Patent Grant
7871625
The present invention pertains generally to hepatitis C virus (HCV) constructs and methods of using the same. More particularly, the invention relates to immunogenic HCV multiple epitope fusion antigens (MEFAs) containing multiple HCV epitopes, with modified amino acid sequences to inhibit proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by NS3. The proteins are useful in immunoassays for diagnosing HCV infection.
HCV is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 9.5 kb that encodes about 3010 amino acids (Choo et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88:2451-2455; Takamizawa et al., J. Virol. (1991) 65:1105-1113). The HCV polyprotein is processed by host and viral proteases into several mature proteins: core protein (C), envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2), and six nonstructural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5a, NS5b) (Hijikata et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:10773-10777; Grakoui et al., J. Virol. (1993) 67:1385-1395). NS3 is a 630 amino acid protein with three enzymatic activities: the approximately N-terminal 180 amino acids provide serine protease function whereas the remaining C-terminal domains have both helicase and NTPase activities (Bartenschlager et al., J. Virol. (1993) 67:3835-3844; Kim et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 215:160-166; Preugschat et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:24449-24457). The NS3 protease is responsible for cleavages at the NS3/4a, NS4a/4b, NS4b/5a and NS5a/5b junction sites (Grakoui et al., J. Virol. (1993) 67:2832-2843). NS4a includes approximately 54 amino acids and acts as a cofactor of the NS3 protease and is essential for polyprotein processing (Failla et al., J. Virol. (1994) 68:3753-3760).
HCV is the major etiologic agent for blood transfusion-associated and community-acquired non-A, non-B viral hepatitis (Alter et al., N. Engl. J. Med. (1989) 321:1494-1500; Choo et al., Science (1989) 244:359-362; Kuo et al., Science (1989) 244:362-364). HCV currently affects approximately 3% of the world's population. 70% of these individuals develop HCV chronic infection, which often progresses to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas (Bruix et al., Lancet (1989) 2:1004-1006; Saito et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:6547-6549). The incidence of posttransfusion HCV has steadily declined since the implementation of routine screening for HCV antibodies among blood donors (Pillonel et al., Transfusion (2002) 42:980-988). Despite the proven utility of these assays for blood screening and for the diagnosis of HCV infection in symptomatic patients, important challenges to the improvement of assay performance remain. Such challenges include reducing the window of seronegativity, improving the detection of HCV samples from immunosuppressed patients, and increasing assay sensitivity to detect antibodies to the different HCV genotype-specific epitopes.
Several assays have been developed for the serodiagnosis of HCV infection. See, e.g., Choo et al., Science (1989) 244:359-362; Kuo et al., Science (1989) 244:362-364; Choo et al., Br. Med. Bull. (1990) 46:423-441; Ebeling et al., Lancet (1990) 335:982-983; van der Poel et al., Lancet (1990) 335:558-560; van der Poel et al., Lancet (1991) 337:317-319; Chien, D. Y., International Publication No. WO 94/01778; Valenzuela et al., International Publication No. WO 97/44469; and Kashiwakuma et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,904.
The current commercially licensed HCV ELISA antibody tests mainly use recombinant proteins containing linear epitopes. For example, three recombinant HCV proteins from core (C22-3), NS3 and NS4 regions (C200) and NS5 are used in one of the commercially available HCV assays (Uyttendaele et al., Vox Sang. (1994) 66:122-129).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,601, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes immunoassays using NS3/4a conformational epitopes, in combination with multiple epitope fusion antigens (MEFAs). For a description of HCV MEFAs see, e.g., Chien et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. (1999) 37:1393-1397; International Publication No. WO 97/44469; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,514,731, 6,428,792; 6,632,601; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040142321. The assays using these reagents provide sensitive and reliable methods for detecting early HCV seroconversion. NS3/4a, expressed in yeast and purified under non-denaturing conditions as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,601, contains both protease and helicase function. Because NS3/4a purified in this manner preserves the native conformation, it has been found to be more sensitive than the c200 or c33c antigens in early seroconversion antibody detection. In antibody assays using NS3/4a and MEFA 7.1 as antigens, seroconversion antibodies were detected 2-14 days earlier than currently marketed HCV assays. However, the NS3/4 protein undergoes self-hydrolysis and also cleaves MEFA 7.1 due to the NS3 protease activity.
International Publication Nos. WO 04/00547 and WO 01/38360, and commonly owned Provisional Patent Application No. 60/604,858, describe HCV proteins including mutated NS3 protease domains with reduced proteolytic activity. However, there remains a need for sensitive, accurate diagnostic and prognostic tools in order to provide adequate patient care as well as to prevent transmission of HCV by blood and blood products or by close personal contact.
The present invention is based in part on the finding that MEFAs with mutated cleavage sites for NS3 protease are capable of detecting HCV infection. The modified HCV MEFAs are immunoreactive and are less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by HCV NS3 protease. Thus, the MEFAs can be used in immunoassays in combination with additional HCV polypeptides, such as HCV polypeptides that retain NS3 proteolytic activity. In one representative embodiment of the invention, the modified MEFA is used in combination with an NS3/4a conformational epitope on an immunoassay solid support. The MEFAs of the invention are not degraded during production of the immunoassay components and therefore provide superior reagents for use in HCV assays.
The use of MEFAs provides the advantages of decreased masking problems, improved selectivity and improved sensitivity for detecting antibodies by allowing a greater number of epitopes on a unit area of substrate. The assays described herein may be used to detect HCV infection caused by any of the six known genotypes of HCV.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention is directed to a modified HCV multiple epitope fusion antigen (MEFA), wherein the MEFA comprises at least one epitope from the HCV helicase domain that comprises an HCV NS3 proteolytic cleavage site, and at least one epitope from an NS4 region that comprises an HCV NS3 proteolytic cleavage site, wherein the HCV NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites present in the helicase domain epitope and the NS4 epitope are mutated, such that proteolytic cleavage of the modified MEFA by NS3 is inhibited relative to proteolytic cleavage of a corresponding MEFA lacking the mutations, and further wherein the modified MEFA reacts specifically with anti-HCV antibodies present in a biological sample from an HCV-infected individual.
In certain embodiments, the mutations to the cleavage sites comprise a substitution of at least one amino acid at each of the sites, such as a substitution of the naturally occurring amino acids found at positions 1428, 1429, 1455 and 1456, numbered relative to the HCV-1 sequence. In other embodiments, the modified MEFA comprises a substitution at the NS3/4a junction of the naturally occurring amino acids found at positions 1657 and 1658, numbered relative to the HCV-1 sequence.
In yet further embodiments, the epitope from the NS4 region is 5-1-1 and comprises a substitution of the naturally occurring amino acids found at positions 1711 and 1712, numbered relative to the HCV-1 sequence. In certain embodiments, the MEFA comprises three 5-1-1 epitopes from HCV strains 1, 2 and 3, respectively, wherein each of the naturally occurring amino acids found at positions 1711 and 1712 in each of the 5-1-1 epitopes, numbered relative to the HCV-1 sequence, are substituted.
In additional embodiments, the MEFA comprises the contiguous sequence of amino acids corresponding to amino acids 1193-1658, numbered relative to HCV-1 with a substitution of the naturally occurring amino acids found at positions 1428, 1429, 1455, 1456, 1657 and 1658, numbered relative to the HCV-1 sequence, and said MEFA further comprises three 5-1-1 epitopes from HCV strains 1, 2 and 3, respectively, wherein each of the 5-1-1 epitopes comprises the contiguous sequence of amino acids corresponding to amino acids 1689-1735, numbered relative to HCV-1 with a substitution of each of the naturally occurring amino acids found at positions 1711 and 1712, numbered relative to the HCV-1 sequence.
In further embodiments, the MEFA comprises a sequence of amino acids with at least 80% sequence identity to, or an amino acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity thereto, such as at least 90% or at least 98% sequence identity to the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:4, with the proviso that the amino acids at positions 466, 467, 493, 494, 695, 696, 721, 722, 770, 771, 819 and 820 of SEQ ID NO:4 maintain the mutation that inhibits NS3 proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA. In certain embodiments, the MEFA comprises the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:4. In yet further embodiments, the MEFA consists of the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:4.
In additional embodiments, the invention is directed to an immunoassay solid support comprising a modified MEFA as described above. In further embodiments, the immunoassay solid support further comprises at least one HCV NS3/4a conformational epitope, wherein the NS3/4a conformational epitope reacts specifically with anti-HCV antibodies present in a biological sample from an HCV-infected individual.
