GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND CALCIUM DISPLAY

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging systems. Particularly, but not exclusively, the present disclosure relates to an improved graphical user interface for IVUS imaging systems.

BACKGROUND

Ultrasound devices insertable into patients have proven diagnostic capabilities for a variety of diseases and disorders. For example, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging systems have been used as an imaging modality for diagnosing blocked blood vessels and providing information to aid medical practitioners in selecting and placing stents and other devices to restore or increase blood flow.

IVUS imaging systems include a control module (with a pulse generator, an image acquisition and processing components, and a monitor), a catheter, and a transducer disposed in the catheter. The transducer-containing catheter is positioned in a lumen or cavity within, or in proximity to, a region to be imaged, such as a blood vessel wall or patient tissue in proximity to a blood vessel wall. The pulse generator in the control module generates electrical pulses that are delivered to the transducer and transformed to acoustic pulses that are transmitted through patient tissue. The patient tissue (or other structure) reflects the acoustic pulses and reflected pulses are absorbed by the transducer and transformed to electric pulses. The transformed electric pulses are delivered to the image acquisition and processing components and converted into images displayable on the monitor.

IVUS systems can be used to image a vessel to determine the existence of an intravascular obstruction or stenosis, as well as to determine the nature and degree of the obstruction or stenosis. Further, IVUS systems can be used to visualize segments of a vascular system that may be difficult to visualize using other intravascular imaging techniques, such as angiography, due to, for example, movement (e.g., a beating heart) or obstruction by one or more structures (e.g., one or more blood vessels not desired to be imaged). Thus, there is a need for user interfaces, and particularly graphical user interfaces, that communicate information from the IVUS system to a user related to the nature and degree of obstruction or stenosis of a vessel.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to necessarily identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In general, the present disclosure provides to an improvement to computing devices and particularly to IVUS guidance systems in that the present disclosure provides a graphical user interface arranged to convey the wealth of information with which modern IVUS systems generate. For example, an IVUS system may include machine learning features to process and analyze the signals generated during an IVUS run. Such information can include automatic detection of obstructions or stenosis (e.g., calcium deposits) within a vessel. The improved graphical user interface provided herein includes displaying such information as well as providing a method for a user to manipulate the information as needed.

In some implementations, the present disclosure be embodied as a method, for example, a method for an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging system, comprising: receiving a series of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of a vessel of a patient, the series of IVUS images comprising a plurality of frames; receiving, for each of the plurality of frames, an indication of an amount of calcium in the vessel; generating a graphical component comprising an indication of calcium in the vessel; generating a GUI comprising a longitudinal view of the vessel and the graphical component configured to indicate a location of the calcium along a longitudinal axis of the vessel; and rendering the GUI for display on a display.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the graphical component is a first graphical component and the method can comprise: generating a second graphical component comprising the longitudinal view of the vessel; and generating the GUI comprising the first graphical component and the second graphical component.

Alternatively, or additionally any of the embodiments of a method above can comprise generating the GUI comprising overlaying the first graphical component over a portion of the second graphical component to indicate the location of the calcium along the longitudinal axis of the vessel.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the second graphical component can comprise an indication of a distal bracket, a proximal bracket, a minimum region, a vessel profile view and a mirror of the vessel profile view.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the vessel profile view can comprise a graphical representation of a vessel border and a lumen border of the vessel along the longitudinal axis and wherein the indication of the calcium comprises a marked region along the longitudinal axis between the vessel border and the lumen border.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the marked region is graphically represented in the vessel profile view, the mirror of the vessel profile view, or the vessel profile view and the mirror of the vessel profile view.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the marked region comprises a shading, a coloring, or a pattern different from other regions.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the indication of the calcium comprises one or more icons.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the icons comprise one or more of a ¼ circle, a ½ circle, or a ¾ circle.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the marked region further comprises an expansion button.

Alternatively, or additionally any of the embodiments of a method above can comprise receiving, from an input device, an indication the expansion button is clicked; generating a graphical representation of a calcium map responsive to the indication the expansion button is clicked; and displaying the calcium map on the display.

Alternatively, or additionally any of the embodiments of a method above can comprise generating a third graphical component comprising a cross-section view of a one of the plurality of frames; and generating the GUI comprising the first graphical component, the second graphical component, and the third graphical component.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of a method above the GUI can comprise an angiographic image of the vessel and wherein the indication of the location of the calcium comprises one or more icons displayed proximate to the vessel.

In some implementations, the present disclosure be embodied as an apparatus, comprising a processor coupled to a memory, the memory comprising instructions executable by the processor, the processor configured to couple to an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging system and configured to execute the instructions, which instructions when executed cause the processor to implement the method of any combination of the examples above.

