Patent Grant
9976274
The presently disclosed subject matter is in the field of ground anchoring systems and methods, and more particularly in the field of ground anchoring systems using straps.
A ground anchor system is designed to support a structure (e.g., ground) and is typically used in geotechnical applications. Ground anchor systems consisting of tendons (e.g., cables or rods) connected to a bearing plate are often used for the stabilization of steep slopes or slopes consisting of softer soils, as well as the enhancement of embankment or foundation soil capacity, or to prevent excessive erosion and landslides. Ground anchor systems can hold the walls and posts of outdoor structures to the ground without a foundation or concrete-filled post holes. The strength of the ground anchor's grip is largely determined by the consistency of the site's soil.
Ground anchor systems can be used in either temporary or permanent applications. Typical use for ground anchor systems includes supporting retaining walls.
Although most typically made of metallic materials, the tendons of ground anchor systems can be made of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), and can have a flat and an elongated shape. FRP is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. The fibers are usually glass, carbon, basalt or aramid, although other fibers such as paper or wood or asbestos are sometimes used.
In particular, it is appreciated that the tendons of ground anchor systems can be made of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic or carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CI-RTP or often simply carbon fiber, or even carbon), which are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced polymers which contain carbon fibers.
CFRP straps are characterized by light weight, corrosion resistant, and can be easily trimmed or cut if required. Due to these characteristics, CFRP are highly suitable for offshore environments and crowded construction areas.
An example for a ground anchor system can be found in EP 726383, which discloses a device for reinforcement, consolidation and stabilization of the ground, particularly for preventing landslides or deformation of the working face in tunnels or trenches, comprising an injection tube, advantageously with valves, to be inserted in a respective borehole in the ground, around which tube are arranged a plurality of strong reinforcing elements, mounted by means of centering spacers and held together by external retaining elements. According to a particular example disclosed in EP 726383, the tendons are made of glass fiber bars, composed by parallel and continuous glass fibers embedded in a polymer matrix. The use of this material has recently become wide in the field of geotechnical and civil engineering, due to its characteristics. These characteristics include, for example, high tensile strength (twice that of standard steel), corrosion resistance, lightweight, thermal insulation, magnetic insulation and electric insulation.
According to a first aspect of the present subject matter, there is provided a ground anchor system configured for introducing into a borehole, and comprising a plurality of straps each having a length dimension extending along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system, each of said straps having a width dimension taken along a major axis and a thickness dimension taken along a minor axis, said major axis and said minor axis being disposed at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system and intersect at a middle point; wherein said middle point of each of said straps being intersected by an imaginary line extending through the longitudinal axis at said transverse plane, said imaginary line forms an angle smaller than 90° with the major axis of the respective strap.
The term ‘strap’ refers to a substantially narrow usually flat elongated tendon or strip, the length of which can be increased upon axial tensioning. The straps have a cross-section area having a geometrical shape which can be symmetric, such as: a rectangular shape, a square shape, an oval shape or an elliptic shape.
According to a second aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, there is provided a ground anchor system configured for introducing into a borehole, and comprising a plurality of straps each having a length dimension extending along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system, each of said straps having a width dimension and a thickness dimension smaller than said width dimension, said width dimension and said thickness dimension being taken at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system; said width dimension being defined between an innermost edge of a strap and an outermost edge thereof, and the innermost edge of said straps being disposed closer to the longitudinal axis than the outermost edge.
The term ‘edge’ refers hereinafter to an extremity point of a cross section of the strap disposed on a major axis thereof.
According to a third aspect of the present subject matter there is provided a method for assembling a ground anchor system, comprising:
(a) providing a plurality of straps each having a length dimension, a width dimension taken along a major axis and a thickness dimension taken along a minor axis smaller than said width dimension, said major axis and said minor axis being taken at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system and intersect at a middle point; and
(b) disposing said straps along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system so that said length dimension extending along the longitudinal axis and in such a manner that the middle point of each strap being intersected by an imaginary line extending through the longitudinal axis at said transverse plane, said imaginary line forms an angle smaller than 90° with the major axis of the respective strap.
According to a fourth aspect of the present subject matter there is provided a method for assembling a ground anchor system, comprising:
(a) providing a plurality of straps each having a length dimension, a width dimension and a thickness dimension smaller than said width dimension, said width dimension and said thickness dimension being taken at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system, the width dimension being defined between an innermost edge of a strap and an outermost edge thereof; and
(b) disposing said straps along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system so that said length dimension extending along the longitudinal axis and in such a manner that the innermost edge of said straps is disposed closer to the longitudinal axis than the outermost edge.