In certain embodiments, the NS3/4a conformational epitope comprises a sequence of amino acids with at least 80% sequence identity to, such as at least 90% or at least 98% sequence identity to the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:6. In certain embodiments, the NS3/4a conformational epitope comprises the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:6. In other embodiments, the NS3/4a conformational epitope consists of the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:6.
In additional embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a biological sample. The method comprises:
(a) providing an immunoassay solid support as described above;
(b) combining a biological sample with the solid support under conditions which allow HCV antibodies, when present in the biological sample, to bind to the MEFA and the NS3/4a conformational epitope if present, to form a first immune complex;
(c) adding to the solid support from step (b) under complex forming conditions a detectably labeled antibody, wherein the labeled antibody is reactive with the immune complex; and
(d) detecting second immune complexes formed between the detectably labeled antibody and the first immune complex, if any, as an indication of HCV infection in the biological sample.
In yet further embodiments, the invention is directed to an immunodiagnostic test kit comprising an immunoassay solid support as described above, and instructions for conducting the immunodiagnostic test.
In additional embodiments, the invention is directed to a polynucleotide comprising a coding sequence for a modified MEFA as described above, and a recombinant vector comprising the polynucleotide and control elements operably linked to the polynucleotide whereby the coding sequence can be transcribed and translated in a host cell. In additional embodiments, the invention is directed to a host cell transformed with the recombinant vector. In still further embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of producing a recombinant MEFA comprising:
(a) providing a population of host cells described above; and
(b) culturing the population of cells under conditions whereby the multiple epitope fusion antigen encoded by the coding sequence present in the recombinant vector is expressed.
In yet further embodiments, the invention is directed to a method of producing an immunoassay solid support, comprising:
(a) providing a solid support; and
(b) binding to the solid support at least one modified MEFA as described above.
In certain embodiments, the invention further comprises binding to the solid support at a discrete position an HCV NS3/4a conformational epitope, wherein the conformational epitope reacts specifically with anti-HCV antibodies present in a biological sample from an HCV-infected individual. In certain embodiments, the NS3/4a conformational epitope comprises a sequence of amino acids with at least 80% sequence identity to, such as at least 90% or at least 98% sequence identity to the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:6. In certain embodiments, the NS3/4a conformational epitope comprises the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:6. In other embodiments, the NS3/4a conformational epitope consists of the contiguous sequence of amino acids depicted in SEQ ID NO:6.
These and other aspects of the present invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings. In addition, various references are set forth herein which describe in more detail certain procedures or compositions, and are therefore incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and immunology, within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Fundamental Virology, 2nd Edition, vol. I & II (B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, eds.); Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols. I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications); T. E. Creighton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties (W.H. Freeman and Company, 1993); A. L. Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, Inc., current addition); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition, 1989); Methods In Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan eds., Academic Press, Inc.).
All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an antigen” includes a mixture of two or more antigens, and the like.
The following amino acid abbreviations are used throughout the text:
I. Definitions
In describing the present invention, the following terms will be employed, and are intended to be defined as indicated below.
The term “comprising” encompasses “including” as well as “consisting” e.g., a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional, for example X+Y.
The term “substantially” does not exclude “completely” e.g., a composition that is “substantially free” from Y may be completely free from Y. Where necessary, the word “substantially” may be omitted from the definition of the invention.
The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” refer to a polymer of amino acid residues and are not limited to a minimum length of the product. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, multimers, and the like, are included within the definition. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include postexpression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and the like. Furthermore, for purposes of the present invention, a “polypeptide” refers to a protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the native sequence, so long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
An HCV polypeptide is a polypeptide, as defined above, derived from the HCV polyprotein. The polypeptide need not be physically derived from HCV, but may be synthetically or recombinantly produced. Moreover, the polypeptide may be derived from any of the various HCV strains and isolates, such as, but not limited to, any of the isolates from strains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of HCV. A number of conserved and variable regions are known between these strains and, in general, the amino acid sequences of epitopes derived from these regions will have a high degree of sequence homology, e.g., amino acid sequence homology of more than 30%, preferably more than 40%, when the two sequences are aligned. Thus, for example, the term “NS3/4a” polypeptide refers to native NS3/4a from any of the various HCV strains, as well as NS3/4a analogs, muteins and immunogenic fragments, as defined further below. The complete genotypes of many of these strains are known. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,087 and GenBank Accession Nos. AJ238800 and AJ238799.
A polypeptide “derived from” an HCV polyprotein intends a polypeptide which comprises a sequence of one or more regions or portions of regions of the reference HCV polyprotein. Typically, the polypeptide is composed of regions or portions of regions that include epitopes, and will generally have an amino acid sequence substantially homologous to the reference polypeptide, as defined below. Thus, the term “derived from” is used to identify the original source of a molecule but is not meant to limit the method by which the molecule is made which can be, for example, by chemical synthesis or recombinant means.
The terms “analog” and “mutein” refer to biologically active derivatives of the reference molecule, or fragments of such derivatives, that retain desired activity, such as immunoreactivity in the assays described herein. In general, the term “analog” refers to compounds having a native polypeptide sequence and structure with one or more amino acid additions, substitutions (generally conservative in nature, or in the case of a modified MEFA, generally non-conservative in nature at the NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites) and/or deletions, relative to the native molecule, so long as the modifications do not destroy immunogenic activity. The term “mutein” refers to polypeptides having one or more amino acid-like molecules including but not limited to compounds comprising only amino and/or imino molecules, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.), polypeptides with substituted linkages, as well as other modifications known in the art, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring (e.g., synthetic), cyclized, branched molecules and the like. The term also includes molecules comprising one or more N-substituted glycine residues (a “peptoid”) and other synthetic amino acids or peptides. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,831,005; 5,877,278; and 5,977,301; Nguyen et al., Chem. Biol. (2000) 7:463-473; and Simon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:9367-9371 for descriptions of peptoids). Preferably, the analog or mutein has at least the same immunoactivity as the native molecule. Methods for making polypeptide analogs and muteins are known in the art and are described further below.
As explained above, analogs generally include substitutions that are conservative in nature, i.e., those substitutions that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains. Specifically, amino acids are generally divided into four families: (1) acidic—aspartate and glutamate; (2) basic—lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) non-polar—alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; and (4) uncharged polar—glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine threonine, tyrosine. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified as aromatic amino acids. For example, it is reasonably predictable that an isolated replacement of leucine with isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar conservative replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid, will not have a major effect on the biological activity. For example, the polypeptide of interest may include up to about 5-10 conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, or even up to about 15-25 conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, or any integer between 5-25, so long as the desired function of the molecule remains intact. One of skill in the art may readily determine regions of the molecule of interest that can tolerate change by reference to Hopp/Woods and Kyte-Doolittle plots, well known in the art.
The term “multiple epitope fusion antigen” or “MEFA” as used herein intends a polypeptide in which multiple viral antigens are arranged as a single, continuous chain of amino acids, which chain does not occur in nature. As used herein, the MEFAs are limited to HCV antigens. The HCV antigens may be connected directly to each other by peptide bonds or may be separated by intervening amino acid sequences. The fusion antigens may also contain sequences exogenous to the HCV polyprotein. Moreover, the HCV sequences present may be derived from multiple genotypes and/or isolates of HCV. Examples of particular MEFAs that can be modified for use in the present immunoassays are detailed in, e.g., International Publication No. WO 97/44469; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,514,731, 6,428,792 and 6,632,601, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. MEFAs are described further below.