In some implementations, the present disclosure be embodied as an apparatus for an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging system, for example, an IVUS imaging system comprising: a display; an interface configured to couple to an IVUS catheter; a processor coupled to the interface and the display; and a memory device comprising instructions, which when executed by the processor cause the IVUS imaging system to: receive a series of IVUS images of a vessel of a patient, the series of IVUS images comprising a plurality of frames; receive, for each of the plurality of frames, an indication of an amount of calcium in the vessel; generate a graphical component comprising an indication of calcium in the vessel; generate a GUI comprising a longitudinal view of the vessel and the graphical component configured to indicate a location of the calcium along a longitudinal axis of the vessel; and render the GUI and send the rendered GUI to the display.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the graphical component is a first graphical component, and the memory device can further comprise instructions that when executed by the processor cause the IVUS imaging system to: generate a second graphical component comprising the longitudinal view of the vessel; and generate the GUI comprising the first graphical component and the second graphical component.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the memory device can further comprise instructions that when executed by the processor cause the IVUS imaging system to generate the GUI comprising overlaying the first graphical component over a portion of the second graphical component to indicate the location of the calcium along the longitudinal axis of the vessel.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the second graphical component can comprise an indication of a distal bracket, a proximal bracket, a minimum region, a vessel profile view and a mirror of the vessel profile view.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the vessel profile view can comprise a graphical representation of a vessel border and a lumen border of the vessel along the longitudinal axis and wherein the indication of the calcium comprises a marked region along the longitudinal axis between the vessel border and the lumen border.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the marked region is graphically represented in the vessel profile view, the mirror of the vessel profile view, or the vessel profile view and the mirror of the vessel profile view.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the marked region comprises a shading, a coloring, or a pattern different from other regions.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the indication of the calcium comprises one or more icons.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the icons comprise one or more of a ¼ circle, a ½ circle, or a ¾ circle.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the marked region further comprises an expansion button.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an apparatus above, the memory device can further comprise instructions that when executed by the processor cause the IVUS imaging system to: receive, from an input device, an indication the expansion button is clicked; generate a graphical representation of a calcium map responsive to the indication the expansion button is clicked; and display the calcium map on the display.

In some implementations, the present disclosure be embodied as at least one machine readable storage device, comprising a plurality of instructions that in response to being executed by a processor of an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging system cause the processor to: receive a series of IVUS images of a vessel of a patient, the series of IVUS images comprising a plurality of frames; receive, for each of the plurality of frames, an indication of an amount of calcium in the vessel; generate a graphical component comprising an indication of calcium in the vessel; generate a GUI comprising a longitudinal view of the vessel and the graphical component configured to indicate a location of the calcium along a longitudinal axis of the vessel; and render the GUI for display on a display.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an at least one machine readable storage device above, the instructions in response to being executed by the processor can further cause the processor to: generate a third graphical component comprising a cross-section view of a one of the plurality of frames; and generate the GUI comprising the first graphical component, the second graphical component, and the third graphical component.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an at least one machine readable storage device above, the GUI can comprise an angiographic image of the vessel and wherein the indication of the location of the calcium comprises one or more icons displayed proximate to the vessel.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an at least one machine readable storage device above, the graphical component is a first graphical component, and the instructions in response to being executed by the processor can further cause the processor to: generate a second graphical component comprising the longitudinal view of the vessel; and generate the GUI comprising the first graphical component and the second graphical component.

Alternatively, or additionally in any of the embodiments of an at least one machine readable storage device above, the instructions in response to being executed by the processor can further cause the processor to generate the GUI comprising overlaying the first graphical component over a portion of the second graphical component to indicate the location of the calcium along the longitudinal axis of the vessel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

To easily identify the discussion of any element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced.

FIG. 1 illustrates a IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an angiographic image of a vessel.

FIG. 3A illustrates a longitudinal view of IVUS images.

FIG. 3B illustrates a cross-section view of a frame of IVUS images.

FIG. 4 illustrates IVUS image visualization system.

FIG. 5A illustrates a first graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 5B illustrates a second graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 6A illustrates a third graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 6B illustrates a fourth graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 7 illustrates a first graphical component of a graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 8 illustrates a second graphical component of a graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 9A illustrates a third graphical component of a graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 9B illustrates a fourth graphical component of a graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 10 illustrates a fifth graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 11 illustrates a sixth graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 12 illustrates a fifth graphical component of a graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 13 illustrates a logic flow for generating a graphical interface for an IVUS imaging system.

FIG. 14 illustrates a computer-readable storage medium.

FIG. 15 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The foregoing has broadly outlined the features and technical advantages of the present disclosure such that the following detailed description of the disclosure may be better understood. It is to be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. The novel features of the disclosure, both as to its organization and operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure.

As noted, the present disclosure relates to IVUS systems and automatic assessment of the IVUS images. In particular, the disclosure provides a graphical user interface (GUI) arranged to convey information related to the IVUS images and lesion assessment and provide for the user to manipulate the information. As such, an example IVUS imaging system, patient vessel, and series of IVUS images are described.

