environment of 23° C.±1.0° C. and 50% RH±2% for at least 2 hours. Measure the basis weight of the fibrous structure sample to be measured using Basis Weight Test Method defined herein. Cut three dissolution test specimens from the fibrous structure sample using cutting die (3.8 cm×3.2 cm), so it fits within the 35 mm Slide Mount 90, which has an open area dimensions 24×36 mm Lock each specimen in a separate 35 mm slide mount 90. Place magnetic stirring rod 88 into the 600 mL beaker 84. Turn on the city water tap flow (or equivalent) and measure water temperature with thermometer and, if necessary, adjust the hot or cold water to maintain it at the testing temperature. Testing temperature is 15° C.±1° C. water. Once at testing temperature, fill beaker 84 with 500 mL±5 mL of the 15° C.±1° C. city water. Place full beaker 84 on magnetic stirrer 86, turn on stirrer 86, and adjust stir speed until a vortex develops and the bottom of the vortex is at the 400 mL mark on the beaker 84. Secure the 35 mm slide mount 90 in the alligator clamp 94 of the 35 mm slide mount holder 92 such that the long end 96 of the slide mount 90 is parallel to the water surface. The alligator clamp 94 should be positioned in the middle of the long end 96 of the slide mount 90. The depth adjuster 98 of the holder 92 should be set so that the distance between the bottom of the depth adjuster 98 and the bottom of the alligator clip 94 is ˜11+/−0.125 inches. This set up will position the sample surface perpendicular to the flow of the water. In one motion, drop the secured slide and clamp into the water and start the timer. The sample is dropped so that the sample is centered in the beaker. Disintegration occurs when the nonwoven structure breaks apart. Record this as the disintegration time. When all of the visible nonwoven structure is released from the slide mount, raise the slide out of the water while continuing the monitor the solution for undissolved nonwoven structure fragments. Dissolution occurs when all nonwoven structure fragments are no longer visible. Record this as the dissolution time.
Three replicates of each sample are run and the average disintegration and dissolution times are recorded. Average disintegration and dissolution times are in units of seconds.
The average disintegration and dissolution times are normalized for basis weight by dividing each by the sample basis weight as determined by the Basis Weight Method defined herein. Basis weight normalized disintegration and dissolution times are in units of seconds/gsm of sample (s/(g/m2)).
Thickness of a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product is measured by cutting 5 samples of a fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product sample such that each cut sample is larger in size than a load foot loading surface of a VIR Electronic Thickness Tester Model II available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Typically, the load foot loading surface has a circular surface area of about 3.14 in2. The sample is confined between a horizontal flat surface and the load foot loading surface. The load foot loading surface applies a confining pressure to the sample of 15.5 g/cm2. The thickness of each sample is the resulting gap between the flat surface and the load foot loading surface. The thickness is calculated as the average thickness of the five samples. The result is reported in millimeters (mm).
The shear viscosity of a filament-forming composition of the present invention is measured using a capillary rheometer, Goettfert Rheograph 6000, manufactured by Goettfert USA of Rock Hill S.C., USA. The measurements are conducted using a capillary die having a diameter D of 1.0 mm and a length L of 30 mm (i.e., L/D=30). The die is attached to the lower end of the rheometer's 20 mm barrel, which is held at a die test temperature of 75° C. A preheated to die test temperature, 60 g sample of the filament-forming composition is loaded into the barrel section of the rheometer. Rid the sample of any entrapped air. Push the sample from the barrel through the capillary die at a set of chosen rates 1,000-10,000 seconds−1. An apparent shear viscosity can be calculated with the rheometer's software from the pressure drop the sample experiences as it goes from the barrel through the capillary die and the flow rate of the sample through the capillary die. The log (apparent shear viscosity) can be plotted against log (shear rate) and the plot can be fitted by the power law, according to the formula η=Kγn-1, wherein K is the material's viscosity constant, n is the material's thinning index and γ is the shear rate. The reported apparent shear viscosity of the filament-forming composition herein is calculated from an interpolation to a shear rate of 3,000 sec−1 using the power law relation.
In order to prepare fibrous elements for fibrous element composition measurement, the fibrous elements must be conditioned by removing any coating compositions and/or materials present on the external surfaces of the fibrous elements that are removable. An example of a method for doing so is washing the fibrous elements 3 times with a suitable solvent that will remove the external coating while leaving the fibrous elements unaltered. The fibrous elements are then air dried at 23° C.±1.0° C. until the fibrous elements comprise less than 10% moisture. A chemical analysis of the conditioned fibrous elements is then completed to determine the compositional make-up of the fibrous elements with respect to the filament-forming materials and the active agents and the level of the filament-forming materials and active agents present in the fibrous elements.
