Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using euphorbia dendroides aqueous extract

Abstract

Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can have a crystalline structure and an average particle size ranging from about 7 nm to about 13 nm. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles may be synthesized by providing a Euphorbia dendroides extract and combining the Euphorbia dendroides extract with silver nitrate. The resultant Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles may be useful in treating a variety of conditions including bacterial infections, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The disclosure of the present patent application relates to silver nanoparticles, and particularly, to silver nanoparticles synthesized by bio-reduction of Euphorbia dendroides extract.

2. Description of the Related Art

Recently, nanoparticles have demonstrated important uses in a variety of fields. Nanoparticles have been used in electronics, sensing, optics, and medicine, for example.

Synthesis of nanoparticles has been achieved by a variety of methods, including physicochemical, thermal decomposition, electrochemical, microwave assisted, sonochemical, solvothermal, photosynthesis, photochemical reduction, chemical reduction and continuous-flow methods. These methods are often costly or produce by-products that pose increased risks to human health and the environment.

In recent years, green or environmentally friendly chemical methods have been developed to prepare nanoparticles using plant extracts. Green chemistry has the advantage of being safer, faster, environmentally friendly, and economical. However, the rise of green methods of preparing nanoparticles has also demonstrated that the activities and characteristics of the nanoparticles vary significantly, depending upon the detailed method of synthesis and specific plant extract used. Further, the therapeutic potential of plant extracts has been compromised due to the lack of controlled delivery of an effective dose to the desired target site.

Among plant genera, Euphorbia is widely distributed and more than 5% of Euphorbia species are utilized in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Euphorbia dendroides is a plant belonging to the Euphorbia family. The plant has been used medically for its anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as other therapeutic properties, which may be attributed to the high content of polyphenols with diverse biological activities.

Thus, nanoparticles synthesized using an environmentally friendly method solving the aforementioned problems are desired.

SUMMARY

The present subject matter relates to Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles (ED-AgNPs). The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can have a spherical shape and a crystalline structure. In an embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides nanoparticles can have an average particle size ranging from about 7 nm to about 13 nm.

In an embodiment, the present subject matter relates to a method of synthesizing Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles, comprising: dissolving silver nitrate in deionized water to provide a silver solution; and adding an aqueous extract of Euphorbia dendroides to the silver solution to provide a mixture including Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles.

According to an embodiment, the present subject matter relates to a method of inhibiting bacterial growth in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles to a subject in need thereof.

According to an embodiment, the present subject matter relates to a method of treating diabetes in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles to a subject in need thereof.

According to an embodiment, the present subject matter relates to a method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles to a subject in need thereof.

These and other features of the present subject matter will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B depict (FIG. 1A) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of ED-AgNPs and ED-AuNPs; and (FIG. 1B) fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of EDAE (Euphorbia dendroides aqueous extract), ED-AgNPs, and ED-AuNPs.

FIGS. 2A-2B depict transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showing (FIG. 2A) the ED-AgNPs formed with spherical structures and homogenous distribution; and (FIG. 2B) ED-AuNPs formed with almost spherical structures.

FIG. 3 is a comparative analysis of the anti-Helicobacter pylori effect of the antibiotic Clarithromycin, ED-AgNPs, ED-AuNPs, and EDAE.

FIG. 4 is a comparative analysis of the anti-diabetic effect of the anti-diabetic drug, acarbose, ED-Ag-NPs, ED-AuNPs, and EDAE.

Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following definitions are provided for the purpose of understanding the present subject matter and for construing the appended patent claims.

Definitions

It should be understood that the drawings described above or below are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, with emphasis generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the present teachings. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

Throughout the application, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.

It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components, or the element or component can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition or a method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein.

The use of the terms “include,” “includes”, “including,” “have,” “has,” or “having” should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting unless specifically stated otherwise.

A “subject” herein is typically a human. In certain embodiments, a subject is a non-human mammal. Exemplary non-human mammals include laboratory, domestic, pet, sport, and stock animals, e.g., mice, cats, dogs, horses, and cows. As used herein, the term “patient” refers to any single subject for which treatment is desired. In certain embodiments, the patient herein is a human. A subject can be considered to be in need of treatment.

The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “about” refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the presently described subject matter pertains.

Where a range of values is provided, for example, concentration ranges, percentage ranges, or ratio ranges, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the described subject matter. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and such embodiments are also encompassed within the described subject matter, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the described subject matter.