By “modified MEFA” is meant a MEFA as defined above, with a mutation to the naturally occurring HCV antigen sequence at one or more NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites, such that protease activity of NS3 on the MEFA is inhibited. The modified MEFAs therefore are less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by NS3 protease as compared with the parent, unmodified MEFA. The modified MEFA will include at least one modified epitope from the helicase domain and preferably epitopes from NS4a/NS4b and/or NS5a. By “modified epitope” is meant that one or more NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites within the epitope is mutated as compared to the naturally occurring amino acid sequence such that proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by the NS3 protease is inhibited. The mutations present in the modified MEFA can include one or more amino acid additions, substitutions (generally non-conservative in nature) and/or deletions, relative to the native molecule, wherein the susceptibility to NS3 proteolytic cleavage is reduced or eliminated. Methods of measuring proteolytic cleavage of the subject MEFA are known in the art and include incubating the MEFAs in question with a protein known to have NS3 proteolytic activity, such as the NS3/4a conformational antigen discussed further below and shown in
By “fragment” is intended a polypeptide consisting of only a part of the intact full-length polypeptide sequence and structure. The fragment can include a C-terminal deletion and/or an N-terminal deletion of the native polypeptide. An “immunogenic fragment” of a particular HCV protein will generally include at least about 5-10 contiguous amino acid residues of the full-length molecule, preferably at least about 15-25 contiguous amino acid residues of the full-length molecule, and most preferably at least about 20-50 or more contiguous amino acid residues of the full-length molecule, that define an epitope, or any integer between 5 amino acids and the full-length sequence, provided that the fragment in question retains immunoreactivity in the assays described herein. For example, preferred immunogenic fragments, include but are not limited to fragments of HCV core that comprise, e.g., amino acids 10-45, 10-53, 67-88, and 120-130 of the polyprotein, epitope 5-1-1 (in the NS4a/NS4b region of the viral genome) as well as defined epitopes derived from any of the regions of the polyprotein shown in
The term “epitope” as used herein refers to a polypeptide sequence of at least about 3 to 5, preferably about 5 to 10 or 15, and not more than about 1,000 amino acids (or any integer therebetween), which define a sequence that by itself or as part of a larger sequence, binds to an antibody generated in response to such sequence. There is no critical upper limit to the length of the fragment, which may comprise nearly the full-length of the protein sequence, or even a fusion protein comprising two or more epitopes from the HCV polyprotein. An epitope for use in the subject invention is not limited to a polypeptide having the exact sequence of the portion of the parent protein from which it is derived. Indeed, viral genomes are in a state of constant flux and contain several variable domains which exhibit relatively high degrees of variability between isolates. Thus the term “epitope” encompasses sequences identical to the native sequence, as well as modifications to the native sequence, such as deletions, additions and substitutions (generally conservative in nature).
Regions of a given polypeptide that include an epitope can be identified using any number of epitope mapping techniques, well known in the art. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66 (Glenn E. Morris, Ed., 1996) Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. For example, linear epitopes may be determined by e.g., concurrently synthesizing large numbers of peptides on solid supports, the peptides corresponding to portions of the protein molecule, and reacting the peptides with antibodies while the peptides are still attached to the supports. Such techniques are known in the art and described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,871; Geysen et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3998-4002; Geysen et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:178-182; Geysen et al. (1986) Molec. Immunol. 23:709-715, all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Using such techniques, a number of epitopes of HCV have been identified See, e.g., Chien et al., Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease (1994) pp. 320-324, and further below. Similarly, conformational epitopes are readily identified by determining spatial conformation of amino acids such as by, e.g., x-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols, supra. Antigenic regions of proteins can also be identified using standard antigenicity and hydropathy plots, such as those calculated using, e.g., the Omiga version 1.0 software program available from the Oxford Molecular Group. This computer program employs the Hopp/Woods method, Hopp et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1981) 78:3824-3828 for determining antigenicity profiles, and the Kyte-Doolittle technique, Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol. (1982) 157:105-132 for hydropathy plots.
As used herein, the term “conformational epitope” refers to a portion of a full-length protein, or an analog or mutein thereof, having structural features native to the amino acid sequence encoding the epitope within the full-length natural protein. Native structural features include, but are not limited to, glycosylation and three-dimensional structure. The length of the epitope-defining sequence can be subject to wide variations as these epitopes are believed to be formed by the three-dimensional shape of the antigen (e.g., folding). Thus, amino acids defining the epitope can be relatively few in number, but widely dispersed along the length of the molecule (or even on different molecules in the case of dimers, etc.), being brought into correct epitope conformation via folding. The portions of the antigen between the residues defining the epitope may not be critical to the conformational structure of the epitope. For example, deletion or substitution of these intervening sequences may not affect the conformational epitope provided sequences critical to epitope conformation are maintained (e.g., cysteines involved in disulfide bonding, glycosylation sites, etc.).
Conformational epitopes present in, e.g., the NS3/4a region are readily identified using methods discussed above. Moreover, the presence or absence of a conformational epitope in a given polypeptide can be readily determined through screening the antigen of interest with an antibody (polyclonal serum or monoclonal to the conformational epitope) and comparing its reactivity to that of a denatured version of the antigen which retains only linear epitopes (if any). In such screening using polyclonal antibodies, it may be advantageous to absorb the polyclonal serum first with the denatured antigen and see if it retains antibodies to the antigen of interest. Additionally, in the case of NS3/4a, a molecule which preserves the native conformation will also have protease and, optionally, helicase enzymatic activities. Such activities can be detected using enzymatic assays, as described further below. Preferably, a conformational epitope is produced recombinantly and is expressed in a cell from which it is extractable under conditions which preserve its desired structural features, e.g. without denaturation of the epitope. Such cells include bacteria, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells. Expression and isolation of recombinant conformational epitopes from the HCV polyprotein are described in e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 96/04301, WO 94/01778, WO 95/33053, WO 92/08734, which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Alternatively, it is possible to express the antigens and further renature the protein after recovery. It is also understood that chemical synthesis may also provide conformational antigen mimitopes that cross-react with the “native” antigen's conformational epitope.
An “antibody” intends a molecule that specifically binds to an epitope of interest present in an antigen. By “specifically binds” is meant that the antibody recognizes and interacts with the epitope in a “lock and key” type of interaction to form a complex between the antigen and antibody, as opposed to non-specific binding that might occur between the antibody and, for instance, the test substrate. Thus, for example, an HCV core antibody is a molecule that specifically binds to the HCV core protein, an HCV NS3/4a antibody is a molecule that specifically binds to an epitope of an HCV NS3/4a protein, and so on. Similarly, an antigen of interest “reacts specifically” with an antibody, when the antibody “specifically binds” to an epitope present in the antigen. The term “antibody” as used herein includes antibodies obtained from both polyclonal and monoclonal preparations, as well as, the following: hybrid (chimeric) antibody molecules (see, for example, Winter et al. (1991) Nature 349:293-299; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567); F(ab′)2 and F(ab) fragments; Fv molecules (non-covalent heterodimers, see, for example, Inbar et al. (1972) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:2659-2662; and Ehrlich et al. (1980) Biochem 19:4091-4096); single-chain Fv molecules (sFv) (see, for example, Huston et al. (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5879-5883); dimeric and trimeric antibody fragment constructs; minibodies (see, e.g., Pack et al. (1992) Biochem 31:1579-1584; Cumber et al. (1992) J Immunology 149B:120-126); humanized antibody molecules (see, for example, Riechmann et al. (1988) Nature 332:323-327; Verhoeyan et al. (1988) Science 239:1534-1536; and U.K. Patent Publication No. GB 2,276,169, published 21 Sep. 1994); and, any functional fragments obtained from such molecules, wherein such fragments retain immunological binding properties of the parent antibody molecule.
As used herein, the term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody composition having a homogeneous antibody population. The term is not limited regarding the species or source of the antibody, nor is it intended to be limited by the manner in which it is made. Thus, the term encompasses antibodies obtained from murine hybridomas, as well as human monoclonal antibodies obtained using human rather than murine hybridomas. See, e.g., Cote, et al. Monclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, 1985, p. 77.
By “isolated” is meant, when referring to a polypeptide, that the indicated molecule is separate and discrete from the whole organism with which the molecule is found in nature or is present in the substantial absence of other biological macro-molecules of the same type. The term “isolated” with respect to a polynucleotide is a nucleic acid molecule devoid, in whole or part, of sequences normally associated with it in nature; or a sequence, as it exists in nature, but having heterologous sequences in association therewith; or a molecule disassociated from the chromosome.
By “equivalent antigenic determinant” is meant an antigenic determinant from different sub-species or strains of HCV, such as from strains 1, 2, or 3 of HCV. More specifically, epitopes are known, such as “5-1-1”, occurring at approximately positions 1694-1735, numbered relative to the HCV-1 polyprotein sequence (see,
“Homology” refers to the percent similarity between two polynucleotide or two polypeptide moieties. Two DNA, or two polypeptide sequences are “substantially homologous” to each other when the sequences exhibit at least about 50%, preferably at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 80%-85%, preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%-98% sequence similarity over a defined length of the molecules. As used herein, substantially homologous also refers to sequences showing complete identity to the specified DNA or polypeptide sequence.
In general, “identity” refers to an exact nucleotide-to-nucleotide or amino acid-to-amino acid correspondence of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences, respectively. Percent identity can be determined by a direct comparison of the sequence information between two molecules (the reference sequence and a sequence with unknown % identity to the reference sequence) by aligning the sequences, counting the exact number of matches between the two aligned sequences, dividing by the length of the reference sequence, and multiplying the result by 100.
