Patent Grant
9399225
The present invention relates to gravity recovery systems for the recovery of particulates from a flow of slurry, and specifically to gravity recovery systems including magnetically induced formations of magnetite as separation devices.
Heavy metal particles often occur as mixtures with sands and gravels. These particles must be separated from the mixture for recovery or safe disposal. For example, particles containing toxic heavy metals such as mercury are produced in medical, mining, and industrial operations, and must be removed from soils, sediments, and bodies of water to ensure the safety of the environment. Particles including gold or platinum occur naturally in soils and sediments, and are recovered for their commercial value.
Magnetic devices for the recovery of magnetically susceptible metal particles are well known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 823,301 to Snyder discloses a magnetic separator including an inclined chute equipped with an array of magnets to separate particles traveling along the chute surface on the basis of their magnetic susceptibility. Such devices are of no use for the recovery of heavy metals that are not magnetically susceptible, including mercury, gold, and platinum.
Nonmagnetic heavy metal particles can be recovered with passive recovery systems, also known as gravity recovery systems. In a gravity recovery system, a mixture of particles is suspended as a slurry in a liquid medium, usually water, and the particles are allowed to sediment out according to their specific gravities. Many commonly used gravity recovery systems include a sluice box, a device which channels a flow of slurry over a series of riffles. A riffle is a baffle-like obstacle which resists the flow of slurry to create regions of reduced flow rate in the areas between the riffles. In these regions of reduced flow, the heaviest particles sediment out. Lighter particles continue in the flow over the top of the riffle. A bottom mat of natural or synthetic fiber or textured rubber or plastic is often situated upon the floor of a sluice box to trap the finer particulates after they have settled, and to prevent their being scoured back into suspension by larger passing particles or by a surge in the flow rate of the slurry.
Optimal recovery of metal particles from a sluice box recovery system requires that the height and shape of the riffles be adjusted according to the rate of slurry flow, the specific gravity of the metal particulate to be recovered, and the specific gravities of particulates to be rejected, that is, to be allowed to flow over the riffles and leave the sluice box. Existing sluice box systems include rigid linear riffles which provide no flexibility in riffle size, shape or distribution. There is a need for a gravity sedimentation system which provides riffles of variable geometric patterns and sizes.
The recovery of settled metal particulates from the riffles of a sluice box is also a cumbersome process which requires the disassembly of the sluice box, the washing out of the bottom mat, and the reassembly of the sluice box. There is a need for a gravity separation system wherein the riffles can be instantaneously disassembled and reassembled, without mechanical intervention.
Magnetite is a magnetically susceptible iron oxide that usually occurs in particulate form in the same sands and sediments as heavy metal particulates. Magnetic systems have been developed for the recovery of nonmagnetic heavy metal particles by virtue of their physical or chemical association with magnetite. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,182 to Prenger, et al. discloses a device for removing heavy metals from water, including a reaction chamber wherein heavy metals in the water are either adsorbed to magnetite particles or incorporated chemically into magnetite particles formed in situ. The water is then streamed through columns of magnetically charged steel mesh. The magnetite particles, and the heavy metals adsorbed or incorporated thereto, bind to the steel mesh for eventual recovery by flushing the column with water or air.
The use of magnetite in gravity separation devices has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,927,508 and 7,811,088, both to Plath. In each of the disclosed devices, a flow of slurry is directed through a sluice box including riffles of rigid material. The invention of U.S. Pat. No. 7,811,088 also includes settling chambers to facilitate the sedimentation of heavy metal particles. A vinyl material impregnated with a weak magnetic compound in transverse rows is situated on the floor of the sluice box. Upon exposure to the magnetically assisted sluice, magnetite particles suspended in the slurry form a porous mat in contact with the magnetic material. This magnetite mat traps heavy metal particles after they have been induced to sediment by the rigid riffles or the settling chambers. Essentially, the magnetite mats of the devices disclosed by Plath serve the function of the fiber or textured plastic mat of conventional sluice boxes. Recovery of settled particles from the separation devices disclosed by Plath requires either the flushing out of the porous magnetite mat, against the force of the magnetic material and past the rigid riffles, or the disassembly of the separation device. The devices disclosed by Plath do not provide riffles of variable geometric patterns, sizes, and magnetic strengths, or riffles that can be instantaneously disassembled and reassembled without mechanical intervention.
