Patent Grant
11734074
This application claims the benefit of India Patent Application No. 202011032612, filed Jul. 30, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This specification relates to cloud computing technologies.
Migrating to cloud computing technologies is typically a manual and effort intensive process. There are various objectives and concerns which affect the decisions regarding choosing a particular cloud provider (or a particular mix of providers) over others and which available locations of the same to prefer over the others. Thus, as cloud computing technologies become more ubiquitous, businesses are confronted with a growing number of complex decisions regarding how to best migrate existing computing resources to the cloud.
This specification describes technologies for generating customized recommendations for environmentally-conscious cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of existing datacenters. Businesses typically have a variety of concerns when migrating to cloud services/storage. While businesses typically have a variety of concerns when migrating to cloud services/storage concerning cost, and technology, sustainability is rapidly becoming an important concern. The technologies described in this specification are geared toward addressing this concern by revealing the sustainability benefits of various different cloud computing frameworks and migration strategies to users in a simple yet effective manner. These technologies generally involve receiving, through a user interface presented on a display of a computing device, data regarding a user's existing datacenter deployment and the user's preferences for the new cloud computing framework, generating one or more recommendations for environmentally-conscious cloud computing frameworks based on the received data, and presenting such recommendations through the user interface for the user's review and consideration. In addition, these technologies may also enable the user to experiment with and explore the details and benefits of various different cloud computing frameworks and migrations strategies through use of a simulation toolkit.
In general, one innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in methods that include the actions of receiving, through a user interface, (i) a first set of data indicating one or more characteristics of an existing datacenter, and (ii) a second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter, determining a first set of one or more measures for the existing datacenter based at least in part on the first set of data, the first set of one or more measures including a measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter, identifying, from among a plurality of different cloud computing frameworks, one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data. For each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, determining a second set of one or more measures for the respective candidate cloud computing framework based at least in part on the first and second sets of data, the second set of one or more measures including a measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, and presenting, through the user interface, data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter, data identifying one or more characteristics of each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks, and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks.
Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods. For a system of one or more computers to be configured to perform particular operations or actions means that the system has installed on it software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them that in operation cause the system to perform the operations or actions. For one or more computer programs to be configured to perform particular operations or actions means that the one or more programs include instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the operations or actions.
The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In particular, one embodiment includes all the following features in combination.
In some implementations, the first set of data includes data indicating a location of the existing datacenter, a rate at which the existing datacenter consumes energy, a rate at which a facility or building that houses the existing datacenter consumes energy, a Power Utilization Effectiveness (PUE) of the existing datacenter, an uninterruptible power source (UPS) load of the existing datacenter, an amount of energy generated onsite for the existing datacenter, a distribution of energy purchased for the existing datacenter, carbon offsets procured for the existing datacenter or an organization associated with the existing datacenter, contractual or financial agreements for purchasing green power for the existing datacenter, or a combination thereof.
In some implementations, the second set of data includes data indicating a preferred location of the cloud computing framework, a preferred cloud service provider (CSP) for the cloud computing framework, a preferred quantity of computing resources of the existing datacenter that are to be replaced by the cloud computing framework, a preferred amount of time to migrate from the computing resources of the existing datacenter to the cloud computing framework, or a combination thereof.
In some implementations, the methods further include presenting, through the user interface, an interactive user interface comprising a plurality of questions and a plurality of user input elements for receiving answers to the plurality of questions, wherein the first and second sets of data comprise data indicating one or more answers received through one or more of the user input elements, respectively.
In some implementations, the methods further include determining, based on the first set of data, that answers were received for a particular number of questions, and selecting, from among a plurality of mathematical models, a particular mathematical model based on the particular number of questions for which answers were received, Identifying the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks and determining the second set of one or more measures for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified can include using the particular mathematical model to identify one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter, and using the particular mathematical model to determine a second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified.
In some implementations, identifying one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data includes identifying a plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data.
In some implementations, the methods further include ranking the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks based at least in part on the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework.
In some implementations, the methods further include selecting, from among the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, a set of one or more of the plurality of the cloud computing frameworks based on the ranking, wherein presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more identified candidate cloud computing frameworks and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework includes presenting, through the user interface, data identifying one or more characteristics of each of the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework in the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks in an order based on ranking.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks includes presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks in an order based on ranking.
In some implementations, presenting the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified include a first candidate cloud computing framework that is associated with a first cloud service provider (CSP) and a second candidate cloud computing framework that is associated with a second CSP, the second CSP being different from the first CSP.
In some implementations, the methods further include, for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified: computing a quantitative difference between the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter and the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, and presenting, through the user interface, data indicating the computed quantitative difference.