Readily available computer programs can be used to aid in the analysis of homology and identity, such as ALIGN, Dayhoff, M. O. in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure M. O. Dayhoff ed., 5 Suppl. 3:353-358, National biomedical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., which adapts the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman Advances in Appl. Math. 2:482-489, 1981 for peptide analysis. Programs for determining nucleotide sequence homology are available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.) for example, the BESTFIT, FASTA and GAP programs, which also rely on the Smith and Waterman algorithm. These programs are readily utilized with the default parameters recommended by the manufacturer and described in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package referred to above. For example, percent homology of a particular nucleotide sequence to a reference sequence can be determined using the homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman with a default scoring table and a gap penalty of six nucleotide positions.
Another method of establishing percent homology in the context of the present invention is to use the MPSRCH package of programs copyrighted by the University of Edinburgh, developed by John F. Collins and Shane S. Sturrok, and distributed by IntelliGenetics, Inc. (Mountain View, Calif.). From this suite of packages the Smith-Waterman algorithm can be employed where default parameters are used for the scoring table (for example, gap open penalty of 12, gap extension penalty of one, and a gap of six). From the data generated the “Match” value reflects “sequence homology.” Other suitable programs for calculating the percent identity or similarity between sequences are generally known in the art, for example, another alignment program is BLAST, used with default parameters. For example, BLASTN and BLASTP can be used using the following default parameters: genetic code=standard; filter=none; strand=both; cutoff=60; expect=10; Matrix=BLOSUM62; Descriptions=50 sequences; sort by ═HIGH SCORE; Databases=non-redundant, GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB+GenBank CDS translations+Swiss protein+Spupdate+PIR. Details of these programs are readily available. Alternatively, homology can be determined by hybridization of polynucleotides under conditions which form stable duplexes between homologous regions, followed by digestion with single-stranded-specific nuclease(s), and size determination of the digested fragments. DNA sequences that are substantially homologous can be identified in a Southern hybridization experiment under, for example, stringent conditions, as defined for that particular system. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; DNA Cloning, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra.
A “coding sequence” or a sequence which “encodes” a selected polypeptide, is a nucleic acid molecule which is transcribed (in the case of DNA) and translated (in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide in vitro or in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon at the 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′ (carboxy) terminus. A transcription termination sequence may be located 3′ to the coding sequence.
“Operably linked” refers to an arrangement of elements wherein the components so described are configured so as to perform their desired function. Thus, a given promoter operably linked to a coding sequence is capable of effecting the expression of the coding sequence when the proper transcription factors, etc., are present. The promoter need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, so long as it functions to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between the promoter sequence and the coding sequence, as can transcribed introns, and the promoter sequence can still be considered “operably linked” to the coding sequence.
“Recombinant” as used herein to describe a nucleic acid molecule means a polynucleotide of genomic, cDNA, viral, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin which, by virtue of its origin or manipulation is not associated with all or a portion of the polynucleotide with which it is associated in nature. The term “recombinant” as used with respect to a protein or polypeptide means a polypeptide produced by expression of a recombinant polynucleotide. In general, the gene of interest is cloned and then expressed in transformed organisms, as described further below. The host organism expresses the foreign gene to produce the protein under expression conditions.
A “control element” refers to a polynucleotide sequence which aids in the expression of a coding sequence to which it is linked. The term includes promoters, transcription termination sequences, upstream regulatory domains, polyadenylation signals, untranslated regions, including 5′-UTRs and 3′-UTRs and when appropriate, leader sequences and enhancers, which collectively provide for the transcription and translation of a coding sequence in a host cell.
A “promoter” as used herein is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase in a host cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′ direction) coding sequence operably linked thereto. For purposes of the present invention, a promoter sequence includes the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription of a gene of interest at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter sequence is a transcription initiation site, as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase. Eucaryotic promoters will often, but not always, contain “TATA” boxes and “CAT” boxes.
A control sequence “directs the transcription” of a coding sequence in a cell when RNA polymerase will bind the promoter sequence and transcribe the coding sequence into mRNA, which is then translated into the polypeptide encoded by the coding sequence.
“Expression cassette” or “expression construct” refers to an assembly which is capable of directing the expression of the sequence(s) or gene(s) of interest. The expression cassette includes control elements, as described above, such as a promoter which is operably linked to (so as to direct transcription of) the sequence(s) or gene(s) of interest, and often includes a polyadenylation sequence as well. Within certain embodiments of the invention, the expression cassette described herein may be contained within a plasmid construct. In addition to the components of the expression cassette, the plasmid construct may also include, one or more selectable markers, a signal which allows the plasmid construct to exist as single-stranded DNA (e.g., a M13 origin of replication), at least one multiple cloning site, and a “mammalian” origin of replication (e.g., a SV40 or adenovirus origin of replication).
“Transformation,” as used herein, refers to the insertion of an exogenous polynucleotide into a host cell, irrespective of the method used for insertion: for example, transformation by direct uptake, transfection, infection, and the like. For particular methods of transfection, see further below. The exogenous polynucleotide may be maintained as a nonintegrated vector, for example, an episome, or alternatively, may be integrated into the host genome.
A “host cell” is a cell which has been transformed, or is capable of transformation, by an exogenous DNA sequence.
As used herein, a “biological sample” refers to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from a subject, that commonly includes antibodies produced by the subject. Typical samples that include such antibodies are known in the art and include but not limited to, blood, plasma, serum, fecal matter, urine, bone marrow, bile, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, samples of the skin, secretions of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, organs, biopsies and also samples of in vitro cell culture constituents including but not limited to conditioned media resulting from the growth of cells and tissues in culture medium, e.g., recombinant cells, and cell components.
“Solid support” intends a solid matrix to which the HCV polypeptides used in the subject immunoassays are bound covalently or by noncovalent means such as hydrophobic adsorption.
“Immunologically reactive” or “immunoreactive” means that the antigen in question will react specifically with anti-HCV antibodies present in a biological sample from an HCV-infected individual.
“Immunogenic” intends that the antigen is question will elicit an immune reaction when administered to an individual.
“Immune complex” intends the combination formed when an antibody binds to an epitope on an antigen.
As used herein, the terms “label” and “detectable label” refer to a molecule capable of detection, including, but not limited to, radioactive isotopes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, enzymes, enzyme substrates, enzyme cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, chromophores, fluorescent nanoparticles, dyes, metal ions, metal sols, ligands (e.g., biotin, avidin, streptavidin or haptens) and the like. The term “fluorescer” refers to a substance or a portion thereof which is capable of exhibiting fluorescence in the detectable range. Particular examples of labels which may be used under the invention include, but are not limited to, horse radish peroxidase (HRP), fluorescein, FITC, rhodamine, dansyl, umbelliferone, dimethyl acridinium ester (DMAE), Texas red, luminol, NADPH and α-β-galactosidase.
II. Modes of Carrying out the Invention
Before describing the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular formulations or process parameters as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the invention only, and is not intended to be limiting.
Although a number of compositions and methods similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.
As noted above, the present invention is based on the discovery of novel HCV MEFAs with modified NS3 protease cleavage sites such that proteolytic cleavage of the modified MEFA by HCV NS3 protease is inhibited. Such modified MEFAs are especially useful in diagnostic methods for accurately detecting early HCV infection. The modified MEFAs include various HCV polypeptides, either from the same or different HCV genotypes and isolates, such as multiple immunodominant epitopes, for example, major linear epitopes of HCV core, E1, E2, NS3, NS4, 5-1-1, c100-3 and NS5 sequences.
The modified MEFAs can be used in immunoassays alone or in combination with other HCV antigens, preferably in combination with highly immunogenic conformational epitopes derived from the NS3/4a region of the HCV polyprotein. The immunoassays can be used to detect HCV infection during the early stages of HCV seroconversion, thereby increasing detection accuracy and reducing the incidence of false results. The methods can be conveniently practiced in a single assay, using any of the several assay formats described below, such as but not limited to, assay formats which utilize a solid support to which the HCV antigens are bound. In order to further an understanding of the invention, a more detailed discussion is provided below regarding modified MEFAs, HCV conformational NS3/4a epitopes, as well as production of the proteins, and methods of using the proteins.