The present invention provides a gravity separation system for separating and recovering heavy metal particles from a slurry of suspended particles. The system includes a separation assembly having a channeling member defining an interior space, for guiding a flow of a slurry of suspended particles to be separated; and a magnetic member situated beneath the channeling member, including a geometrically patterned array of magnets. The array of magnets generates a geometrically patterned magnetic field extending into the interior space of the channeling member. Magnetically susceptible particles in the slurry assemble, under the influence of the geometrically patterned magnetic field, into a corresponding geometrically patterned array of riffles. The array of riffles creates regions of reduced flow into which heavy particles in the slurry can sediment.
In the preferred embodiment, the geometrically patterned magnetic field is interruptible, to allow disassembly of the riffles and recovery of the sedimented heavy particles. The array of magnets can include bar magnets oriented perpendicular to the flow of slurry, bar magnets oriented at a non-perpendicular angle to the flow of slurry, toroid magnets, channeling magnets, zigzag magnets, or combinations of multiple types of magnet.
The present invention also provides a gravity separation system including a v-shaped channeling member having two opposing sides meeting at a bottom vertex, and a magnetic member exterior to at least one of the opposing sides. The present invention further provides a method for the gravity separation and recovery of heavy metal particles from a slurry of suspended particles, including the steps of guiding a flow of a slurry through an interior space of a channeling member, generating a geometrically patterned magnetic field extending into the interior space of the channeling member, exposing magnetically susceptible particles to the geometrically patterned magnetic field, assembling a corresponding geometrically patterned array of riffles, creating regions of reduced flow of the slurry within the geometrically patterned array of riffles, and sedimenting heavy metal particles from the slurry into the plurality of regions of reduced flow.
In the preferred embodiment, the method additionally includes the steps of interrupting the geometrically patterned magnetic field, disassembling the geometrically patterned array of riffles, releasing sedimented heavy metal particles from the regions of reduced flow, and recovering the sedimented heavy metal particles.
The present invention still further provides a magnetic field system for producing an interruptible geometrically patterned magnetic field at a surface, including a magnetic member situated beneath a surface member, the magnetic member including a geometrically patterned array of magnets. The magnetic member is reversibly mounted in sufficient proximity to the surface to produce a corresponding geometrically patterned magnetic field at the surface. The magnetic field is interruptible by the removal of the magnetic member to a location sufficiently distant from the surface to interrupt the geometrically patterned magnetic field at the surface.
Other advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
A gravity recovery system according to the present invention, generally shown at 10 in
The separation assembly 12 includes a channeling member 16 to guide and maintain the flow of slurry of suspended particles. The channeling member 16 includes an interior space 23 defined by two opposing side walls 42 joined by a floor 24 (
The separation assembly 12 also includes a magnetic member 18 including a magnetic array 20, that is, a geometrically patterned array of magnets 22, which is situatable beneath the floor 24 of the channeling member 16. The magnetic array 20 generates a corresponding geometrically patterned magnetic field (not shown), that is, a magnetic field that replicates the geometric pattern of the magnetic array 20. During the operation of the separation system 10, the magnetic array 20 is situated in sufficient proximity to the channeling member 16 that the geometrically patterned magnetic field extends past the floor 24 of the channeling member 16 and into the interior space 23. It will be understood that “sufficient proximity” can be determined on a case by case basis, as any distance which causes the assembly of a riffle array 30.
The riffle array 30 is formed as magnetite particles 26 suspended in the flow of slurry assemble, under the influence of the magnetic field. The riffle array 30 assembles upon an upper surface 48 of the floor 24 of the channeling member 16. It includes a plurality of magnetite riffles 32 distributed in a geometric pattern that corresponds to, that is, closely approximates, the geometric pattern of the magnetic array 20, as best shown in
The slurry of suspended particles can include a natural suspension of particles, such as the flow of a stream, or an artificially created slurry of sands and gravels dredged from a body of water or excavated from the ground and resuspended in water or another fluid. The fluid component of a slurry need not be a liquid, but can include a flowable solid, such as a fine sand. The magnetite particles 26 present in the slurry can include endogenous magnetite already present in the sands and gravels of the slurry, or exogenous magnetite added to the slurry, or exogenous magnetite introduced into the channeling member 16, prior to the introduction of the slurry, so that a riffle array 30 is formed prior to the introduction of a slurry to be separated. Although magnetite particles 26 are preferred, the riffle array 30 can alternatively be formed from any suitable magnetically susceptible particle type or mixture of particle types.
