Patent Grant
7173576
The present invention relates to an antenna for use in a satellite communications link, and in particular to a quadrifilar helical antenna (QHA) for use in a satellite communications link.
A helical antenna comprises one or more elongated conductive elements wound in the form of a screw thread to form a helix. The geometrical helical configuration includes electrically conducting elements of length L arranged at a pitch angle P about a cylinder of diameter D. The pitch angle is defined as an angle formed by a line tangent to the helical conductor and a plane perpendicular to a helical axis. Antenna operating characteristics are determined by the helix geometrical attributes, the number and interconnections between the conductive elements, and the feed arrangement. When operating in an end fire or forward radiating axial mode the radiation pattern comprises a single major pattern lobe. The pitch angle determines the position of maximum intensity within the lobe. Low pitch angle helical antennas tend to have the maximum intensity region along the axis; for higher pitch angles the maximum intensity region is off-axis.
Quadrifilar helical antennas (QHA) are used for communication and navigation receivers operating in the UHF, L and S frequency bands. A resonant QHA with limited bandwidth is also used for receiving GPS signals. The QHA has a relatively small size, excellent circular polarization coverage and a low axial ratio over most of the upper hemisphere field of view. Since the QHA is a resonant antenna, its dimensions are typically selected to provide optimal performance for a narrow frequency band. C. C. Kilgus first described the QHA in “Resonant Quadrifilar Helix,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-17, May 1969, pp. 349–351.
One prior art quadrifilar helical antenna comprises four equal length filars mounted on a helix having a diameter of about 30 mm for operation at about 1575 MHz. Given these geometrical features, the antenna presents a driving point impedance of about 50 ohms, which is suitable for matching to a common 50 ohm characteristic impedance coaxial cable. The four filars of the QHA are fed in phase quadrature, i.e., a 90 degrees phase relationship between adjacent filars. There are at least two known prior art techniques for quadrature feeding of the four equal-length QHA filars. One such quadrature matching structure employs a lumped or distributed branch line hybrid coupler (BLHC) and a terminating load, together with two lumped or distributed baluns. Another technique that offers a somewhat broader bandwidth uses three branch line hybrid couplers (a first input BLHC receiving the input signal and providing an output signal to two parallel BLHC'S) each operative with a terminating load. A quarter wave phase shifter provides a 90 degrees phase shift between the first BLHC and one of the parallel-connected BLHC'S.
It is known that such quadrature matching techniques, such as hybrid couplers and baluns, disadvantageously increase the size of the printed circuit board on which the antenna is mounted. The couplers and baluns also increase the antenna cost, and each additional component operative with the antenna imposes losses and bandwidth limitations.
Typically, the QHA is a self-sufficient radiating structure operated without a ground plane or counterpoise. However, when the QHA is installed in close proximity to a radio transceiver handset, the handset structure can induce electromagnetic wave reflections that influence the QHA's radiation pattern and impedance, much like a ground plane. For example, if the QHA emits a right-hand circularly polarized signal, upon reflection from a conducting surface, the signal is transformed to a left-hand circularly polarized signal. Obviously, such effects negatively influence the antenna's performance, and can be particularly troublesome if the communications system employs dual signal polarizations.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a quadrifilar helical antenna, comprises a substantially cylindrical substrate; a first pair of serially connected helical filars having a first length and disposed on the substrate, the first pair of filars having a first end and a second end; a second pair of serially connected helical filars having a second length different than the first length and disposed on the substrate, the second pair of filars having a third and a fourth end and an impedance matching element conductively connected to the first, the second, the third and the fourth ends for matching an antenna impedance to a source impedance.
According to another embodiment of the invention, a handset communications device comprises a base; a cover movably engaged with the base for manipulation into different orientations with respect to the base and a quadrifilar helical antenna disposed in the base. The antenna comprises a substantially cylindrical substrate; a first, a second, a third and a fourth helical filar disposed on the substrate, wherein at least two of the first, the second, the third and the fourth filars have a different length; an impedance matching element conductively connected to the first, second, third and fourth filars for matching an antenna impedance to a source impedance and a connector disposed between the impedance matching element and the base.
The foregoing and other features of the present invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
Before describing in detail the particular antenna apparatus and a method for making the antenna according to the present invention, it should be observed that the present invention resides in a novel and non-obvious combination of hardware elements and process steps. Accordingly, these elements have been represented by conventional elements in the drawings and specification, wherein elements and method steps conventionally known in the art are described in lesser detail, and elements and steps pertinent to understanding the invention are described in greater detail.
