Patent Grant
7997020
The present invention relates to firearms, and more specifically to firearm barrels and barrel assemblies, and how their design affects the performance of the firearm.
Since the 13th century, firearms have operated on the principle that an explosive mass of powder, generally referred to as gun powder, could be ignited and caused to react and “explode” causing a sudden increase in pressure within a confined and defined space. This constant volume pressure increase was caused to happen behind a projectile, which was then forced in the one direction it could move, along with the exploding gas, which was down a barrel and out the end of a firearm muzzle. Early firearms were loaded down the muzzle, by first inserting a charge of gunpowder, and then on top of that powder adding a projectile, which was typically a
As firearm technology progressed, primarily in the United States during the 1850's and 1860's, it became possible to load a charge of powder into a casing, or shell, and seat the projectile in a friction fit at the open end of the casing. This discovery lead to the development of a whole new era in firearm development. Christopher Spencer received patent protection on Mar. 6, 1860 (U.S. Pat. No. 27,393) for what became known as the Spencer Repeating Rifle, Tyler Henry received a patent for the Henry Rifle on Oct. 16, 1860 (U.S. Pat. No. 30,446), and Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson eventually formed Smith & Wesson to manufacture some of the first revolvers using these new cartridges, and thereby continued firearm development which led to the issuance of numerous patents for innovation during this time period. Of course, Colt's Patent Manufacturing Company received a large number of patents over the years, perhaps most notably for its Colt's Single Action Army Revolver which utilized these new cartridges in what is now a famous revolving cylinder repeater.
All of these developments in firearm and cartridge technology paved the path from muzzleloaders to the modern cartridge, which, even today, is typically comprised of a metal casing (originally copper and now often brass), with a primer lodged in one end and the bullet (projectile) lodged in the other. Contained within the casing is the gunpowder. The primer does not come out of the casing during the firing of the cartridge. The cartridge is loaded into a modern firearm in a number of different ways depending upon the particular action of the firearm used. The common link between the many modern actions, however, is that they are loaded at their breech, instead of down the muzzle as was traditionally done.
In these more modern firearms, when the firing pin of the firearm strikes the cartridge's primer, the primer ignites the powder within the shell, causing an extremely rapid pressure increase, which causes the projectile to dislodge from the shell's open end, driving the projectile down the barrel of the firearm and out the end of the muzzle toward its target. The explosion is an extremely fast exothermic chemical reaction that occurs in a constant volume as the contents of the gunpowder react. This constant volume expansion causes both a pressure increase and a concomitant temperature increase within the system. It is the large and extremely rapid pressure increase during the chemical reaction of the powder that generates the force necessary to drive the projectile at a high speed down the barrel.
Many modern loads have been developed to generate bullet energies over 3,000 ft-lbs at the muzzle and bullet velocities over 3000 ft/sec at the muzzle. For example, a typical 150 grain 0.30-06 bullet will have a muzzle velocity of about 2900 ft/sec and hold nearly 2900 ft-lbs. of energy at the muzzle. This level of energy requires powders and loads that generate great temperatures and pressures within the barrel. As the high temperature gases follow the bullet down the bore of the barrel, the temperature of the barrel raises significantly. This is especially profound when rapid-fire rifles are involved because the barrel does not have time to cool between shots.
One problem resulting from this combination of high pressure and temperature is an increase in the wear of the barrel, and as a result, reduced barrel life. Because pressure is greatest at the breach end (gas volume increases linearly while the physical volume increases exponentially and pressure is equal to gas volume divided by physical volume), the deterioration occurs more rapidly at the breach end of the barrel. This problem is exacerbated with higher pressure cartridges. Thus, heat dissipation is most beneficial to barrel life in the breach end of the barrel.
Also a problem is the high recoil of the high-pressure, heavy bullet systems common today. Recoil is essentially defined as what the shooter experiences as he holds the firearm, often to his shoulder, and always at least in his hand or hands, as the firearm discharges. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If a 200 grain bullet leaves a muzzle with over 3000 ft-lbs of energy, that momentum is also applied through the firearm to the shooter holding the firearm. These great recoils are not only sometimes uncomfortable or even damaging to the shooter, but greatly affect accuracy, target reacquisition, and sight realignment between shots.
