GROUP OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM LOCI AND METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING BIOGEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF EAST ASIAN POPULATIONS

Abstract

Disclosed are a group of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and a method for identifying biogeographic origins of East Asian populations, and belong to the technical field of gene identification. The application takes single nucleotide polymorphism molecular genetic markers as objects, systematically selects loci with high genetic differentiation in the East Asian populations of Beijing Han population, Southern Han population, Dai population, Japanese and Kinh Population from Vietnam, and constructs an efficient, simple and fast artificial intelligence model through the XGBoost machine learning algorithm for analyzing biogeographic origins of five East Asian populations.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims a priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202210463446.2, filed on Apr. 28, 2022, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The application relates to a technical field of gene identification, and in particular to a group of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and a method for identifying biogeographic origins of East Asian populations.

BACKGROUND

Ancestry informative markers refer to genetic markers representing higher allele frequency differences in populations. They may analyze a biogeographic origin of unknown individuals and may also be used to identify potential substructures in a population. The former role may provide directional clues for judicial investigations in forensic medicine research; the latter role may control factors of population stratification in whole-genome association study, so as to avoid false positive or false negative results. At present, forensic scientists usually pay attention to identifications of major intercontinental populations. Up to now, several populations of ancestry informative markers for forensic ancestry analysis of different intercontinental populations have been reported. However, there is relatively little research on the forensic ancestry analysis of populations in a same continent or populations in the major intercontinental populations.

For the analysis of biogeographic origins of unknown individuals, forensic scientists usually use a principal component analysis method or a population genetic structure analysis method. The principal component analysis method performs a dimension-reduction method on all samples according to information of all loci, transforms variable information into several important principal components, each sample has a specific position in the different principal components, and then infers the possible biogeographic origin of the individual according to the distribution of samples in the different principal components. The population genetic structure analysis method estimates a proportion of individual ancestry components based on Bayesian method, and then determines the origin of individual ancestry according to the distribution of ancestry components by comparing with the reference population. However, these two methods may not be able to obtain more accurate prediction results for individuals with mixed history.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a sequence polymorphism formed by the variation of a single nucleotide in the genome. It has advantages of a wide distribution and a low mutation rate in the genome, and has high application value in the forensic research. In addition, previous studies have found that some single nucleotide polymorphisms show high differences in allele frequency distribution among different populations, and may be used as ancestry information markers to analyze the biogeographic origins of different populations.

SUMMARY

The objective of the application is to provide a group of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and a method for identifying biogeographic origins of East Asian populations, so as to solve the problems existing in the prior art, and these loci may be u sed to identify Beijing Han population, Southern Han population, Dai population, Japanese and Kinh Population from Vietnam.

In order to achieve the above objectives, the application provides following schemes:

• • the application provides an application of a detection reagent of a group of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism loci used for identifying biogeographic origins of East Asian populations in preparing a kit for identifying the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations, where the single nucleotide polymorphism loci include the loci shown in a following table:

