Hard tissue ablation system

Abstract

An electrosurgical system and method for treating hard and soft tissues in the body comprises a shaft, a distal end section, an active electrode associated with the distal end section, a first fluid supply adapted to deliver a first electrically conductive fluid to the target site, and a second fluid supply adapted to deliver a second electrically conductive fluid to the active electrode. The system is adapted to treat a wide variety of hard tissues such as, for example, bones, calcified structures, calcified deposits, teeth, plaque, kidney-stones, gall-stones and other types of tissue by generating plasma in the vicinity of the active electrode, and applying the plasma to the tissue or structures.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to an electrosurgical system and method for treating soft and hard body structures; and in particular, a radio-frequency electrosurgical system adapted for treating soft tissues such as ligaments and tendons, and hard tissues such as bone and other mineralized and calcified structures in the body.

BACKGROUND

A convenient and safe system to remove hard tissue such as bone is a long standing challenge. Although a number of approaches exist to remove bone structures including mechanical and electrosurgical devices, the approaches have various shortcomings.

Mechanical devices such as rotary shavers have been used to clean, debride and remove bone. Rotary shavers, however, can lead to excessive bleeding. In order to control bleeding in certain orthopedic procedures, a cauterizing instrument must be utilized to control bleeding of the various tissues.

Electrosurgical devices such as a RF tissue-cutting instruments have been used on various hard tissue structures and deposits. However, RF electrosurgical devices have been found to be generally ineffective at removing bone under suitable surgical conditions.

A safe, effective, and convenient system for removing hard tissue is therefore desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment of the present invention, an electrosurgical system comprises: a shaft, a distal end section, and a(n) active electrode(s) associated with the distal end section; a first fluid supply adapted to deliver a first electrically conductive fluid in the vicinity of the target tissue; and a second fluid supply adapted to deliver a second electrically conductive fluid to the active electrode.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method comprises: inserting an active electrode in the vicinity of the target tissue in the presence of a first electrically conductive fluid, the first electrically conductive fluid provided from outside of the body; supplying a second electrically conductive fluid in the vicinity of the active electrode; and applying electrical energy to the active electrode to treat the target tissue.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method comprises: delivering to the target tissue a first electrically conductive fluid supplied from outside of the body; forming plasma from a second electrically conductive fluid; and treating the tissue with the plasma.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method comprises: identifying a first tissue in a patient; delivering a first electrically conductive fluid from outside the body to the tissue; directing a second electrically conductive fluid to an active electrode in the vicinity of the tissue; applying a radio-frequency voltage to the active electrode in the presence of the second electrically conductive fluid to generate plasma; and modifying the tissue with the plasma.

In an embodiment of the present invention, two external electrically conductive fluid sources are provided. When a radio-frequency voltage is applied between the active electrode and a return electrode in the presence of the fluid, plasma is generated. Depending on a number of factors including the type of electrically conductive fluid being supplied, a soft tissue type may be optimally treated, e.g. ablated. Then, for example, by changing the supply of the electrically conductive fluid, a hard tissue such as a cortical layer of a bone may be ablated. Accordingly, with the present system, procedures that involve treating both soft and hard tissues can be accomplished with one system without the need to switch from one device to another.

Details of embodiments of the present system, methods and apparatus are illustrated in the appended Figures, and described in the following specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an electrosurgical system with an electrically conducting fluid source.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of an electrosurgical probe adaptable for use with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of an embodiment of an electrosurgical system comprising a plurality of electrically conducting fluid supplies.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a distal end of an electrosurgical apparatus immersed in first and second externally supplied electrically conductive fluids.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of an inflamed or degenerated supra-spinatus tendon.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a rotary shaver treating an inflamed supra-spinatus tendon.

FIG. 7A is an illustration of a device treating an inflamed supra-spinatus tendon.

FIG. 7B is an illustration of another device treating an inflamed supra-spinatus tendon.

FIG. 8 is an algorithm of a procedure for treating body tissue in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 9 is an algorithm of a procedure for treating body tissue in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 10 is an algorithm of a procedure for treating body tissue in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 11A is a cross sectional view of a distal end of an electrosurgical device having an active electrode member and adapted to deliver an electrically conductive fluid in the vicinity of the active electrode.