Still another problem with these modern loads, particularly in tactical situations, is with respect to muzzle flash and report. Muzzle flash and report are essentially visual and audible indications, respectively, of the location of a shooter. By reducing either or both, the exact location of a shooter is less likely to be determined by those around him. Muzzle flash occurs when still-burning powder escapes the muzzle behind the bullet as the bullet exits the muzzle. As it exits and continues to burn (react) the fire or flash indicated can give away shooter location, especially at night or low light conditions. The problems with sound are, of course, obvious. One that merits detailing is that the greater the muzzle report, the more likely the shooter, or shooters near to the shooter, will flinch in anticipation of the loud, harmful sound, causing a decrease in the marksmanship of the shooter.
Some developments have occurred to attempt to remedy some of the above-described problems. Baffle muzzle breaks, for example, work on the principle of redirecting gases that would otherwise exit the muzzle in the direction of the projectile. In such cases, their performance is proportional to the percentage of gas they deflect. Many such muzzle breaks redirect expanding gases in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bore of the firearm, or in an angled, rearward direction at an acute angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bore of the firearm. In such cases, noise and debris is directed toward the shooter's face. Problems with this scenario are also obvious, not the least of which is increased potential for damage to the shooter's, or nearby person's, eardrums, and pronounced shooter's flinch resulting in a further degradation of marksmanship.
The present invention provides a gun barrel assembly comprising a gun barrel having a muzzle opening on a distal end, a shroud coaxially surrounding at least a portion of the barrel, the shroud having a distal portion extending beyond the muzzle opening defining a shroud front region having a distal end portion, a proximal portion extending proximally from the muzzle opening defining an annular region between the barrel and shroud, the shroud front region and annular region in fluid communication with substantially no obstruction between the shroud front region and the annular region, and a front wall disposed at the distal end portion of the shroud, the wall having an opening to allow passage of a bullet fired from the firearm.
Included also as a part of the invention is a gun barrel assembly comprising a gun barrel having a muzzle opening on a distal end, a shroud coaxially surrounding at least a portion of the barrel, the shroud having a distal portion extending beyond the muzzle opening defining a shroud front region having a distal end portion, a proximal portion extending proximally from the muzzle opening defining an annular region between the barrel and shroud, the shroud front region and annular region in fluid communication with substantially no obstruction between the shroud front region and the annular region, and circumferential holes in the proximal portion of the shroud and a muzzle cap extending from the muzzle opening to the distal end portion of the shroud front region, the muzzle cap having an opening to allow passage of a bullet fired from the firearm.
The features of the invention believed to be novel and the elements characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The figures are for illustration purposes only and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, may best be understood by reference to the detailed description which follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention includes several features to improve firearm performance. It includes a barrel assembly and shroud which reduces felt recoil, reduces sound and muzzle flash, and has other features which combine to yield a firearm with substantially improved performance as compared to firearm systems of the prior art. In addition, preferred embodiments improve cooling, increase stiffness, and decrease the overall weight of the barrel unit.
Unless otherwise noted herein, the terms “distal” and “forward” and “front” all refer to a relative position away from a shooter in the direction of a projectile being fired, and the terms “proximal” and “rearward” and “rear” all refer to a relative position closer to the shooter with respect to the direction of a projectile being fired.
This invention is directed to a gun barrel assembly for firearms capable of shooting both “bullets” within their traditional meaning, as well as other projectiles which may not conventionally be considered “bullets” (such as explosive projectiles). For purposes of this disclosure, the terms “bullet” and “projectile” are considered interchangeable.
One feature of the present invention is shown in
As part of front region 120, hole 140 is formed in front wall 150 to allow passage of a bullet fired from the firearm. Hole 140 may be larger than the bore diameter of barrel 110, but preferably is substantially the same size (although obviously it cannot be smaller).
Also shown in
First, by having the escaping gases hitting the inside of front wall 150, the barrel's muzzle (and more specifically the firearm's distal end) is actually pushed away from the shooter. This has the result of reducing felt recoil. Furthermore, by essentially collecting the gases in front region 120, and redistributing them into proximal region 130, a pressure gradient is formed along the length of the barrel and over time during a fire. The significance of this will be addressed below.