Chromosome	rs number	Position	Allele 1	Allele 2
1	rs6594028	564598	G	A
1	rs1801133	11856378	A	G
1	rs12038287	11895396	C	T
1	rs561510556	12387655	A	G
1	rs144246431	19674993	G	T
1	rs202129706	22315762	A	C
1	rs140295961	33068395	A	G
1	rs12731453	36676712	T	G
1	rs117115434	56279497	A	G
1	rs576196822	62612083	T	C
1	rs532154984	65314266	T	C
1	rs56270653	83804841	C	G
1	rs552858520	84679675	A	T
1	rs77172129	98602316	G	A
1	rs147226864	121471638	T	C
1	rs6692177	143543213	A	G
1	rs200220063	152882512	G	A
1	rs183624843	156665281	T	C
1	rs16840204	158435927	A	C
1	rs75985579	158988992	A	G
1	rs75735370	187472432	G	A
1	rs7530988	205558200	G	A
1	rs151191827	229641396	A	G
1	rs12726054	233623860	A	G
2	rs77944863	3225405	A	G
2	rs551794229	5162546	A	G
2	rs187901830	32048491	G	T
2	rs530416094	39536678	A	G
2	rs75837024	48763333	G	A
2	rs80297078	68051286	C	T
2	rs557609484	92310281	T	C
2	rs56339353	92320508	C	A
2	rs114979404	97613974	G	C
2	rs189257511	97718250	T	A
2	rs143319605	103166662	C	T
2	rs55935451	147238877	A	T
2	rs55868911	177272945	A	G
2	rs117736789	177439091	C	G
2	rs537631083	210638066	A	G
2	rs146508123	226363646	T	C
3	rs59692692	13571964	A	T
3	rs142773888	14414901	T	C
3	rs144955067	31628063	T	G
3	rs80350736	61914553	T	C
3	rs79961039	68328083	C	T
3	rs73107449	69415703	C	T
3	rs77486591	69513520	T	A
3	rs570435573	86028382	T	G
3	rs544325853	97279356	G	T
3	rs6778948	150134304	G	A
3	rs11706245	150193109	G	A
3	rs9844691	150250537	C	A
3	rs116783706	152553769	T	C
3	rs112658986	175079928	C	A
3	rs575001940	183674928	A	G
3	rs79806084	187520132	C	T
4	rs142462241	9123223	C	T
4	rs370496197	9240814	T	C
4	rs546642722	17813761	A	G
4	rs76753571	38787305	G	A
4	rs5743592	38803063	G	A
4	rs55750794	38851296	T	C
4	rs55718051	38906717	G	A
4	rs7680508	100445282	G	A
4	rs9884555	120869851	G	T
4	rs1425419	124565964	T	C
4	rs280603	129915063	C	A
4	rs17682978	137834738	C	G
5	rs201981916	1025907	T	C
5	rs12658612	31238976	T	G
5	rs370349765	37295709	T	C
5	rs78369336	41181491	T	G
5	rs145999897	49432282	A	G
5	rs28834498	49436826	G	A
5	rs75712375	65307199	A	T
5	rs3850651	88181109	G	T
5	rs10066711	88190604	T	A
5	rs117108524	88780333	T	G
5	rs62381226	138366518	T	C
5	rs4912927	142951094	A	G
5	rs74562701	172998005	A	G
6	rs75585369	5138833	G	A
6	rs74567382	6183479	A	G
6	rs56091651	14009167	A	G
6	rs184103375	38488488	T	C
6	rs62412779	58774684	G	A
6	rs7766881	82802644	C	A
6	rs2815293	96769927	T	C
6	rs9480779	107836678	C	T
6	rs565359437	108108169	A	G
6	rs9402549	134239300	C	T
6	rs4464817	138340676	A	G
6	rs535319466	152588967	G	C
6	rs9457053	165622609	A	G
6	rs112864719	169342074	A	C
6	rs75191948	170619277	A	G
7	rs535914822	42834578	G	C
7	rs141756608	50275516	T	C
7	rs200588960	61794552	T	A
7	rs374938140	61794862	C	T
7	rs6958030	66457975	C	T
7	rs76950224	130932529	G	C
7	rs60560877	134697870	A	G
7	rs10269898	141790229	G	A
7	rs3778922	151802332	T	G
8	rs144799228	4172014	C	T
8	rs187561464	9673968	A	G
8	rs117900444	32351714	G	A
8	rs199569147	43825355	G	T
8	rs62497902	46846688	A	G
8	rs372912309	46846701	A	C
8	rs77994895	80546112	A	T
8	rs78475651	106445484	G	C
8	rs80311821	119297519	C	T
8	rs117673129	121843399	A	G
8	rs4523256	123206335	C	T
8	rs77058162	123624226	C	T
8	rs117059004	123765817	A	G
8	rs4736545	133114957	A	C
8	rs2976388	143760256	A	G
9	rs10816006	8937989	G	T
9	rs1359095	10276100	C	T
9	rs7039736	29819149	A	G
9	rs117745218	34851653	T	C
9	rs118138111	35388117	C	T
9	rs117359308	44239346	A	G
9	rs62547870	68396587	C	T
9	rs117532342	123007609	C	A
9	rs10760415	128892050	A	G
9	rs3780712	132943082	A	G