In some implementations, the methods further include, for each of one or more measures included in the second set of one or more measures determined for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified: computing a quantitative difference between the respective measure included in the second set of one or more measures determined for the respective candidate cloud computing framework and a corresponding measure in the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter, and where presenting, through the user interface, data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework identified includes presenting, through the user interface, data indicating the computed quantitative differences between one or more measures included in the second set of one or more measures and one or more corresponding measures included in the first set of one or more measures, respectively.
In some implementations, the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter further includes one or more measures of energy consumption associated with operating the existing datacenter, one or more measures of carbon emissions associated with operating the existing datacenter, one or more costs associated with operating the existing datacenter, or a combination thereof.
In some implementations, the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework identified further includes one or more measures of energy consumption associated with operating the respective candidate cloud computing framework, one or more measures of carbon emissions associated with operating the respective candidate cloud computing framework, one or more costs associated with operating the respective candidate cloud computing framework, or a combination thereof.
In some implementations, the methods further include identifying, based on the first set of data, an additional set of data associated with a location of the existing datacenter, wherein determining the first set of one or more measures for the existing datacenter based at least in part on the first set of data includes determining a first set of one or more measures for the existing datacenter based at least in part on the first set of data and further on the additional set of data associated with the location of existing datacenter.
In some implementations, the additional set of data associated with the location of existing datacenter includes data indicating one or more economic incentive programs for reducing carbon emissions for which the existing datacenter is eligible, carbon taxes associated with the location of the existing datacenter, current emission factors of the location of the existing datacenter, future greenness aspirations of one or more governing bodies associated with the location of the existing datacenter, a level of readiness of one or more governing bodies associated with the location of the existing datacenter to transition to green energy, or a combination thereof.
In some implementations, determining the second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified based at least in part on the first and second sets of data includes determining a second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified based at least in part on the first and second sets of data and further on an additional set of data associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, the additional set of data associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework including data indicating one or more economic incentive programs for reducing carbon emissions for which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is eligible, carbon taxes associated with a location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework, current emission factors of the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework, future greenness aspirations of one or more governing bodies associated with the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework, a level of readiness of one or more governing bodies associated with the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework to transition to green energy, a level of sustainability associated with a cloud service provider (CSP) associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, or a combination thereof.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, data indicating the computed quantitative differences between one or more measures included in the second set of one or more measures and one or more corresponding measures included in the first set of one or more measures, respectively, includes: for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, presenting, through the user interface, data indicating one or more of an estimated reduction in energy consumption achievable by replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, an estimated reduction in carbon emissions achievable by replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, and an estimated reduction in operating costs achievable by replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter with the respective candidate cloud computing framework.
In general, another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in methods that include the actions of receiving data representing an existing datacenter including a first set of one or more measures including a first measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter based in part on a first set of data indicating one or more characteristics of an existing datacenter, receiving data representing a plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter including a second set of one or more measures including a second measure of environmental sustainability associated with each of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks based on a second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter, determining, from the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter, a subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks for presentation in a user interface, generating, for presentation in the user interface, a visualization of the existing datacenter and the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks and a dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures and the respective second set of one or more measures determined for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks, and presenting, through the user interface, the visualization of the existing datacenter and each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks and the dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures and the respective second set of one or more measures determined for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks.
Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods. For a system of one or more computers to be configured to perform particular operations or actions means that the system has installed on it software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them that in operation cause the system to perform the operations or actions. For one or more computer programs to be configured to perform particular operations or actions means that the one or more programs include instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the operations or actions.
The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In particular, one embodiment includes all the following features in combination.
In some implementations, presenting the visualization of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks further includes generating a list of one or more locations, wherein each location included on the list is representative of a location of one or more of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, and presenting, through the user interface, data indicating the generated list of one or more locations.
In some implementations, determining, from the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter, a subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks for presentation in a user interface includes ranking the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks based at least in part on the second set of one or more measures determined for each of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks.
In some implementations, the methods further include, for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks, using the first and second sets of data to perform a simulation in which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is deployed as a replacement for the computing resources of the existing datacenter, wherein determining the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework includes determining a measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework based at least in part on the simulation.
In some implementations, the methods further include receiving, through the user interface, a third set of data indicating one or both of an updated set of one or more characteristics of the existing datacenter and an updated set of one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter, and in response to receiving the third set of data, presenting, through the user interface, an updated version of one or both of the visualization and the dashboard.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, an updated version of one or both of the visualization and the dashboard includes selecting, from the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks, at least one new candidate cloud computing framework not included in the subset of cloud computing frameworks, and presenting, the updated version of the visualization including the at least one new candidate cloud computing framework not included in the subset of cloud computing frameworks, where the at least one new candidate cloud computing framework includes one or more of the updated set of one or more preferred characteristics.
