BACKGROUND
This disclosure relates to the bonding and grounding of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels or solar hot water panels, herein collectively referred to as solar panels, to mounting rails or racking system, mounting clamps, and other mounting components that together comprise a solar panel system.
Solar panel systems can be rooftop or ground mounted, using rails, clamps, and adaptors held with bolts and nuts. Good engineering practice as well as the electrical codes in many locations requires, for the purpose of safety and lightning protection, that the solar panels, rails, and other components be bonded electrically together and then electrically grounded. Many solar panel systems use aluminum components for the rails, splices, mounting clamps, and panel frames. These aluminum components can be anodized to protect their finish from the elements. While aluminum is a good electrical conductor, the anodized surfaces of the aluminum components are electrical insulators. For the purpose of bonding and grounding, these anodized surfaces must be penetrated in order to obtain a good electrical connection. Alternatively, solar panel systems can use steel racking components instead of aluminum. The surfaces of the steel racking components may be galvanized or painted, or alternatively may become oxidized. While steel is an electrical conductor, the above-mentioned surfaces can act as electrical insulators. As with the aluminum rail systems, for the purpose of bonding and grounding, these steel surfaces must be penetrated in order to obtain a good electrical connection.
At present, many installers electrically connect the chassis of each solar panel together by connecting a large gauge copper conductor to each solar panel by a lug, screw, or similar fastener. Star washers, and more recently, specially formed washers, know as WEEBs, can be installed between the solar panels and the rails. These washers include serrations that penetrate the anodized surfaces of both the solar panel and the rail system thereby electrically bonding the solar panel and rail system to each other. This approach can have shortcomings and disadvantages. For example, extra parts must be counted out, carried to the installation site or onto a rooftop, inserted in the correct order, and aligned correctly to perform the function of effectively bonding and grounding the components of the solar panel system. Often these tasks are performed under adverse conditions, for example, on steep rooftops and while wearing gloves and other safety equipment.
SUMMARY
This Summary introduces a concept in simplified form that is described in the Description. The Summary is not intended to identify essential features or limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. For the purposes of this disclosure, the terms “top”, “bottom”, “front”, “back”, “left”, or “right” are relative terms in relationship to the drawings and are not meant to limit any interpretation of the examples in this disclosure. They are merely terms of convenience to help aid in the understanding of the drawings.
Disclosed is a device and a system for bonding and grounding the mounting components of a solar panel system that attempts to overcome the shortcomings described in the Background section. The device includes a grounding element in the form of a specially formed metal pin. The grounding element can be inserted into a hole or aperture in the body or one or more corresponding solar panel mounting components. The grounding element can be held captive and built into the mounting components simplifying both transportation and installation.
In one aspect, the grounding element includes a sharp edge or sharp points on its top surface and a slot along its length. The grounding element is held in place within the hole in the body of a solar mounting component by spring tension. The grounding element floats in the hole during the process of securing the component to other components of the solar panel system. Once the two components are secured, the sharp edge on the top surface of the grounding element penetrates the anodizing or oxidation on both surfaces and bonds the components electrically through the grounding element.
The grounding element can be produced in various lengths and diameters allowing it to be captively pressed into the various solar panel components including mounting rails, rail splices, panel clamps, and grounding lugs. Having the grounding elements inserted into the mounting components has the advantage that the installer does not have to order, inventory, or carry the separate parts. Instead the installer can simply bolt the various components together without having to add additional washers, lugs, and special grounding pieces to the solar panel system.
Taken together, the entire solar panel system, consisting of numerous solar panels, rails, clamps and splices and other components, by incorporating the grounding element in the mounting components, is bonded together electrically as a single unit which can then be connected to a single ground conductor.
DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a side view of basic roll pin commonly used in industry.
FIG. 2 is a top view of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows a side view of a modification to a roll pin to make it into a grounding element.
FIG. 4 shows a top view of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 shows a side view of an alternative modification to a roll pin to make it into a grounding element.
FIG. 6 shows a top view of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 shows a side view of an alternative modification to a roll pin to make it into a grounding element.
FIG. 8 shows a top view of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 shows a front exploded view of the grounding element and a metal surface with a through-hole for receiving the grounding element.
FIG. 10 shows an assembled view of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 shows a front view of a portion of a solar panel mounting system, where the grounding element is held captive with a solar panel end clamp.