HCV MEFAs
The genomes of HCV strains contain a single open reading frame of approximately 9,000 to 12,000 nucleotides, which is transcribed into a polyprotein. As shown in
NH2-Core-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4a-NS4b-NS5a-NS5b-COOH. The core polypeptide occurs at positions 1-191, numbered relative to HCV-1 (see, Choo et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2451-2455, for the HCV-1 genome). This polypeptide is further processed to produce an HCV polypeptide with approximately amino acids 1-173. The envelope polypeptides, E1 and E2, occur at about positions 192-383 and 384-746, respectively. The P7 domain is found at about positions 747-809. NS2 is an integral membrane protein with proteolytic activity and is found at about positions 810-1026 of the polyprotein. NS2, in combination with NS3, (found at about positions 1027-1657), cleaves the NS2-NS3 sissle bond which in turn generates the NS3 N-terminus and releases a large polyprotein that includes both serine protease and RNA helicase activities. The NS3 protease, found at about positions 1027-1207, serves to process the remaining polyprotein. The helicase activity is found at about positions 1193-1657 (“the helicase domain”). NS3 liberates an NS3 cofactor (NS4a, found about positions 1658-1711), two proteins (NS4b found at about positions 1712-1972, and NS5a found at about positions 1973-2420), and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5b found at about positions 2421-3011). Completion of polyprotein maturation is initiated by autocatalytic cleavage at the NS3-NS4a junction, catalyzed by the NS3 serine protease.
Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of a number of HCV strains and isolates, including nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the various regions of the HCV polyprotein, including Core, NS2, p7, E1, E2, NS3, NS4, NS5a, NS5b genes and polypeptides have been determined.
Publications that describe HCV-1 isolates include Choo et al. (1990) Brit. Med. Bull. 46:423-441; Choo et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2451-2455 and Han et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1711-1715. HCV isolates HC-J1 and HC-J4 are described in Okamoto et al. (1991) Japan J. Exp. Med. 60:167-177. HCV isolates HCT 18˜, HCT 23, Th, HCT 27, EC1 and EC10 are described in Weiner et al. (1991) Virol. 180:842-848. HCV isolates Pt-1, HCV-K1 and HCV-K2 are described in Enomoto et al. (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170:1021-1025. HCV isolates A, C, D & E are described in Tsukiyama-Kohara et al. (1991) Virus Genes 5:243-254. Isolate HCV J1.1 is described in Kubo et al. (1989) Japan. Nucl. Acids Res. 17.10367-10372; Takeuchi et al. (1990) Gene 91:287-291; Takeuchi et al. (1990) J. Gen. Virol. 71:3027-3033; and Takeuchi et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res. 18:4626. The complete coding sequences of two independent isolates, HCV-J and BK, are described by Kato et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9524-9528 and Takamizawa et al., (1991) J. Virol. 65:1105-1113 respectively.
As explained above, the invention pertains to modified multiple epitope fusion antigens (MEFAs) for use in immunoassays for HCV detection. The modified MEFAs include multiple HCV epitopes derived from any of the various HCV viral regions shown in
In the modified MEFA, the multiple HCV antigens are arranged as a single, continuous chain of amino acids, which chain does not occur as such in nature. Thus, the linear order of the epitopes is different from the linear order of these epitopes in the genome in which they occur. The linear order of the sequences of the modified MEFAs for use herein is preferably arranged for optimum antigenicity. Preferably, the epitopes are from more than one HCV strain, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more strains, thus providing the added ability to detect multiple strains of HCV in a single assay. Additionally, the polypeptides present in the MEFA can be selected based on the particular viral clades endemic in specific geographic regions where immunodiagnostic will be used. It is readily apparent that such MEFAs provide an effective means of diagnosing HCV infection in a wide variety of contexts. Moreover, the use of modified MEFAs assures that proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by NS3 protease will not occur, thus providing better reagents for use in HCV immunoassays.
The modified MEFAs of the invention are mutated at NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites such that cleavage of the modified MEFA by NS3 is inhibited. The NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites are found at the NS3/4a, NS4a/4b, NS4b/5a and NS5a/5b junction sites (Grakoui et al., J. Virol. (1993) 67:2832-2843). Thus, referring to Table 1, these sites occur at amino acid positions 1657/1658, 1711/1712, 1972/1973 and 2420/2421, respectively, numbered relative to the HCV-1 polyprotein sequence. Moreover, cleavage sites also occur within the helicase domain of NS3 at positions 1428/1429 and 1455/1456, numbered relative to the HCV-1 polyprotein sequence. Additional sites for modification can be determined by one of skill in the art based on the known structure and function of the HCV NS3 protease as described in e.g., De Franceco et al., Antivir. Ther. (1998) 3:99-109; and Schechter and Berger, Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1967) 27:157-162.
The MEFA can be modified by deletion of all or some of the NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites. Alternatively, proteolytic cleavage by NS3 protease can be inhibited by substitution of amino acids within the proteolytic cleavage sites such that the sites do not act as a substrate for NS3 protease. Finally, additions of amino acids such that the proteolytic cleavage site is modified so that NS3 protease does not act on it, will also serve to inhibit proteolytic activity. Additional modifications that do not affect proteolytic cleavage, may also, but need not be, present in the epitopes found in the MEFAs of the invention. As will be apparent in keeping with the use of the modified MEFA, any modifications to eliminate protease cleavage sites should not affect the immunoreactivity of the MEFA so modified.
Thus, for example, one or more of the amino acids at one or more of the above sites, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or all of these amino acids, can be substituted or deleted in order to retard proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by NS3 protease. Alternatively, additions can be made to these cleavage sites in order to inhibit cleavage by NS3 protease.
In preferred embodiments, each of the amino acids at all of the proteolytic cleavage sites present in the MEFA are modified in order to prevent cleavage by NS3 protease. Thus, if the MEFA includes one or more epitopes that span cleavage sites in the helicase domain, the NS3/4a junction, the NS4a/NS4b junction, etc., the amino acids defining the sites will be substituted or modified. Particular substitutions for sites in the helicase domain include a substitution of the amino acid Leu for Thr which normally occurs at position 1428 of the HCV-1 polyprotein; a substitution of Pro for Ser which normally occurs at position 1429 of the HCV-1 polyprotein; a substitution of Leu for Asn which normally occurs at position 1455 of the HCV-1 polyprotein; and a substitution of Pro for Thr which normally occurs at position 1456 of the HCV-1 polyprotein. Particular substitutions at the NS3/4a junction include a substitution of Leu for Thr which normally occurs at position 1657 of the HCV-1 polyprotein; and a substitution of Pro for Ser which normally occurs at position 1658 of the HCV-1 polyprotein. It is to be understood that the amino acids stated above at these positions are with reference to the HCV-1 sequence and that the MEFA may also include epitopes from helicase and NS3/4a domains of any of the other HCV genotypes which may or may not have the same amino acids in these positions, in which case the corresponding amino acid would be substituted with an amino acid that serves to inhibit proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by NS3.
Moreover, other appropriate amino acid modifications at these sites can be readily determined by one of skill in the art based on the known structure and function of the HCV NS3 protease as described in e.g., De Francesco et al., Antivir. Ther. (1998) 3 (Suppl 3):99-109; and Schechter and Berger, Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1967) 27:157-162. In particular, it is known that NS3 protease is a serine protease and the proteolytic mechanism is based on nucleophilic attack of the targeted peptidic bond by a serine. Aligned side chains of serine, histidine and aspartate build the catalytic triad common to most serine proteases. The active site of serine proteases is shaped as a cleft where the polypeptide substrate binds. Schechter and Berger, Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1967) 27:157-162 labeled amino acid residues from N to C terminus of the polypeptide substrate (Pi, . . . , P3, P2, P1, P1′, P2′, P3′, . . . , Pj) and their respective binding subsides (Si, . . . , S3, S2, S1, S1′, S2′, S3′, . . . , Sj) and found the cleavage is catalyzed between P1 and P1′. The NS3 protease adopts a chymotrypsin-like fold and includes a very long, solvent exposed substrate-binding site, consistent with the requirement for very long peptide substrates (P6-P4′). The NS3 protease has a preference for cysteine residues in the substrate P1 position. Thus, based on the known structure and function as described above and in the art, one of skill in the art can readily determine other amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions that will serve to disrupt the proteolytic cleavage sites for NS3 protease and therefore produce a MEFA less susceptible to cleavage.
Particular substitutions at the NS4a/4b junction, found in the 5-1-1 epitope, if present in the MEFA, include a substitution of Pro for Cys which normally occurs at position 1711 of the HCV-1 polyprotein and a substitution of Ile for Ser which normally occurs at position 1712 of the HCV-1 polyprotein. The 5-1-1 epitope is found at approximately positions 1694-1735, numbered relative to the HCV-1 polyprotein sequence. It is to be understood that the amino acids stated above at these positions are with reference to the HCV-1 sequence and that the MEFA may also, and preferably does, include epitopes from 5-1-1 domains of any of the other HCV genotypes which may or may not have the same amino acids in these positions, in which case the corresponding amino acid would be substituted with an amino acid that serves to inhibit proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by NS3. For example, the native amino acids at positions 1711 and 1712 of HCV-3 are the same as those found in HCV-1. The amino acid at position 1711 of HCV-2 is the same as HCV-1 and HCV-3. However, the amino acid occurring at position 1712 of HCV-2 is Ala. This Ala can be substituted with, e.g., Ile, in order to inhibit proteolytic cleavage of the MEFA by NS3. Moreover, other appropriate amino acid modifications at these sites can be readily determined by one of skill in the art based on the known structure and function of the HCV NS3 protease as described in e.g., De Francesco et al., Antivir. Ther. (1998) 3:99-109; and Schechter and Berger, Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1967) 27:157-162.