FIG. 11B is a top view of the device shown in FIG. 11A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An electrosurgical system (10) having only one electrically conductive fluid supply is shown in FIG. 1. It generally comprises an electrosurgical probe (12) connected to a power supply (14) for applying a radio-frequency voltage across an active electrode (24) and a return electrode (not shown) in close proximity of a target tissue, and an electrically conductive liquid source (16) for supplying an electrically conducting fluid (18) to the probe (12) and the target site. Electrosurgical probe (12) includes an elongated shaft (20) that may be flexible, bendable or rigid, with flexible shafts optionally including support cannulas or other structures for accessing the target site.

In the system illustrated in FIG. 1, the probe (12) includes a probe connector (22) at its proximal end and an array (24) of active electrode terminals disposed on the distal tip of shaft (20). A connecting cable (28) comprising a handle (30) with a handle connector (32) can be removably connected to probe connector (22). Alternatively, a cable may be integrated with the probe (12), and connected to the power supply (14). The proximal portion of electrical cable (28) comprises an electrical connector (34) to couple probe (12) to power supply (14). Referring to FIG. 2, an active electrode (40) and a return electrode (42) are electrically isolated from each other by an insulator (44), and each electrode is connected to an active or passive control circuit within the power supply (14) by a plurality of individually insulated conductors (not shown). A more detailed description of a system is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,992, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. All patents and patent applications that are mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

With reference to FIG. 1, power supply (14) comprises a voltage selection switch (36) to change the applied voltage level. Power supply (14) includes a mode selection switch (38) for selectively applying power to the electrode array (24). The foot selection switch (38) may include a second pedal (not shown) for adjusting the voltage level applied to electrode array (24). Specific designs of a power supply are described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,992, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

With reference to FIG. 2, treatment of body tissues typically comprises placing the active electrode (40) in close proximity to, or in contact with the tissue, and applying the voltage across the electrodes (40, 42) to cause changes in the tissue such as heating, ablation, coagulation, cutting, removal, puncturing, and other modifications of the tissue. In particular, plasma may be generated in the vicinity of the active electrode (40) on application of the voltage to the electrodes (40, 42) in the presence of the electrically conductive fluid (18). The plasma includes energetic electrons, ions, photons and the like that are discharged from a vapor layer of the conductive fluid, as described in greater detail in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,882.

In the system illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the electrically conductive fluid (18) is supplied to the electrodes (40, 42) via a fluid supply lumen (46) coupled to the electrically conductive fluid supply (16). In alternative embodiments, the system optionally includes a fluid aspiration lumen (48) for removing fluids from the target site. In various embodiments, the fluid-supply lumen and the fluid-aspiration lumen are connected to the elongated shaft (20) by flexible fluid lines.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the electrodes (40, 42) are located on the distal end portion of an electrosurgical shaft (20). In this configuration as is illustrated in FIG. 1, the active electrode (40) is positioned on the shaft at or near the distal end, and the return electrode (42) is positioned close to, but is electrically isolated from the active electrode (40) by an insulator (44).

An embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. System (50) is shown comprising a probe (53) comprising a shaft (56), a distal end section (58), and at least one active electrode (60) associated with the distal end section (58); a first fluid supply (62) adapted to deliver a first electrically conductive fluid (62A) to the target site (52); and a second fluid supply (64) adapted to deliver a second electrically conductive fluid (64A) to the active electrode (60).

In one embodiment the first electrically conductive fluid (62A) is selected from the group consisting of isotonic saline, buffered isotonic saline, hypertonic saline, hypotonic saline, and Ringer's lactate solution. In an exemplary embodiment, the second electrically conductive fluid (64A) is selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, and a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. In another exemplary embodiment, the sodium bicarbonate has a concentration in the range from about 0.15 normal to about 1.0 normal sodium bicarbonate solutions. Exemplary ratios of sodium bicarbonate/sodium chloride concentrations range from about 0.15N/0.15N to about 1.0N/0.15N.

The system includes a voltage supply connected to the active electrode (60) and the return electrode (68), and plasma is generated between the active and return electrode in the presence of the electrically conductive fluids. Each of the first and second electrically conductive fluids (62A, 64A) may be delivered through a lumen extending through the probe. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the second electrically conductive liquid is delivered through annular-shaped lumen (54).