Suitable IVUS imaging systems include, but are not limited to, one or more transducers disposed on a distal end of a catheter configured and arranged for percutaneous insertion into a patient. Examples of IVUS imaging systems with catheters are found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,246,959; 7,306,561; and 6,945,938; as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Numbers 2006/0100522; 2006/0106320; 2006/0173350; 2006/0253028; 2007/0016054; and 2007/0038111; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an IVUS imaging system 100. The IVUS imaging system 100 includes a catheter 102 that is couplable to a control system 104. The control system 104 may include, for example, a processor 106, a pulse generator 108, and a drive unit 110. The pulse generator 108 forms electric pulses that may be input to one or more transducers (not shown) disposed in the catheter 102.

With some embodiments, mechanical energy from the drive unit 110 can be used to drive an imaging core (also not shown) disposed in the catheter 102. In at least some embodiments, electric signals transmitted from the one or more transducers may be input to the processor 106 for processing. In at least some embodiments, the processed electric signals from the one or more transducers can be used to form a series of images, described in more detail below. For example, a scan converter can be used to map scan line samples (e.g., radial scan line samples, or the like) to a two-dimensional Cartesian grid, which can be used as the basis for a series of IVUS images that can be displayed for a user.

In at least some embodiments, the processor 106 may also be used to control the functioning of one or more of the other components of the control system 104. For example, the processor 106 may be used to control at least one of the frequency or duration of the electrical pulses transmitted from the pulse generator 108, the rotation rate of the imaging core by the drive unit 110. Additionally, where IVUS imaging system 100 is configured for automatic pullback, the drive unit 110 can control the velocity and/or length of the pullback.

FIG. 2 illustrates an image 200 of a vessel 202 of a patient. As described, IVUS imaging systems (e.g., IVUS imaging system 100, or the like) are used to capture a series of images or a “recording” or a vessel, such as, vessel 202. For example, an IVUS catheter (e.g., catheter 102) is inserted into vessel 202 and a recording, or a series of IVUS images, is captured as the catheter 102 is pulled back from a distal end 204 to a proximal end 206. The catheter 102 can be pulled back manually or automatically (e.g., under control of drive unit 110, or the like).

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrates two-dimensional (2D) representations of IVUS images of vessel 202. For example, FIG. 3A illustrates IVUS images 300a depicting a longitudinal view of the IVUS recording of vessel 202 between proximal end 206 and distal end 204.

FIG. 3B illustrates an image frame 300b depicting an on-axis (or short axis, or cross-section) view of vessel 202 at point 302. Said differently, image frame 300b is a single frame or single image from a series of IVUS images that can be captured between distal end 204 and proximal end 206 as described herein. As introduced above, the present disclosure provides systems and techniques to process raw IVUS images to identify regions of interest, such as, for example starting and ending points between which include frames of interest in a series of IVUS images.

For example, IVUS images 300a depicts an entire series of IVUS images taken of vessel 202 between distal end 204 and proximal end 206. IVUS images may be captured at several stages of a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). That is, IVUS may be employed pre-PCI, peri-PCI, or post-PCI. For example, IVUS may be employed to capture images of the state of the vessel 202 before a stent is implanted. In such an example, automatic assessments of the images can be performed (e.g., vessel border detection, lumen border detection, plaque burden detection, key frame identification, stent size and landing zone recommendations, stent expansion estimation, calcium detection, or the like). It is to be appreciated that this is a significant amount of information to convey to a user. Further, conveying this information along with the IVUS images (e.g., IVUS images 300a and 300b) in a manner that allows the user to visualize the vessel structure along with obstructions or stenosis is not provided in the prior art. Thus, the present disclosure provides an advantage in that the improved GUI provides to greater understanding and allows manipulation of the features of the image.

FIG. 4 illustrates an IVUS images visualization system 400, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In general, IVUS images visualization system 400 is a system for processing, annotating, and presenting IVUS images. IVUS images visualization system 400 can be implemented in a commercial IVUS guidance or navigation system, such as, for example, the AVVIGO® Guidance System available from Boston Scientific®. The present disclosure provides advantages over prior or conventional IVUS navigation systems in that the improved GUI will reduce the time needed for patients to be in treatment. For example, the present disclosure can be implemented in an IVUS navigation system to efficiently communicate IVUS information to a user and allow the user to manipulate the information.

With some embodiments, IVUS images visualization system 400 could be implemented as part of control system 104. Alternatively, control system 104 could be implemented as part of IVUS images visualization system 400. As depicted, IVUS images visualization system 400 includes a computing device 402. Optionally, IVUS images visualization system 400 includes IVUS imaging system 100 and display 404.

Computing device 402 can be any of a variety of computing devices. In some embodiments, computing device 402 can be incorporated into and/or implemented by a console of display 404. With some embodiments, computing device 402 can be a workstation or server communicatively coupled to IVUS imaging system 100 and/or display 404. With still other embodiments, computing device 402 can be provided by a cloud based computing device, such as, by a computing as a service system accessibly over a network (e.g., the Internet, an intranet, a wide area network, or the like). Computing device 402 can include processor 406, memory 408, input and/or output (I/O) devices 410, network interface 412, and IVUS imaging system acquisition circuitry 414.