In some implementations, receiving the third set of data indicating one or more of an updated set of one or more preferred characteristics of the cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter includes receiving, through the user interface, an indication of an interaction by a user with at least one location of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks or the existing datacenter.
In some implementations, the methods further include receiving, through the user interface, data indicating a selection of a particular location from the generated list of one or more locations, the particular location being representative of a location of a particular set of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks, and in response to receiving data indicating the selection of the particular location, presenting, through the user interface, additional data identifying one or more characteristics of each of the particular set of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks.
In some implementations, the visualization of the existing datacenter and the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes geographical representations of a location of the existing datacenter and a location of each the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks.
In some implementations, computing resources of the existing datacenter host a particular set of data, applications, and workloads, where the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data comprise one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks that are each capable of hosting the particular set of data, applications, and workloads.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes: for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the respective candidate cloud computing framework as a recommended cloud computing framework for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, the dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and the second set of one or more measures determined for each the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes: for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, presenting, through the user interface, data representing a comparison of at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for the respective candidate cloud computing framework.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, the dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and the second set of one or more measures determined for each the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes: for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks, presenting, through the user interface, data identifying one or both of a location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework and a cloud service provider (CSP) associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework.
In some implementations, the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter is indicative of one or both of an estimation of the existing datacenter's current carbon emissions and one or more measures of greenness with a location of the existing datacenter, and where the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework is indicative of one or both of an estimation of the respective candidate cloud computing framework's expected carbon emissions and one or more measures of greenness associated with a location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework.
In some implementations, the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework corresponds to one or more of a city or town within which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is located, a state or province within which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is located, and a country within which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is located.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, the dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and the second set of one or more measures determined for each the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes presenting, through the user interface, data identifying a location of the existing datacenter, wherein the location of the existing datacenter corresponds to one or more of a city or town within which the existing datacenter is located, a state or province within which the existing datacenter is located, and a country within which the existing datacenter is located.
In some implementations, receiving data representing the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter including the second set of one or more measures including a measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework based on the second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter includes identifying two one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data from among a plurality of cloud computing frameworks having different characteristics, where the identified two one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks each include the one or more preferred characteristics indicated by the second set of data.
In some implementations, the two one or more cloud computing frameworks are associated with two or more different cloud service providers (CSPs), respectively.
In some implementations, presenting, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks includes presenting data indicating target cloud providers, target locations, carbon emissions, CO2 emission reduction and sustainability improvement for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks.
The details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter of this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Companies typically have a variety of concerns when migrating to cloud services/storage. While traditionally those concerns have centered around cost, and technology, increasingly, sustainability is becoming an important concern. Thus, it is advantageous to be able to reveal the sustainability benefits of a particular company's potential migration to the cloud including how those benefits can be maximized, and what unique possibilities exist specific to a client's current datacenter or Cloud context. However, typically it is non-trivial to address these aspects objectively.
The systems and techniques described herein are directed to automated cross-platform approaches which can help explore, calculate and optimize the sustainability benefits of migrating to specific different cloud providers and locations/geographies. In some examples, one or more of the systems described herein may serve to advise users (e.g., companies) on how moving workloads to the cloud would be environmentally friendly and sustainable, in terms of reducing carbon footprint, and for helping optimize the migration with respect to important constraints and considerations for the user. The approach utilizes in part an interactive system to determine in the business case, energy use and technical infrastructure aspects of the user's/company's current datacenter deployments, along with the cloud migration/adoption strategy parameters, to determine the cloud and location greenness of the strategy in terms of possible reduction in energy demands and eCO2 emissions. The approaches also allow for determining objective measurements and technical architecture of the company's as-is deployment to provide a view into their current sustainability score and then allows for simulating various sustainable cloud migration strategies across different providers and locations. The approach estimates corresponding sustainability scores for each of those so that the realizable green benefits of the migration strategies can be compared. The approach also provides “recommended” migration strategies that optimize sustainability with other cloud migration goals important to the company.