As explained above, the MEFAs of the present invention include at least one or more epitopes derived from the NS3 and NS4a regions (either linear or conformational), such as from the helicase and/or protease regions of NS3. The MEFA may therefore include multiple immunodominant epitopes derived from the NS3/4a region from one or more HCV isolates. If multiple NS3/4a epitopes are used in the multiple epitope fusion, they may be the same or different epitopes. Alternatively, the fusion antigen may include one or more epitopes derived from the NS3/4a region, as well as major linear epitopes from other HCV regions such as, without limitation, HCV core, E1, E2, P7, NS4b, NS5a and NS5b sequences.
Polypeptides comprising epitopes derived from the NS3/4a region include, without limitation, polypeptides comprising all or a portion of the NS3, NS4a and NS3/4a regions and may include epitopes from the helicase and/or protease domain of NS3. A number of epitopes from these regions are known, including, but not limited to antigens derived from the c33c, c200 and c100 regions, as well as fusion proteins comprising an NS3 epitope, such as c25. These and other NS3 epitopes are useful in the present MEFAs and are known in the art and described in, e.g., Houghton et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,671; Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:10011-10015; Chien et al., J. Gastroent. Hepatol. (1993) 8:S33-39; Chien et al., International Publication No. WO 93/00365; Chien, D. Y., International Publication No. WO 94/01778; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,375 and 6,150,087, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Moreover, the antigenic determinant known as 5-1-1 is partially within the NS4a region (see,
The modified MEFAs can also include epitopes from the core region of any of the various HCV isolates. This region occurs at amino acid positions 1-191 of the HCV polyprotein, numbered relative to HCV-1. Either the full-length protein, fragments thereof, such as amino acids 1-150, e.g., amino acids 1-130, 1-120, for example, amino acids 1-121, 1-122, 1-123, etc., or smaller fragments containing epitopes of the full-length protein may be present in the subject MEFAs, such as those epitopes found between amino acids 9-32, 10-53, 10-45, 39-42, 64-88, 67-84, 67-88, 120-130, or any of the core epitopes identified in, e.g., Houghton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,671; Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:10011-10015; Chien et al., J. Gastroent. Hepatol. (1993) 8:S33-39; Chien et al., International Publication No. WO 93/00365; Chien, D. Y., International Publication No. WO 94/01778; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,280,927 and 6,150,087, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Moreover, a protein resulting from a frameshift in the core region of the polyprotein, such as described in International Publication No. WO 99/63941, may be used.
Similarly, polypeptides from the HCV E1 and/or E2 regions can be used in the modified MEFAs. E2 exists as multiple species (Spaete et al., Virol. (1992) 188:819-830; Selby et al., J. Virol. (1996) 70:5177-5182; Grakoui et al., J. Virol. (1993) 67:1385-1395; Tomei et al., J. Virol. (1993) 67:4017-4026) and clipping and proteolysis may occur at the N- and C-termini of the E2 polypeptide. Thus, an E2 polypeptide for use herein may comprise full-length or N- and/or C-terminally truncated immunogenic proteins, such as proteins having amino acids 405-661, e.g., 400, 401, 402 . . . to 661, e.g., 405-444, 383 or 384-661, 383 or 384-715, 383 or 384-746, 383 or 384-749 or 383 or 384-809, or 383 or 384 to any C-terminus between 661-809, of an HCV polyprotein, numbered relative to the full-length HCV-1 polyprotein. Additional HCV epitopes for use in the MEFAs include epitopes derived from the hypervariable region of E2, such as a region spanning amino acids 384-414 or 390-410, or the consensus sequence from this region, Gly-Ser-Ala-Ala-Arg-Thr-Thr-Ser-Gly-Phe-Val-Ser-Leu-Phe-Ala-Pro-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gln-Asn (SEQ D NO:7), which represents a consensus sequence for amino acids 390-410 of the HCV type 1 genome. A representative E2 epitope present in a MEFA of the invention can comprise a hybrid epitope spanning amino acids 384-414. Such a hybrid E2 epitope can include a consensus sequence representing amino acids 390-410 fused to a consensus sequence from a second strain. Alternatively, the E2 epitope present may comprise a hybrid epitope spanning amino acids 390-444. Such a hybrid E2 epitope can include a consensus sequence representing amino acids 390-410 as detailed above, fused to e.g., the native amino acid sequence for amino acids 411-444 of HCV E2.
Additionally, the modified MEFAs may include E1 polypeptides, such as epitopes that comprise amino acids 192-326, 192-330, 192-333, 192-360, 192-363, 192-383, or 192 to any C-terminus between 326-383, of an HCV polyprotein, such as an E1 epitope including amino acids 303-320.
As explained above, the antigens may be derived from various HCV strains. Multiple viral strains of HCV are known, and epitopes derived from any of these strains can be used in a fusion protein. It is well known that any given species of organism varies from one individual organism to another and further that a given organism such as a virus can have a number of different strains. For example, as explained above, HCV includes at least 6 genotypes. Each of these genotypes includes equivalent antigenic determinants. More specifically, each strain includes a number of antigenic determinants that are present on all strains of the virus but are slightly different from one viral strain to another. For example, HCV includes the antigenic determinant known as 5-1-1 (see,
The DNA sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence of MEFA 7.2, is shown in
Table 2 shows the amino acid positions of the various epitopes with reference to
Thus, one particular modified MEFA is represented by MEFA 7.2. MEFAs showing substantial homology to MEFA 7.2, as defined above, are also intended. Such MEFAs may have sequences that exhibit at least about 50%, preferably at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 80%-85%, preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%-98% sequence identity over the entire length of the molecules, so long as at least one modification to the proteolytic cleavage sites, and preferably all of the modifications to the proteolytic cleavage sites remain, and the MEFAs are immunoreactive and hence useful in HCV immunodiagnostics as described herein.
As explained above, MEFA 7.2 was made using MEFA 7.1 as a template. However, numerous other known MEFAs can be modified as described above, to provide additional modified MEFAs with decreased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by NS3. MEFAs that can be modified as described herein include MEFA-3, MEFA-5 and MEFA-6, depicted in
The modified MEFAs are used alone, or preferably in combination with another HCV antigen, such as any of the HCV immunogenic proteins described above with reference to the MEFAs. In preferred embodiments, the modified MEFA is used in combination with an HCV NS3/4a epitope, preferably a conformational epitope, in immunoassays to detect HCV virus. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, depicted in
HCV NS3/4a Conformational Epitopes
As explained above, it is particularly preferred to use the modified MEFAs of the invention in immunoassays in combination with an epitope from the NS3/4a region. The NS3/4a region of the HCV polyprotein has been described and the amino acid sequence and overall structure of the protein are disclosed in, e.g., Yao et al., Structure (November 1999) 7:1353-1363; Sali et al., Biochem. (1998) 37:3392-3401; and Bartenschlager, R., J. Viral Hepat. (1999) 6:165-181. See, also, Dasmahapatra et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,752, incorporated herein by reference ill its entirety. The subject immunoassays can utilize at least one conformational epitope derived from the NS3/4a region that exists in the conformation as found in the naturally occurring HCV particle or its infective product, as evidenced by the preservation of protease and, optionally, helicase enzymatic activities normally displayed by the NS3/4a gene product and/or by maintenance of the immunoreactivity of the antigen with antibodies in a biological sample from an HCV-infected subject, and a loss of the epitope's immunoreactivity upon denaturation of the antigen. For example, the conformational epitope can be disrupted by heating, changing the pH to extremely acid or basic, or by adding known organic denaturants, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or an appropriate detergent. See, e.g., Protein Purification Methods, a practical approach (E. L. V. Harris and S. Angal eds., IRL Press) and the denatured product compared to the product which is not treated as above.