The processor 406 may include circuitry or processor logic, such as, for example, any of a variety of commercial processors. In some examples, processor 406 may include multiple processors, a multi-threaded processor, a multi-core processor (whether the multiple cores coexist on the same or separate dies), and/or a multi-processor architecture of some other variety by which multiple physically separate processors are in some way linked. Additionally, in some examples, the processor 406 may include graphics processing portions and may include dedicated memory, multiple-threaded processing and/or some other parallel processing capability. In some examples, the processor 406 may be an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field programmable integrated circuit (FPGA).

The memory 408 may include logic, a portion of which includes arrays of integrated circuits, forming non-volatile memory to persistently store data or a combination of non-volatile memory and volatile memory. It is to be appreciated, that the memory 408 may be based on any of a variety of technologies. In particular, the arrays of integrated circuits included in memory 120 may be arranged to form one or more types of memory, such as, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), NAND memory, NOR memory, or the like.

I/O devices 410 can be any of a variety of devices to receive input and/or provide output. For example, I/O devices 410 can include, a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a foot pedal, a display, a touch enabled display, a haptic feedback device, an LED, or the like.

Network interface 412 can include logic and/or features to support a communication interface. For example, network interface 412 may include one or more interfaces that operate according to various communication protocols or standards to communicate over direct or network communication links. Direct communications may occur via use of communication protocols or standards described in one or more industry standards (including progenies and variants). For example, network interface 412 may facilitate communication over a bus, such as, for example, peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe), non-volatile memory express (NVMe), universal serial bus (USB), system management bus (SMBus), SAS (e.g., serial attached small computer system interface (SCSI)) interfaces, serial AT attachment (SATA) interfaces, or the like. Additionally, network interface 412 can include logic and/or features to enable communication over a variety of wired or wireless network standards (e.g., 1702.11 communication standards). For example, network interface 412 may be arranged to support wired communication protocols or standards, such as, Ethernet, or the like. As another example, network interface 412 may be arranged to support wireless communication protocols or standards, such as, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, LTE, 5G, or the like.

The IVUS imaging system acquisition circuitry 414 may include circuitry including custom manufactured or specially programmed circuitry configured to receive or receive and send signals between IVUS imaging system 100 including indications of an IVUS run, a series of IVUS images, or a frame or frames of IVUS images.

Memory 408 can include instructions 416. During operation processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to cause computing device 402 to receive (e.g., from IVUS imaging system 100, or the like) a recording of an “IVUS run” and store the recording as IVUS images 418 in memory 408. For example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to receive information elements from IVUS imaging system 100 comprising indications of IVUS images captured by catheter 102 while being pulled back from distal end 204 to proximal end 206, which images comprising indications of the anatomy and/or structure of vessel 202 including vessel walls and plaque. It is to be appreciated that IVUS images 418 can be stored in a variety of image formats or even non-image formats or data structures that comprise indications of vessel 202. Further, IVUS images 418 includes several “frames” or individual images that, when represented co-linearly can be used to form an image of the vessel 202, such as, for example, as represented by IVUS images 300a and/or 300b.

The present disclosure provides to generate graphical information elements 420 from IVUS images 418 and to generate a GUI 422 to be displayed on display 404 based on the graphical information elements 420. Processor 406 can further be configured to execute instructions 416 to generate assessments 424 based on IVUS images 418. This will be described in greater detail below. However, in general, the assessments can include vessel boundary detection, lumen boundary detection, plaque burden determination, key frame identification, distances between key frames, stent detection, stent expansion estimates, calcium detection, among other assessments. As such, in some embodiments, graphical information elements 420 can be generated based on IVUS images 418 and assessments 424.

Memory 408 can also include other images 426, such as, for example, angiographic images (e.g., image 200, or the like). With some examples, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate a graphical information elements 420 comprising an indication of other images 426 and assessments 424. With some examples, the other images 426 can be linked or mapped to IVUS images 418 and the graphical information elements 420 can be overlaid over representations of frames of IVUS images 418 or other images 426.

FIG. 5A illustrates a GUI 500a, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, GUI 500a can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. As depicted, GUI 500a includes several graphical information elements 420, such as, menus 502a and 502b, interactive cross-section view 504, and interactive vessel navigation 506. With some embodiments, processor 406 can be configured to execute instructions 416 to generate GUI 500a once calcium view button 512 is selected. As another example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate GUI 500a responsive to an automatic calcium detection process. For example, with some embodiments, IVUS images visualization system 400 can be arranged to automatically detect calcium in vessel 202 from IVUS images 418 (e.g., via machine learning, image classification, or the like). Responsive to detection of calcium in IVUS images 418, a representation of the calcium and indications of the calcium (e.g., assessments 510) can generated.

Menu 502a can comprise GUI inputs such as button, drop down menus, selection icons, or the like. Menu 502a can include GUI input options to select measurement and annotation tools, length tools, modification reset buttons, or the like. Menu 502b can comprise GUI inputs such as buttons, drop down menus, selection icons, or the like. Menu 502b can include GUI inputs options to select views related to views of the IVUS images, layout options, annotations, navigation, dynamic review options, status of the computing device, or the like.