The systems and techniques described herein present an approach to advise the client on how moving to cloud-based service providers can be more sustainable and can lead to significant reduction in their carbon footprint. The systems and techniques can be utilized to optimize migration benefits while balancing client constraints and restrictions. The process employed by the systems and techniques described herein includes a question-based approach to input the business application, technical infrastructure, migration strategy and energy consumption for the Client's current deployment of data centers. The process is further augmented by providing features to assess their sustainability score with the client's current technical deployment architecture and allows them to simulate different migration strategies and explore their impact (sustainability score) through an interactive simulation environment. The simulation environment can allow the Client to explore various scenarios outside a first determined set of cloud migration preferences and/or cloud-based server parameters, and gain insight into how alternative requirements can influence the sustainable cloud migration strategies. The approach also recommends a greenness strategy to effectively reduce the energy demands and eCO2 emissions. Such systems and techniques are described in further detail below with reference to
Briefly, and as described in further detail below, the Green Cloud Advisor system of
As shown in
The data indicating industry standard inputs may include data indicative of benchmarks in the user's specific industry, such as data pertaining to various economic incentive programs for reducing CO2 emissions for which one or more existing datacenters associated with the user may be eligible and/or carbon taxes associated with the locations of one or more existing datacenters associated with the user. In some implementations, some or all of this data may be obtained from one or more repositories or databases that are maintained by or otherwise accessible to the data modelling engine, such as an industry benchmark repository. In at least some of these implementations, the data modelling engine may select or otherwise identify industry standard inputs, from among the data stored in the industry benchmark repository, based at least in part on client DC input. For instance, in some examples, the industry benchmark repository may store data pertaining to economic incentive programs and carbon taxes in association with each of a variety of different locations and/or industries. In these examples, the data modelling engine may, for instance, determine a location of a particular existing datacenter and/or an industry associated with the particular existing datacenter based on client DC input received through an interactive user interface (e.g., DC demographics data), and may identify, from among the data stored in the industry benchmark repository, data that is associated with the determined location and/or industry as industry standard inputs for the particular existing datacenter. For example, if DC demographics data received through the interactive user interface includes data indicating that the user wishes to migrate computing resources of existing datacenters, e.g., located in Boston, USA and Gold Coast, Australia, to the cloud (e.g., as is the case in the example of
The data indicating public cloud hosting details may include data indicative of architectural characteristics of one or more public cloud computing frameworks and/or energy usage characteristics of one or more public cloud computing frameworks. For example, the public cloud hosting details may include data indicating the types and quantities of servers and other network devices that are included in each of one or more public cloud computing frameworks and/or data indicating utilization and energy consumption statistics associated with each of one or more public cloud computing frameworks. In some examples, some or all of this data may be obtained from one or more repositories or databases that are maintained by or otherwise accessible to the data modelling engine, such as repositories of output data produced or aggregated by one or more engines. In at least some of these implementations, the data modelling engine may select or otherwise identify public cloud hosting details associated with one or more public cloud computing frameworks, from among the data stored in the output repository, based at least in part on client DC input. For instance, in some examples, the output repository may store data pertaining to the capabilities and locations of each of a variety of different public cloud computing frameworks. In these examples, the data modelling engine may, for instance, determine what percentage or quantity of computing resources of a particular datacenter the Client wishes to migrate to the cloud and/or one or more preferred locations for the one or more cloud computing frameworks that will replace computing resources of the particular datacenter based on client DC input received through an interactive user interface (e.g., DC migration strategy data), and may identify, from among the data stored in the output repository, public cloud hosting details for each of one or more cloud computing frameworks that have the technical capabilities to replace the specified percentage or quantity of computing resources of the particular datacenter and/or are located at the one or more preferred locations specified by the user.
For example, if client DC input data received through the interactive user interface includes data indicating that the user wishes to migrate ten servers from each of one or more existing datacenters to the cloud and data indicating that the user wishes to use Cloud Service Provider A (CSP A) and Cloud Service Provider C (CSP C) as their cloud service providers (CSPs) (e.g., as is the case in the example of
The data indicating cloud service provider (CSP) benchmarks may include data indicative of one or more measures of sustainability associated with each of one or more CSPs. In some implementations, some or all of this data may be obtained from one or more repositories or databases that are maintained by or otherwise accessible to the data modelling engine, such as a HyperScalers benchmark repository. In at least some of these implementations, the data modelling engine may select or otherwise identify CSP benchmarks, from among the data stored in the industry benchmark repository, based at least in part on client DC input. For instance, in some examples, the HyperScalers benchmark repository may store data indicative of one or more measures of sustainability in association with each of a variety of different CSPs. In these examples, the data modelling engine may, for instance, determine which CSP(s) the user prefers based on client DC input received through an interactive user interface, and may identify, from among the data stored in the HyperScalers benchmark repository, data indicating benchmarks for each of the one or more CSPs preferred by the user. For example, if client DC input data received through the interactive user interface includes data indicating that the user wishes to use CSP A and/or CSP C as their CSP(s) (e.g., as is the case in the example of
In some implementations, the Green Cloud Advisor system may operate to advise the user on strategies for moving from an existing cloud computing platform to another, greener cloud computing platform. In such implementations, the data collected by the data modelling engine may include data indicating one or more characteristics of each of one or more existing cloud computing frameworks.