FIG. 12 shows a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 shows a front view the solar panel system components of FIG. 11 showing the position of the grounding element in relation to the solar panel end-clamp and mounting rail after the end-clamp is secured to the mounting rail.
FIG. 14 shows a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 shows a front exploded view of the grounding element and a portion of metal plate with a blind-hole for receiving the grounding element.
FIG. 16 shows an assembled view of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 shows a front view of a portion of a solar panel system where the grounding element is used with a rail splice to electrically bond to mounting rails together. The grounding elements are shown in hidden lines.
FIG. 18 shows a side view of FIG. 17 with the grounding elements shown with hidden lines.
FIG. 19 shows a portion of a solar panel system where the grounding element is held captive with a mid-clamp and used electrically bond to mount two solar panels to the mounting rail. The grounding elements are shown in hidden lines.
FIG. 20 shows a portion of a solar panel system with the grounding elements is used in combination with a lug to electrically bond a solar mounting rail to a wire. The grounding elements are shown in hidden lines.
FIG. 21 shows a side view of a portion of a solar panel system where a plurality of grounding elements are used to electrically bond solar panels in a non-rail type solar mounting systems.
FIG. 22 shows a top view of FIG. 21.
FIG. 23 shows a side view of a grounding element with improved resiliency for repeated adjustments.
FIG. 24 shows a sectional view of the grounding element of FIG. 23 taken along section lines 24-24.
FIG. 25 shows a top view of the grounding element of FIG. 23.
FIG. 26 shows a front view of the grounding element of FIG. 23.
FIG. 27 shows a front and top perspective view of the grounding element of FIG. 23.
FIG. 28 shows a top front perspective view of a grounding element.
FIG. 29 shows a bottom left perspective view of the grounding element of FIG. 28.
FIG. 30 shows a perspective view of the grounding element FIG. 28 positioned sideways.
FIG. 31 shows left side view of the grounding element of FIG. 28.
FIG. 32 shows a sectional view of FIG. 31 taken along section lines 32-32.
FIG. 33 shows a top view of the grounding element of FIG. 28
FIG. 34 shows a sectional view of FIG. 33 taken along section lines 34-34
DESCRIPTION
The following description is made with reference to figures, where like numerals refer to like elements throughout several views. FIG. 1 shows a side, and FIG. 2 a corresponding top view, of a roll pin 10 commonly found and used in industry to fasten two parts together such as a pulley to a shaft. The roll pin 10 is fabricated of a spring metal in a cylinder 11 with a slot 12 along the length of the pin to allow compression of the pin when inserted into a hole. The spring metal can be spring steel or spring stainless steel which has significant anti-corrosion ability when used in an outdoor environment.
FIGS. 3-8 show examples of grounding elements 13 fabricated from roll pins with slot 12. The grounding element 13 can have a sharp edge on either both ends or on one end. In the examples given throughout this disclosure, the sharp edge is on both ends of the grounding element 13. FIG. 3 shows a side view, and FIG. 4 shows a top view, of a grounding element 13 with a sharp edge 14 along the top surface of the grounding element 13. The sharp edge is formed by beveling in the end of the grounding element 13 so that the edge formed by the inside diameter of the grounding element 13 comes to a point 14a. FIG. 5 shows a side view, and FIG. 6 a top view, of a grounding element 13 with a sharp set of points 15 along the top edge. FIG. 7 shows a side view and FIG. 8 a top view of a grounding element 13 with a tooth edge 16. In FIGS. 3-8, the sharp edge is shaped to penetrate the anodizing commonly applied to solar racking components. However, the sharp edge is also capable of penetrating oxide, paint, or galvanized coatings. The grounding element 13 can be made in various lengths and diameters for the specific application as will be disclosed further in the drawings.
FIGS. 9-10 show the use of a grounding element 13 in an application where two metal surfaces need to be bonded together during the installation of the solar system. The metal plate 17 includes a through-hole 18 between its top and bottom surfaces. FIG. 10 shows the grounding element 13 pressed into the through-hole 18 in the metal plate 17. The grounding element 13 is illustrated with broken lines to denote that it is hidden. The through-hole 18 is undersized so that the grounding element 13 is firmly held into the hole by the spring pressure. The grounding element 13 is longer than the height of the metal plate 17 so that upon tightening of mounting bolts or other securing hardware, the grounding element 13 is forced into the upper and lower surfaces. The sharp end on each end of the grounding element breaks the surface coating or oxide layer of the upper and lower surfaces creating an electrically conductive path.