Interactive cross-section view 504 can comprise a cross-sectional view of a one (e.g., a frame, or the like) of IVUS images 418. For example, interactive cross-section view 504 can include image frame 300b and assessments 508 as well as indications of vessel and lumen borders. A detailed description of interactive vessel navigation 506 is provided below. However, in general, interactive vessel navigation 506 can include a navigation slider to navigation through IVUS images 418, which is linked to the interactive cross-section view 504. That is, as the slider is moved the image displayed in interactive cross-section view 504 changes to match the location indicated by the slider. Further interactive vessel navigation 506 can include representations of a vessel and lumen profile as well as assessments 510. For example, an indication of the amount and/or locations of detected calcium can be indicated in assessments 510. Additionally, the location of distal and proximal frames (e.g., distal and proximal key frames) linearly along the series of IVUS images 418 can be indicated (e.g., with brackets, or the like).

FIG. 5B illustrates a GUI 500b, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, GUI 500b can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. As depicted, GUI 500b includes several graphical information elements 420 like GUI 500a. Notably, GUI 500b further includes vessel long view 514. Vessel long view 514 can comprise a longitudinal view of the vessel (e.g., vessel 202) represented by the IVUS images 418. For example, vessel long view 514 can include IVUS images 300a. With some embodiments, the assessments 510 can be included as a graphical component of vessel long view 514 as depicted in this figure or as a graphical component of interactive vessel navigation 506 (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 5A) or a combination of both. For example, the graphical components highlighting calcium can be combined and represented in both interactive vessel navigation 506 and vessel long view 514.

FIG. 6A illustrates a GUI 600a, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, GUI 600a can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. With some embodiments, responsive to activation (e.g., selection, clicking) of calcium view button 512, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate graphical information elements 420 and GUI 600a from graphical information elements 420. As another example, responsive to an automatic calcium detection process (e.g., via machine learning, or the like) processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate graphical information elements 420 and GUI 600a from graphical information elements 420.

As depicted, GUI 600a includes menu 502a and menu 502b disposed on either sides of (or framing) interactive cross-section view 504 and interactive vessel navigation 506. Menu 502b includes calcium view buttons 512. Interactive cross-section view 504 includes a depiction of a cross-section view (not shown for clarity) of a frame of the IVUS images 418 (e.g., corresponding to the location of slider 612) as well as various assessments 508 such as borders 602 (e.g., vessel border, lumen border, etc.), plaque burden, frame number, pullback distance, or the like.

Further, GUI 600a includes interactive vessel navigation 506. Interactive vessel navigation 506 can comprise several graphical components such as, profile view 604 (e.g., a longitudinal representation of the vessel 202 described in more detail below), proximal bracket end 606, distal bracket end 608, minimum region 610, slider 612, and assessments 510. Examples of profile view 604, minimum region 610, and assessments 510 are given below.

FIG. 6B illustrates a GUI 600b, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, GUI 600b can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. With some embodiments, responsive to activation (e.g., selection, clicking) of calcium view button 512, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate graphical information elements 420 and GUI 600b from graphical information elements 420. As another example, responsive to an automatic calcium detection process (e.g., via machine learning, or the like) processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate graphical information elements 420 and GUI 600b from graphical information elements 420.

As depicted, GUI 600b includes features and graphical components like GUI 600a with the different than assessments 510 is icons disposed above slider 612 along the longitudinal axis of IVUS images 418 as locations where calcium is detected. With some embodiments, assessments 510 can include carious icons to indicate the level of detected calcium. For example, no icon can correspond to less than 90 of detected calcium, a ¼ circle icon can correspond to greater than or equal to 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees of detected calcium, a ½ circle icon can correspond to greater than or equal to 180 degrees and less than 270 degrees of detected calcium, and a ¾ circle icon can correspond to greater than or equal to 270 degrees of detected calcium.

With some embodiments, the assessments 510 can be interactive. That is, assessments 510 can be configured to be clicked or activated. Processor 406 can execute instructions 416 responsive to activation or clicking of assessments 510 to generate a calcium map (described in greater detail below) to show the detected calcium in greater detail.

FIG. 7 illustrates profile view 700, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. IVUS images visualization system 400 can be configured to generate profile view 700 as a graphical component of interactive vessel navigation 506. As depicted, profile view 700 includes several GUI components (or sub-graphical components) including a central axis 702 about which longitudinal border profile 704 and longitudinal border profile mirror reflection 706 are disposed. Examples of longitudinal border profile 704 and 706 are given below. However, in general, 704 depicts or is representative of the detected borders (e.g., borders 602, or the like) for the IVUS images 418. Longitudinal border profile mirror reflection 706 is a mirror reflection of the longitudinal border profile 704, thereby providing a more complete visualization of the vessel and lumen profile.