10	rs116843849	14693330	T	C
10	rs58098705	25499954	A	G
10	rs74213410	42399151	A	T
10	rs192073133	43427620	T	C
10	rs2339711	53048696	G	A
10	rs1649994	80070687	C	G
10	rs576091513	101292805	G	T
10	rs75509020	134369277	C	G
11	rs2071118	2972439	T	C
11	rs4757893	20133413	G	A
11	rs145321302	34240293	C	G
11	rs12785447	38438330	C	G
11	rs149709595	44840723	C	T
11	rs1484393	45024657	G	A
11	rs117641284	47248190	G	A
11	rs11039176	47339169	G	A
11	rs10838794	48054573	T	C
11	rs11039516	48124157	A	T
11	rs7941996	50496359	T	C
11	rs147042619	60956757	A	G
11	rs117682486	61015168	C	T
11	rs11230736	61304473	C	T
11	rs143362806	61375236	G	T
11	rs520987	61521446	C	A
11	rs7394579	61581450	A	G
11	rs7394739	69692121	T	C
11	rs74355568	114324060	T	A
11	rs10891749	114647037	C	T
11	rs80253223	118722457	A	C
11	rs117608910	118741152	C	T
11	rs189120206	119197644	A	G
11	rs79626515	119980685	A	G
11	rs11223547	133528942	A	T
12	rs3217805	4388084	G	C
12	rs429561	52835321	C	G
12	rs77994613	54618848	C	T
12	rs11170914	54861704	C	T
12	rs10506426	61775492	C	A
12	rs536701895	75343015	A	G
12	rs79705698	88508258	C	T
12	rs78062178	89304157	G	A
12	rs11105124	89375909	A	T
12	rs10860945	103539215	C	T
12	rs11066427	113263909	G	C
12	rs11608584	128051560	T	C
13	rs7328200	28615133	A	G
13	rs74984577	102518262	T	A
13	rs540356754	113541917	G	C
14	rs182863287	22445293	C	T
14	rs2042518	76166481	T	C
14	rs78964863	89771738	G	C
14	rs144885709	95893762	A	T
14	rs538254210	96938945	T	A
14	rs77313258	101788844	T	C
14	rs189231680	105862413	A	T
14	rs77597431	106029023	T	A
14	rs8003259	106063104	T	G
14	rs4983473	106081193	T	C
14	rs61985604	106085447	C	T
14	rs75889359	106117651	G	T
14	rs28720689	106127912	G	A
14	rs10150934	106129418	T	C
14	rs2516751	106143806	G	A
14	rs7494172	106175202	T	C
14	rs372579409	106185689	C	G
14	rs186911060	106187159	G	C
14	rs17841089	106207725	C	T
14	rs12880412	106207805	C	G
14	rs61983938	106210814	T	C
14	rs140451109	106225946	G	C
14	rs61985395	106231158	G	A
14	rs2879250	106235419	C	T
14	rs15979	106235489	T	C
14	rs1051112	106235611	A	T
14	rs149653267	106235742	C	G
14	rs12101008	106340358	T	A
15	rs12050504	25118733	C	T
15	rs8038186	56095508	A	G
15	rs117054397	60472480	A	G
15	rs370188878	60756638	G	A
15	rs2439424	66979943	A	G
15	rs536189723	74326699	C	T
15	rs558029138	101098151	C	A
16	rs570636147	16452036	C	T
16	rs4275872	46410819	G	A
16	rs543086096	46417894	A	G
16	rs9285998	46426086	G	A
16	rs17822931	48258198	C	T
16	rs7185374	48450368	C	A
16	rs148106276	87864696	T	C
16	rs55799444	90107716	T	C
17	rs76007934	2371207	C	G
17	rs142708997	21965750	T	C
17	rs141797564	22253602	T	G
17	rs202121576	22261435	C	T
17	rs79399637	22261755	G	T
17	rs139316749	22262103	T	A
17	rs78261308	36778892	C	A
17	rs75060014	41038677	A	G
17	rs147994591	45627005	A	G
17	rs140713446	46124685	C	G
17	rs140900296	47089580	G	T
17	rs6501525	70218627	A	G
17	rs77039319	70278839	A	G
17	rs189618173	73722924	T	C
18	rs545537217	18518431	T	G
18	rs6567282	60094992	C	T
19	rs8100854	10720886	A	T
19	rs10408721	10758319	T	C
19	rs138357154	17601811	T	C
19	rs12986064	54755133	C	T
19	rs624315	54755636	T	C
19	rs377681	54766423	A	G
19	rs1808548	54781509	T	C
19	rs798899	54800767	T	C
20	rs6117562	753310	G	A
20	rs6140211	773680	G	A
20	rs565751489	5547557	T	A
20	rs118072189	26292074	T	G
21	rs59142554	35544523	A	G
21	rs549950103	38533018	A	T
21	rs114285135	41457206	C	A
22	rs540495340	20663250	A	C
22	rs148969952	30958591	G	C
22	rs57437434	37373430	A	C
22	rs138225077	42121201	T	C
22	rs117410509	48654537	T	C
22	rs551265777	49277658	G	C