Throughout the application, descriptions of various embodiments use “comprising” language. However, it will be understood by one of skill in the art, that in some specific instances, an embodiment can alternatively be described using the language “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of”.

In an embodiment, the present subject matter relates to Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles (ED-AgNPs). The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles may be synthesized by dissolving silver nitrate in deionized water to provide a silver solution; and adding an aqueous extract of Euphorbia dendroides to the silver solution to provide a mixture including Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the aqueous extract comprises Euphorbia dendroides aerial parts. In an embodiment, 10 g of the Euphorbia dendroides aerial parts aqueous extract can be added to 1 ml silver nitrate solution, with the volume being adjusted to 10 ml with deionized water. In an embodiment, the bio-reduction process converts Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ nanoparticles as evidenced by the color change of the solution from yellow to brownish-yellow to deep brown. In an embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides can contain flavanones, terpenoids and proteins.

In an embodiment, the silver solution is prepared by dissolving silver nitrate (AgNO₃) in 100 ml deionized boiling water in a dark bottle. pH of the silver solution can be monitored using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide.

In an embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can have a spherical shape and a crystalline structure. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can have an average particle size ranging from about 7 nm to about 13 nm, or about 10 nm. In other embodiments, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can have an average particle size of 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, or 13 nm.

An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a method of making a pharmaceutical composition including mixing the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For example, the method of making a pharmaceutical composition can include mixing the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier with preservatives, buffers, and/or propellants to create the pharmaceutical composition.

To prepare the pharmaceutical composition, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles, as the active ingredient, are intimately admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Carriers are inert pharmaceutical excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorings, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, and coatings. In preparing compositions in oral dosage form, any of the pharmaceutical carriers known in the art may be employed. For example, for liquid oral preparations, suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like. Further, for solid oral preparations, suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like.

The present compositions can be in unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampules, auto-injector devices or suppositories, for oral parenteral, intranasal, sublingual or rectal administration, or for administration by injection, inhalation or insufflation. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, if required, any needed preservatives, buffers, or propellants. The composition can be presented in a form suitable for daily, weekly, or monthly administration. The pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful, suppository and the like, an amount of the active ingredient necessary to deliver an effective dose. A therapeutically effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles or an amount effective to treat a disease, such as a bacterial infection, may be determined initially from the Examples described herein and adjusted for specific targeted diseases using routine methods.

The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can have antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be administered to a subject in need thereof. In an embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be administered to a subject in need thereof to inhibit bacterial growth. In an embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be administered to a subject to inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori. In a further embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be administered to a subject in need thereof to treat inflammation. In another embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be administered to a subject in need thereof to treat diabetes. In still another embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles can be administered to a subject in need thereof to treat cancer. In an embodiment, the Euphorbia dendroides can be administered to a subject in need thereof to treat liver cancer or colon cancer.

An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a method of inhibiting bacterial growth in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present subject matter.

An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a method of treating inflammation in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present subject matter.

An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a method of treating diabetes in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present subject matter.

An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present subject matter.

The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered to a subject by any suitable route. For example, the compositions can be administered orally (including bucally and sublingually), nasally, rectally, intracisternally, intra vaginally, intraperitoneally, topically, transdermally (as by powders, ointments, or drops), and/or parenterally. As used herein, “parenteral” administration refers to modes of administration other than through the gastrointestinal tract, which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, intramammary, intraocular, retrobulbar, intrapulmonary, intrathecal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion. Surgical implantation may also be contemplated, including, for example, embedding a composition of the disclosure in the body such as, for example, in a tissue, in the abdominal cavity, under the splenic capsule, brain, or in the cornea.

The present teachings are illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1

Euphorbia dendroides Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nitrate (AgNO₃; 1×10⁻² M) stock solution was prepared by dissolving 0.169 g in 100 ml de-ionized boiling water in dark bottle. pH was monitored using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide.

For the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, 10 g of Euphorbia dendroides aerial parts aqueous extract was added to the 1 ml AgNO₃ (1×10⁻² M) solution and the volume was adjusted to 10 ml with de-ionized water. The reduction process Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ nanoparticles was followed by the color change of the solution from yellow to brownish-yellow to deep brown depending on studied parameters such as the extract concentration, time, temperature and pH.