Profile view 700 further includes scale 708 depicting the radius of the detected borders represented in longitudinal border profile 704. Additionally, profile view 700 includes proximal bracket end 606, distal bracket end 608, and minimum region 610. Each of the brackets are movable via user input (e.g., via I/O devices 410). Furthermore, with some examples, ruler 710 can be enabled (e.g., by default, by input button selection, or the like) and can measure a distance between brackets (e.g., proximal bracket end 606 and distal bracket end 608).

Lastly, profile view 700 includes a depiction of assessments 510. In some embodiments, assessments 510 can be a colored, shaded, patterned, or otherwise distinct area to highlight that the portion of the vessel profile is associated with frames of IVUS images 418 where calcium is detected. In some embodiments, icons can be used to indicate detected calcium and/or the level of detected calcium.

FIG. 8 illustrates a profile view 800, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, profile view 800 can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as interactive vessel navigation 506 of GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. As depicted, profile view 800 can include longitudinal border profile 704 and longitudinal border profile mirror reflection 706 which each include vessel border 802 and lumen border 804 (e.g., borders 602). Note, in some embodiments, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to shade or color the area between vessel border 802 and lumen border 804 to indicate plaque. Additionally, profile view 800 can include proximal bracket end 606, distal bracket end 608, and minimum region 610. Further, profile view 800 can include central axis 702, scale 708, and/or ruler 710.

Additionally, profile view 800 includes assessments 510 highlighting areas where calcium is detected.

As noted above, with some examples, assessments 510, or rather the graphical components representing assessments 510, can be icons (e.g., such as depicted in GUI 600b or FIG. 6B). FIG. 9A illustrates a set of icons 902. As described above, multiple icons can be configured or generated by processor 406 as graphical information elements 420 to indicate the location and amount of detected calcium. For example, icons 902 includes ¼ circle icons, ½ circle icons, and ¾ circle icons. With some embodiments, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to determine locations of detected calcium along the longitudinal axis (e.g., central axis 702) of IVUS images 418, determine an amount of detected calcium, and add an icon at the location of detected calcium based on the amount of detected calcium. For example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to add a ¼ circle icon proximate to the longitudinal location of frames of IVUS images 418 where greater than or equal to 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees of calcium is detected. As another example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to add a ½ circle icon can be proximate to the longitudinal location of frames of IVUS images 418 where greater than or equal to 180 degrees and less than 270 degrees of calcium is detected. As another example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to add a ¾ circle icon can be proximate to the longitudinal location of frames of IVUS images 418 where greater than or equal to 270 degrees of calcium is detected.

Responsive to activation (e.g., clicking, or the like) of expansion button 904, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate a calcium map 906 showing the detected calcium in greater detail. With some embodiment, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate the calcium map 906 as a “pop-up” graphical component over the GUI 422. As another example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to expand a graphical component of GUI 422 (e.g., vessel long view 514, or the like) to include calcium map 906 responsive to activation of expansion button 904.

FIG. 10 illustrates a GUI 1000, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, GUI 1000 can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. As depicted, GUI 1000 includes several graphical information elements 420 like previous GUIs (e.g., GUI 500a, GUI 500b, etc.) However, GUI 1000 comprises a dual-view or side-by-side view of cross-section areas. In some embodiments, the side-by-side view can be enabled via buttons in one of menus 502a or menu 502b.

GUI 1000 includes interactive cross-section view 1002 and interactive cross-section view 1004 disposed side-by-side between menu 502a and menu 502b and over dual vessel long view 1006 and dual interactive vessel navigation 1008. Interactive cross-section interactive cross-section views 1002 and 1004 can each include a cross section view of a respective frame of IVUS images 418 associated with or corresponding to a location of a slider in dual vessel long view 1006

Dual vessel long view 1006 and dual interactive vessel navigation 1008 can be like prior vessel long view graphical components (e.g., vessel long view 514) and interactive vessel navigation graphical components (e.g., interactive vessel navigation 506) with the exception that there are two sliders (e.g., refer to FIG. 11).

FIG. 11 illustrates a GUI 1100, which can be generated according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, GUI 1100 can be generated by IVUS images visualization system 400 as GUI 422 and displayed on display 404. With some embodiments, responsive to activation of the dual layout (e.g., via layout buttons 1104, or the like) processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate graphical information elements 420 and GUI 1100 from graphical information elements 420.

As depicted, GUI 1100 includes a first cross-section interactive cross-section view 1002 disposed side-by-side next to a second interactive cross-section view 1004, both framed by menu 502a and menu 502b. Further, GUI 1100 includes dual vessel long view 1006 and dual interactive vessel navigation 1008 disposed below the interactive cross-section view 1002 and interactive cross-section view 1004. Dual vessel long view 1006 includes a view slider for each cross-section view. For example, a first slider 1102a and a second view slider 1102b are depicted, which can control the frame displayed in interactive cross-section view 1002 and interactive cross-section view 1004, respectively. With some embodiments, the sliders and cross-section views can be color coordinated to indicate which slider controls which view. Further, as depicted menu 502b of GUI 1100 includes calcium view button 512, which when activated can cause assessments 510 to be displayed.