The arrangement of the straps according to the above aspects, allows increasing the number of straps to be accommodated within a borehole with a given diameter, such as: an arrangement according to which each of the straps is disposed so that its major axis forms an angle of 90° with its respective imaginary line; or an arrangement according to which the innermost edge and the outermost edge of the straps are equally spaced from the longitudinal axis. The increase in the number of straps to be accommodated within a borehole with a given diameter allows increasing the tensile strength which the entire ground anchor system is able to withstand in the given borehole.
According to a fifth aspect of the present subject matter there is provided a pre-stressing system for use in conjunction with a ground anchor system, according to the above first and second aspects.
The pre-stressing system is a so-called wedging device comprising a wedging-ring configured with an cylindrical bore tapering along a longitudinal axis thereof, and a plurality of sectored wedges, each configured with two side walls and an arched wall, wherein the side walls extend substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis and the arched wall axially tapers substantially equal to that of the tapering cylindrical bore, and wherein when the sectored wedges are disposed within the wedging-ring a wedging gap extends between adjoining side walls of two neighboring sectored wedges, said wedging-gap configured for receiving its respective strap of said straps.
The pre-stressing system is configured for use with an axial tensioning mechanism, configured for applying axial, tensioning force on the straps, so as to tighten the clamping grip of the sectored wedges over the surface of the straps. According to a particular configuration, the straps of the ground anchor system are axially stressed using a single stressing mechanism (e.g. a hydraulic jack).
According to a sixth aspect of the present subject matter there is provided a method for applying a ground anchoring system into a borehole, the method comprising the following steps:
a) providing a ground anchor system configured for introducing into a borehole, and comprising a plurality of straps each having a length dimension extending along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system, each of said straps having a width dimension taken along a major axis and a thickness dimension taken along a minor axis, said major axis and said minor axis being disposed at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system and intersect at a middle point; wherein said middle point of each of said straps being intersected by an imaginary line extending through the longitudinal axis at said transverse plane, said imaginary line forms an angle smaller than 90° with the major axis of the respective strap;
b) introducing the ground anchor system into the borehole in the ground, such that free ends of the straps extend from a surface of the ground;
c) applying a grouting agent into the borehole and allowing the grouting agent to cure, thereby fixing the ground anchor system to the borehole;
d) mounting a pre-stressing system over said free ends of the straps;
e) axially stressing the straps; and
f) disassembling the pre-stressing system from the straps while preserving them in a stressed position.
Any one or more of the features, designs and configurations below can be incorporated in any one or more of the aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter, independently or in combinations thereof.
The straps can be equally spaced from the longitudinal axis.
The straps can be disposed in a star polygon fashion, such as: a Y-like shape in case of three straps, a +-like shape in case of four straps, a *-like shape in case of five straps.
The straps can be disposed symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis.
The straps can be disposed substantially equally angularly with respect to each other.
The cross sectional area of the straps at the transverse plane can have a rectangular shape.
The straps can be made of a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, i.e., a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). The fibers can be made of glass, carbon, basalt or aramid, although other fibers such as paper or wood or asbestos are sometimes used. Alternatively, the straps can be made metallic materials.
The straps can be of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic or carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP or often simply carbon fiber, or even carbon), which are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced polymers which contain carbon fibers.
The straps can also be made of glass fiber bars, composed by parallel and continuous glass fibers embedded in a polymer matrix.
The width dimension can be smaller than a radius of an inscribed circle of the borehole in which the system is introduced.
The ground anchor system can comprise at least one grouting tube configured for applying a grouting agent into the borehole, said grouting tube extending along the longitudinal axis.
According to the first and the third aspects, the width dimension can be defined between an innermost edge of a strap and an outermost edge thereof, and the innermost edge of said straps can be disposed closer to the longitudinal axis than the outermost edge.
According to the second and the fourth aspects, the width dimension taken along a major axis and the thickness dimension taken along a minor axis, said major axis and said minor axis being disposed at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system and intersect at a middle point; wherein said middle point of each of said straps being intersected by an imaginary line extending through the longitudinal axis at said transverse plane, said imaginary line forms an angle smaller than 90° with the major axis of the respective strap
The width dimension of the straps can coextend with said imaginary lines.
The width dimension can be smaller than a radius of an inscribed circle of the borehole.