The data modelling engine may generate a knowledge model based on some or all of the aforementioned inputs. In some examples, the knowledge model may serve to represent some or all of the aforementioned inputs in a form that is more readily usable by other components of the Green Cloud Advisor system and/or other computing devices in communication therewith. In some implementations, the knowledge model may further reflect relationships between various pieces of some or all of the aforementioned data. Upon generating the knowledge model, the data modelling engine may store the knowledge model in the input data repository or otherwise make the knowledge model available for use by other components of the Green Cloud Advisor system, such as the sustainability analysis engine and/or sustainability recommendation engine.
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In some examples, the sustainability recommendation engine may be configured to rank the various candidate cloud computing frameworks/cloud migration strategies based on any of a variety of information. For instance, the sustainability recommendation engine may be configured to rank the various candidate cloud computing frameworks/cloud migration strategies based on their respective sustainability index and/or the estimated reduction in operating costs associated therewith. In some of these examples, the sustainability recommendation engine may only generate a recommendation for each of a set of the highest ranking candidate cloud computing frameworks/cloud migration strategies. For instance, the sustainability recommendation engine may only generate recommendations for the top three ranked candidate cloud computing frameworks/cloud migration strategies or may only generate a single recommendation for the top ranked candidate cloud computing framework/cloud migration strategy. In some implementations, the recommendation(s) generated by the sustainability recommendation engine may ultimately be presented to the user (e.g., through an interactive user interface) in a spatial and/or temporal order corresponding to ranking. For example, the Green Cloud Advisor system may present a recommendation for the top ranked candidate cloud computing framework/cloud migration strategy through a first screen of the user interface, and further present recommendations for the second, third, and fourth top ranked candidate cloud computing frameworks/cloud migration strategies through a second screen the user interface as a set of “alternate” options.
Upon generating each recommendation, the sustainability recommendation engine may store each recommendation in the green advisory repository or otherwise make each recommendation available for use by other components of the Green Cloud Advisor system and/or other systems and components in communication therewith. For example, the sustainability recommendation engine may perform one or more operations to provide each recommendation for output through an interactive user interface that is presented on a display.
In some examples, instead of asking the user which CSP(s) they prefer, the Green Cloud Advisor system may simply recommend cloud computing frameworks corresponding to whichever CSP(s) yield the best results (e.g., most sustainable results and/or most cost effective results).
The simulation engine of
Each green card of the multiple green cards can include one or more of i) data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures related to an existing datacenter, ii) data identifying characteristics of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks, and iii) data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures related to the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks.
A user may interact with the dashboard to select, via a drop-down menu, one or more of the generated and saved green cards. In this way, the simulation engine can update, in real-time, the algorithms utilized to calculate a sustainability report, and provide real-time updated aggregation/presentation of data (e.g., via real-time generated green cards) to increase awareness of a user to options for cloud migration. Examples of such information can be seen in one or more of the screens of
The simulation engine of
The simulation engine of
Simulation engine may include an interactive visualization presented to a user in a simulation environment. The interactive visualization can include methods of viewing and interacting with text and global maps presented to the user in the simulation environment. For example, the user can drag and drop entities presented on the map that are representative of a current location of a DC to a new different location to indicate a desired location of a CSP to migrate a portion or all of the DC. In another example, the user can drag and drop entities presented on the map that are representative of suggested locations of CSPs by the simulation engine to indicate a new preference for a location of the CSP to migrate a portion or all of a DC.
The interactive visualization presented to the user in the simulation environment can include methods for green card creation via the simulation engine. In other words, a user may, through interactions with the interactive visualization, create one or more green cards representative of the interactions of the user with the simulation environment. For example, when the user interacts with entities presented on the map that are representative of a suggested CSP location for migrating a portion or all of a DC, e.g., moves the CSP location to a different location and/or to a different CSP, a new green card can accordingly be generated and saved in a dashboard of the user interface that is representative of this interaction. The new green card can include data indicating an updated set of one or more of i) data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures related to an existing datacenter, ii) data identifying characteristics of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks, and iii) data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures related to the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks.
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The screens depicted in
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In general, as described above with reference to
The user may select to simulate the results of the CSP migration based on a current set of preferences/parameters indicated through the user interface, where the simulation engine generates a set of one or more green cards based on the set of preferences/parameters and a current configuration of the one or more algorithms utilized by the system.
Results of the simulation, e.g., generated green cards, can be presented in a dashboard of the user interface, where the user may select to revisit the previous set of preferences/parameters and generate an updated set of preferences/parameters. The updated set of preferences/parameters may then be utilized by the system to update the algorithms in real-time to generate an updated CSP migration strategy.
The user may select to save updated preferences as multiple iterations of the simulation environment are explored, in order to review and compare multiple CSP migration strategies (e.g., multiple green cards).