Both of the above described advantages are realized in large part by the fact that there are no surfaces in place between the front region 120 and proximal region 130 which would in turn deflect gases forward, or distally, after they are deflected proximally. Also contributing to this advantage is the fact that a sufficiently large front region exists to allow a pressure build-up within the shroud front region which allows a pressure gradient along the longitudinal position as one moves from the inside of front wall 150 toward the shooter. Then, as the gas travels rearward (proximally) it escapes through circumferential holes 160.
The progressive pressure drop as one moves rearward over time during a firing event achieves several purposes. First, it creates an air flow from inside the barrel (the bore), out the muzzle, rearward over the outside of the barrel, and out the holes. As described below, this air flow can cool the barrel as it moves ambient air that has a lower temperature than the exposed surface of the barrel unit over these surfaces. Essentially, this forced air flow carries heat absorbed in the barrel wall from the bore side, out through the holes. Moreover, there is a convective heat transfer occurring within the system to cool the barrel during a firing sequence.
The redirection of gases exiting the muzzle back over the outer surface of the barrel, depending on the particular embodiment, can either heat the barrel or cool it, depending upon the design constraints. If the special volume inside the barrel is sufficiently large and the barrel is designed to enable the ambient air to move into and out of the space quite readily, then the temperature of the air in this space will generally be less than that of the outer surface area of the barrel, and the effect will be to cool the barrel.
In an embodiment where the internal volume of the shroud is large enough, the amount of ambient air inside the shroud is sufficient such that when mixed with the hot gases exiting the muzzle, the overall temperature of the air mixture drops significantly as compared to that of the bore of the barrel and that of the exposed barrel surfaces. In addition, a porous shroud embodiment that does not inhibit the free flow of ambient air allows for the movement of hot air out, and cooler air into this airspace between firings, helping to keep the ambient air inside the barrel significantly cooler than the exposed surfaces of the barrel with which the air contacts. These two conditions are not found in a typical sound suppressor, which acts to use the gases exiting the muzzle to heat up the barrel. The internal special volume is small, and the suppressor is designed to eliminate the free flow movement of ambient air. This results in the hot gases being trapped in an area in contact with additional surface area of the barrel, and the gases being as hot or hotter than the surfaces they contact.
For sustained fully automatic firing, the time between shots is reduced so much that the cooling effect between shots is reduced, and the temperature of the air inside the barrel approaches that of the internal bore. In such a situation, the movement of the hot gases over the external surfaces of the barrel will heat the barrel as opposed to cool it. In these situations, it helps to incorporate additional design features to minimize the heating affect of the hot gases. Two such design alterations are a firewall located approximately half way down the length of the barrel, and/or the addition of an insulating coating. Both design enhancements are discussed further, below.
Furthermore, the shroud, front wall, and holes combine to improve another aspect of the firearm, namely sound reduction. It is the high pressure gases being first released into the atmosphere that cause the loudness of the muzzle report. A conventional muzzle break redirects gases that would have traveled away from the shooter and projects them perpendicular to the bore or even somewhat rearward in a direction generally toward the shooter. This increases both sound to the shooter's ear, and increases the chances of sending debris and unburned powder and/or powder residue into the shooter's face.
In the embodiment shown in
Also shown in
When fin element 430 is used, it is preferred that barrel 400 fit snugly against the inner wall of fin element 430. This will aide in heat transfer from the outer surface of the barrel to the fins and improve cooling of the barrel. A further advantage of a tight fit is that the barrel assembly has increased stiffness which in turn improves accuracy and repeatability, especially during rapid fire. To the extent the barrel is made adequately stiff by utilizing this aspect of the invention, it may be that the need to free float the barrel is obviated. Free-floating a barrel and the concomitant advantages (and disadvantages) of doing so are understood by those skilled in the art.
Various shapes and designs for the fin element could be envisioned by one skilled in the art with the aide of this disclosure. For example, different shapes, such as that shown in
As seen in
Turning again to muzzle cap 420, it is noted that it is important that it divert as much gas as possible from the forward direction as a projectile leaves the muzzle, travels through shroud front region 120, and exits the assembly through hole 140. During this diversion, the diverted gases are directed in a rearward manner as pressure builds within the shroud front region 120. As this happens, the gases expand into the annular region in the shroud proximal region 130. By allowing this initial expansion to occur in a semi-closed space, the initial shock wave of the diverted gases is not initially allowed into the atmosphere, which thus limits sound. The shroud front region is preferably large enough given the particular firearm the assembly is provided to control, that the gases are diverted to a degree such that the gases are given enough space to slow down before entering the surrounding atmosphere such that the sound created from the shot is greatly diminished.