Protease and helicase activity may be determined using standard enzyme assays well known in the art. For example, protease activity may be determined using assays well known in the art. See, e.g., Takeshita et al., Anal. Biochem. (1997) 247:242-246; Kakiuchi et al., J. Biochem. (1997) 122:749-755; Sali et al., Biochemistry (1998) 37:3392-3401; Cho et al., J. Virol. Meth. (1998) 72:109-115; Cerretani et al., Anal. Biochem. (1999) 266:192-197; Zhang et al., Anal. Biochem. (1999) 270:268-275; Kakiuchi et al., J. Virol. Meth. (1999) 80:77-84; Fowler et al., J. Biomol. Screen. (2000) 5:153-158; and Kim et al., Anal. Biochem. (2000) 284:42-48. A particularly convenient assay for testing protease activity is set forth in the examples below.
Similarly, helicase activity assays are well known in the art and helicase activity of an NS3/4a epitope may be determined using, for example, an ELISA assay, as described in, e.g., Hsu et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 253: 594-599; a scintillation proximity assay system, as described in Kyono et al., Anal. Biochem. (1998) 257:120-126; high throughput screening assays as described in, e.g., Hicham et al., Antiviral Res. (2000) 46:181-193 and Kwong et al., Methods Mol. Med. (2000) 24:97-116; as well as by other assay methods known in the art. See, e.g., Khu et al., J. Virol. (2001) 75:205-214; Utama et al., Virology (2000) 273:316-324; Paolini et al., J. Gen. Virol. (2000) 81:1335-1345; Preugschat et al., Biochemistry (2000) 39:5174-5183; Preugschat et al., Methods Mol. Med. (1998) 19:353-364; and Resson et al., Biochemistry (2000) 39:2619-2625.
If a conformational NS3/4a epitope is used, the length of the antigen is sufficient to maintain an immunoreactive conformational epitope. Often, the polypeptide containing the antigen used will be almost full-length, however, the polypeptide may also be truncated to, for example, increase solubility or to improve secretion. Generally, the conformational epitope found in NS3/4a is expressed as a recombinant polypeptide in a cell and this polypeptide provides the epitope in a desired form, as described in detail below.
A representative amino acid sequence for an NS3/4a polypeptide is shown in
The NS3 protease of NS3/4a is found at about positions 1027-1207, numbered relative to HCV-1, positions 2-182 of
As explained above, a number of antigens including epitopes derived from NS3/4a are known, including, but not limited to antigens derived from the c33c, c200, c100 and 5-1-1 regions, as well as fusion proteins comprising an NS3 epitope, such as c25.
For a description of these and various other HCV epitopes from other HCV regions, see, e.g., Houghton et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,671; Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:10011-10015; Chien et al., J. Gastroent. Hepatol. (1993) 8:S33-39; Chien et al., International Publication No. WO 93/00365; Chien, D. Y., International Publication No. WO 94/01778; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,280,927 and 6,150,087, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Production of HCV Antigens
As explained above, the molecules of the present invention are generally produced recombinantly. Thus, polynucleotides encoding HCV antigens for use with the present invention can be made using standard techniques of molecular biology. For example, polynucleotide sequences coding for the above-described molecules can be obtained using recombinant methods, such as by screening cDNA and genomic libraries from cells expressing the gene, or by deriving the gene from a vector known to include the same. Furthermore, the desired gene can be isolated directly from viral nucleic acid molecules, using techniques described in the art, such as in Houghton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,671. The gene of interest can also be produced synthetically, rather than cloned. The molecules can be designed with appropriate codons for the particular sequence. The complete sequence is then assembled from overlapping oligonucleotides prepared by standard methods and assembled into a complete coding sequence. See, e.g., Edge (1981) Nature 292:756; Nambair et al. (1984) Science 223:1299; and Jay et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259:6311.
Thus, particular nucleotide sequences can be obtained from vectors harboring the desired sequences or synthesized completely or in part using various oligonucleotide synthesis techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques where appropriate. See, e.g., Sambrook, supra. In particular, one method of obtaining nucleotide sequences encoding the desired sequences is by annealing complementary sets of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotides produced in a conventional, automated polynucleotide synthesizer, followed by ligation with an appropriate DNA ligase and amplification of the ligated nucleotide sequence via PCR. See, e.g., Jayaraman et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4084-4088. Additionally, oligonucleotide directed synthesis (Jones et al. (1986) Nature 54:75-82), oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis of pre-existing nucleotide regions (Riechmann et al. (1988) Nature 332:323-327 and Verhoeyen et al. (1988) Science 239:1534-1536), and enzymatic filling-in of gapped oligonucleotides using T4 DNA polymerase (Queen et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033) can be used under the invention to provide molecules having altered proteolytic cleavage sites and/or reduced protease susceptibility.
Methods for making MEFAs are known in the art and described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,428,792; 6,514,731; 6,632,601; 6,797,809, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Briefly, DNA encoding the desired epitopes for use in the MEFA is either synthetically produced or obtained from vectors including the same, as described above. Unique restriction enzyme sites can be introduced in order to connect the sequences encoding the epitopes in the prescribed order and enhance the usefulness of the invention by facilitating modifications in design of the MEFA. The choice of restriction enzyme sites and cloning procedures are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art of recombinant DNA technology. Preferably, the epitope junctions (amino acid sequences created between epitopes due to cloning) do not generate non-specific epitopes. Non-specific epitopes are, for example, non-HCV sequences which do not exist adjacent to the HCV epitopes in nature. Non-specific epitopes may bind antibodies in a test sample causing false positive assay results. To avoid non-specific interactions with the MEFA due to junction sequences, the DNA sequence encoding the junction may, for example, be mutated such that non-specific interactions with the mutant amino acid sequence are reduced, and cloning of the epitope fragments is possible. The nucleotide sequence is then placed within an expression cassette and a suitable host is transformed with the cassette. The host is allowed to express the sequences to provide the MEFA. The MEFA produced is then purified, for example, by affinity chromatography, which process is expedited to a certain degree due to the presence of the multiple copies of a given epitope.
Methods for producing mutants or analogs of the desired nucleotide sequence, such as HCV mutants, are well known. See, e.g., Dasmahapatra et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,752 and Zhang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,276. Mutants or analogs of HCV antigens for use in immunoassays may be prepared by deletion of a portion of the sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest, by insertion of a sequence, and/or by substitution of one or more nucleotides within the sequence. Techniques for modifying nucleotide sequences, such as site-directed mutagenesis, and the like, are well known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; Kunkel, T. A. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1985) 82:448; Geisselsoder et al. (1987) BioTechniques 5:786; Zoller and Smith (1983) Methods Enzymol. 100:468; Dalbie-McFarland et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6409.
Once coding sequences have been prepared or isolated, such sequences can be cloned into any suitable vector or replicon. Numerous cloning vectors are known to those of skill in the art, and the selection of an appropriate cloning vector is a matter of choice. Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, phages, transposons, cosmids, chromosomes or viruses which are capable of replication when associated with the proper control elements.
The coding sequence is then placed under the control of suitable control elements, depending on the system to be used for expression. Thus, the coding sequence can be placed under the control of a promoter, ribosome binding site (for bacterial expression) and, optionally, an operator, so that the DNA sequence of interest is transcribed into RNA by a suitable transformant. The coding sequence may or may not contain a signal peptide or leader sequence which can later be removed by the host in post-translational processing. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,431,739; 4,425,437; 4,338,397.
In addition to control sequences, it may be desirable to add regulatory sequences which allow for regulation of the expression of the sequences relative to the growth of the host cell. Regulatory sequences are known to those of skill in the art, and examples include those which cause the expression of a gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Other types of regulatory elements may also be present in the vector. For example, enhancer elements may be used herein to increase expression levels of the constructs. Examples include the SV40 early gene enhancer (Dijkema et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4:761), the enhancer/promoter derived from the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Rous Sarcoma Virus (Gorman et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6777) and elements derived from human CMV (Boshart et al. (1985) Cell 41:521), such as elements included in the CMV intron A sequence (U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,688). The expression cassette may further include an origin of replication for autonomous replication in a suitable host cell, one or more selectable markers, one or more restriction sites, a potential for high copy number and a strong promoter.
An expression vector is constructed so that the particular coding sequence is located in the vector with the appropriate regulatory sequences, the positioning and orientation of the coding sequence with respect to the control sequences being such that the coding sequence is transcribed under the “control” of the control sequences (i.e., RNA polymerase which binds to the DNA molecule at the control sequences transcribes the coding sequence). Modification of the sequences encoding the molecule of interest may be desirable to achieve this end. For example, in some cases it may be necessary to modify the sequence so that it can be attached to the control sequences in the appropriate orientation; i.e., to maintain the reading frame. The control sequences and other regulatory sequences may be ligated to the coding sequence prior to insertion into a vector. Alternatively, the coding sequence can be cloned directly into an expression vector which already contains the control sequences and an appropriate restriction site.