In various embodiments the second electrically conductive fluid supply (64) comprising a sodium bicarbonate solution is adapted to establish a current flow path (70) between the active electrodes (60) and the return electrode (68), while the first electrically conductive fluid provides an electrically conductive fluid environment around the target tissue. The first electrically conductive liquid may be delivered through an annular or other type of opening along the shaft (56). Alternatively, as described in connection with FIG. 7a, the first electrically conductive liquid may be provided through a port or cannula independent of (and separate from) the device (53).

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the present system includes adjustable valves (72A, 72B) to control the flow of the first (62A) and second (64A) electrically conductive fluids to the target site. The following are non-limiting examples of treatment that may be performed with the probe of the present invention: molecular dissociation, heating, ablating, coagulating, cutting, removing, excising, resecting, disintegrating, and modifications of the target site.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, an adjustable voltage generator is available to regulate the voltage and change the mode of operation of the apparatus. Thus at one voltage setting, the apparatus will generate plasma in the presence of the second conductive fluid in contact with the active electrode; while at another voltage setting plasma generation is minimized and the apparatus causes thermal effects on the tissue such as coagulation, contraction, and vessel hemostasis.

As indicated above, a number of types of hard and soft tissues may be treated. The following are non-limiting examples of hard tissues that may be modified and removed using the present invention: bone, calcified tissue, mineralized tissue, calcified deposits, kidney stones, gall stones, tartar deposits, teeth, calculus and plaque, ossified tissues, and the like. The following are non-limiting examples of soft tissues that may be treated with the present invention: ligament, tendon, bursa, fascia, muscle, intervertebral discs, cartilage, and other soft tissues in the body.

With reference to FIG. 4, the present system in one embodiment comprises a probe having a distal end section (58) that can be placed in contact with (or in close proximity) to a target tissue (52). In particular, the active electrode terminals (60) are in contact or in close proximity with tissue (52). The environment that surrounds the working end of probe is filled with a first electrically conductive fluid (62A) that may, by way of example, be isotonic saline or other biocompatible, electrically conductive irrigant solution. The fluid environment that is in contact with the active electrode at the distal end comprises a second electrically conductive fluid (64A) that is chemically different from the first conductive fluid (62A).

The second or ancillary fluid may be, for example, a sodium bicarbonate solution or another fluid that provides a desired tissue effect. The following are fluids that may be suitable as a second or ancillary injected fluid: acids, such as citric acid, phosphorous acid, hydrochloric acid, etc; bases, such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, etc; chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, etc; gases, such as nitrogen, helium, argon, etc; as well as hypertonic and hypotonic saline either pH buffered or unbuffered. Some of the above mentioned fluids, as well as various combinations of them, have been found to be effective in causing bone ablation.

The volume of fluid to provide a desired effect (e.g., bone ablation) may vary widely. Relatively small amounts (as little as a few mm³/minute) of injected precursor fluid was sometimes effective in ablating bone. Flowrates greater than 1 or 2 mm³/minute may also be suitable. Aggressive chemicals (strong acids, bases, etc) could be injected locally to the distal end of the device, activated by the plasma, interact with the bone to cause ablation, and then be neutralized and diluted to safe levels in a surrounding buffered isotonic saline field so that untargeted tissue was not exposed to the aggressive precursor or plasma activated chemical species. Alternatively, transient and locally aggressive chemical species formed by the plasma from relatively benign fluids may cause a desired effect as well.

In the system shown in FIGS. 3-4, when a voltage is applied between the active electrode terminals (60) and the return electrode (68), an electrical current flows between the active electrode and the return electrode along current flux lines (70). The current flux lines are shown extending through the second electrically conductive fluid in the region above the surface of the tissue to complete the electrical path between the active electrode terminals and the return electrode. As a consequence of the applied voltage across the active and return electrodes in the presence of the second conductive fluid, plasma is generated around the active electrode and is used to treat or remove the tissue (52).

The system may also be configured to heat and coagulate tissue at a different voltage setting, typically lower than the ablating voltage, due to the electrical impedance of the tissue and the proper selection of the applied voltage and current. Heating of the tissue may occur in a region below the surface of the tissue. The present invention may be used to elevate the temperature of the tissue from normal body temperature (e.g. 37° C.) to a temperature in the range 55° C to 85° C, preferably in the range from 60° C to 70° C.