The compositional make-up of the fibrous elements with respect to the filament-forming material and the active agents can also be determined by completing a cross-section analysis using TOF-SIMs or SEM. Still another method for determining compositional make-up of the fibrous elements uses a fluorescent dye as a marker. In addition, as always, a manufacturer of fibrous elements should know the compositions of their fibrous elements.
This method provides a procedure for quantitatively measuring color and optical density of printed materials with the X-Rite SpectroEye. Optical density is a unitless value. In this method, the reflective color and optical density of a printed material is measured with the X-Rite SpectroEye, a hand held spectrophotometer, using standardized procedures and reference materials.
This method is applicable to fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products that have been colored via printing, or other approaches directed at adding colorants to a material.
Hand Held Spectrophotometer: 45°/0° configuration, hemispherical geometry, X-Rite SpectroEye available from X-Rite-Corporate Headquarters USA, 4300 44th St. SE, Grand Rapids, Mich. 49512 USA, phone 616-803-2100.
White Standard Board: PG2000 available from Sun Chemical-Vivitek Division. 1701 Westinghouse Blvd., Charlotte, N.C. 28273, Phone: (704) 587-8381.
The analyses should be performed in a temperature and humidity controlled laboratory (23° C.±2° C., and 50%±2% relative humidity, respectively).
Spectrophotometer settings:
Physical filter: None
White Base: Abs
Observer: 2°
Density Standard: ANSI T
Illumination: C
NOTE: Ensure that the spectrophotometer is set to read L*a*b* units.
This method measures the amount of color transferred from the surface of a printed fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to the surface of a standard woven swatch (crock-cloth), by rubbing using a rotary vertical crockmeter. Color transfer is quantified using a spectrophotometer and converted to a ink adhesion rating that ranges from 0 to 5, wherein 0=extensive transfer and 5=no transfer of color.
The Hunter Color meter settings are as follows:
Color is reported as L*a*b* values±0.1 units. Calibrate the instrument per instructions using the standard black and white plates provided by the vendor. Calibration should be performed each day before analyses are performed. The analyses should be performed in a temperature and humidity controlled laboratory (23° C.±2° C., and 50%±2% relative humidity, respectively).
Calculate ΔE* for each replicate as follows from the set of color reference readings and the after crocking (rubbed) color readings:
ΔE*=[(L*reference−L*rubbed)2+(a*reference−a*rubbed)2+(b*reference−b*rubbed)2]1/2
Convert the ΔE* value obtained to an Ink Adhesion Rating (IAR) by using the following equation:
IAR=−0.0001(ΔE*)3+0.0088(ΔE*)2−0.295ΔE*+5.00
Ink Adhesion Rating values are reported as the average of 3 replicates to ±0.1 units.
This method measures the amount of color transferred from the surface of a printed fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product to the surface of a standard woven swatch (crock-cloth), by rubbing using a rotary vertical crockmeter. Color transfer is quantified using a spectrophotometer and converted to a ink adhesion rating that ranges from 0 to 5, wherein 0=extensive transfer and 5=no transfer of color.
The Hunter Color meter settings are as follows:
Color is reported as L*a*b* values±0.1 units. Calibrate the instrument per instructions using the standard black and white plates provided by the vendor. Calibration should be performed each day before analyses are performed. The analyses should be performed in a temperature and humidity controlled laboratory (23° C.±2° C., and 50%±2% relative humidity, respectively).
Calculate ΔE* for each replicate as follows from the set of color reference readings and the after crocking (rubbed) color readings:
ΔE*=[(L*reference−L*rubbed)2+(a*reference−a*rubbed)2+(b*reference−b*rubbed)2]1/2
Convert the ΔE* value obtained to an Ink Adhesion Rating (IAR) by using the following equation:
IAR=−0.0001(ΔE*)3+0.0088(ΔE*)2−0.295 ΔE*+5.00
Ink Adhesion Rating values are reported as the average of 3 replicates to ±0.1 units.