FIGS. 11-12 show the solar mounting system configured for rooftop mounting with a solar panel 19, a rail 20, and an end-clamp 21. The grounding element 13 is held securely in a through-hole in the end-clamp 21 by spring action of the roller pin shape and will not fall out while the clamp is handled loosely and installed. The grounding element 13 and is longer than the height of the base of the end-clamp 21 and is positioned so that it makes electrical contact with the frame of the solar panel 19 and the rail 20. The end-clamp 21 is tightened using a bolt 22 or other threaded-fastener. The head of the bolt 22 is held captively a slot along the top of the rail 20. A nut 23, other threaded-fastener securing element, is used to tighten the end-clamp 21. The grounding element 13 is slightly longer than the height of the base of the end-clamp 21, in this case extending below the bottom surface of the end-clamp 21 base before installation. FIG. 12 shows a detail view of a portion of the end-clamp 21, the edge of the solar panel 19, the rail 20, and the bolt 22 which secures the end-clamp 21. During installation before the end-clamp 21 is fully tightened, the end-clamp 21 can be repositioned and aligned on the rail 20.
FIG. 13 show a portion of the solar panel 19, the rail 20, the end-clamp 21, and grounding element 13, in combination, after the bolt 22 and nut 23 are tightened. The bolt 22 is held captive within a rail-slot on the top of the rail 20. The rail-slot typically includes an opening and a cavity. The opening is wider than the diameter of the body of the bolt 22, but smaller than the head of the bolt 22. The cavity is large enough to receive the head of the bolt 22. As a result of tightening the nut 23 and bolt 22, the end-clamp 21 seats down on the rail 20, the grounding element 13 is driven upward to penetrate the frame of the solar panel 19 and also penetrate the rail 20. The spring action of the grounding element 13 allows it to move and center itself in the hole as it is tightened.
FIG. 14 shows a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 13. The grounding element 13 has centered during tightening such that the sharp edge on the top of the grounding element 13 penetrates both the anodized surface of the solar panel 19 and the sharp edge on the bottom of the grounding element penetrates the anodized or oxide surface of the rail 20. The grounding element 13 creates an electrical path 24 between the solar panel 19, end-clamp 21, and the rail 20. The electrical path 24 of the ground connection between the solar panel 19 and the rail 20 is denoted by a dashed line.
FIG. 15 shows a front exploded view of the grounding element 13 and a portion of a metal plate 17 with a blind-hole 25 for receiving the grounding element 13. FIG. 16 shows an assembled view of FIG. 15. FIG. 16 shows the grounding element 13 pressed into the blind-hole 25 of the metal plate 17. The grounding element 13 may be shorter to accommodate a metal plate 17 that is thinner, and may be larger or smaller in diameter.
FIGS. 17-18 show a rail-splice 26 used to join two of the rails 20. The rail-splice 26 is illustrated a have the shape of an L-bracket. The rail-splice 26 can be any shape that has sufficient structural integrity to rigidly join the rails 20 together. For example, the rail-splice 26 may in the shape of rectangular plate. This rail-splice 26 is shown securing the rails 20 together by bolts 22 and nuts 23 to the rails 20 to be spliced. Other threaded fasteners may be used, for example, screws. The rail-splice 26 has two or more of the grounding elements 13 mounted in the face of the rail-splice 26 that contacts the rail 20. The grounding elements 13 are hidden and shown represented by dashed lines. FIG. 18 shows a side view of FIG. 17 showing the relationship between the rail-splice 26, the rail 20, and the grounding elements 13 after tightening the nuts 23. Note that the grounding element 13 has centered in the blind-hole 25, the sharp edge on one end of the grounding element 13 penetrates the bottom of the blind-hole 25 in the rail-splice 26 and the opposing end of grounding element 13 penetrates the anodizing 40 of the rail 20. The electrical path 24, denoted by a dashed line, extends from each rail 20 through the rail-splice 26, thereby providing continuity from rail 20 to rail 20.