In some embodiments, IVUS images visualization system 400 can be used to co-register angiographic images with IVUS images. For example, the IVUS images 418 can be registered to locations on an angiographic image like image 200. In such an example, the present disclosure provides that that a graphical information element (e.g., graphical information elements 420, or the like) can be generated to indicate where on the angiographic image calcium is detected. For example, processor 406 can be configured to execute instructions 416 to co-register one or more features in other images 426 with IVUS images 418. As a specific example, frames in IVUS images 418 can be mapped or registered to locations along a vessel (e.g., vessel 202) represented in one of other images 426. Further, calcium can be detected from the IVUS images 418 as outlined above. Subsequently, a graphical information elements 420 comprising indications of the other image and the locations of calcium within the other image can be generated.

FIG. 12 illustrates graphical information element 1200 which comprises the image 200 depicting vessel 202 along with a graphical representation of where along vessel 202 calcium is detected. For example, where IVUS images 418 corresponds to images of vessel 202, assessments 510 can be generated as outlined herein and graphical information element 1200 generated from the image 200 and IVUS images 418.

FIG. 13 illustrates a logic flow 1300 to generate a GUI, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The logic flow 1300 can be implemented by IVUS images visualization system 400 and will be described with reference to IVUS images visualization system 400 for clarity of presentation. However, it is noted that logic flow 1300 could also be implemented by an IVUS guidance system different than IVUS images visualization system 400.

Logic flow 1300 can begin at block 1302. At block 1302 “receive a series of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of a vessel of a patient, the series of IVUS images comprising a plurality of frames” a series of IVUS images captured via an IVUS catheter percutaneously inserted in a vessel of a patent can be received. For example, information elements comprising indications of IVUS images 418 can be received from IVUS imaging system 100 where catheter 102 is (or was) percutaneously inserted into vessel 202. The IVUS images 418 can comprise frames of images representative of images captured while the catheter 102 is pulled back from distal end 204 to proximal end 206. Processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to receive information elements comprising indications of IVUS images 418 from IVUS imaging system 100, or directly from catheter 102 as may be the case.

Continuing to block 1304 “receive an indication of an amount of calcium in the vessel for each of the plurality of frames” an indication of an amount of calcium in the vessel for each of the plurality of frames is received. For example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to receive (e.g., from a machine learning model, or the like) an indication of the amount of calcium in the vessel based on the frames of IVUS images 418. Continuing to block 1306 “generate a graphical component comprising an indication of calcium in the vessel” a graphical component comprising an indication of calcium in the vessel is generated. For example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate graphical information elements 420 comprising an indication of calcium. As a specific example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate assessments 510 (e.g., shaded area 510 of FIG. 6A or icons 510 of FIG. 6B).

Continuing to block 1308 “generate a GUI comprising a longitudinal view of the vessel and the graphical component configured to indicate a location of the calcium along a longitudinal axis of the vessel” a GUI comprising a longitudinal view of the vessel and the graphical component configured to indicate a location of the calcium along a longitudinal axis of the vessel is generated. For example, processor 406 can execute instructions 416 to generate GUI 422 comprising the assessments 510 and the interactive vessel navigation 506.

FIG. 14 illustrates computer-readable storage medium 1400. Computer-readable storage medium 1400 may comprise any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or machine-readable storage medium, such as an optical, magnetic or semiconductor storage medium. In various embodiments, computer-readable storage medium 1400 may comprise an article of manufacture. In some embodiments, computer-readable storage medium 1400 may store computer executable instructions 1402 with which circuitry (e.g., processor 106, processor 406, IVUS imaging system acquisition circuitry 414, and the like) can execute. For example, computer executable instructions 1402 can include instructions to implement operations described with respect to instructions 416, logic flow 1300, graphical information elements 420, and/or GUI 422. Examples of computer-readable storage medium 1400 or machine-readable storage medium may include any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, including volatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and so forth. Examples of computer executable instructions 1402 may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, object-oriented code, visual code, and the like.

FIG. 15 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine 1500 in the form of a computer system within which a set of instructions may be executed for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. More specifically, FIG. 15 shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine 1500 in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions 1508 (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine 1500 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. For example, the instructions 1508 may cause the machine 1500 to execute logic flow 1300 of FIG. 13, instructions 416 of FIG. 4. More generally, the instructions 1508 may cause the machine 1500 to generate GUIs with functionality and behavior as described herein during a pre-PCI, peri-PCI, or post-PCI using IVUS. It is noted that the present disclosure provides specific and discrete implementations of GUI representations and behavior that is a significant improvement over the prior art. In particular, the present disclosure provides an improvement to computing technology in that GUIs provide greater visibility and navigation of IVUS images.