Sample Preparation:
2500 color patches (6 mm by 6 mm individual color patches) are printed on the substrate. A CYMK ink combination is used for building and printing the color patches. The patches are printed where for each of the CYMK colors, there is a variation in the percent dot coverage from 0 to 100. For convenience of printing and measurement the color patches, the color profile can be printed in rows, columns, and in patterns as illustrated by the ANSI Color Characterization Target IT8.7/4 disclosure on page 161 of FLEXOGRAPHIC IMAGE REPRODUCTION SPECIFICATIONS & TOLERANCES (Flexographic Technical Association (FTA), Flexographic Image Reproduction Specifications & Tolerances, 900 Marconi Avenue, Ronkonkoma, N.Y. 11779-7212; www.flexography.org).
Percent (%) Ink Coverage for an article, for example a soluble article, such as a soluble fibrous structure product, is measured using a stereomicroscope such as a Zeiss Stemi SV 11 (available from Carl Zeiss Microimaging GmbH, Gottingen, Germany), or equivalent, equipped with a digital camera capable of capturing images at least 3.0 megapixels and compatible for use with the stereomicroscope (e.g. an OptixCam Summit OCS-3.0 camera with OC View software, available from The Microscope Store, LLC, Roanoke, Va., or equivalent).
A sample article to be measured is placed flat on the stage of the stereomicroscope beneath the objective lens of the stereomicroscope. Reflected illumination from a halogen light source is used to illuminate a printed area of interest on a sample article's surface. A printed area of interest on the sample article's surface is identified as an area of the sample article's surface containing printed ink. The printed area of interest on the sample article's surface is centered within the field of view of the digital camera. Then the printed area of interest of the sample article's surface is magnified, as needed, such that the resultant image contains a field of view of approximately 1850 microns by 1400 microns. The image is then focused on the printed ink in the printed area of interest on the sample article's surface, and an appropriate white balance and exposure time is selected to properly expose the image. An RGB color image is then captured at a resolution of approximately 1 pixel/micron and saved using the OC View software.
Next, the captured RGB color image is first converted to an 8 bit grayscale image 10 as shown in
Gray Level=0.2989×R+0.5870×G+0.1140×B
Then the 8 bit grayscale image 10 is converted to a binary image 12 as shown in
Ten replicate measurements of % Ink Coverage Area are made from the analysis of the same printed area of interest on ten substantially similar replicate article samples. If it is not possible to identify a same printed area of interest on ten substantially similar replicate article samples, then one may select any printed area of interest on ten replicate article samples to conduct the % Ink Coverage Area method. The average of the ten measurements is calculated and reported as the % Ink Coverage Area to the nearest whole percent.
Using a new Teflon coated razor blade, a section about 0.5 to 1 cm in length and about 1-2 mm in width is cut from the fibrous structure and/or article and/or fibrous structure product region containing printed ink. The section is then mounted for viewing the cross-section by placing the section edge down onto double sided transparent tape stuck to a microscope slide. The section is mounted perpendicular to the microscope slide and microscope stage with the length of the section running parallel to the surface of the microscope slide. The section is visually checked and adjusted, if necessary, to minimize tilting with respect to the surface plane of the microscope slide. The cross-section is viewed with reflected halogen light both with and without crossed-polars using a Zeiss Axioplan II equipped with a Z-motorized stage and MRc5 (5 MP, Color) Zeiss Camera. The microscope is interfaced with Axiovision software version 4.8 with Z-stack & Extended Focus modules. Select the best visual contrast between with and without crossed-polars for viewing and imaging. If no difference in visual contrast between with and without crossed-polars is observed, either may be selected for further work. The magnification is selected to be 200× using a Zeiss 20× Plan-Neofluar (0.50 NA, POL) objective. Images of the cross-section are collected using a Z-stack module of the Axiovision software, then processed using Extended Focus module of the Axiovision software (wavelets method) to create a 2-D representation of the cross-section. The Z-stack range is chosen in order to bring the cross-sectional plane into focus where a typical range is about 20-100 μm and the step size is typically 1-5 μm.
The distance beginning from the top surface over which the ink is deposited is measured in Axiovision and reported as the ink penetration depth. The top surface is defined as the upper most exposed region comprising printed ink. For embossed webs, the top surface is modulated by the embossing process whereby the top surface changes as a function of the hills and valleys of the embossing pattern. Thus the top surface is taken as the local surface specific to the ink printed point of interest on the sample. The ink penetration is measured in microns from the top surface to the distance where ink can no longer be observed.