FIG. 19 shows the grounding elements 13 used to electrically join the ground path of solar panels 19 through a mid-clamp 27. The mid-clamp 27 is shown using a bolt 22 and nut 23 to secure the edges of two of the solar panels 19 onto the rail 20. The grounding elements 13 are secured within the body of the mid-clamp 27 through corresponding blind-holes. The grounding elements 13 electrically connect the frames of the solar panels 19 together by the sharp opposing edges of the grounding elements 13 penetrating the surface coating or oxide layers as previously described. The electrical path 24, denoted by a dashed line, extends from each of the solar panels 19 through the mid-clamp 27, thereby providing bonding and continuity from solar panel 19 to solar panel 19.
FIG. 20 shows a grounding lug 28 used to electrically connect the rail 20 to a wire 29. The wire 29 can be used to electrically connect the chassis of active electrical equipment to rail 20 and as a supplemental electrical ground for the solar panel system. A nut 23 and bolt 22 secure grounding lug 28 to the rail 20. The wire 29 is clamped into the grounding lug 28 with a seizure screw 30. The grounding elements 13 are set in blind-holes 25 in the grounding lug 28. When the grounding lug 28 is tightened with the nut 23, the grounding elements 13 are compressed and centered so that the sharp edge of one end penetrates the metal in the base 32 of the blind-hole 25 and the sharp edge of the other end penetrates the anodizing of the rail 20. The electrical path 24 from the wire 29, the body of the grounding lug 28 through the rail 20 is denoted by a dashed line.
FIGS. 21-22 shows the grounding elements 13 applied to a non-rail mounting system. FIG. 21 shows a side view and FIG. 22 a top view of the non-rail mounting system. A generic non-rail mounting system is shown for the purpose of illustration. Referring to FIGS. 21-22, the illustrated non-rail mounting system includes a stepped spacing section 31, a base 32, a mid-clamp 27, and a bolt 22 for securing the mid-clamp 27 to the stepped spacing section 31. In FIG. 22, the stepped section is hidden and represented by dashed lines. Other configurations of the non-rail mounting system may include a mid-clamp 27, or an end-clamp 21, as well as variation of the base 32, spacing, bolt 22, or nut 23. The grounding elements 13 are configured to provide a grounding path between the solar panels 19 through the base 32 of the mounting system. In the illustrated configuration, the bottom of the base 32 is shown mounted to a roof 33. The stepped spacing section 31 may be integrally formed with the base 32 or permanently secured to the base 32. The stepped spacing section 31 can be square shaped to allow for one of two orthogonally opposed orientations of the solar panels 19. For example, the stepped spacing section 31 can be oriented so that the solar panels 19 can aligned either vertically or a horizontally with respect to orientation of the roof 33. The grounding elements 13 can be located anywhere on top surface of the base 32 that makes contact with the frame 34 of the solar panel 19. The grounding elements 13 are shown located approximately adjacent to each corner of the stepped spacing section 31. In this configuration, the solar panels 19 will engage two of the grounding elements 13 independent of mounting orientation. FIG. 20 shows the solar panels 19 vertically oriented with respect. Each frame 34 of the solar panels 19 makes an electrical connection with the two of the grounding elements 13. Similarly, if the solar panels 19 and frames 34 were mounted in a horizontal orientation with respect to the roof 33, the frame 34 of each of the solar panels 19 would come in contact with two of the grounding elements 13.
Referring back to FIGS. 3-4, the inventor chose to sharpen the inside circumference rather than the outside circumference of the grounding element 13 since a sharp outside edge would tend to dig into the hole when being inserted in the solar panel mounting devices such as in FIGS. 11-14, and 17-22. The grounding element 13 length is such that the outward projecting end would, after tightening the fastener, provide enough edge to sufficiently penetrate the oxide or paint to provide the grounding required, yet not hold-off the two surfaces from full mechanical fit.
In the United States, safety standards such as UL 2073 require certain conductively for system grounded components. In order for the grounding element 13 of FIGS. 3-4 to achieve this conductivity and allow the use of standard mechanical components, the grounding element 13 may become relatively small in diameter. It may be desirable to increase the diameter size of the grounding element for ease of handling during manufacture and assembly while still allowing the use of standard mechanical fasteners. It may also be desirable to improve the resiliency of the grounding element for multiple fastenings.