FIG. 5 illustrates one condition that may be treated using the system of the present invention. In particular, an inflamed supra-spinatus tendon (72) is shown. The tendon is located between the acromion process (74) and the humerus head (76). This condition may arise for a number of reasons including, for example, excessive use during racquet sports. Friction between the tendon and the bone causes inflammation. Decompressing this region may relieve pain and is therefore desirable.

FIG. 6 illustrates decompression whereby tissue and bone is removed to reduce the pressure in the shoulder. Soft tissue including tendon (72), bursa (73) as well as hard bone (74) from the acromion are shown being removed with an electrosurgical shaver or burr (78). As shown in FIG. 6, several tools and instruments are required including: a rotating mechanical instrument such as shaver (78) to remove bone defects, and an electrosurgical tool (not shown) to treat and cauterize the soft tissue; a fluid port (80) to flush and inflate the site; and an arthroscope (80″) for visibility. As indicated above, use of a rotary shaver is not always desirable because it may lead to excessive bleeding which may then require a separate coagulating tool.

FIG. 7A illustrates one application of the present invention. In particular, a device 12 is shown being used to perform a subacromonial decompression including the removal of various soft tissue 72. Additionally, the acromion (74) is being ablated. The whole field is filled with a first electrically conductive fluid (which could be buffered isotonic saline, for example). The first fluid is shown being delivered via tube (80′). A second electrically conductive fluid (0.65 N sodium bicarbonate, for example) is injected through device (12) into the vicinity of the active electrode. Without being bound by theory, the second fluid mixes with the first fluid, and is more highly concentrated at its point of injection (300). The plasma that discharges in the highly concentrated second fluid near the active electrode form chemical conditions that are particularly effective at ablating bone at the target site. It is thought that as this second fluid dissipates in the surrounding first fluid the plasma decays and the solution becomes pH neutralized and diluted to levels that are not harmful to surrounding untargeted tissue. In this manner, the acromion is ablated to further relieve pressure or decompress this area.

Additionally, the device (12) has the capability to debride or ablate soft tissues prior to, or after performing the acromioplasty. One way to ablate the soft tissue using device (12) is to shut off the flow of the second liquid. The plasma shall therefore form around the active electrode by vaporizing the first electrically liquid which may, for example, be only effective against one type of tissue such as a tendon, or another tissue.

Depending on the voltage difference applied between the active and the return electrode as indicated above, at any point in time, the device 12 may provide coagulation to halt or arrest bleeding of tissues. In this embodiment, the system of the present invention can decompress the shoulder including sculpting soft tissue, sculpting bone, and coagulating or arresting bleeding.

FIG. 7B illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, device (12) includes two lumens extending through the shaft of the device corresponding to a first and second electrically conductive liquid supplies. However, it is to be understood that additional lumen may be provided for additional fluid delivery or aspiration. The target site is shown flooded, immersed, or irrigated with the first electrically conductive liquid such as isotonic saline using the first lumen. A second electrically conductive liquid, different than the first liquid, is also injected into the target site through the second lumen. The second electrically conductive liquid is injected preferable near the active electrode such that it is highly concentrated at the point of injection as described above in connection with FIG. 7A. The plasma formed from the second liquid provides enough energy to ablate or molecularly disassociate hard tissue and bone (74). At any point, the flow of the second electrically conductive fluid may be halted, and the device may be activated to treat the soft tissue using the first or another electrically conductive liquid.

FIG. 8 illustrates a method in accordance with the present invention comprising the steps of: (82) inserting an active electrode in the vicinity of the target tissue (72, 74) in the presence of a first electrically conductive fluid, the first electrically conductive fluid provided from outside of the body; (84) supplying a second electrically conductive fluid in the vicinity of the active electrode; and (86) applying electrical energy to the active electrode to treat the target tissue (72, 74).

In an alternative embodiment, the tissue (72, 74) is treated by the method (90) set forth in FIG. 9, comprising the steps of: (92) contacting the target tissue (72, 74) with a first electrically conductive fluid (62A) supplied from outside of the body; forming plasma from a second electrically conductive fluid (64A) around an active electrode (60) in close proximity of the tissue; and treating the tissue with the plasma.