The instructions 1508 transform the general, non-programmed machine 1500 into a particular machine 1500 programmed to carry out the described and illustrated functions in a specific manner. In alternative embodiments, the machine 1500 operates as a standalone device or may be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 1500 may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine 1500 may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a PDA, an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions 1508, sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by the machine 1500. Further, while only a single machine 1500 is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines 1500 that individually or jointly execute the instructions 1508 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

The machine 1500 may include processors 1502, memory 1504, and I/O components 1542, which may be configured to communicate with each other such as via a bus 1544. In an example embodiment, the processors 1502 (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an ASIC, a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor 1506 and a processor 1510 that may execute the instructions 1508. The term “processor” is intended to include multi-core processors that may comprise two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions contemporaneously. Although FIG. 15 shows multiple processors 1502, the machine 1500 may include a single processor with a single core, a single processor with multiple cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), multiple processors with a single core, multiple processors with multiples cores, or any combination thereof.

The memory 1504 may include a main memory 1512, a static memory 1514, and a storage unit 1516, both accessible to the processors 1502 such as via the bus 1544. The main memory 1504, the static memory 1514, and storage unit 1516 store the instructions 1508 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1508 may also reside, completely or partially, within the main memory 1512, within the static memory 1514, within machine-readable medium 1518 within the storage unit 1516, within at least one of the processors 1502 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine 1500.

The I/O components 1542 may include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components 1542 that are included in a particular machine will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones will likely include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components 1542 may include many other components that are not shown in FIG. 15. The I/O components 1542 are grouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the following discussion and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various example embodiments, the I/O components 1542 may include output components 1528 and input components 1530. The output components 1528 may include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor, resistance mechanisms), other signal generators, and so forth. The input components 1530 may include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point-based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or another pointing instrument), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and/or force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like.

In further example embodiments, the I/O components 1542 may include biometric components 1532, motion components 1534, environmental components 1536, or position components 1538, among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components 1532 may include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure bio signals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram-based identification), and the like. The motion components 1534 may include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environmental components 1536 may include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detection concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components 1538 may include location sensor components (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like.

Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components 1542 may include communication components 1540 operable to couple the machine 1500 to a network 1520 or devices 1522 via a coupling 1524 and a coupling 1526, respectively. For example, the communication components 1540 may include a network interface component or another suitable device to interface with the network 1520. In further examples, the communication components 1540 may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices 1522 may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB).

Moreover, the communication components 1540 may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components 1540 may include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components 1540, such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geolocation, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting an NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth.

The various memories (i.e., memory 1504, main memory 1512, static memory 1514, and/or memory of the processors 1502) and/or storage unit 1516 may store one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. These instructions (e.g., the instructions 1508), when executed by processors 1502, cause various operations to implement the disclosed embodiments.

As used herein, the terms “machine-storage medium,” “device-storage medium,” “computer-storage medium” mean the same thing and may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. The terms refer to a single or multiple storage devices and/or media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store executable instructions and/or data. The terms shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media, including memory internal or external to processors. Specific examples of machine-storage media, computer-storage media and/or device-storage media include non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FPGA, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The terms “machine-storage media,” “computer-storage media,” and “device-storage media” specifically exclude carrier waves, modulated data signals, and other such media, at least some of which are covered under the term “signal medium” discussed below.

In various example embodiments, one or more portions of the network 1520 may be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a MAN, the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a Wi-Fi® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, the network 1520 or a portion of the network 1520 may include a wireless or cellular network, and the coupling 1524 may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or another type of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling 1524 may implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, others defined by various standard-setting organizations, other long range protocols, or other data transfer technology.

The instructions 1508 may be transmitted or received over the network 1520 using a transmission medium via a network interface device (e.g., a network interface component included in the communication components 1540) and utilizing any one of several well-known transfer protocols (e.g., hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)). Similarly, the instructions 1508 may be transmitted or received using a transmission medium via the coupling 1526 (e.g., a peer-to-peer coupling) to the devices 1522. The terms “transmission medium” and “signal medium” mean the same thing and may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. The terms “transmission medium” and “signal medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that can store, encoding, or carrying the instructions 1508 for execution by the machine 1500, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. Hence, the terms “transmission medium” and “signal medium” shall be taken to include any form of modulated data signal, carrier wave, and so forth. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a matter as to encode information in the signal.

Terms used herein should be accorded their ordinary meaning in the relevant arts, or the meaning indicated by their use in context, but if an express definition is provided, that meaning controls.

Herein, references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although they may. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively, unless expressly limited to one or multiple ones. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any portions of this application. When the claims use the word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list, unless expressly limited to one or the other. Any terms not expressly defined herein have their conventional meaning as commonly understood by those having skill in the relevant art(s).

By using genuine models of anatomy more accurate surgical plans may be developed than through statistical modeling.

Terms used herein should be accorded their ordinary meaning in the relevant arts, or the meaning indicated by their use in context, but if an express definition is provided, that meaning controls.

By using genuine models of anatomy more accurate surgical plans may be developed than through statistical modeling.

Terms used herein should be accorded their ordinary meaning in the relevant arts, or the meaning indicated by their use in context, but if an express definition is provided, that meaning controls.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND CALCIUM DISPLAY

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