The system receives a first set of data indicating one or more characteristics of an existing datacenter (step 4110). For example, this may correspond to the Green Cloud Advisor system of one or more of
The system receives a second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter (step 4120). For example, this may correspond to the Green Cloud Advisor system of one or more of
The system determines a first set of one or more measures for the existing datacenter based on the first set of data (step 4130). In some implementations, the first set of one or more measures may include a measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter. In some examples, this may correspond to one or more processes performed by the sustainability analysis engine as described above with reference to
The system identifies one or more candidate computing frameworks for replacing the computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter based on the second set of data (step 4140). In some examples, the system identifies the one or more candidate computing frameworks from among a plurality of different cloud computing frameworks. For example, this may correspond to the Green Cloud Advisor system described above with reference to
The system determines a second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified based on the first and second sets of data (step 4150). In some implementations, the second set of one or more measures may include a measure of environmental sustainability associated with each candidate cloud computing framework. In some examples, this may correspond to one or more processes performed by the sustainability analysis engine as described above with reference to
The system presents data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures, data identifying characteristics of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks, and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures (step 4160). In some implementations, the system may also present the aforementioned data through the user interface. In some examples, this may correspond to one or more processes performed by the sustainability recommendation engine as described above with reference to
In some implementations, the first set of data may include data indicating a location of the existing datacenter, a rate at which the existing datacenter consumes energy, a rate at which a facility or building that houses the existing datacenter consumes energy, a Power Utilization Effectiveness (PUE) of the existing datacenter, an uninterruptible power source (UPS) load of the existing datacenter, an amount of energy generated onsite for the existing datacenter, a distribution of energy purchased for the existing datacenter, carbon offsets procured for the existing datacenter or an organization associated with the existing datacenter, contractual or financial agreements for purchasing green power for the existing datacenter, or a combination thereof. For example, such data may correspond to that which is specified by the user in one or more of the screens depicted in
Furthermore, in some implementations, the second set of data may include data indicating a preferred location of the cloud computing framework, a preferred cloud service provider (CSP) for the cloud computing framework, a preferred quantity of computing resources of the existing datacenter that are to be replaced by the cloud computing framework, a preferred amount of time to migrate from the computing resources of the existing datacenter to the cloud computing framework, or a combination thereof. For example, such data may correspond to that which is specified by the user in one or more of the screens depicted in
In some examples, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system presents, through the user interface, an interactive user interface comprising multiple questions and multiple user input elements for receiving answers to the multiple questions. In these examples, the first and second sets of data may include data indicating one or more answers received through one or more of the user input elements, respectively. For example, the interactive interface may correspond to the interactive interface shown in one or more of the screens depicted in
In at least some of these examples, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system determines, based on the first set of data, that answers were received for a particular number of the questions, and select, from among multiple different mathematical models, a particular mathematical model based on the particular number of questions for which answers were received. In such examples, to identify the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks (e.g., at step 4140) and determine the second set of one or more measures for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified (step 4150), the system may use the particular mathematical model to identify one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter and use the particular mathematical model to determine a second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified. For instance, the particular mathematical model may correspond to a model upon which the knowledge model described above with reference to
In some implementations, to identify one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data (step 4140), the system may identify a plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data. In some examples, the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified may include a first candidate cloud computing framework that is associated with a first cloud service provider (CSP) and a second candidate cloud computing framework that is associated with a second CSP, the second CSP being different from the first CSP. For example, this may correspond to the Green Cloud Advisor system of
In some of the aforementioned implementations, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system ranks the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks based at least in part on the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework. In some examples, to present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks (e.g., at step 4160), in such implementations, the system may present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks in an order based on ranking. For example, data generated in association with the one or more aforementioned steps may correspond to data presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
In other examples, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system selects, from among the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, a set of one or more of the plurality of the cloud computing frameworks based on the ranking. In these examples, to present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more identified candidate cloud computing frameworks and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework (e.g., at step 4160), the system may present, through the user interface, data identifying one or more characteristics of each of the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework in the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks. For example, the data identifying one or more characteristics of each of the selected set of one or more of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks may correspond to data presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
In some implementations, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system may, for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, compute a quantitative difference between the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter and the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, and present data indicating the computed quantitative difference through the user interface. For example, the quantitative difference may correspond to one or more of the values determined by the sustainability analysis engine as described above with reference to
In some examples, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system may, for each of one or more measures included in the second set of one or more measures determined for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, compute a quantitative difference between the respective measure included in the second set of one or more measures determined for the respective candidate cloud computing framework and a corresponding measure in the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter. In these examples, to present, through the user interface, data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework identified (e.g., at step 4160), the system may present, through the user interface, data indicating the computed quantitative differences between one or more measures included in the second set of one or more measures and one or more corresponding measures included in the first set of one or more measures, respectively. For example, the quantitative differences may correspond to one or more of the values determined by the sustainability analysis engine as described above with reference to