The innermost edges of the straps can define a central gap therebetween, and the longitudinal axis can extend substantially coaxially with the central gap.
The grouting tube can be disposed along the central gap.
The ground anchor system can comprise one or more spacer-discs configured for retaining the straps at their orientation.
The spacer-discs can comprise at least one central grouting aperture configured for allowing passage of the grouting tube therethrough.
The ground anchor system can comprise at least one anchor sleeve configured for accommodating said straps therein.
The method of the third and the fourth aspects can comprise a step of disposing the straps at an equal space from the longitudinal axis.
The method of the third and the fourth aspects can further comprise a step of disposing the straps in a star polygon fashion.
The method of the third and the fourth aspects can further comprise a step of disposing the straps symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis.
The method of the third and the fourth aspects can further comprise a step of disposing the straps substantially equally angularly with respect to each other.
The straps can be disposed at radial orientations, e.g., extending along a radius of the wedging device.
The sectored wedges of the wedging device can be made of hard material, such as metal.
At least portions of surfaces of the side walls of the sectored wedges can be configured with a friction increasing arrangement, such as roughening, knurling, applying a friction-increasing substance, etc.
The wedging device can accommodate lesser straps than the number of wedging gaps within the wedging device.
A flat dummy insert can be introduced into one or more wedging-gaps not occupied by a flat tendon, so as to retain respective radial positioning of the sectored wedges.
A central gap can extend between innermost edges of the flat tendons, said central gap extending substantially coaxially between the sectored wedges within the wedging-ring, i.e. between the vertexes of the sectored wedges.
In order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosed herein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Attention is first directed to
As seen in the drawings, the straps 10 and 20 are examples of flat tendons having a different cross-sectional shape, as detailed below.
As seen in
As seen in
Attention is now directed to
The three straps 10 extend along the longitudinal axis A and are radially disposed with respect thereto. The straps 10 are mounted on the central tube 3 by the spacers 5.
As can be seen in
It is further seen in
Reference is now made to the ground anchor system 1 of
This problem can be solved by arranging the straps in accordance with a more compact arrangement as provided by the system of the presently disclosed subject matter, and as explained below with respect to particular examples.
Reference is now made to
The ground anchor system 100 is accommodated within a round borehole 101 having by a diameter D which is equal to 110 mm. The ground anchor system 100 is configured with eight of the straps 10, the length dimension of which extends along a central longitudinal axis B. The longitudinal axis B is perpendicular to a transverse plane B′ of the system. The straps 10 are accommodated within a sleeve 103. As can be seen, free ends of the straps 10 extend from a surface 102 of the ground, while the remaining portions of the straps 10 are fully accommodated within the borehole.
The ground anchor system 100 comprises a grouting tube 105 extending along the longitudinal axis B. The grouting tube 105 has a distal end that is connected to a distributer 106. The grouting tube 105 is configured to receive a grouting agent via its proximal end, and to deliver the grouting agent into the borehole 101 via the distributer 106. The grouting tube 105 is disposed along a central gap 107, best seen in
As aforementioned, one of the alternatives for increasing the tensile strength of a ground anchor system is by increasing the number of the straps within the system. Since the system is configured for introducing into a given borehole with a given diameter D, its external dimensions have to be preserved while straps are added thereto. Increasing the number of straps, without changing the external dimensions of the system can be obtained by the arranging the straps within the system in a different and more compact manner. One example of such an arrangement is shown in
Reference is now made to
The straps 10 are radially disposed with respect to the longitudinal axis B and radially extend therefrom. According to the present example, the straps 10 are disposed in a star polygon fashion, and in particular of a star polygon having eight vertices, wherein each one of the straps 10 is associated with its respective vertex of the star polygon. According to other examples, the ground anchor system can be provided with a different number of the straps 10, which are disposed in a star polygon fashion, i.e.: a Y-like shape in case of three straps, a +-like shape in case of four straps, a ★-like shape in case of five straps, etc. The straps 10 are equally spaced from the longitudinal axis B so that the innermost edge 14 of each strap is disposed closer to the longitudinal axis B than its outermost edge 15. According to this arrangement, the innermost edge 14 of each one of the straps 10 is distant from the longitudinal axis B to a distance K3 and the outermost edge 15 is distant from the longitudinal axis B to a distance K4 (K3<K4). In addition, the straps 10 are disposed symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis B, and equally angularly with respect to each other, with an angle β therebetween. In the specific example of eight straps 10, the angle β is equal to 45°, but can vary depending on the number of straps 10, according to the formula 360/n, for a system having n of the straps 10.