Referring now to
As noted in
As can be seen by viewing
Another embodiment, shown schematically in
In this same regard, an additional feature to the firewall would be to prevent expulsion of gases in the rearward (or proximal) portion of the shroud such that the shooter's hands, or the firearms sighting instruments (e.g., scope or laser) would be detrimentally impacted.
In still yet another embodiment of a device using a firewall, it could be that circumferential holes exist in the shroud all the way to the rear (proximal) portion of the shroud, even rearward of the firewall placement, simply to achieve a weight reduction in the assembly, yet still achieve the advantages described above with respect to control of gas expulsion.
In still yet another embodiment, the firewall described above may be un-fixed. It could be moveable within the assembly so that it can move between a forward position and rearward position. In such a case, the firewall would be disposed within the annular region between the barrel and shroud with a biasing means to bias it to a forward at-rest position. A spring, gas cylinder, or other appropriate means would be suitable.
In an additional embodiment which combines the firewall concept with the fin element aspect discussed above, the firewall would actually be a series of wall sections, each with the shape of the individual channels defined by the fins. As noted above,
For the moving firewall embodiment, each piece fits closely to generally seal out the gases but is free to move rearward and then forward. As noted above with respect to the one-piece firewall embodiment, the cyclic action of the firewall pieces causes the air in the rear section to be expelled through proximal circumferential holes and new air to be pulled back in through those same holes with every cycle, without allowing any of the hot gases to make it past the moving firewall barrier. In the case of multiple pieces of firewall, each disposed within its own channel, each piece would also need its own biasing means.
It is also a part of the present invention that some of the firewall pieces could be stationary, and some moveable, such as for example every other piece as one moves around the axis.
It would also be possible to control gas expulsion through the firewall with small or limited holes in the firewall or firewall pieces themselves. Such an embodiment is shown in
Another aspect of this forced air movement is that it can be used to channel the pressurized air into a cycling action for fully auto or semi-auto applications, or to gain other mechanical advantages through the compression and expansion cycles caused during a firing sequence. In this situation, the rearward movement of the firewall can itself cycle the action, relying on the force exerted on the firewall to drive the action fully rearward to eject the spent case and put it in a position to cycle forward and rechamber a fresh round. Alternatively, the rearward movement of the firewall can be used to unlock the action and allow the forces acting on the boltface to cycle the action.
Still yet another aspect of the present invention could include applying an insulating coating to the inside of the shroud to reduce heat transfer to the shroud. The coating could be applied on all surfaces inside the shroud. More likely, the coating would be applied to only those surfaces inside the shroud that are forward of the firewall, when used in conjunction with a firewall. In such an arrangement, the hot gases would have less impact on heating the barrel forward of the firewall while still enabling the uncoated surface rear of the firewall to dissipate heat to the ambient air.
The insulating coating need not be used solely in conjunction with the firewall. In a design without a firewall, the coating may still be applied to surfaces inside the shroud that are in the forward section of the barrel, where the gases are hottest because they have mixed with a minimal amount of ambient air. For example, in
Further still, the insulating coating can be applied to all internal surfaces of the barrel. In such a case, radiant and conduction cooling would be limited to the surface on the outside of the barrel shroud and the ribs would act only to conduct the heat to these surfaces.
Although the present invention has been particularly described in conjunction with specific preferred embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will embrace any such alternatives, modifications, and variations as falling within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.
This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/888,830 filed Aug. 2, 2007 which claims the benefit of earlier filed U.S. application Ser. No. 11/039,747, filed Jan. 19, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,353,741 issued Apr. 8, 2008, which claims the benefit of earlier filed U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/538,070 filed Jan. 20, 2004; the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4020740 | Schirneker | May 1977 | A |
| 6668478 | Bergstrom | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100326266 A1 | Dec 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60538070 | Jan 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11888830 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12881262 | US | |
| Parent | 11039747 | Jan 2005 | US |
| Child | 11888830 | US |