In some examples, the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter further may include one or more measures of energy consumption associated with operating the existing datacenter, one or more measures of carbon emissions associated with operating the existing datacenter, one or more costs associated with operating the existing datacenter, or a combination thereof. For example, these measures may correspond to one or more of the values determined by the sustainability analysis engine and/or the sustainability recommendation engine as described above with reference to
In some examples, process 4100 may further include one or more steps in which the system may identify, based on the first set of data, an additional set of data associated with a location of the existing datacenter. In such examples, to determine the first set of one or more measures for the existing datacenter based at least in part on the first set of data (e.g., at step 4130), the system may determine a first set of one or more measures for the existing datacenter based at least in part on the first set of data and further on the additional set of data associated with the location of existing datacenter. For example, this may correspond to the data modelling engine as described above with reference to
In some examples, to determine the second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified based at least in part on the first and second sets of data (e.g., at step 4150), the system may determine a second set of one or more measures for each candidate cloud computing framework identified based at least in part on the first and second sets of data and further on an additional set of data associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework. In such examples, the additional set of data associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework may include data indicating one or more economic incentive programs for reducing carbon emissions for which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is eligible, carbon taxes associated with a location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework, current emission factors of the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework, future greenness aspirations of one or more governing bodies associated with the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework, a level of readiness of one or more governing bodies associated with the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework to transition to green energy, a level of sustainability associated with a cloud service provider (CSP) associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, or a combination thereof. For example, this may correspond to the data modelling engine as described above with reference to
In some examples, to present, through the user interface, data indicating the computed quantitative differences between one or more measures included in the second set of one or more measures and one or more corresponding measures included in the first set of one or more measures (e.g., at step 4160), respectively, the system may, for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, present, through the user interface, data indicating one or more of an estimated reduction in energy consumption achievable by replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, an estimated reduction in carbon emissions achievable by replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter with the respective candidate cloud computing framework, and an estimated reduction in operating costs achievable by replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter with the respective candidate cloud computing framework. For example, the aforementioned data that is presented through the user interface may correspond to data presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
In some implementations, the computing resources of the existing datacenter host a particular set of data, applications, and workloads. In these implementations, to identify one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data (step 4140), the system may identify, based at least in part on the second set of data, one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks that are each capable of hosting the particular set of data, applications, and workloads.
In some implementations, to present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks (e.g., at step 4160), the system may, for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the respective candidate cloud computing framework as a recommended cloud computing framework for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter. For example, data generated in association with the one or more aforementioned steps may correspond to data presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
In some examples, to present, through the user interface, data indicating at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and data indicating at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework (e.g., at step 4160), the system may, for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, present, through the user interface, data representing a comparison of at least a portion of the first set of one or more measures determined for the existing datacenter and at least a portion of the second set of one or more measures determined for the respective candidate cloud computing framework. For example, data generated in association with the one or more aforementioned steps may correspond to data presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
In some implementations, to present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks (step 4160), the system may, for each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks identified, present, through the user interface, data identifying one or both of a location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework and a cloud service provider (CSP) associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework. In some implementations, the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter may be indicative of one or both of an estimation of the existing datacenter's current carbon emissions and one or more measures of greenness with a location of the existing datacenter, and the measure of environmental sustainability associated with the respective candidate cloud computing framework may be indicative of one or both of an estimation of the respective candidate cloud computing framework's expected carbon emissions and one or more measures of greenness associated with a location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework. In some examples, the location of the respective candidate cloud computing framework may correspond to one or more of a city or town within which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is located, a state or province within which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is located, and a country within which the respective candidate cloud computing framework is located. Furthermore, in some examples, the location of the existing datacenter may correspond to one or more of a city or town within which the existing datacenter is located, a state or province within which the existing datacenter is located, and a country within which the existing datacenter is located.
In some implementations, to identify, from among the plurality of different cloud computing frameworks, the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data (e.g., at step 4140), the system may identify, from among a plurality of cloud computing frameworks having different characteristics, one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks having the one or more preferred characteristics indicated by the second set of data. In at least some of these implementations, the plurality of cloud computing frameworks having different characteristics may include two or more cloud computing frameworks that are associated with two or more different cloud service providers (CSPs), respectively.