This invention relates to an antenna responsive to a signal source supplying quadrature related currents to each of four filars, comprising a short pair of filars and a long pair of filars. The antenna further employs a simple, low cost, low loss matching element that takes advantage of the circularly polarized gain provided by the antenna filars. In one embodiment the antenna provides advantageous gain in a relatively small physical package that is near optimum in terms of gain and size when compared to other known antennas. In one application, the antenna offers desired performance features in an earth-based communications handset for communicating with a satellite.
In one embodiment, a QHA of the present invention operates over a frequency band from 2630 to 2655 MHz (i.e., a bandwidth of approximately 1%). The radiation pattern favors right hand circular polarization (RHCP). Within a solid angle of about 45 degrees from the zenith the gain is about 2.5 dBrhcpi, that is, more than 2.5 decibels relative to a right hand circularly polarized isotropic antenna. The gain at the zenith approaches 4.0 dBrhcpi. The standing wave ratio (SWR) is about 1.5:1 over the frequency range of 2630 to 2655 MHz. The QHA of the present invention, or derivative embodiments thereof, may satisfy requirements for use with an earth-based communications device for sending and/or receiving signals from a satellite, such as a GPS satellite or satellite commercial radio systems operated by XM Radio and Sirius.
As is known in the art, conductive bridges are employed with QHA'S having a filar length equal to an even number of quarter wavelengths at the operating frequency, but are not typically used when the filar lengths comprise an odd number of quarter wavelengths. In one embodiment, each conductive bridge 23 and 24 (also referred to as a crossbar) comprises a conductive tape strip.
In the embodiment of
In embodiments implementing the structure of
A nominal length of each filar 12, 14, 16 and 18 is about 25 mm for an approximately quarter-wavelength antenna structure operative at about 2642.5 MHz. The nominal filar length is about 46 mm for a half-wavelength QHA. Based on these filar lengths and a pitch angle of about 60 degrees, the antenna axial height is about 18 mm for the quarter-wavelength QHA and about 39 mm for the half-wavelength QHA. In one embodiment of the quarter-wavelength QHA, the antenna comprises a diameter of about 16 mm. In a one half-wavelength embodiment, the filar structure diameter is about 8.5 mm. When completely assembled with a radio frequency connector, radome housing and a short cable disposed between the antenna and the connector, the overall dimensions are 68 mm in height and 12 mm diameter.
The half-wavelength QHA radiation pattern exhibits better forward gain and a smaller back lobe in the radiation pattern than the quarter-wavelength QHA. In other embodiments, three-quarter, five-quarter, etc. wavelength QHA'S can be utilized according to the teachings of the present invention. It is known that the higher fractional quarter wavelength embodiments provide a higher gain at the peak of the beam, i.e., a narrower radiation pattern, expanded bandwidth and a higher front hemisphere-to-back hemisphere ratio.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, lengths of the QHA filars are modified from the nominal length. That is, the filars 12, 14, 16 and 18 comprise a first pair or loop of long filars (e.g., filars 12 and 16) and a second pair or loop of short filars (e.g., 14 and 18), where long and short are measured with respect to the nominal length related to the antenna's resonant frequency, i.e., a nominal length of about 25 mm for a quarter-wavelength antenna operating at about 2642.5 MHz, including the length of the conductive bridge 23/24 and a segment of the feed structure for matching the antenna impedance to the feed structure impedance, which is described below, such that the total length circumscribes a conductive loop. The length differential between the two filar pairs maintains the phase quadrature relationship for the signals propagating on the four filars.
In a half-wavelength embodiment, the long filars each have a length of about 46 mm and the short filars each have a length of about 44.5 mm, where both lengths include the length of the conductive bridge of each filar pair and a conductive segment of the feed structure (for matching the antenna impedance to the feed structure impedance), which is described below, such that the total length circumscribes a conductive loop.
As can be seen in
In the quarter-wavelength embodiment of the present invention for operation at about 2642.5 MHz, the long and the short filar lengths are about 23.325 mm and about 21.075 mm, respectively.