FIGS. 23-27 show a grounding element 13 and FIGS. 28-34 show an alternative version of the grounding element 13. The grounding elements 13 of FIGS. 23-27 and FIGS. 28-34 both have improved resiliency for multiple fastenings. The grounding element 13 of FIGS. 23-27 and alternative grounding element of FIGS. 28-34 have a larger diameter as compared with FIGS. 3-4 but with comparable oxide penetration capability. Each end of the grounding element 13 of FIGS. 23-27 and FIGS. 28-34 include cutouts 37 shaped as the minor arc of a circle. Between the cutouts 37 is a grounding contact surface.
Referring to the grounding element 13 of FIGS. 23-27, FIG. 23 shows a side view of a grounding element 13. FIG. 24 shows a sectional view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 23 taken along section lines 24-24. FIG. 25 shows a top view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 23. FIG. 26 shows a front view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 23. FIG. 27 shows a front and top perspective view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 23. The grounding element 13 can be formed by a cylindrical shaped slotted steel roll pin.
Referring to FIG. 25-27, the grounding element 13 includes a slot 12 shown longitudinally along the face of the grounding element body 35. Illustrated are cutouts 37 on both ends of the grounding element 13. In FIGS. 23-24 and 26-27, the cutouts 37 are shaped as minor arcs of a circle. In FIG. 27, the cutouts are illustrated as identical in size and aligned vertically with respect to each end of the grounding element 13. In FIGS. 25 and 27 the cutouts 37 within each end are arranged 90-degrees apart from each other. Referring to FIGS. 23-27, the cutouts 37 are sized as to leave flat portions 39 on each end of the grounding element 13. The flat portions define the oxide penetrating grounding contact surfaces of the grounding element 13. Referring to FIGS. 25 and 27, the flat portions 39 form a trapezoidal shape as a result of the parallel cut edges of the cutouts 37, lie in the same plane, and are spaced 90-degrees apart.
FIGS. 23-27 shows four cutouts 37 on each end of the grounding element 13. The cutouts 37 shown are all equal in size and shape. Using a standard sized ground pin, which is typically 0.125 inches in diameter (0.00318 meters), the inventor has determined that as few as two and as many as six of the cutouts 37 can achieve similar utility. The inventor has also found, maintaining the flat portion 39 outside edge arc length to 40% to 60% of the outside edge arc length of the cutout 37 can help assure proper oxide penetration. In FIG. 25, “a” represents the arc length of the inside-surface edge 45 and “b” represents the outside surface arc-length of the cutout 37. In FIG. 33, “a” is approximately 50% of “b.” While the inventor believes that the combination of shape (i.e. minor arc of the circle) and ratio of cutout size vs. contact edge described above provides superior performance, these examples are not meant in any way to limit the claimed invention. One skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure, should be able to determine, in accordance with local regulatory standards, what contact pressure is desirable to achieve sufficient oxide penetration, and thereby adapt their grounding pin arc-length ratio, diameter of pin, and number of cutouts accordingly.
The grounding element 13 of FIGS. 23-27 can be formed from a standard roll pin, with the cutouts 37 machined into roll pin at the ends and into the cylindrical body. Alternatively, the grounding element 13 can be stamped and then rolled with the cutouts 37 formed during the stamping process. In the either of these processes, after preforming the above-described steps, the inventor found that hardening the pins significantly improved the performance.
FIGS. 28-34 show a grounding element 13, in the alternative, with improved resiliency for multiple fastenings. FIG. 28 shows a top front perspective view of a grounding element 13. FIG. 29 shows a bottom left perspective view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 28. FIG. 30 shows a perspective view of the grounding element 13FIG. 28 positioned sideways. FIG. 31 shows left side view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 28. FIG. 32 shows a sectional view of FIG. 31 taken along section lines 32-32. FIG. 33 shows a top view of the grounding element 13 of FIG. 28FIG. 34 shows a sectional view of FIG. 33 taken along section lines 34-34.