The ED-AgNPs were characterized and compared to Euphorbia dendroides gold nanoparticles (ED-AuNPs). FIGS. 1A-1B depict (FIG. 1A) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of ED-AgNPs and ED-AuNPs; and (FIG. 1B) fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of EDAE (Euphorbia dendroides aqueous extract), ED-AgNPs, and ED-AuNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer with Cu Ka (λ=1.54056 Å) to confirm the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer at room temperature.

The diffraction peaks for the ED-AgNPs in the XRD analysis were observed at 2θ values=38.17, 44.31, 64.44, and 77.34, which could be assigned to the 111, 200, 220, and 311 crystallographic planes, respectively. Hence, face center cubic (fcc) structure of the AuNPs synthesized using EDAE was confirmed. The Bragg's peak broadening in the XRD pattern distinctly indicates the formation of small-sized nanoparticles. There were some unidentified peaks appeared in the XRD pattern of ED-AgNPs with smaller intensity that might be due to crystalline bioorganic compounds from the extract.

Identification of the plausible biomolecules implicated in the formation, capping, and stabilization of biosynthesized NPs was carried out via FTIR analysis. FTIR spectrum of EDAE revealed peaks at 3426.6, 2959.1, 2853.3, 1739.4, and 1630 cm⁻¹. The strong peak located at 3426.6 cm⁻¹ is associated with O—H vibration in the biomolecules. The CH₂ anti-symmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations were observed at 2959.1 and 2853.3 cm⁻¹, respectively. The IR peak located at 1739.4 cm⁻¹ is assigned to the carbonyl (C═O) group, while the one at 1630 cm⁻¹ is assigned to amide I vibrations. The IR spectra of gold and silver nanoparticles exhibited narrower peaks shifted relative to the aqueous extract to 3395.5, 1620.1, 1727.7 cm⁻¹ and to 3416.21, 1625.76, 1720.54 cm⁻¹ for ED-AuNPs and ED-AgNPs, respectively. The presence of flavanones or terpenoids is indicated by the carbonyl, as they are adsorbed on the surface of metal nano-sized particles via interaction through the carbonyl groups in proteins and amino acids.

The size and morphology of the nanoparticles were examined and the TEM images were obtained on a JEOL-1200JEM. FIGS. 2A-2B depict transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showing (FIG. 2A) the ED-AgNPs formed with spherical structures and homogenous distribution; and (FIG. 1B) ED-AuNPs formed with almost spherical structures. The scale bar corresponds to 100 nm.

The results obtained showed the formation of spherical and homogeneous distribution of ED-AgNPs and almost spherical ED-AuNPs with an average size of 10±3 and 15±3 nm, respectively.

Example 2

Euphorbia dendroides Silver Nanoparticles Activity

The antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activities of the green-synthesized AgNPs (ED-AgNPs) were investigated.

Anti-Cancer Activity

The anticancer activity of the biosynthesized ED-AgNPs was assessed against the standard anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and EDAE using the tetrazolium salt (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT). HepG2 and HCT-116 cells at a density of 10⁴ cells/well were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h. The investigated ED-AgNPs, EDAE, and DOX were added at a final concentration (F.C.) ranging from 0-500 μg mL⁻¹ to the seeded cells for another 48 h at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Subsequently, treated cells were incubated with MTT at 5 mg/mL F.C. for 4 h at 37° C. Finally, 100 μL DMSO were added to dissolve the water insoluble purple formazan crystals resulting from the reduction of MTT by viable cells. Using microplate reader, the cell viability was measured by recording absorbance (Abs) at 540 nm after 15 min (Tecan Infinite 200 Pro, Austria). A negative control of 10 μL of the MTT stock solution added to 100 μL of medium alone was included. Cell viability was reported relative to control, untreated cells (viability of which was set at 100%) as follows:

$\mathrm{Cell}\mathrm{viability}\left(\%\right)=\frac{\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{treated}\mathrm{cells}}{\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{control}\mathrm{cells}}\times 100$ Results were represented as mean values ±SD of three independent experiments.

The concentration required to inhibit 50% of cancer cell growth inn mL⁻¹ (IC₅₀) was estimated using GraphPad Prism 6 software package. All experiments were performed in triplicate and data were represented as mean values ±SD.

Table 1 shows in-vitro cytotoxic activities of DOX, ED-AuNPs, and E. dendroides aqueous extract (EDAE) against HepG2 and HCT-116 cell lines.