Consumer marketing considerations for emerging applications for antennas of this type, such as consumer electronic devices such as a handset as described below, tend to impose the smallest possible size on the antenna developer. The dimensions of certain of the QHA embodiments of the present invention were driven by customer requirements, and it is suggested that these dimensions are very close to the minimum size capable of providing the desired radiation pattern and bandwidth performance. It has been observed that at smaller dimensions the antenna elements tend to self absorb the radiation.
A communications handset is one application for the QHA 10. With reference to
An antenna of the present invention can be configured with an antenna signal feed (such as the signal feed described below) disposed at the top region 22 or the bottom region 20. The QHA 10 exhibits different operating characteristics (including the radiation pattern) depending on whether the antenna is top fed or bottom fed. But in either case, a majority of the energy is radiated in a direction of the zenith.
If the antenna signal feed is disposed in the bottom region 20, the QHA is operative in a forward fire axial mode with the signal feed connected directly to a signal conductor, such as a 50 ohm coaxial cable.
If the antenna signal feed is disposed proximate the top region 22, the QHA operates in a backward fire axial mode. In one embodiment of a backward fire axial mode QHA, a transmission line is connected to a signal feed structure within the top region 22 and extends to the bottom region 20 (and in one embodiment extends below the bottom region 20) where the transmission line is connected to a 50 ohm coaxial cable. The transmission line can operate as a quarter wavelength transmission line transformer to match the antenna impedance presented at the signal feed (also referred to as the driving point impedance) to the 50 ohm characteristic impedance of the coaxial cable. In certain applications the bottom feed structure is preferred as it eliminates the need for the transmission line (or transmission line transformer) extending between the top region 22 and the bottom region 20.
The QHA of the present invention, like all antennas, presents a driving point impedance (at its signal feed terminal) to a transmission line feeding the antenna. For optimum power transfer, it is desired to match the antenna driving point impedance to a characteristic impedance of the transmission line, also referred to as a source or load impedance. An impedance match occurs when the resistive or real component of the antenna and the source impedance are equal, and the reactive or imaginary components are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. Since a commonly used transmission line has an impedance of 50 ohms, it is desired to construct the QHA of the present invention with a 50 ohm impedance or an impedance that can be conveniently transformed to 50 ohms, for connection to the 50 ohm transmission line.
As described above, use of the QHA for a specific application drives the antenna's operating and physical characteristics. To achieve these characteristics, the QHA presents a relatively narrow diameter cylinder, and the relatively narrow diameter cylinder produces a driving point impedance below 50 ohms, including an inductive component. It has been found that for certain embodiments, the impedance is in a range of about 3 to 15 ohms. Similar inductance values are presented for all quarter-wavelength multiples, e.g., ¼, ½, ¾, 5/4, 7/4, etc. To achieve a 50 ohm antenna driving point impedance requires a cylinder diameter greater than is generally considered acceptable for use with the communications handset.
An impedance matching element 48 (see
In the illustrated embodiment, the QHA 10 is fed from a coaxial cable 55 comprising a center conductor 56 connected to a terminal 57A of a capacitor 57, and further comprising a shield 58. An inductor 59 is connected between the center conductor 56 and the shield 58. In a preferred embodiment, the capacitor 57 has a value of about 1.8 pF and the inductor 59 has a value of about 2.2 nH. The capacitor and inductor value are selected to provide the desired impedance match, when operating in conjunction with the structural features of the feed and the antenna elements that also affect the impedance match. The capacitor 57 and the inductor 59, disposed as shown, form a two-element impedance match between the source impedance (of the coaxial cable 55) and the QHA 10. Thus, the antenna's natural driving point impedance is transformed by the capacitor and the inductor to approximately 50 ohms.
A length of the center conductor 56 should be kept short as in known by those skilled in the art. It is also known in the art that a balun can be connected proximate the signal feed terminal 54 to prevent stray radio frequency fields from generating a current in the shield 58.
A terminal 57B of the capacitor 57 is connected to a conductive element 60 of the impedance matching element 48 via a conductor 70. The conductive element 60 is conductively continuous with conductive pads 61 and 62. The shield 58 of the coaxial cable 55 is connected to conductive pads 72 and 74 via a conductive element 78. In one embodiment, a solder filet conductively connects the shield 58 to the conductive element 78. The filars 12 (long), 14 (short), 16 (long) and 18 (short) are disposed within openings 72A, 74A, 60A and 62A, respectively, as defined in the respective conductive pad and extend vertically from a plane of the impedance matching element 48. A solder filet (see
To form the impedance matching element 48, in one embodiment a conductive layer is disposed on the dielectric substrate 52, and the conductive pads 61, 62, 72 and 74 and the conductive element 78 are formed by selective subtractive etching of the conductive layer.