In some situations, for some or all of the implementations and examples described above with reference to process 4100, to receive, through the user interface, (i) the first set of data indicating one or more characteristics of the existing datacenter (e.g., at step 4110), the system may receive, through a user interface, (i) a first set of data indicating one or more characteristics of each of a plurality of existing datacenters. Furthermore, in such situations, to identify, from among the plurality of different cloud computing frameworks, the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing the computing resources of the existing datacenter based at least in part on the second set of data (e.g., at step 4140), the system may identify, from among a plurality of different cloud computing frameworks, one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the plurality of existing datacenters based at least in part on the second set of data. In at least some such situations, to receive, through the user interface, (ii) the second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of the cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter (e.g., at step 4120), the system may receive, through a user interface, (ii) a second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of each of a plurality of cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of each of the plurality of existing datacenters, respectively.
In some situations, for some or all of the implementations and examples described above with reference to process 4100, the user interface may be a graphical user interface that is presented on a display of a computing device. For example, the computing device may correspond to a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a mobile phone, or a tablet computing device. Such a computing device may be operated by the user of the system.
Data representing an existing datacenter is received by the system including a first set of one or more measures including a first measure of environmental sustainability associated with the existing datacenter based in part on a first set of data indicating one or more characteristics of an existing datacenter (4210). In some examples, this may correspond to one or more processes performed by the sustainability analysis engine as described above with reference to
Data representing a plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter is received by the system including a second set of one or more measures including a second measure of environmental sustainability associated with each of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks based on a second set of data indicating one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter (4220). In some examples, this may correspond to one or more processes performed by the sustainability analysis engine as described above with reference to
The system determines, from the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter, a subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks for presentation in a user interface (4230). In some examples, the system ranks the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks based at least in part on the second set of one or more measures determined for each candidate cloud computing framework. In some examples, to present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the one or more candidate cloud computing frameworks, in such implementations, the system may present, through the user interface, data identifying the one or more characteristics of each of the plurality of candidate cloud computing frameworks in an order based on ranking. For example, data generated in association with these one or more steps may correspond to data presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
The system generates, for presentation in the user interface, a visualization of the existing datacenter and the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks and a dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures and the respective second set of one or more measures determined for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks (4240). For example, the visualization and dashboard may correspond to user interface elements presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
The system presents, through the user interface, the visualization of the existing datacenter and each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks and the dashboard with one or more graphical representations of the first set of one or more measures and the respective second set of one or more measures determined for each of the subset of candidate cloud computing frameworks (4260).
As depicted in
In some examples, process 4200 may further include one or more steps in which the system receives, through the user interface, a third set of data indicating one or both of an updated set of one or more characteristics of the existing datacenter and an updated set of one or more preferred characteristics of a cloud computing framework for replacing computing resources of the existing datacenter and, in response to receiving the third set of data, an updated version of one or both of the visualization and the dashboard through the user interface. For example, the updated version of the visualization and/or dashboard may correspond to user interface elements presented in one or more of the screens depicted in
Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in tangibly-embodied computer software or firmware, in computer hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible non-transitory storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer storage medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory device, or a combination of one or more of them. Alternatively or in addition, the program instructions can be encoded on an artificially-generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus.
In this specification, the term “database” and “repository” is used broadly to refer to any collection of data: the data does not need to be structured in any particular way, or structured at all, and it can be stored on storage devices in one or more locations. Thus, for example, the index database can include multiple collections of data, each of which may be organized and accessed differently.
Similarly, in this specification the term “engine” is used broadly to refer to a software based system or subsystem that can perform one or more specific functions. Generally, an engine will be implemented as one or more software modules or components, installed on one or more computers in one or more locations. In some cases, one or more computers will be dedicated to a particular engine; in other cases, multiple engines can be installed and running on the same computer or computers.
The term “data processing apparatus” refers to data processing hardware and encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can also be, or further include, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The apparatus can optionally include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for computer programs, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them.
A computer program, which may also be referred to or described as a program, software, a software application, an app, a module, a software module, a script, or code, can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative or procedural languages; and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files, e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a data communication network.
The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable computers executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA or an ASIC, or by a combination of special purpose logic circuitry and one or more programmed computers.
Computers suitable for the execution of a computer program can be based on general or special purpose microprocessors or both, or any other kind of central processing unit. Generally, a central processing unit will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a central processing unit for performing or executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. The central processing unit and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, or a portable storage device, e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, to name just a few.
Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is used by the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user's device in response to requests received from the web browser. Also, a computer can interact with a user by sending text messages or other forms of message to a personal device, e.g., a smartphone, running a messaging application, and receiving responsive messages from the user in return.
Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface, a web browser, or an app through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described in this specification, or any combination of one or more such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet.
The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In some embodiments, a server transmits data, e.g., an HTML page, to a user device, e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving user input from a user interacting with the device, which acts as a client. Data generated at the user device, e.g., a result of the user interaction, can be received at the server from the device.
While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially be claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system modules and components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.
Particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.
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