TABLE 1
Cell line	DOX	ED-AgNPs	ED-AuNPs	EDAE
HepG2	0.38 ± 0.07	6.2 ± 0.5	41.72 ± 1.26	55.26 ± 2.25
HCT-116	0.86 ± 0.16	12 ± 1.2	44.96 ± 3.23	69.83 ± 0.96

Determination of IC₅₀ values (50% inhibition of cancer cell growth inn mL⁻¹) were performed in triplicate and expressed as mean values ±SD.

The results obtained pointed to the significant cytotoxic effect exerted by the photosynthesized silver nanoparticles (ED-AgNPs) compared to gold ones (ED-AuNPs) and the plant extract itself (EDAE).

Anti-Diabetic Activity

The potential anti-diabetic efficacy of crude E. dendroides aqueous extract (EDAE) and phytosynthesized AgNPs (ED-AgNPs) was assessed in vitro via determination of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The chromogenic substrate for alpha-D-glucosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), was used which was hydrolyzed to the yellow-colored product, p-nitrophenol, that can be detected at 405 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). Calculation of the percentage inhibition (% Inhibition) of α-glucosidase activity was carried out using the formula:

$\%\mathrm{Inhibition}=\frac{\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{Control}-\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{Sample}}{\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{Control}}\times 100$ The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated using GraphPad Prism 6 software package. All experiments were performed in triplicate and data were represented as mean values ±SD.

The anti-diabetic activity of ED-AgNPs and ED-AuNPs compared to EDAE was evaluated. As shown in FIG. 4, the biosynthesized ED-AgNPs and ED-AuNPs effectively inhibited intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ED-AuNPs exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (66.5% inhibition) when compared to ED-AgNPs (59.26% inhibition) and EDAE (52.34% inhibition) with IC₅₀ values of 19.8±1.97 μg mL⁻¹, 191.2 μg/mL and 214.67±10.88 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. The standard anti-diabetic drug acarbose has revealed the potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (90.1% enzyme inhibition) with an IC₅₀ value of 20.66±1.24 μg mL⁻¹. Hence, the results obtained pointed to the promising antidiabetic potential of the biosynthesized ED-AgNPs.

Anti-Bacterial Activity

The in vitro antibacterial efficacy of EDAE and ED-AgNPs against H. pylori was determined by the microwell dilution method as previously described with few modifications. For the determination of MIC in 96-well microtiter plate, serial two-fold dilutions of the examined samples in concentrations ranging from 125 to 0.24 μg mL⁻¹ with bacterial inoculum adjusted to 106 CFU/mL were used. As a reference, same concentrations of the standard antibiotic clarithromycin prepared in dimethyl sulfide (DMSO) were used. Each well of the 96-well microplate was filled with 40 μl of brain heart infusion (BHI) growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 μl of bacterial inoculum, and 50 μl of the two-fold serially diluted tested samples. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 72 h in 5% 02, 10% CO₂, and 85% N₂ atmosphere. Then, 40 μL of a freshly prepared (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT) solution at 0.5 mg mL⁻¹ final concentration was added to each well and incubated for a period of 30 min.

Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the tested samples where no change in color of MTT is observed was recorded using an automatic reader at 620 nm. The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the formula:

$\%\mathrm{Inhibition}=\frac{\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{Control}-\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{Sample}}{\mathrm{Abs}\mathrm{Control}}\times 100$

The biosynthesized ED-AgNPs and ED-AuNPs as well as the aqueous extract of. E. dendroides (EDAE) were assessed for their anti-H. Pylori activity by the use of a micro-well dilution method and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were compared to the standard drug, Clarithromycin, implied in anti-H. Pylori therapy. As shown in FIG. 3, when compared to EDAE and ED-AuNPs, ED-AgNPs exhibited a stronger bactericidal activity. The lower MICs besides the stronger antibacterial activities of ED-AgNPs (MIC=7.81 μg mL⁻¹) compared to ED-AuNPs (MIC=15.63 μg mL⁻¹) could be attributed to the smaller size of the silver nanoparticles. The lower MICs besides the stronger antibacterial activities of ED-AgNPs and ED-AuNPs compared to EDAE (MIC=125 μg mL⁻¹) could be attributed to the smaller size and the presence of the miller index in the cubic network of the former. Metal-based nanoparticles provide a significantly large surface area surrounding the bacterial effluent, which is anticipated to improve the extent of bacterial elimination.