It is noted that the filars 12 and 16 (both long) are oppositely disposed on the helix relative to a center of the substrate 52. Similarly, the filars 14 and 18 (both short) are oppositely disposed relative to the substrate center. Thus the conductive element 60 of the impedance matching structure 48 connects the long filar 18 and the short filar 16. Similarly, the conductive element 78 connects the long filar 12 and the short filar 14. The conductive bridges 23 and 24 connect the filars at their upper end as described above.
The impedance matching element 48 may be disposed at the proximal end, as described, or a distal end of the QHA 10. The physical features of the matching element 48 (including the value of the capacitor and the inductor) may change from those described above when placed at the distal end.
Exemplary current flow in the impedance matching element 48 is indicated by an arrowhead 100 from the shield 58 through the conductive element 78 to the conductive pad 72. Current flow continues through the long filar 12, the conductive bridge 23, and the long filar 16 (see
Similarly, current flow is indicated by an arrowhead 104 from the shield 58, through the conductive element 78 to the conductive pad 74. Current flow continues through the short filar 14, the conductive bridge 24, and the short filar 18 (see
It is known by those skilled in the art that various radio frequency connectors can be used in lieu of the coaxial cable 55 of
For an exemplary QHA structure having a diameter of about 8.5 mm and a pitch angle of about 60 degrees, the net reactance is about 1.6 nH (j26) at 2642.5 MHz; the resistance is about 12 ohms, for a impedance (Zdp) of about 12+j26 ohms. Note that the reactive component is about twice the series equivalent resistance. Although the actual driving point impedance depends on the antenna diameter and filar pitch angle, this tendency toward an inductive impedance of about twice the value of the resistive component may provide adequate antenna gain and SWR, while providing an acceptable solution for the quadrature relationship between the filars such that a circularly polarized signal is radiated.
It has also been found that the peak QHA gain tends to occur at a frequency slightly below a frequency where the lowest SWR is observed. Thus according to one embodiment, the QHA sacrifices some gain while achieving a satisfactory SWR. However, computer-based design iterations can be performed to adjust the filar dimensions, such as filar length (both or either of the short filar and the long filar), the filar cross-section, the cylinder radius, the filar pitch angle and the matching component values (i.e., the capacitor 57 and the inductor 59) to achieve a greater peak gain but with a higher SWR. Once these filar dimensions and match component values are determined, an antenna constructed based thereon presents reasonable process tolerances to achieve the desired performance.
Design of a QHA according to the present invention considers the relationship between the various antenna physical parameters and the desired operating characteristics. According to one embodiment as described above, the antenna physical parameters are optimized to present an antenna driving point impedance (i.e., a series equivalent impedance) having a real part less than 50 ohms and a positive reactive part. In various embodiments of the invention the remaining reactive component due to the inductance of the conductive structures in the impedance matching element 48 is proportional to the length of those structures. Generally, the reactive component is about twice the resistive component or is in the range of 20 to 40 ohms reactive. According to investigations performed by the inventors, it appears that the QHA exhibits desired, gain, bandwidth, etc. parameters when this relationship between the real and reactive impedance components is presented.
According to one application, it is desired for the QHA to have a relatively small cylindrical diameter for use with the handset communications device. The antenna characteristic impedance is directly related to the antenna diameter, i.e., a smaller diameter lowers the characteristic impedance. Reducing the diameter also lowers the resonant frequency and reduces the bandwidth. A small diameter QHA with equal length first and second filar pairs tends to present a somewhat wider bandwidth and a somewhat higher peak gain, when compared to an embodiment with unequal length filar pairs. However, an elaborate quadrature feed network, such as the branch line hybrid couple described above in the Background section, is required to drive a QHA with equal length filars. By contrast, according to the present invention adequate bandwidth and gain can be achieved by utilizing different length filar pairs operating with a quadrature feed network for impedance matching, such as the impedance matching elements 48 (described above in conjunction with
The capacitor 57 and the inductor 59 of the impedance matching structure 48 of
According to another embodiment, a balanced transmission line, selected from one of the various types known in the art, is used instead of the coaxial cable 55. Each conductor of the balanced transmission line is attached to a conductive pad, with the conductive pads disposed on opposing surfaces of a printed circuit board, such as the substrate 52 of
As is recognized by those skilled in the art, different dimensions for the components of the QHA 10 (e.g., a different diameter, different filar lengths or a different filar pitch angle) can be used in another embodiment. These parameters may change the differential length between the first and the second filar pairs and/or the antenna load impedance, which in turn changes the value of the inductor and/or the capacitor for matching the antenna impedance to the source impedance. In one embodiment, the impedance match may require only a single component (either an inductor or a capacitor). However, as discussed above, to optimize the antenna operating characteristics, it may be preferable for the driving point impedance to include a reactive component.