As is the case with conventional riffles of the prior art, the magnetite riffles 32 of the present invention create regions of reduced flow which allow suspended particles of particular specific gravities to sediment from a flow of slurry. Unlike the rigid linear riffles of the prior art, the magnetite riffles 32 created by the magnetic array 20 can assume shapes, sizes, and spatial distributions that are limited only by the shapes and sizes of the magnets 22 incorporated into a magnetic array 20. The system of the present invention includes, for example, linear riffles 36, angled linear riffles 37, toroid riffles 38, zigzag riffles 40, and channeling riffles 43. The height to which a magnetite riffle 32 extends above the floor 24 of the channeling member 16 can also be varied, according to the strength of each magnet 22. The variety of magnetite riffles 32 is further increased by the provision of interchangeable magnetic members 18 having diverse magnetic arrays 20. The interchangability of magnetic members 18 provides infinite flexibility in the sizes and distributions of the magnetite riffles 32, a feature lacking in gravity separation systems of the prior art. This flexibility allows a user to select a magnetic array 20 that induces the formation of an optimal riffle array 30 to sediment a target metal particle of a particular specific gravity from a slurry which flows at a particular flow rate, and which includes undesired particles of particular specific gravities.
The magnetite matrix has a porous structure, so the magnetite riffles 32 not only induce the sedimentation of target metal particles, but also serve to trap the sedimented particles. This trapping capability enhances the efficiency of separation of fine heavy metal particles. Once isolated within the porous matrix, or sponge, the trapped particles are no longer exposed to the scouring effects of the flow of larger particles in the slurry.
The gravity recovery system 10 also provides the capability of instantaneous dispersal of the riffle array 30 for recovery of sedimented target particles. Since the riffle array 30 is not in contact with the magnetic array 20 that induces it, the riffle array 30 is instantly dispersed by the removal or distancing of the magnetic member 18 from the channeling member 16. Once dispersed, the riffle array 30, and the target metal particles sedimented by the riffle array 30, can be flushed from the channeling member 16 by any suitable means. The target metal particles can then by collected or subjected to further processing, as required.
An exemplary channeling member has a length of 16 feet and a width of 16 inches, with side walls 6 inches in height. It will be understood that the gravity recovery system 10 of the present invention is infinitely scalable, and can be constructed at any required size by adjusting the length, width, and height of the channeling member 16 and the magnetic member 18, and by adjusting the number and strength of magnets 22.
In the preferred embodiment, the magnetic member 18 includes two opposite magnetic member sidewalls 52, and a magnetic bed 56 to support the magnetic array 20. The magnetic member 18 is nestingly attachable below the channeling member 16, as shown in
Interruption of the magnetic field for the dispersal of the riffle array 30 can be accomplished by separating the magnetic member 18 sufficiently from the channeling member 16 to withdraw the magnetic field from the floor 24 of the channeling member 16. This separation can be achieved simply by detaching the magnetic member 18 from the channeling member 16. In the previously described embodiment wherein the magnetic bed 56 and magnetic array 20 are situated on a shelf (not shown) beneath the channeling member 16, the magnetic field can be interrupted by removing the bed 56 from the shelf (not shown).
In an alternative embodiment of the gravity recovery system 10, the magnetic member 18 is slidingly attached to the channeling member 16 by means of vertical tracks (not shown) extending below the channeling member 16. In this configuration, the riffle array 30 is assembled by sliding the magnetic member 18 upward on the vertical tracks (not shown) to bring the magnetic array 20 into contact or proximity with the floor 24 of the channeling member 16. The disassembly of the riffle array 30 is induced by sliding the magnetic member 18 downward on the vertical tracks (not shown), to separate the magnetic array 20 from the floor 24 of the channeling member 16. This slideable embodiment of the present invention permits the disassembly of the riffle array 30 without the disassembly of any parts.
In an electromagnetic embodiment of the gravity recovery system 10 (not shown), the magnets 22 are electromagnets (not shown). The riffle array 30 is assembled by powering the electromagnets (not shown), and is disassembled by depowering the electromagnets (not shown).
The channeling member 16 and magnetic member 18 are constructed of a nonmagnetizable substance, preferably aluminum or a resin based material such as fiberglass. A non-magnetizable material is required to avoid the blocking or distortion of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic array 20, and to prevent remnant magnetization of floor 24, which would degrade the resolution of the individual magnetite riffles 32, and impede rapid cleaning of the floor 24 of trapped target minerals.