Elongation, Tensile Strength, TEA and Tangent Modulus are measured on a constant rate of extension tensile tester with computer interface (a suitable instrument is the EJA Vantage from the Thwing-Albert Instrument Co. Wet Berlin, N.J.) using a load cell for which the forces measured are within 10% to 90% of the limit of the cell. Both the movable (upper) and stationary (lower) pneumatic jaws are fitted with smooth stainless steel faced grips, 25.4 mm in height and wider than the width of the test specimen. An air pressure of about 60 psi is supplied to the jaws.
Eight usable units of fibrous structures and/or articles and/or fibrous structure products are divided into two stacks of four samples each. The samples in each stack are consistently oriented with respect to machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD). One of the stacks is designated for testing in the MD and the other for CD. Using a one inch precision cutter (Thwing Albert JDC-1-10, or similar) cut 4 MD strips from one stack, and 4 CD strips from the other, with dimensions of 1.00 in±0.01 in wide by 3.0-4.0 in long. Each strip of one usable unit thick will be treated as a unitary specimen for testing.
Program the tensile tester to perform an extension test, collecting force and extension data at an acquisition rate of 20 Hz as the crosshead raises at a rate of 2.00 in/min (5.08 cm/min) until the specimen breaks. The break sensitivity is set to 80%, i.e., the test is terminated when the measured force drops to 20% of the maximum peak force, after which the crosshead is returned to its original position.
Set the gauge length to 1.00 inch. Zero the crosshead and load cell. Insert at least 1.0 in of the unitary specimen into the upper grip, aligning it vertically within the upper and lower jaws and close the upper grips. Insert the unitary specimen into the lower grips and close. The unitary specimen should be under enough tension to eliminate any slack, but less than 5.0 g of force on the load cell. Start the tensile tester and data collection. Repeat testing in like fashion for all four CD and four MD unitary specimens.
Program the software to calculate the following from the constructed force (g) verses extension (in) curve:
Tensile Strength is the maximum peak force (g) divided by the sample width (in) and reported as g/M to the nearest 1 g/M.
Adjusted Gauge Length is calculated as the extension measured at 3.0 g of force (in) added to the original gauge length (in).
Elongation is calculated as the extension at maximum peak force (in) divided by the Adjusted Gauge Length (in) multiplied by 100 and reported as % to the nearest 0.1%
Total Energy (TEA) is calculated as the area under the force curve integrated from zero extension to the extension at the maximum peak force (g*in), divided by the product of the adjusted Gauge Length (in) and specimen width (in) and is reported out to the nearest 1 g*in/in2.
Replot the force (g) verses extension (in) curve as a force (g) verses strain curve. Strain is herein defined as the extension (in) divided by the Adjusted Gauge Length (in).
Program the software to calculate the following from the constructed force (g) verses strain curve.
Tangent Modulus is calculated as the slope of the linear line drawn between the two data points on the force (g) versus strain curve, where one of the data points used is the first data point recorded after 28 g force, and the other data point used is the first data point recorded after 48 g force. This slope is then divided by the specimen width (2.54 cm) and reported to the nearest 1 g/cm.
The Tensile Strength (g/in), Elongation (%), Total Energy (g*in/in2) and Tangent Modulus (g/cm) are calculated for the four CD unitary specimens and the four MD unitary specimens. Calculate an average for each parameter separately for the CD and MD specimens.
Geometric Mean Tensile=Square Root of [MD Tensile Strength (g/in)×CD Tensile Strength (Win)]
Geometric Mean Peak Elongation=Square Root of [MD Elongation (%)×CD Elongation (%)]
Geometric Mean TEA=Square Root of [MD TEA (g*in/in2)×CD TEA (g*in/in2)]
Geometric Mean Modulus=Square Root of [MD Modulus (g/cm)×CD Modulus (g/cm)]
Total Dry Tensile Strength (TDT)=MD Tensile Strength (g/in)+CD Tensile Strength (g/in)
Total TEA=MD TEA (g*in/in2)+CD TEA (g*in/in2)
Total Modulus=MD Modulus (g/cm)+CD Modulus (g/cm)
Tensile Ratio=MD Tensile Strength (g/in)/CD Tensile Strength (g/in)
A sheet of fibrous structure in dimension of 8 inch by 11 inch was cut from a roll of fibrous structure made in accordance with the present invention. The sheet of fibrous structure was then secured on a platen of an Amica Systems, TL2020 inkjet printing system with a printing gap (distance between nozzle plate and surface of the sheet of web) set to 2 mm. The resolution was set at 600 dpi×300 dpi, wherein 600 dpi was the resolution in a machine direction and 300 dpi was the resolution in a cross-web direction. The droplet size was set to 14 picoliters.