To achieve optimum bandwidth, gain and quadrature signal distribution (which is required for a circularly polarized signal) it is desired that the long and the short filar pairs have an approximately equivalent diameter (or an equivalent cross-section for filars having a quadrilateral cross-section (i.e., length and width) such as filars comprising a conductive trace on a dielectric substrate). It may be possible, however, to accommodate slightly divergent diameters without dramatically affecting antenna performance. Use of same diameter conductors also simplifies the physical filar structure and maintains antenna symmetry.
In one embodiment, the QHA diameter is about 8.5 mm, and thus the antenna circumference is about 25 mm. It is desired to use as wide a conductor as practical to lower the conductor resistance (i.e., reduce ohmic losses), which correspondingly tends (to a point) to broaden the antenna bandwidth. It is also recognized that the filars must be separated by a sufficient distance to reduce filar-to-filar coupling and dielectric loading. In one embodiment, the filar diameter is determined by dividing the antenna circumference by eight and rounding to a convenient integer value. Thus, a 25 mm circumference yields a filar diameter of about 3 mm. According to an embodiment wherein a filar comprises a flat conductor, a half conductor, half dielectric relationship is used to establish a conductor width. Several embodiments of the antenna according to the present invention have favored the above conductor-to-insulator ratio, although it is recognized that other embodiments may favor other ratios. As is known by those skilled in the art, in performing analyses of such QHA'S, a flat conductor can be represented by a round conductor where a diameter of the round conductor is one-half the flat conductor width.
In one embodiment presented above, the driving point impedance of 15+30j is transformed by the impedance matching element 48 (specifically the capacitor 57 and the inductor 59) to 50 ohms for matching the characteristic impedance of the coaxial cable 55. According to another embodiment, such as a quarter wave version of a QHA described below according to the teachings of the present invention, a capacitor and/or an inductor transform the driving point impedance of 3+6j to about 12.5 ohms, and a quarter wavelength transformer transforms the 12.5 ohm impedance to 50 ohms. A quarter wavelength transmission line having a 25 ohm characteristic impedance (Z0) transforms the 12.5 ohms impedance to 50 ohms according to the equation, Z0=sqrt [(driving point impedance)*(source impedance)].
As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in an embodiment where the antenna's physical parameters create a purely resistive driving point impedance of about 12.5 ohms, the impedance matching element 110 is sufficient to transform the driving point impedance to 50 ohms. The impedance matching element 48 is not required.
A radome is advantageous to avoid antenna damage during user handling of the communications device to which the antenna is connected. Radome material, thickness and shape is chosen to minimize effect on the antenna's receiving and transmitting properties, i.e., to present relatively low loss over the antenna's operating frequency range. The dielectric loading effect of the radome can be considered in designing the QHA to achieve operation at the desired resonant frequency and desired bandwidth. A suitable radome 130 for the QHA 10 is illustrated in
Another embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention is represented by a QHA 140 illustrated in
In an embodiment of
To ensure desired performance parameters for the QHA it is preferable to maintain the antenna dimensions and limit flexing of the filars 12, 14, 16 and 18 during operation. To provide consistent antenna performance, it is also desired to control a shape and a mass of solder filets 156 (see
To overcome the filar flexing, in one assembly process the substrate 160 (see
The mandrel 163 dielectrically loads the QHA 10, which tends to lower the antenna resonant frequency. Thus the dielectric loading imposed by the mandrel 163 should be considered when determining the antenna dimensions to overcome the loading effects. Other antenna embodiments in which the dielectric loading effect is reduced are described below.