Accordingly, it was determined that ED-AgNPs exhibited useful anticancer, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties and could safely be used in several medical applications.

Example 3

Comparison Between the Photosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Euphorbia Dendroites

(ED-AgNPs) and Those Prepared from Other Euphorbia Species

The ED-AgNPs prepared and described herein were compared to silver nanoparticles formed using other Euphorbia species to show the unique and beneficial properties specific to the Euphorbia dendroites species. These comparisons are expressed below as follows.

Table 2 below relates to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia wallichii extract and assessment of their biofunctionalities, as compared to the present silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia dendroites extract.

TABLE 2
Point of	Silver NPs from	Silver NPs from
Comparison	Euphorbia wallichii	Euphorbia dendroites
Extract/Plant	Methanolic extract	Aqueous extract
part	of roots	of aerial parts
Size of	63 ± 8 nm	10 ± 3 nm
nanoparticles
Reducing and	phenolic (46.7 ± 2.4 μg	Flavanones, terpenoids
Capping agents	GAE/mg) and	and proteins
	flavonoid (11.7 ± 1.2 μg
	QE/mg) compounds
Antioxidant	√	X
properties
Antifungal	Against A. fumigatus,	X
properties	MIC 15 μg/disc
Antibacterial	Against S. aureus,	Against H. Pylori MIC,
properties	MIC 3.33 μg/disc	7.81 μg mL−1
Cytotoxicity	LD50 0.3923 μg/ml	6.2 ± 0.5 μg/mL
(MTT assay)	(HeLa cells)	(HepG-2)
		12 ± 1.2 μg/mL
		(HCT-116)
Anti-diabetic	X	α-glucosidase
		inhibitory activity
		(191.2 μg/mL)

Table 3 below relates to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia wallichii leaf extract and assessment of their antibacterial action against citrus canker causal agent and antioxidant potential, as compared to the present silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia dendroites extract.

TABLE 3
Point of	Silver NPs from	Silver NPs from
Comparison	Euphorbia wallichii	Euphorbia dendroites
Extract/Plant	Aqueous extract	Aqueous extract
part	of leaves	of aerial parts
Size of	20 to 60 nm	10 ± 3 nm
nanoparticles	(average size of 24 nm)
Reducing and	Terpenoids, glycosides,	Flavanones, terpenoids
Capping agents	tannins and flavonoids	and proteins
Antioxidant	IC50 of 32 ug/mL	X
properties (DPPH)
Antibacterial	Significant antibacterial	Against H. Pylori MIC,
properties	activity against	7.81 μg mL−1
	X. axanopodis

Table 4 below relates to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia helioscopia Linn and assessment of their optical and catalytic properties, as compared to the present silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia dendroites extract.

	TABLE 4
		Ag NPs from	Ag NPs from
	Point of	Euphorbia	Euphorbia
	Comparison	helioscopia	dendroites
	Extract/Plant	Aqueous extract	Aqueous extract
	part	of leaves	of aerial parts
	Size of	2-14 nm	10 ± 3 nm
	nanoparticles
	Reducing and	Polyphenolics	Flavanones, terpenoids
	Capping agents		and proteins
	Antibacterial	X	Against H. Pylori MIC,
	properties		7.81 μg mL−1
	Cytotoxicity	X	6.2 ± 0.5 μg/mL
	(MTT assay)		(HepG-2)
			12 ± 1.2 μg/mL
			(HCT-116)
	Anti-diabetic	X	α-glucosidase
			inhibitory activity
			(191.2 μg/mL)
	Optical properties	√	X
	Catalytic activity	√	X

Table 5 below relates to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia hirta L and assessment of their antifungal properties, as compared to the present silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia dendroites extract.

TABLE 5
Point of	Ag NPs from	Ag NPs from
Comparison	Euphorbia hirta	Euphorbia dendroites
Extract/Plant	Ground leaves	Aqueous extract of
part		aerial parts
Size of	40-50 nm	10 ± 3 nm
nanoparticles
Reducing and	??????	Flavanones, terpenoids
Capping agents		and proteins
Antibacterial	X	Against H. Pylori MIC,
properties		7.81 μg mL−1
Antifungal	Antifungal effect	X
properties	against Candida
	albicans,
	C.kefyr, A.niger
Cytotoxicity	X	6.2 ± 0.5 μg/mL (HepG-2)
(MTT assay)		12 ± 1.2 μg/mL (HCT-116)
Anti-diabetic	X	α-glucosidase inhibitory
		activity (191.2 μg/mL)

Table 6 below relates to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia serpens Kunth aqueous extract and assessment of their in vitro antioxidative, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and cytotoxic activities, as compared to the present silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia dendroites extract.