Optionally, the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations include Beijing Han population, Southern Han population, Dai population, Japanese and Kinh Population from Vietnam.

The application also provides a method for analyzing the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations, including steps of screening the group of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism loci for identifying the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations.

Optionally, the steps are as follows:

• • (1) preliminarily screening relatively highly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphism loci in the East Asian populations by using a PLINK software system based on whole-genome data of the East Asian populations in an international 1000 genomes project; and
  • (2) using an XGBoost machine learning algorithm, re-screening the single nucleotide polymorphism loci preliminarily screened in the step (1) based on an optimal subset method, and finally determining the single nucleotide polymorphism loci used to analyze the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations.

Optionally, in the step (1), principles of preliminarily screening relatively highly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphism loci in the East Asian populations include:

• • (1) fixed coefficients of the Japanese and a non-Japanese population greater than 0.2;
  • (2) fixed coefficients of the Beijing Han population and the Southern Han population greater than 0.06;
  • (3) fixed coefficients of the Dai population and the Kinh Population from Vietnam greater than 0.06;
  • (4) fixed coefficients of a Han population, the Dai population, and the Kinh Population greater than 0.06;
  • (5) a minimum allele frequency of selected single nucleotide polymorphism loci in each population greater than 0.01;
  • (6) the selected single nucleotide polymorphism loci consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in each population, and the P value is greater than 0.0001; and
  • (7) paired r² of the selected single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than 0.6.

Optionally, using a principal component analysis method to evaluate an analytic efficiency of the single nucleotide polymorphism loci preliminarily screened in the step (1) on the East Asian populations is further included between the step (1) and the step (2).

Optionally, the following is further included: constructing a prediction model by using the single nucleotide polymorphism loci obtained in the step (2) by re-screening, and evaluating an identification efficiency on the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations.

The application also provides an application of a group of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism loci used for identifying the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations in forensic medicine and population genetics researches.

The application discloses following technical effects:

The application provides a group of single nucleotide polymorphism loci with high genetic differentiation in the East Asian populations. Compared with the previous different intercontinental populations, the loci in the application may be well used to analyze the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations, which may provide more valuable information for forensic medicine and population genetics researches.