A tonal chart for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black colors were printed on separate sheets of web, wherein each tonal chart comprises 17 color patches with the following % dot coverage: 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and 100%.
1. CYAN Color Example
A tonal chart for cyan color was printed on a sheet of web with DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5100 Cyan.
2. MAGENTA Color Example
A tonal chart for cyan color was printed on a sheet of web with DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5200 Magenta.
3. YELLOW Color Example
A tonal chart for cyan color was printed on a sheet of web with DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5300 Yellow.
4. BLACK Color Example
A tonal chart for cyan color was printed on a sheet of web with DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5400 Black.
Optical density of each patch was measured and recorded in accordance with the Color and Optical Density Test Method herein.
The recorded “optical density vs. % dot coverage” data for each color example are presented in Table 2 below.
A sheet of fibrous structure in dimension of 8 inch by 11 inch was cut from a roll of fibrous structure made in accordance with the present invention. The sheet of fibrous structure was then secured on a platen of an Amica Systems, TL2020 inkjet printing system with a printing gap (distance between nozzle plate and surface of the sheet of web) set to 2 mm. The resolution was set at 600 dpi×300 dpi, wherein 600 dpi was the resolution in a machine direction and 300 dpi was the resolution in a cross-web direction. The droplet size was set to 14 picoliters.
A 5 inch by 5 inch area of the sheet of web was printed with cyan color, DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5100 Cyan. Wet and dry adhesion ratings were measured and recorded in accordance with the Wet and Dry Adhesion Rating Test Methods herein. Each measurement was performed on an untested area of the printed sheet of web.
The recorded wet and dry adhesion rating data for are presented in Table 3 below.
A sheet of fibrous structure in dimension of 8 inch by 11 inch was cut from a roll of fibrous structure made in accordance with the present invention. The sheet of fibrous structure was then secured on a platen of an Amica Systems, TL2020 inkjet printing system with a printing gap (distance between nozzle plate and surface of the sheet of web) set to 2 mm. The resolution was set at 600 dpi×300 dpi, wherein 600 dpi was the resolution in a machine direction and 300 dpi was the resolution in a cross-web direction. The droplet size was set to 14 picoliters.
2500 color patches (6 mm by 6 mm individual color patches) were printed on sheets of the web and data was recorded in accordance with the Color Gamut Test Method herein. The printing was performed with DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5100 Cyan; P5200 Magenta;
P5300 Yellow; and P5400 Black.
The resulting color gamut was measured according to the Color Gamut Test Method and defined by the difference in CIELab coordinate values disposed inside the boundary described by the following system of equations:
{a*=−13.0 to −10.0;b*=7.6 to 15.5}-->b*=2.645a*+41.869
{a*=−10.0 to −2.1;b*=15.5 to 27.0}-->b*=1.456a*+30.028
{a*=−2.1 to 4.8;b*=27.0 to 24.9}-->b*=−0.306a*+26.363
{a*=4.8 to 20.9;b*=24.9 to 15.2}-->>b*=−0.601a*+27.791
{a*=20.9 to 23.4;b*=15.2 to −4.0}-->b*=−7.901a*+180.504
{a*=23.4 to 20.3;b*=−4.0 to −10.3}-->b*=2.049a*−51.823
{a*=20.3 to 6.6;b*=−10.3 to −19.3}-->b*=0.657a*−23.639
{a*=6.6 to −5.1;b*=−19.3 to −18.0}-->b*=−0.110a*−18.575
{a*=−5.1 to −9.2;b*=−18.0 to −7.1}-->b*=−2.648a*−31.419
{a*=−9.2 to −13.0;b*=−7.1 to 7.6}-->b*=−3.873a*−42.667; and
wherein L* is from 0 to 100.
A sheet of fibrous structure in dimension of 8 inch by 11 inch was cut from a roll of fibrous structure made in accordance with the present invention. The sheet of fibrous structure was then secured on a platen of an Amica Systems, TL2020 inkjet printing system with a printing gap (distance between nozzle plate and surface of the sheet of web) set to 2 mm.
5 inch by 5 inch area of the sheet of web was printed with cyan color, DuPont Artistri® P5000+ Series Pigment Ink, P5100 Cyan. Ink penetration distances were measured and recorded in accordance with the Ink Penetration Test Methods herein as presented in Table 4 below.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62935861 | Nov 2019 | US |
