Patent Application
20080001763
Patient contact locations such as hospital bed 22 are provided with a patient location module 23 comprising sensors 24 to detect the approach of persons such as a nurse 14 or the approach of the tag 18. Multiple sensors 24 and a sensors of different types could be employed. For instance, a passive infrared radiation (IR) sensor 26 which detects the approach of a person can be employed along with an RFID transceiver 28 for reading the RFID tag 20 in the personnel tag 18. This would allow the RFID transceiver to remain off until the bed 22 is approached, saving energy and reducing electromagnetic noise in the environment.
Some form of perimeter is preferably defined about a patient station. In a simple form it can be the location of the RFID transceiver 28 on the station with the RFID transceiver having a range equivalent to the desired perimeter. The perimeter is preferably about one or two feet from the patient station. If it is too far it might falsely register a contact and if it is too small it might fail to register a contact. Other means for defining a perimeter such as light beams broken via personnel approaching a patient station may also be employed if a more exactly defined perimeter is desired.
Other machine readable tagging systems may be employed. RFID tags 20 are particularly suitable for this application as they are inexpensive, can be read at a distance and some types can have data written to them and updated.
The patient contact location is not limited to beds, but might also include procedure tables, examination tables, dental chairs, gurneys and any location at which a health care worker is likely to come into contact with a patient. These locations may be mobile, such as gurneys.
Hand hygiene stations 30 (such as an antimicrobial hand rub dispenser 32 or hand wash station 34 such as a sink with running water and a supply of soap or detergent for hand washing) are provided with hand hygiene station modules 31 having an RFID transceiver 36. U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,893 to Jampani et al., incorporated herein by reference, discloses a particularly suitable anti-microbial hand rub formulation.
Preferably, the RFID transceivers 28 and 36 are all tied through some form of communication to a central data processing station 40. That communication could take the form of a hard-wired connection or some other form such as radio frequency communication. In an institution having an 802.11b or 802.11g or similar type of WiFi based networking or communication system the RFI transceivers 28 and 36 could communicate to the central processing station 40 through such network. A dedicated communication system could also be employed. Passive IR personnel detectors 38 can be employed at the hand hygiene stations 30 as well.
Hand hygiene stations 30, especially hand rub dispensers 32 can be mobile. They can be mounted on wheels or carried on a person such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,927,548 to Villaveces, incorporated herein by reference.
In its basic operation, the hand hygiene compliance system 10 employs the RFID transceivers 28 and 36 along with the personnel tags 18 to help ensure that a person who approaches a patient location has either washed their hands or applied an antimicrobial hand rub to reduce the chance of infecting a patient. This can be implemented in many different fashions. One simple implementation would detect the person's presence at a hand hygiene station 30 and then signal either to the RFID tag 20 or to the central processor 40, or to both, that the person's status was now “clean.” Then when that person approached a hospital bed 22 the RFID transceiver 28 associated therewith would read the RFID tag 20 in the personnel tag 18. If the status was directly encoded within the RFID tag 20 it would be read directly by the RFID transceiver 28, otherwise a unique ID associated with that RFID tag 20 would be queried back to the central processor 40 which would return the status “clean.”
Preferably, the patient location module 23 incorporates a display 42 of some fashion with an audio output device 44. The display 32 could be as simple as one or more color-coded lights, preferably labeled, or more complex such as an LCD panel. Therefore, when the person approached the patient bed 22 the display 42 would indicate such as by a green light or display of the status “clean” that the person had attended to hand hygiene prior to visiting that hospital bed 22.
If the status is not “clean” but is rather “potentially contaminated” then the patient location module 23 will indicate a warning. Preferably, the warning would include either a warning light or a warning message on the display 42 and an audio alert such as a buzzer or more preferably voice instructions to attend to hand hygiene.
After leaving the patient bed 22, the RFID tag 20 would now have the status “potentially contaminated”. The status “potentially contaminated” would also apply when there had not been previous contact with a hand hygiene station 30. Status would be changed back to “clean” upon visitation of a hand hygiene station 30. The “clean” status would be effective for a specified period of time assuming there is no further contact with patient locations. In more elaborate implementations of the invention sensors such as the RFID transceiver 28 could be placed in other locations within a facility which could be possible sources of contamination and contact therewith would change a status from “clean” to “potentially contaminated”.
Methods are potentially included to allow a personnel tag 18 to move away from a patient bed 22 and return to that same bed 22 without having the status register as “potentially contaminated.” This would allow, for instance, a nurse 14 to move about a patient's room without having the status change, or at least the status as respect to that particular patient bed 22. Preferably a time limit would be implemented so that even if the nurse 14 re-approaches the bed 22 after that time limit the status registers as “potentially contaminated.”
Other implementations and data storage can be included within the invention. For instance, compliance rates for various personnel can be tracked. The tracking can be performed on the RFID tag 20 itself or at the central processor 40. Reports can be generated and used to help personnel improve their compliance. Such reports might include the number of times such personnel approached a patient location with a status other than “clean” within a given time period. It could also track which patients were approached and be compared against patient records to track transmission of infections within the institution. Penalties or bonus can be awarded personnel based upon compliance.
If a doctor 12 or nurse 14 approach a patient bed 22 in a condition other than “clean” the system 10 preferably checks whether such person then proceeds to a hand hygiene station 30 or continues with patient contact. An exception in this area may be flagged with a higher priority by the system 10, and can be identified by comparing time present at the bed 22, time to the next appearance at a hand hygiene station 30 and possibly whether such personnel then return to the same bed 22. For instance, spending more than five or ten seconds at the bed 22 in a state other than “clean” might constitute an egregious violation.
Compliance at a hand hygiene station 30 can either be assumed by presence, assumed by presence for a given amount of time or verified with a sensor 46 at the hand hygiene station 30 such as a sensor 30 which reads when soap is dispensed at a hand wash station 34 or a sensor 30 which reads when an antimicrobial hand gel has been dispensed at a hand rub dispenser 32. Such sensors 46 would be important when the hand hygiene station 30 comprises a portable antimicrobial hand rub dispenser 32 worn on the body of the user.
Hand hygiene procedures typically require a certain length of scrubbing at hand wash stations 34 and the time of water running after dispensing of the soap might also be measured. A proximity sensor, especially one already used to turn on water flow, might also be polled to see if hands are in the stream of the water. Many faucets already incorporate such sensors.
The personnel tags 18 can further incorporate audio and visual displays. For instance it might bear a light which changes color or separate lights 50 and 52 for each status and a beeper 54 which emits a tone upon a change in status (see
Turning also to
If a personnel tag 62 assigned to a doctor 12, nurse 14 or visitor 16 approached a personnel tag 62 assigned to a patient in a status other than “clean” a violation could be registered. Preferably such a tag 62 would incorporate its own warning system such as the audio and visual displays of the tag 18 shown in
In either system the readiness of the hand hygiene station 30 could be tracked. If it is a hand wash station 34 the level of hand soap in a dispenser could be tracked with a level sensor 68. If it is a hand rub dispenser 32 the amount of hand rub could be similarly watched with a level sensor 68, preferably in communication with the central processing controller 40 or 66. Rather than a level sensor 68, if a dispenser 32 were to dispense an accurate amount with each actuation the number of actuations as monitored by the actuation sensor 46 could be counted. Upon emptying a message to refill the dispenser 32 could be generated to appropriate personnel. Shelf life could similarly be monitored, and even incorporate a temperature sensor (not shown) to adjust for temperature effects upon shelf life. Upon expiration of shelf life a warning could be generated to appropriate personnel.
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