In a further embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, the tissue (72, 74) is treated by a method (100) comprising the steps of: (102) identifying the tissue in the body; (104) flooding the tissue with a first electrically conductive fluid from outside the body; (106) directing a second electrically conductive fluid to an active electrode in the vicinity of the tissue; (108) applying a radio-frequency voltage to the active electrode in the presence of the second electrically conductive fluid to generate plasma in the vicinity of the active electrode; and (110) using the plasma to modify the first tissue.

The present system and methods are adaptable to treat tissues having various hardness. For example, in treating an articular joint or the acromial bone the soft tissue is first treated by applying a first voltage difference between the active and return electrode in the presence of the electrically conductive fluid. Then, without changing the probe, and using for example a sodium bicarbonate solution, a hard, bony tissue or structure may be modified, ablated or otherwise treated. In an alternative procedure, the hard tissue may be treated prior to treating the soft tissue. In another embodiment of the present invention, both hard and soft structures are treated contemporaneously. Additionally, hemostasis or coagulation may be effected by varying the voltage difference applied between the electrodes.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a visual indicator is included in each conductive fluid to allow a surgeon to quickly distinguish one plasma type from another. An agent may be added to each of the conductive liquids that produces a unique color of plasma. For example, potassium chloride tends to produce a purple colored plasma when added to the first electrically conductive liquid and another chemical (e.g., copper II chloride for bright green, or manganese II chloride for yellow-green) may be added to the second electrically conductive liquid. Thus, the surgeon may observe which mode (or plasma type) is active during a procedure by observing the color of the plasma at the tip of the probe. This safeguards against applying an improper type of plasma (or voltage scheme) on a particular tissue. Indeed, use of one type of plasma may be too aggressive for one type of tissue. Also, use of one type of plasma may be highly ineffective against certain types of tissues or structures.

A manually or electrically controlled valve may be incorporated into the probe, or tubing line to provide various flow rates and mixtures of fluids. While simple fluid injection pressures may be effected using gravity, more advanced pumps may be provided to carefully control the flow rate. Also, the flowrate and injection manifold design may be adjusted to provide a jet-like effect. In one embodiment, fluid flow rates of the second or ancillary fluid may be in the range of about 5 ml/minute to about 65 ml/minute.

EXAMPLE

One embodiment of the present invention was used to treat a porcine rib cortical bone. The bone was immersed in a first static electrically conductive fluid. A second ancillary liquid comprising a 0.5 N sodium bicarbonate and 0.9% (w/w) sodium chloride (unbuffered) was disposed around an active electrode. The device was similar to the probe (200) shown in FIG. 11A,B. The ancillary liquid was injected around the active electrode at flow rate of about 5 milliliters per minute through lumen (202). The first static solution comprised buffered isotonic saline (0.9% w/w NaCl in water, buffered to pH=7.0-7.2). A voltage of approximately 390 volts rms (root mean square), 551 volts amplitude was applied across the active electrode (204) and the return electrode (206), while the electrode (204) was moved over the bone with light tactile force. After 1 minute of treatment the voltage was turned off and the sample examined. A bone removal rate of approximately 72.8 cubic millimeters per minute was determined from the dimensions of the zone of removed bone and the treatment time.

A wide variety of surgical applications may be performed using the probe, system and methods of the present invention including, but not limited to: endovascular surgery, peripheral vascular surgery, coronary vascular surgery, (e.g., atherectomy), spine surgery (e.g., discectomy), orthopedic surgery (e.g., acromioplasty, subacromial decompression), craniofacial surgery, oral surgery (e.g., tonsillectomy), urologic surgery (e.g., calcific stone removal), dental specialties including endodontics, periodiontics, and general dentistry.