TABLE 6
Point of	Ag NPs from Euphorbia	Ag NPs from
Comparison	serpens Kunth	Euphorbia dendroites
Extract/Plant	Aqueous extract of	Aqueous extract of
part	whole plant	aerial parts
Size of	30-80 nm	10 ± 3 nm
nanoparticles	(average particle
	size = 50 nm)
Reducing and	Flavonoids, protein,	Flavanones, terpenoids
Capping agents	tannins, and saponins	and proteins
Antibacterial	Antibacterial effect against	Against H. Pylori
properties	S. aureus, E. coli,	(MIC, 7.81 μg mL−1)
	P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi
Antifungal	No significant activity	X
properties	was shown
Antioxidant	Impressive	X
activity	antioxidant activity
	compared to other
	metal nanoparticles
Insecticidal	√	X
Activity
Cytotoxicity	Cytotoxic activity against	6.2 ± 0.5 μg/mL
	Artemia salina with	(HepG-2)
	LD50 of 5.37-5.82	12 ± 1.2 μg/mL
	(brine shrimp bioassay)	(HCT-116)
Anti-diabetic	X	α-glucosidase
		inhibitory activity
		(191.2 μg/mL)

Table 7 below relates to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia granulata Forssk's extract and assessment of their in vitro antimicrobial, radical scavening, and catalytic activities, as compared to the present silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia dendroites extract.

TABLE 7
Point of	Ag NPs from	Ag NPs from
Comparison	Euphorbia granulata	Euphorbia dendroites
Extract/Plant	Aqueous extract of	Aqueous extract of
part	whole plant	aerial parts
Size of	10.85 nm	10 ± 3 nm
nanoparticles
Reducing and	Flavonoids, tannins, and	Flavanones, terpenoids
Capping	phenolic compounds,	and proteins
agents	glycoside, and proteins
Antibacterial	Antimicrobial effect against,	Against H. Pylori
properties	S. aureus, E. coli,	(MIC, 7.81 μg mL−1)
	L. monocytogenes, P.
	aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae,
	and E. faecalis and two
	fungal pathogens (C. albicans
	and Cryptococcus sp.)
	(MIC = 6.24 − 100.0 μg/mL)
Antioxidant	IC50 30.04 μg/mL	X
activity
(DPPH assay)
Catalytic	√	X
activity

Collectively, the obtained data demonstrates the significant cytotoxic effects of the phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Euphorbia dendroites (ED-AgNPs) against certain common cancer types (hepatocellular and colon carcinoma) which have not been studied in other Euphorbia species. In addition, the antidiabetic effect of silver nanoparticles from any other Euphorbia species have not been previously assessed.

It is to be understood that the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles are not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the generic language of the following claims enabled by the embodiments described herein, or otherwise shown in the drawings or described above in terms sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the claimed subject matter.

Claims

1. Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles comprising nanoparticles synthesized from Euphorbia dendroides extract and silver.

2. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of about 7 nm to about 13 nm.

3. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of about 10 nm.

4. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

5. A method of inhibiting bacterial growth in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 4.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the pharmaceutical composition inhibits the growth of at least one bacteria that is Helicobacter pylori.

7. A method of treating inflammation in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 4.

8. A method of treating diabetes in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 4.

9. A method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically, effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 4.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cancer is liver cancer or colon cancer.

11. A method of synthesizing Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles, comprising: dissolving silver nitrate in deionized water to provide a silver solution; andadding an aqueous extract of Euphorbia dendroides to the silver solution to provide a mixture including Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising heating the mixture.

13. Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 11.

14. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 13, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of about 7 nm to about 13 nm.

15. The Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 14, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of about 10 nm.

16. A method of inhibiting bacterial growth in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 13.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition inhibits the growth of at least one bacteria that is Helicobacter pylori.

18. A method of treating diabetes in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 13.

19. A method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the Euphorbia dendroides silver nanoparticles of claim 13.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cancer is liver cancer or colon cancer.