Green hypergolic fuels

Abstract

Provided is an ionic liquid (IL) having anions and cations with a metalohydride in the IL of borohydrides and/or aluminum hydrides, as fuel and a choice of one or more oxidizers, which fuel and oxidizer have hypergolic tendencies.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to hypergolic fuels, particularly those having components of little or no toxicity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The state-of-the-art, storable bipropulsion system uses a hydrazine (typically monomethylhydrazine) as a fuel component. This fuel affords useful performance characteristics and has a fast ignition with an oxidizer. Such fast (hypergolic) ignition provides system reliability for on-demand action of the propulsion system. In addition, a bipropellant's hypergolic character is very beneficial since it removes the requirement of a separate ignition component; additional components bring increased inert mass and reduced system performance. The energy density of the state-of-the-art, storable bipropulsion system is largely limited by the density of the fuel. Storable fuels range in density from 0.88 g/cc (monomethylhydrazine) to 1.00 g/cc (hydrazine). Energetic ionic liquids have established densities that range well above 1.00 g/cc, and thus can confer greater energy density as bipropellant fuels. Also, there are significant costs and operational constraints associated with handling state-of-the-art fuels (hydrazines) that derive from the fuel's carcinogenic vapor. Fuel transport, loading and unloading are significantly complicated by its vapor toxicity and can require considerable efforts and costs in vapor monitoring with trained operations crews employed in expensive personal protection equipment.

Accordingly there is need and market for environmentally enhanced “green” fuels, which overcome the above prior art shortcomings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly, the present invention provides a bipropellant having, an ionic liquid (IL) containing a metalohydride as fuel and an oxidizer, which fuel and oxidizer have hypergolic ignition upon contact.

In one embodiment, the above IL has an anion and cation, with the metalohydride being situated in the anion.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the present invention in detail, advanced IL fuels with fast ignition (upon mixing with storable oxidizer), have been synthesized per the invention. Principally, such fuels are based upon ionic liquids containing borohydride including anions with borohydride as a structural component or other metallohydrides. That is, borohydrides and substituted borohydride anions of the formula:

where R is as noted below.

The borohydride anions of the present invention include unsubstituted BH₄-and mono-, di-, tri-and tetra-substituted borohydride anions in which the substituted, R-groups can be nitriles, alkyls, or ethers or a combination thereof. Also, stable polyborohydrides such as octahydrotriborate can be utilized.

Further suitable metalohydride anions have the formula:

where R is as noted below.

The metalohydride anion structures shown above include hydrides containing both aluminum and boron. Additionally, unsubstituted and mono-, di-,tri- and tetra-substituted aluminum hydrides are employable in which the substituted, R-groups can be nitriles, alkyls or ethers or a combination thereof.

In addition to the anion, the ionic liquid must contain a cation with a structure that resists reduction by the anion. Stability dictates the cation should not be the protonated form of a free base, and greater stability is found with cations that are free of carbonyl and functionalities containing the iminium group. Thus, cations can be selected from open chain substituted ammonium, substituted pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, tetrazolium or imidazolium groups as shown in the formulas below:

where R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ can be equivalent or different in structure and are selected from hydrogen, cyano-, alkyl substituted amino, azido, hydroxyl, halide, C1—C18 hydrocarbon chains, or C1—C18 hydrocarbon chains containing cyano-, alkyl substituted amino, azide, hydroxyl, halide, nitrato-, nitro-, nitramino-, amido-,amidino-, hydrazino- chemical functionalities.

The determination of reactivity of borohydride-based ionic liquids with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA), nitrogen tetroxide and hydrogen peroxide (both 90% and 97%) was performed. The experimental results are shown in the table below. Fast ignition is generally observed with these ionic liquid fuels upon contact with the liquid oxidizer.

TABLE 1
IGNITION RESPONSE OF IONIC
LIQUID-BASED FUELS WITH WHITE FUMING NITRIC
ACID, NITROGEN TETROXIDE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
compound	WFNA	N2O4	H2O2
	Ignition	Ignition	Ignition (90% H2O2)
BMIM BH4	Ignition	Ignition	Ignition
			(90% H2O2)
75% BMIM BH4	Ignition	Ignition	Ignition
25% EMIM B(CN)4			(97% H2O2)
Mixture
(in propylamine)	TBD	TBD	Ignition (97% H2O2)
	TBD	TBD	Ignition (97% H2O2)
	Ignition	Ignition (on 2nd drop)	No Ignition (97% H2O2)

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, both the cation and anion structures are chosen to confer low melting points and low viscosity, while also incorporating structures that increase heat of combustion of the fuel with the storable liquid oxidizer. Such substituent (i.e., R-group) structures may be strained-ring (e.g., cyclopropyl-), or high-nitrogen moieties (e.g., azido-or cyano).