By the present description and Figures it is to be understood that the terms used herein are descriptive rather than limiting, and that changes, modifications, and substitutions may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore the invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein, but is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Additionally, all features and aspects of the above described embodiments and examples may be combined with other aspects and examples set forth above. All such combinations that are not mutually exclusive are also part of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method of treating a target structure in a body, comprising: inserting an active electrode in the vicinity of the target structure in the presence of a first electrically conductive fluid, the first electrically conductive fluid provided from outside of the body;selectively supplying a second electrically conductive fluid distinct from the first electrically conductive fluid in the vicinity of the active electrode; andapplying electrical energy to the active electrode in the presence of the second conductive fluid sufficient to create a plasma that discharges in the second electrically conductive fluid and treat the target structure, while the first electrically conductive fluid provides a neutralizing barrier to sufficiently dilute the second electrically conductive fluid such that exposure of the second electrically conductive fluid to an untargeted tissue is not harmful.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying electrical energy causes at least one of: molecular dissociation, heating, ablating, coagulating, cutting, removing, and modifying of the target tissue.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of stopping the supply of the second fluid before treating a soft tissue selected from the group consisting of a ligament, a tendon, a bursa, a muscle, an intervertebral disc and cartilage.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of applying electrical energy to the active electrode sufficient to discharge a second plasma in the first conductive fluid to treat the soft tissue.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein treating the target structure comprises treating a hard body structure selected from the group consisting of a bone, a calcified tissue, a mineralized tissue, a calcified deposit, kidney stones, gall stones, tartar deposits, a tooth, and plaque.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein treating the target structure comprises treating a mineralized deposit in the body.

7. The method of claim 1, comprising treating a target tissue selected from the group consisting of an articular joint and an acromion.

8. The method of claim 1, comprising treating a soft tissue subsequent to treating a hard tissue.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein supplying the second electrically conductive fluid comprises supplying sodium bicarbonate solution.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma discharge from the second electrically conductive fluid is particularly effective at ablating bone tissue.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive fluid comprises a first indicator that effects the color of the plasma from said first fluid.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first indicator comprises potassium chloride.

13. The method of claim 1, comprising stopping the flow of the second electrically conductive fluid to the active electrode site when treating soft tissue.

14. A method of treating a target structure in a body, comprising: delivering to the target structure a first electrically conductive fluid supplied from outside of the body;forming plasma from a second electrically conductive fluid that is chemically distinct from the first electrically conductive fluid while the first electrically conductive fluid provides a neutralizing barrier to sufficiently dilute the second fluid such that exposure of the second electrically conductive fluid to an untargeted tissue is not harmful; andtreating the structure with the plasma.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first electrically conductive fluid is selected from the group consisting of: isotonic saline, hypertonic saline, hypotonic saline, and Ringer's lactate solution.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the second electrically conductive fluid comprises sodium bicarbonate.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein treating the target structure comprises treating a hard body structure selected from the group consisting of a bone, a calcified tissue, a mineralized tissue, a calcified deposit, kidney stones, gall stones, tartar deposits, a tooth, and plaque.

18. A method of modifying a structure in a body, comprising: identifying a body structure in a patient;delivering a first electrically conductive fluid from outside the body to the area surrounding and including the body structure;selecting a second electrically conductive fluid effective in treating said body structure and that is chemically distinct from the first electrically conductive fluid,directing the second electrically conductive fluid to an active electrode in the vicinity of the body structure; andapplying a radio-frequency voltage to the active electrode in the presence of the second electrically conductive fluid sufficient to create a plasma that discharges in the second electrically conductive fluid and such that the body structure is modified while the first electrically conductive fluid provides a neutralizing barrier to sufficiently dilute the second electrically conductive fluid such that exposure of the second electrically conductive fluid to an untargeted tissue is not harmful.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein identifying the structure comprises identifying a hard body structure selected from the group consisting of a bone, a calcified tissue, a mineralized tissue, a calcified deposit, kidney stones, gall stones, tartar deposits, a tooth, and plaque.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein identifying the structure comprises identifying a soft tissue selected from the group consisting of a ligament, a tendon, a muscle, cartilage, and an intervertebral disc.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein delivering first electrically conductive fluid comprises flooding the structure with an electrically conductive fluid selected from the group consisting of: isotonic saline, hypertonic saline, hypotonic saline, and Ringer's lactate solution.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein directing a second electrically conductive fluid comprises directing a solution of sodium bicarbonate to the active electrode.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein the body structure is modified only where the second electrically conductive fluid is sufficiently concentrated while mixed with the first electrically conductive fluid.