The present invention is not limited to the linear channeling members 16 and 76. Also within the scope of the invention are non-linear forms of channeling member, such as a sinuous channeling member (not shown) describing an elongated “S” curve. A sinuous channeling member (not shown) provides differing rates of slurry flow at different points in the channeling member.
In the preferred embodiment of the magnetic member 18, the magnets 22 comprising the magnetic array 20 are permanently affixed to the magnetic bed 56 by embedment upon, or enclosure within, an overlay 58 bonded to the bed 56. For example, the magnets 22 can be partially or fully embedded in an overlay 58 composed of an adhesive such as epoxy or fiberglass resin as best shown in
The magnets 22 are selected to generate a magnetic field of sufficient strength to form and maintain magnetite riffles 32 of a desired area and height against the flow of slurry to be separated. For most purposes, permanent neodymium magnets provide the necessary strength. Exemplary magnets include axially charged neodymium magnets of varying strengths, such as N52-3309 Gauss and N42-3960 Gauss (K&J Magnetics, Inc., Jameson, Pa.; Armstrong Magnetics, Inc., Bellingham, Wash.). When required, the magnets can be doubled or tripled to double or triple the Gauss rating and the surface effect on the floor 24. Electromagnets (not shown) can also be employed in the present invention. An exemplary electromagnet is one having windings producing approximately 1100 surface Gauss.
The magnets 22 can be arranged in any geometrical array that provides a riffle array 30 optimal for the separation of target metal particles from a particular mixture of particles traveling at a particular flow rate. Arrays of parallel linear riffles 36, oriented perpendicularly to the flow of slurry, produce regions of reduced flow in the form of standing waves situated between the riffles 36. A linear riffle 36 is produced by a bar magnet 35. In an exemplary array of linear riffles 36, as shown in
A variation of a linear riffle 36 is the angled linear riffle 37, which is oriented at a non-perpendicular angle, such as a 30° angle, to the flow of slurry, as shown in
The strength of the magnets 22 is selected to produce magnetic riffles 32 having a maximum achievable height of approximately 0.75 inches above the surface 48 of the floor 24. The height of the riffles, however, is also dependent on the rate of the flow of the slurry and the size of the material present in the slurry.
The present invention additionally provides riffle morphologies heretofore unknown in the art of gravity separation. Toroid riffles 38 are produced by an array of toroid magnets 39, as shown in
The present invention does not, of course, require a riffle array 30 that is uniform over the length of the channeling member 16. The morphologies and orientations of the toroid magnets 39 can be varied, as can the strength of each magnet 22, to produce mixed riffle arrays 30 of the type shown in
Toroid riffles 38, for example, are most effectively used in conjunction with channeling riffles 43. A channeling riffle 43, best shown in
Zigzag riffles 40 are also effective for the sedimentation of target heavy metal particles. A riffle array 30 including zigzag riffles 40 is generated by the incorporation of at least one zigzag magnet 41 into the magnetic array 20. A zigzag magnet 41 can be provided as an individual bar magnet including a series of sharp turns in alternate directions (not shown), as an individual bar magnet having a sinuous morphology (
The interchangeability of magnetic members 18 permits a user to determine an optimum magnetic array 20 by experimentation. Multiple magnetic members 18 can be provided, with each magnetic member having a characteristic magnetic array 20, that is, a magnetic array 20 that is distinguishable from other available magnetic arrays in terms of spatial distribution and/or strength of the included magents 22. Interchangeable magnetic members 18 can be rapidly tested in a particular separation situation, with the optimal magnetic member 18 being selected on the basis of the tests.
The separation assembly 12 of the gravity recovery system 10 preferably includes a head feed unit 34 to deliver a flow of slurry to the head end 44 of the channeling member 16. The preferred head feed unit 34 includes an upstream reservoir 66 to contain slurry. An agitation device (not shown) can be joined to the head feed unit 34 to agitate the slurry and assure its uniformity prior to its entry into the channeling member 16 and presentation to the riffle array 30. The preferred agitation device (not shown) is a motorized reciprocating arm attached to the head feed unit 34. Alternatively, the agitation device (not shown) can include a vibrator, a shaker, a belt and pulley, or any other agitation device known in the art. The agitation device (not shown) is preferably powered by an electric motor (not shown) clamped to the head feed unit, but a hand powered agitation device can also be used.