Ionic liquids have established characteristics of negligible vapor toxicity and generally higher density than typical propulsion fuels (e.g., hydrocarbons and hydrazines). The design and development of energy-dense, fast-igniting ionic liquids as fuels for bipropellants can provide improved handling characteristics (due to lower toxicity hazard) and thus lower operations cost. In addition, such fuels can impart greater performance capabilities such as increased velocity, range or system lifetime.

Advanced bipropellant fuels are designed for fast ignition, upon mixing

with storable oxidizer (N₂O₄, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide) and have been synthesized per the invention. The bipropellant fuels are based upon salts, particularly ionic liquids, containing borohydride-based anions and employ cations designed to impart low melting point, stable molecules.

Fast igniting, ionic liquid fuels provide a means to overcome significant limitations of a state-of-the-art, storable bipropulsion system. Such ionic liquid fuels can provide greater than 20% improvement in density over hydrazine fuels. This confers greater energy density to the bipropulsion system. Also, the negligible vapor pressure of ionic liquid fuel provides an outstanding means of significantly reducing costs and operational constraints associated with handling the fuel. Prior to this invention, fast-igniting ionic liquid fuels were limited to operation with oxidizers based solely on oxides of nitrogen (e.g., NTO/WFNA/RFNA/IRFNA) as the only suitable oxidizers. The discovery of hypergolic activity of metalohydride-based ILs in combination with stabilizing cations, affords a new class of IL-based fuel that provides fast ignition with not only oxides of nitrogen but also with hydrogen peroxide. The employment of a fast-igniting ionic liquid fuel with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer, provides an avenue toward a bipropulsion system that employs environmentally enhanced (or green) fuel and oxidizer.

The preferred embodiment of the invention is the employment of pure borohydride-based IL fuel as a fast-igniting, bipropellant. However, the use of these ionic liquid molecules as components in fuel mixtures to confer fast-ignition and density, is also a viable mode of the invention.

A hypergolic bipropellant based upon an ionic liquid, borohydride-based fuel and an oxidizer (H₂O₂/NTO/WFNA/RFNA/IRFNA) has potential as a replacement for bipropellants currently used in on-orbit spacecraft propulsion. Other application areas include liquid engines for boost and divert propulsion. The high energy density that is inherent in the new hypergol, lends itself to applications that require high performance from volume limited systems. The low vapor toxicity of the ionic liquid fuel is a benefit over toxic hydrazine fuels currently used.

Also, the performance aspects of this new hypergol can find use in commercial applications in satellite deployment and commercial space launch activities.

Claims

1. a bipropellant comprising, an ionic liquid comprising an anion and a cation, the anion including a metalohydride; andan oxidizer.

2. The bipropellant claim 1, wherein the metalohydride is selected from the group consisting of borohydrides and aluminum hydrides.

3. The bipropellant of claim 2, wherein the metalohydride is a borohydride selected from the group consisting of a BH4 anion, a mono-substituted borohydride anion, a di-substituted borohydride anion, a tri-substituted borohydride anion, and a tetra-substituted borohydride anion.

4. The bipropellant of claim 2, wherein the metalohydride is a polyborohydride.

5. The bipropellant of claim 4, wherein the polyborohydride is octahydrotriborate.

6. The bipropellant of claim 2, wherein the metalohydride is a borohydride having the structure:

7. The bipropellant of claim 2, wherein the metalohydride is a aluminum hydride anion.

8. The bipropellant of claim 7, wherein the aluminum hydride anion has a structure selected from the group consisting of:

9. The bipropellant of claim 1, wherein the cation is an open chain substituted ammonium.

10. The bipropellant of claim 9, wherein the open chain substituted ammonium has a structure selected from the group consisting of:

11. The bipropellant of claim 1, wherein the oxidizer is an oxide of nitrogen.

12. The bipropellant of claim 11, wherein oxide of nitrogen is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen tetraoxide, white fuming nitric acid, red fuming nitric acid, and inhibited red fuming nitric acid.

13. The bipropellant of claim 1, wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of a pyrrolidinium, a piperidinum, a tetrazolium, and an imidazolium.

14. The bipropellant of claim 10, wherein the C1—C18 hydrocarbon chain includes a cyano-functional, an alkyl substituted amino functionality, an azide functionality, a hydroxyl functionality, a halide functionality, a nitrato-functionality, a nitro-functionality, a nitramino-functionality, an amido-functionality, an amidino-functional, a hydrazino-functionality, or a combination thereof.

15. The bipropellant of claim 1, wherein the oxidizer is hydrogen peroxide.