The application provides a method for analyzing the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations based on the single nucleotide polymorphism loci. Compared with the conventional methods of principal component analysis and population genetic structure analysis, the method disclosed in the application is simple, fast, accurate and easy to interpret.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to explain the embodiments of the application or the technical scheme in the prior art more clearly, the drawings needed in the embodiments are briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the application, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without creative work for ordinary people in the field.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci screening.

FIG. 2A shows a principal component analysis of five East Asian populations based on the whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism loci,

FIG. 2B shows a principal component analysis of the five East Asian populations based on the selected 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci; where CDX: Dai population; CHB: Beijing Han population; CHS: Southern Han population; JPT: Japanese; KHV: Kinh Population from Vietnam.

FIG. 3A shows a confusion matrix diagram of predicted results and actual results for five East Asian populations by the XGBoost based on 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci.

FIG. 3B shows a confusion matrix diagram of predicted and actual results for five East Asian populations by the XGBoost based on 258 single nucleotide polymorphism loci; where CDX: Dai population; CHB: Beijing Han population; CHS: Southern Han population; JPT: Japanese; KHV: Kinh Population from Vietnam.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A number of exemplary embodiments of the application are described in detail now, and this detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the application, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, characteristics and embodiments of the application.

It should be understood that the terminology described in the application is only for describing specific embodiments and is not used to limit the application. In addition, for the numerical range in the application, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper limit and the lower limit of the range is also specifically disclosed. The intermediate value within any stated value or stated range and every smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range are also included in the application. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded from the range.

Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application relates. Although the application only describes the preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the practice or testing of the application. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe methods and/or materials related to the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the contents of this specification shall prevail.

It is obvious to those skilled in the art that many improvements and changes may be made to the specific embodiments of the application without departing from the scope or spirit of the application. Other embodiments are apparent to the skilled person from the description of the application. The specification and example of this application are only exemplary.

The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and “containing” used in the application are all open terms, which means including but not limited to.

Embodiment 1 A Method for Analyzing Biogeographic Origins of East Asian Populations

The software used in the application mainly includes PLINK, YModel and R software, and are used for screening single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for identifying biogeographic origins of five East Asian populations: Beijing Han population, Southern Han population, Dai population, Japanese and Kinh Population from Vietnam.

Firstly, preliminarily screening relatively highly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphism loci of five East Asian populations: downloading the whole-genome data of the East Asian populations from the international 1000 genomes; using PLINK software, inputting following codes: ‘plink--bfile all--hwe 0.0001-- maf 0.01--make-bed--out new’, and based on all East Asian individuals, excluding those single nucleotide polymorphism loci whose P value of HWE is less than 0.0001 and the minimum allele frequency is less than 0.01; then using ‘plink--bfile new--indep--pairwise 50 5 0.6’ to keep those single nucleotide polymorphism loci with paired r² values less than 0.6; using ‘plink--bfile new3--within pop.txt--fst’ to calculate a fixed coefficient of each locus in the East Asian populations, and select single nucleotide polymorphism loci with fixed coefficients>0.06; eliminating those loci located in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region; re-screening the following loci to select those loci with high genetic differentiation among paired populations, and the specific principles are as follows:

• • 1) fixed coefficients of the Japanese and a non-Japanese population are greater than 0.2;
  • 2) fixed coefficients of the Beijing Han population and the Southern Han population are greater than 0.06;
  • 3) fixed coefficients of the Dai population and the Kinh Population from Vietnam are greater than 0.06; and
  • 4) fixed coefficients of a Han population, the Dai population, and the Kinh Population from Vietnam are greater than 0.06.

Finally, screening again the above loci by using ‘plink--bfile all--hwe 0.0001--maf 0.01--within pop.txt--make-bed--out new’ and ‘plink--bfile new--within pop.txt--indep- pairwise 50 5 0.6’, and eliminating the single nucleotide polymorphism loci with the P value of HWE less than 0.0001, the minimum allele frequency less than 0.01 and the paired r² value greater than 0.6 in each population. Finally, the application retains 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci. A flow chart of the above-mentioned single nucleotide polymorphism loci screening is shown in FIG. 1.