The gravity recovery system 10 optionally includes a support assembly 14 to maintain the separation assembly at a desired height and degree of inclination above a substrate. The degree of inclination contributes to determining the rate of descent of the slurry through the channeling member 16. The support assembly 14 preferably includes a plurality of legs 74 attached to the channeling member 16, or to the magnetic member 18, or to any suitable surface of the gravity recovery system 10. Preferably the legs 74 are legs of adjustable height, to facilitate the adjustment of inclination. Any suitable support devices, such as a hydraulically operated platform (not shown) can alternatively be employed, or the gravity recovery system 10 can rest upon any suitably stable structure such as the edges of a catch basin, or upon the ground or other substrate.
An alternative embodiment of the separation system 10, shown in
An advantage of the v-shaped channeling member 76 is that it exposes the riffle array 30 to a range of slurry depths. This configuration encourages the sedimentation of ultrafine particulates in addition to coarser particulates.
The v-shaped embodiment of the separation system 10 is in other respects similar or identical to the previously described embodiment having a channeling member 16 with two opposite sidewalls 42 and a floor 24. That is, the magnetic member 18 is attachable to the v-shaped channeling member 76, by means of a tight elastic fit; or by affixing devices (not shown); or by insertion into a shelf or tracks (not shown) exterior to the v-shaped channeling member 76, as shown in
The v-shaped embodiment of the separation system 10 preferably includes a head feed unit 34 including an upstream reservoir 66 and an optional agitation device (not shown), and a support assembly 14, all as previously described.
The present invention also provides a method for recovering target heavy metal particles from sands and gravel. The method includes the steps of guiding a flow of a slurry through an interior space 23 of a channeling member 16 or a v-shaped channeling member 76; situating a magnetic array 20 exterior to the channeling member 16 or to the v-shaped channeling member 76; extending a geometrically patterned magnetic field into the interior space 23 of the channeling member 16 or the v-shaped channeling member 76; exposing a plurality of magnetically susceptible particles to the geometrically patterned magnetic field; assembling a corresponding geometrically patterned riffle array 30 upon a floor 24 or an inner surface 84 of, respectively, the channeling member 16 or the v-shaped channeling member 76; creating regions of reduced flow of the slurry within the geometrically patterned riffle array 30; and sedimenting heavy metal particles from the slurry into the regions of reduced flow. Preferably, the method additionally includes the steps of interrupting the geometrically patterned magnetic field, disassembling the geometrically patterned riffle array 30, releasing the sedimented heavy metal particles from the regions of reduced flow, and recovering the sedimented heavy metal particles. In embodiments wherein the magnetic array 20 includes permanent magnets 22, the step of interrupting the geometrically patterned magnetic field is accomplished by the step of withdrawing the magnetic array 20 from the channeling member 16 or from the v-shaped channeling member 76. In embodiments wherein the magnetic array 20 includes electromagnets 22, the step of interrupting the geometrically patterned magnetic field is accomplished by depowering the electromagnets.
The devices and methods of the present invention are readily combined with existing conventional and non-conventional separation devices to enhance separation. These devices can include agitation areas, settling areas, and a trommel for classification of ore and gravels by mechanical means (not shown). While the Examples describe uses of the present invention to separate particulates from an aqueous slurry, it will be understood that the invention will also be useful in dry separation; that is, for the separation of particulate metals from a flow of sand or any other flowable and nonmagnetizable solid.
It will be understood that the efficiency of separation by separation systems according to the present invention can be optimized by appropriate, experimentally determined adjustments of variables including, but not limited to, the length of the channeling member 16 or 76, the rate of descent of the slurry, the presence and strength of agitation in the head feed unit 34, the spatial configuration and magnetic flux of the magnetic array 20, the angle of the side walls 42 to the floor 24 of the channeling member 16, and the angle of the sides 78 at the bottom vertex 80 of the v-shaped channeling member 76.
The present invention is not limited to uses related to the separation of heavy metals from slurries. The invention also includes any magnetic field system for producing an interruptible geometrically patterned magnetic field at a surface. The magnetic field system includes a surface member having a surface (not shown), and a magnetic member 18 including a geometrically patterned magnetic array 20. The magnetic member is mounted in sufficient proximity to the surface member (not shown) to extend a corresponding geometrically patterned magnetic field through the surface. The magnetic array can include permanent magnets or electromagnets. The geometrically patterned magnetic field can be interrupted either by removing the magnetic member 18 to a location sufficiently distant from the surface member to withdraw the geometrically patterned magnetic field at the surface (not shown), or in the case of electromagnets, by depowering the electromagnets. The magnetic array 18 can include, but is not limited to, bar magnets 35, toroid magnets 39, channeling magnets 39, zigzag magnets 41, or combinations thereof.