Referring to FIGS. 28-30 and 32-33, the grounding element 13 includes a slot 12 shown longitudinally along the face of the grounding element body 35. Illustrated are cutouts 37 on both ends of the grounding element 13 in FIGS. 28-34. In FIGS. 28-32 and 34, the cutouts 37 are shaped as minor arcs of a circle. In FIGS. 28-30, the cutouts are illustrate as identical in size and aligned vertically on each end of the grounding element 13. In FIGS. 28-30 and 33 the cutouts 37 within each end are arranged 90-degrees apart from each other. Referring to FIGS. 28-34, the cutouts 37 are sized as to leave beveled portions 41 on each end of the grounding element 13. In FIGS. 28-30 and 33, the beveled portions 41 are shown spaced 90-degrees apart because of the spacing of the cutouts 37. As illustrated in the perspective views of FIGS. 28-30, and sectional views of FIGS. 32 and 34, the bevel extends from the outside-surface 43 to the inside-surface edge 45 of the grounding element 13 body forming a sharp point along the inside-surface edge 45.
FIGS. 28-34 shows four cutouts 37 on each end of the grounding element 13. The cutouts 37 shown are all equal in size and shape. Using a standard sized ground pin, which is typically 0.125 inches in diameter (0.00318 meters), the inventor has determined that as few as two and as many as six of the cutouts 37 can achieve similar utility. The inventor has also found, the arc length of each inside-surface edge 45 of the beveled portion 41 to 40% to 60% of the outside edge arc length of the cutout 37 can help assure proper oxide penetration. In FIG. 33, “c” represents the arc length of the inside-surface edge 45 and “d” represents the outside surface arc-length of the cutout 37. In FIG. 33, c is approximately 50% of d. While the inventor believes that the combination of shape (i.e. minor arc of the circle) and ratio of cutout size vs. contact edge described above provides superior performance, these examples are not meant in any way to limit the claimed invention. One skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure, should be able to determine, in accordance with local regulatory standards, what contact pressure is desirable to achieve sufficient oxide penetration, and thereby adapt their grounding pin arc-length ratio, diameter of pin, and number of cutouts accordingly.
The grounding element 13 of FIGS. 28-34 can be formed from a standard roll pin. The roll pin can first be beveled from the outside-surface 43 to the inside-surface edge 45 of the roll pin so that the inside surface edge comes to a sharpened point. The cutouts 37 can then be machined into the surface. The steps can be reversed depending on equipment and manufacturing preference. Alternatively, the grounding element 13 can be stamped with the cutouts 37 and then rolled and sharpened. In any of these processes, after preforming the above-described steps, the inventor found that hardening the pins significantly improved the performance.
The grounding element 13, as illustrated throughout this disclosure, has a smooth outside surface between the end portions. These smooth outside surfaces are without bumps or projections. Throughout this disclosure, the grounding element 13 is placed within apertures that have a diameter smaller than the uncompressed grounding element but larger than the compressed grounding element. This allows the grounding element to stay within the aperture. The smooth outside surface encourages slidably of the grounding element within the aperture when a force is applied along the length of the sufficient to overcome the outward spring force. The combination of outward spring force and smooth outside surface allow the grounding element to self-align during final system assembly.
A device and a system for bonding and grounding the mounting components of a solar panel system have been described. It is not the intent of this disclosure to limit the claimed invention to the examples, variations, and exemplary embodiments described in the specification. Those skilled in the art will recognize that variations will occur when embodying the claimed invention in specific implementations and environments. The appearance of the end-clamps 21, the mid-clamps 27, and rail-splices 26 throughout the disclosure is for illustrative purposes. It is the intent of the inventor that the grounding element 13 can be used in a wide range of end-clamps 21, mid-clamps 27, and rail-splices 26. Those skilled in the art will readily understand after reading what has been disclosed hereto how to apply the grounding element 13 to end-clamps 21, mid-clamps 27, and rail-splices 26 other than those illustrated. It should also be understood that even when not explicitly stated, throughout the examples in this disclosure, the sharp edge on opposing ends of the grounding element 13 penetrates the surface coating or oxide layer of the corresponding surface of contact. Throughout the disclosure, various mounting components of the solar panel system have been secured by bolts 22 and nuts 23, however, it should be understood by the reader, that threaded fasteners and threaded fastener/locking element combinations that have equivalent functionality can be used.
In addition, it is possible to implement certain features described in separate embodiments in combination within a single embodiment. Similarly, it is possible to implement certain features described in single embodiments either separately or in combination in multiple embodiments. It is the intent of the inventor that these variations fall within the scope of the claimed invention. While the examples, exemplary embodiments, and variations are helpful to those skilled in the art in understanding the claimed invention, it should be understood that, the scope of the claimed invention is defined solely by the following claims and their equivalents.
Patent Application
20150270027