Next, the principal component analysis method commonly used at present is adopted to evaluate the analytic efficiency of 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci for the East Asian populations. The specific operation are as follows:

• • carrying out the principal component analysis method on five East Asian populations by using PLINK software, and the code is ‘plink--bfile new1--pca5--out new1’; according to the obtained results, drawing scatter plots of all individuals on the first two principal components by R software. In addition, the principal component analysis is also performed for all loci. Results of principal component analysis of different loci are shown in FIG. 2. The results show that the 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci selected by the application may reach a population identification level similar to that of the whole-genome loci.

Re-screening of 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci: the application adopts a machine learning algorithm XGBoost, and re-screens 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci by using an optimal subset method, and finally determines 258 single nucleotide polymorphism loci. Using 677 and 258 single nucleotide polymorphism loci to construct prediction models respectively, evaluating an identification efficiency on the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations, and confusion matrix of the predicted results and the actual sample results are shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. Accuracies and Kappa coefficients of the predicted results and the actual results of the models constructed at different loci are shown in Table 1. The results show that the finally determined 258 single nucleotide polymorphism loci have similar performance in analyzing the biogeographic origins of these five East Asian populations compared with the selected 677 single nucleotide polymorphism loci.

TABLE 1
Comparison of identification performances of 677 and 258 single
nucleotide polymorphism loci selected in East Asia populations
	Parameters	677 SNPs	258 SNPs
	Accuracy	0.9439	0.9459
	Kappa	0.9297	0.9324

The above-mentioned embodiments only describe the preferred mode of the application, and do not limit the scope of the application. Under the premise of not departing from the design spirit of the application, various modifications and improvements made by ordinary technicians in the field to the technical scheme of the application shall fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the application.

Claims

1. An application of a detection reagent of a group of whole-genome SNP loci used for identifying biogeographic origins of East Asian populations in preparing a kit for identifying the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations, wherein the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations is selected from Beijing Han population, Southern Han population, Dai population, Japanese and Kinh Population from Vietnam; the SNP loci comprise loci shown in a following table:

2. A method for analyzing biogeographic origins of East Asian populations, comprising steps of screening the group of whole-genome SNP loci for identifying the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations according to claim 1.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein following steps are specifically comprised: (1) based on whole-genome data of the East Asian populations in international 1,000 genomes, using a PLINK software system to preliminarily screen relatively highly differentiated SNP loci in the East Asian populations; and(2) using an XGBoot machine learning algorithm, re-screening the SNP loci preliminarily screened in the step (1) based on an optimal subset method, and finally determining the SNP loci used to analyze the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step (1), principles of preliminarily screening relatively highly differentiated SNP loci in the East Asian populations comprise: (1) fixed coefficients of the Japanese and a non-Japanese population greater than 0.2;(2) fixed coefficients of the Beijing Han population and the Southern Han population greater than 0.06;(3) fixed coefficients of the Dai population and the Kinh Population from Vietnam greater than 0.06;(4) fixed coefficients of a Han population, the Dai population, and the Kinh Population greater than 0.06;(5) a minimum allele frequency of selected SNP loci in each population greater than 0.01;(6) the selected SNP loci consistent with HWE in each population, and a P value greater than 0.0001; and(7) paired r2 of the selected SNP loci less than 0.6.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein between the step (1) and the step (2) further comprising: using a principal component analysis method to evaluate an analytic efficiency of the SNP loci preliminarily screened in the step (1) on the East Asian populations.

6. The method according to claim 3, wherein further comprising: using the re-screened SNP loci obtained in the step (2) to construct a prediction model, and evaluating an identification efficiency on the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations.

7. An application of the group of whole-genome SNP loci for identifying the biogeographic origins of the East Asian populations according to claim 1 in population genetics research.