As can further be seen in
The arrangement of the straps 10 is such that the imaginary lines 116 coextend with their major axis X1 so that the angle of 0° is formed therebetween.
The arrangement of the straps according to the example of
Referring now to
Similarly to ground anchor system 100, the ground anchor system 200 is accommodated within a substantially round borehole generally designated 201 and characterized by a diameter D. Furthermore, the ground anchor system 200 has components that are similar to those of the ground anchor system 100, but has another arrangement of straps therein.
The ground anchor system 200 is configured with six of the straps 10, the length dimension of which extends along a central longitudinal axis C. The longitudinal axis C is perpendicular to a transverse plane C′ of the system. The straps 10 are accommodated within a sleeve 203.
The straps 10 of
As can further be seen in
The arrangement of the straps 10 in
It is appreciated that the example of
According to example, the angle θ can vary within a spectrum of all acute angles, i.e. can be any angle smaller than 90°, in accordance with the engineering requirements of the system, e.g., the tensile strength of the system.
The arrangement of the straps according to the example of
The ground anchor systems 100 and 200 can be assembled in accordance with a method of the presently disclosed subject matter, which can be performed prior to applying it into the borehole, and can be performed at a construction site or at any other location remote therefrom.
The method for assembling the ground anchor system 100 includes at least the following steps:
The method for assembling the ground anchor system 200 includes at least the following steps:
Referring now to
Accordingly, when the sectored wedges 430a, 430b, 430c and 430d are disposed within the wedging-ring 426 four wedging-gaps 440a, 440b, 440c and 440d extend between adjoining side walls 432 and 434 of two neighboring sectored wedges 430a, 430b, 430c and 430d, respectively. The wedging-gaps 440a, 440b, 440c and 440d are each configured, as far as size and shape, for receiving a strap 10 radially disposed therein, said straps designated 10a, 10b, 10c and 10d, respectively.
As can best be seen in
The arrangement is such that axial tensioning the straps designated 10a, 10b, 10c and 10d in direction of arrow 443 (
Spacer disk 450 is configured with a plurality (four in the particular example) of radially extending slots 452a, 452b, 452c and 452d, which when mounted in the ground anchor system (see hereinafter) are disposed substantially in register with the a four wedging-gaps 440a, 440b, 440c and 440d extending between neighboring sectored wedges 430a, 430b, 430c and 430d. The spacer disk 450 is further configured with a plurality of openings 456 and a central opening 458 (coinciding with the longitudinal axis E and with the central gap 441, facilitating flow of fluid grouting material therethrough.
As can further be seen in
Turning now to
The method comprising the following steps:
a) providing a ground anchor system 100;
b) introducing the ground anchor system 100 into the borehole 101 in the ground, such that free ends of the straps 100 extend from a surface 102 of the ground (
c) applying a grouting agent into the borehole via the grouting tube 105 and allowing the grouting agent to cure, thereby fixing the ground anchor system 100 to the borehole 101 (
d) disposing a wedging device 400 over the free ends of the straps 10 (
e) mounting a pre-stressing system, e.g. tensioning mechanism such as jack 488, over said free ends of the straps 100 (
f) axially stressing the straps. In the illustrated example the axial stressing is performed by jack 488 (
g) mounting a second wedging device 400 according to the disclosure behind the tensioning mechanism 488 (
h) axially stressing the ground-anchor system as indicated by arrow 443 (
i) axially fixing the straps 10 by the second wedging device 400, allowing setting of the first wedging device 400 (
j) disassembling the pre-stressing system from the straps while preserving them in a stressed position.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4000623 | Meardi | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4666345 | Seegmiller | May 1987 | A |
| 7726082 | Hayes | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7886490 | Maekawa | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2523988 | Dec 1975 | DE |
| 0726383 | Aug 1996 | EP |
| 1712685 | Oct 2006 | EP |
| 2119846 | Nov 2009 | EP |
| Entry |
|---|
| European Search Report from European Application No. 14771174 completed Jan. 29, 2016. |
| International Search Report from International Application PCT/IL2014/050304 dated Jun. 30, 2014. |
| Sireg—Durglass®—Glasspree Brochure, available at least as of Jun. 29, 2016. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170175353 A1 | Jun 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61803548 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14774096 | US | |
| Child | 15449118 | US |