Each filar 162 further comprises a finger segment 164A extending beyond a bottom edge 160A of the substrate 160 and a finger segment 164B extending beyond a top edge 160B of the substrate 160 (see
As can be seen in
The impedance matching element 166 is captured within an opening 172 at a lower end of the mandrel 163. Each finger segment 164A (and corresponding tab 165) is thereby urged into conductive communication with one of the conductive regions 170 to electrically connect the filars 162 to the impedance matching components mounted on the upper surface of the impedance matching element 166.
Oppositely-disposed capture tabs 173 (a single capture tab 173 may suffice in one embodiment) extending from a bottom edge 174 of the mandrel 163, capture and apply an upwardly directed force to a lower surface 175 of the impedance matching element 166, urging the element 166 against the bottom edge 174, thereby retaining the element 166 within the opening 172 of the mandrel 163. See also
In another embodiment, the flexible film is replaced by a rigid cylindrical structure on which conductive strips forming the helical traces are disposed, for example, by printing conductive material on outer surface of the cylindrical piece or by employing a subtractive etching process to remove certain regions from a conductive sheet formed on the outer surface, such that the remaining conductive regions form the helical traces.
In yet another embodiment, the conductive bridges or crossbars 23 and 24 are replaced with a generally circular substrate (or printed circuit board) 180, having a thickness d (see
Use of the substrate 180 provides additional dimensional stability to the QHA 10 by controlling the distance between the filars at the upper end of the antenna, according to the dimensions of the substrate 180. Dimensional changes at the upper end of the antenna can lead to frequency detuning and/or gain reduction. As discussed above, the distance d is related to the length differential between the long and the short filars.
Capture tabs 216 and 217 extend from the upper edge 211, wherein the capture tab 216 further comprises a projection 218 extending inwardly from an interior-facing surface of the tab 216. The capture tabs 216 and 218 and the projection 218 cooperate to retain the substrate 200 against the upper edge 211 and properly aligned with the outer surface of the mandrel 163. In another embodiment, the capture tab 217 also comprises a projection 218.
The QHA embodiments of the present invention can be tuned by using electrically differentiated embodiments of the substrate 180 and/or of the impedance matching element 166. For example, due to coupling between the crossbars 182 and 184, the QHA can be tuned by varying the height d of the substrate 180, which modifies the parasitic capacitance and changes the resonant frequency of the QHA. The QHA can also be tuned by changing the dielectric constant of the substrate 180 or the impedance matching element 166, i.e., substituting a material having a different dielectric constant.
To expedite the antenna manufacturing process, a number of substrates 182 of varying height are manufactured. As each antenna is tested following manufacture, a substrate of the appropriate height is selected to tune the antenna to the desired resonant frequency.
In another embodiment, the relative orientation of the crossbars 182 and 184 is altered to tune the antenna. In
In another embodiment illustrated in
In
As illustrated in
As expected, the quarter-wavelength QHA 350 does not provide the same operating characteristics as the half wavelength QHA 10 described above. In particular, the gain of the antenna 350 is reduced relative to the gain of the QHA 10. In one embodiment, the gain reduction is about 2 dBic.
As described above, when an quadrifilar helical antenna of the present invention is operated with a mandrel for dimensional stability, the mandrel dielectrically loads the antenna and thereby changes its performance characteristics. In one embodiment, a plurality of openings 400 are formed in a mandrel 402 as illustrated in
In yet another embodiment, a mandrel material comprises a dielectric and the conductive filars 12, 14, 16 and 18 are formed directly thereon. For example, the conductive filars 12, 14, 16 and 18 are formed from conductive material comprising an adhesive rear surface for adhesive attachment to the mandrel. In another embodiment, the filars 12, 14, 16 and 18 are formed of conductive ink applied directly to the mandrel by known printing techniques.
To ensure proper alignment between the mandrel 163 and the substrate 160 (see
While the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalent elements may be substituted for the elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present invention. The scope of the present invention further includes any combination of the elements from the various embodiments set forth herein. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation to the teachings of the present invention without departing from its essential scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
This patent application is a continuation-in-part application claiming the benefit of the patent application assigned Ser. No. 10/998,301 filed on Nov. 26, 2004 and entitled Quadrifilar Helical Antenna, which claims the benefit of the provisional patent application assigned Ser. No. 60/592,011 filed on Jul. 28, 2004.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20060022892 A1 | Feb 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60592011 | Jul 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10998301 | Nov 2004 | US |
| Child | 11130035 | US |