A prototype gravity recovery system 10 was tested at two sites, a glacial kame on the Grand River near Lyons, Mich., and a gravel pit excavating a glacial feature near Saranac, Mich. The channeling member 16 of the prototype was 5 feet in length and 6 inches in width. For purposes of experimentation with diverse magnetic arrays 20, magnets 22 were affixed to the bed 56 with Duct Seal Compound. The magnetic array 20 was arranged to produce a riffle array 30 including a mixture of types of magnetite riffles 32, similar but not identical to the riffle array 30 depicted in
An example of the recovery capabilities of the present invention is shown in
The prototype described in Example 1 was used to separate heavy metal particles from a white silica sand produced commercially for sand blasting and landscaping (Readi-Mix). A sample of unseparated sand and a sample of material recovered from the sand by separation in the prototype device were submitted to assay by a commercial assay firm (Activation Laboratories LTD, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada). Representative comparisons of metal concentrations in the unseparated and recovered samples are shown in TABLE 1. Especially notable are the marked enrichment of uranium (5,233%), zirconium (greater than 735%), hafnium (14,333%) yttrium (3,533%), and chromium (greater than 150%). In a similar separation of Readi-Mix sand (not shown) yields of recovered metals by weight included uranium at 16.3 g/ton, yttrium at 109 g/ton, and zirconium at 19.9 kg/ton. Considerable enrichment of the lanthanide series of elements was also achieved, including those important in magnet and battery production, such as lanthanum (167%), neodymium (320%), dysprosium (4,533%), and terbium (at least 170%). In terms of actual yields, uranium was recovered at a rate of 16.3 g/ton, yttrium at 109 g/ton, and zirconium at 19.9 kg/ton.
A sample of sand characteristic of western lower Michigan was purchased from Tip Top Gravel Co, (Ada, Mich.) and separated with the prototype device. Yields of selected recovered metals are shown in TABLE 2. Expressed in terms of yield per ton of processed material, gold was obtained at 236 mg/ton, silver at 37.2 g/ton, chromium at 343 g/ton, vanadium at 338 g/ton, uranium at 4.5 g/ton and zirconium at 1.82 kg/ton.
Coal fly ash is useful as a bonding agent in cement, but its use is limited by the presence of toxic metals such as mercury. The capability of the separation system 10 to extract and recover toxic metals from coal ash was tested in an experiment in which magnetite riffles were created by directing a flow of commercially processed magnetite (e.g. Dowling Magnets, Elmhurst, Ill.) through the channeling member 16 prior to introducing a slurry of coal fly ash. This “pre-salting” of the separation system 10 with magnetite was necessary because of presumed low levels magnetite in typical coal ash.
Representative comparisons of metal concentrations in the unseparated coal ash and recovered samples are shown in TABLE 3. The recovered samples include both “processed target material”, that is, metals released by dispersion of the magnetite riffles 32; and “magnetite residuals”, that is, metals still associated with the magnetite particles after dispersion. Both types of recovered sample represent toxic metals that have been removed from the coal ash. The magnetite residuals fraction probably represents metals that have bonded chemically or electrically with the magnetite particles during separation. Especially notable are the enrichment values of several metals in the processed target material and magnetite residuals relative to the unseparated coal ash. Mercury was enriched by 460% in processed target material. Chromium was enriched by 171% in processed target material and by 671% in magnetite residuals. Zinc was enriched by 259% in processed target material and by greater than 259% in magnetite residuals. Lead was enriched by 109% in processed target material and by 108% in magnetite residuals. Zirconium was enriched by 270% in processed target material.
While illustrative embodiments of the invention have been disclosed herein, it is understood that other embodiments and modifications may be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3700555 | Widmark | Oct 1972 | A |
| 3892658 | Benowitz | Jul 1975 | A |
| 4842721 | Schloemann | Jun 1989 | A |
| 5191981 | Young | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5779907 | Yu | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5927508 | Plath | Jul 1999 | A |
| 6297062 | Gombinski | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6596182 | Prenger | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 8231006 | Grabbe | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8543177 | Hong | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 20110212840 | Hong | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61830363 | Jun 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14293120 | Jun 2014 | US |
| Child | 14794202 | US |