The molecules can be expressed in a wide variety of systems, including insect, mammalian, bacterial, viral and yeast expression systems, all well known in the art. For example, insect cell expression systems, such as baculovirus systems, are known to those of skill in the art and described in, e.g., Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987). Materials and methods for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, inter alia, Invitrogen, San Diego Calif. (“MaxBac” kit). Similarly, bacterial and mammalian cell expression systems are well known in the art and described in, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra. Yeast expression systems are also known in the art and described in, e.g., Yeast Genetic Engineering (Barr et al., eds., 1989) Butterworths, London.
A number of appropriate host cells for use with the above systems are also known. For example, mammalian cell lines are known in the art and include immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), such as, but not limited to, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, monkey kidney cells (COS), human embryonic kidney cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (e.g., Hep G2), Madin-Darby bovine kidney (“MDBK”) cells, as well as others. Similarly, bacterial hosts such as E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus spp., will find use with the present expression constructs. Yeast hosts useful in the present invention include inter alia, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Candida maltosa, Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia guillerimondii, Pichia pastoris, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Yarrowia lipolytica. Insect cells for use with baculovirus expression vectors include, inter alia, Aedes aegypti, Autographa californica, Bombyx mori, Drosophila melanogaster, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Trichoplusia ni.
Nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences of interest can be stably integrated into a host cell genome or maintained on a stable episomal element in a suitable host cell using various gene delivery techniques well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346.
As explained above, in order to facilitate recombinant expression, the coding sequence for the MEFA can be fused to another sequence, such as a fusion with, e.g., a sequence encoding the 50 kDa E. coli maltose binding protein, a fusion with a sequence encoding a yeast superoxide dismutase (SOD) or fragment thereof, or as a fusion with a sequence encoding ubiquitin. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for human SOD are known and reported in Hallewell et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,033.
Depending on the expression system and host selected, the molecules are produced by growing host cells transformed by an expression vector described above under conditions whereby the protein is expressed. The expressed protein is then isolated from the host cells and purified. If the expression system secretes the protein into growth media, the product can be purified directly from the media. If it is not secreted, it can be isolated from cell lysates. The selection of the appropriate growth conditions and recovery methods are within the skill of the art.
The recombinant production of various HCV antigens, including antigens used in the various fusions described above, has been described. See, e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 94/01778, WO 93/00365, WO 04/00547 and WO 01/38360; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,350,671, 5,683,864, 6,346,375, 6,150,087, 6,514,731, 6,428,792 and 6,632,601; Chien et al., J. Gastroent. Hepatol. (1993) 8:S33-39; Chien, D. Y., International Publication No. WO 94/01778; Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:10011-10015; the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Immunodiagnostic Assays
Once produced, the HCV antigens may be used in virtually any assay format that employs a known antigen to detect antibodies. A common feature of all of these assays is that the antigen is contacted with the body component suspected of containing HCV antibodies under conditions that permit the antigen to bind to any such antibodies present in the component. Such conditions will typically be physiologic temperature, pH and ionic strength using an excess of antigen. The incubation of the antigen with the specimen is followed by detection of immune complexes comprised of the antigen.
Design of the immunoassays is subject to a great deal of variation, and many formats are known in the art. Protocols may, for example, use solid supports, or immunoprecipitation. Most assays involve the use of labeled antibody or polypeptide; the labels may be, for example, enzymatic, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, radioactive, or dye molecules, as discussed in detail above. Assays which amplify the signals from the immune complex are also known; examples of which are assays which utilize biotin and avidin, and enzyme-labeled and mediated immunoassays, such as ELISA assays.
The immunoassay may be, without limitation, a heterogenous or a homogeneous format, and of a standard or competitive type. In a heterogeneous format, the antigen is typically bound to a solid matrix or support to facilitate separation of antigen-antibody complexes from the sample after incubation. A solid support, for the purposes of this invention, can be any material that is an insoluble matrix and can have a rigid or semi-rigid surface. Exemplary solid supports include, but are not limited to, substrates such as nitrocellulose (e.g., in membrane or microtiter well form); polyvinylchloride (e.g., sheets or microtiter wells); polystyrene latex (e.g., beads or microtiter plates); polyvinylidine fluoride; diazotized paper; nylon membranes; activated beads, magnetically responsive beads, and the like. Particular supports include plates, pellets, disks, capillaries, hollow fibers, needles, pins, solid fibers, cellulose beads, pore-glass beads, silica gels, polystyrene beads optionally cross-linked with divinylbenzene, grafted co-poly beads, polyacrylamide beads, latex beads, dimethylacrylamide beads optionally crosslinked with N—N′-bis-acryloylethylenediamine, and glass particles coated with a hydrophobic polymer.
If desired, the molecules to be added to the solid support can readily be functionalized to create styrene or acrylate moieties, thus enabling the incorporation of the molecules into polystyrene, polyacrylate or other polymers such as polyimide, polyacrylamide, polyethylene, polyvinyl, polydiacetylene, polyphenylene-vinylene, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polysulfone, polypyrrole, polyimidazole, polythiophene, polyether, epoxies, silica glass, silica gel, siloxane, polyphosphate, hydrogel, agarose, cellulose, and the like.
The antigen need not be bound directly to the solid support, but may be bound indirectly, e.g., through another binding molecule. For example, known antibodies that bind the antigen can be biotinylated and combined with a streptavidin- or avidin-coated solid support. The antigen of interest (e.g., a MEFA or NS3/4a conformational epitope) is attached to the solid support by binding to the biotinylated antibody. Alternatively, the antigen of interest can be biotinylated and combined with a streptavidin- or avidin-coated solid support.
If more than one HCV antigen is used in the assays, for example, a modified MEFA and a conformational NS3/4a epitope, the antigens can be provided on the same solid substrate or on different solid substrates that are combined in the assay. Thus, for example, the antigens can be present as discrete entities on, e.g., a plate, or can be present on, for example, individual microbeads that are added together for use in the assay of interest.
In one context, as depicted in
After reacting the solid support with the solid-phase components, any nonimmobilized solid-phase components are removed from the support by washing, and the support-bound components are then contacted with a biological sample suspected of containing HCV antibodies (collectively called “ligand molecules” herein) under suitable binding conditions. If HCV antibodies are present in the sample, they will form a complex with the HCV antigens on the solid support. After washing to remove any nonbound ligand molecules, detectably labeled antibodies, such as anti-xenogenic (e.g., anti-human) antibodies, which recognize an epitope on anti-HCV antibodies, are added. These antibodies bind due to complex formation.
Another assay format is shown in
In a homogeneous format, the test sample is incubated with the combination of antigens in solution. For example, it may be under conditions that will precipitate any antigen-antibody complexes which are formed. Both standard and competitive formats for homogeneous assays are also known in the art.
In a standard format, the amount of HCV antibodies forming the antibody-antigen complex is directly monitored. This may be accomplished by determining whether labeled anti-xenogenic (e.g., anti-human) antibodies which recognize an epitope on anti-HCV antibodies will bind due to complex formation. In a competitive format, the amount of HCV antibodies in the sample is deduced by monitoring the competitive effect on the binding of a known amount of labeled antibody (or other competing ligand) in the complex.
More particularly, complexes formed comprising anti-HCV antibody (or, in the case of competitive assays, the amount of competing antibody) are detected by any of a number of known techniques, depending on the format. For example, unlabeled HCV antibodies in the complex may be detected using a conjugate of anti-xenogeneic Ig complexed with a label, (e.g., an enzyme label). In an immunoprecipitation or agglutination assay format, the reaction between the HCV antigens and the antibody forms a network that precipitates from the solution or suspension and forms a visible layer or film of precipitate. If no anti-HCV antibody is present in the test specimen, no visible precipitate is formed.
In an alternative embodiment, the NS3/4a or modified MEFA can be used in a sandwich-type assay format as the detection agent. Sandwich assays are well known in the art.
The above-described assay reagents, including the immunoassay solid support with bound antibodies and antigens, as well as antibodies and antigens to be reacted with the captured sample, can be provided in kits, with suitable instructions and other necessary reagents, in order to conduct immunoassays as described above. The kit will normally contain in separate containers the combination of antigens (either already bound to a solid matrix or separate with reagents for binding them to the matrix), control antibody formulations (positive and/or negative), labeled antibody when the assay format requires same and signal generating reagents (e.g., enzyme substrate) if the label does not generate a signal directly. Instructions (e.g., written, tape, VCR, CD-ROM, etc.) for carrying out the assay usually will be included in the kit. The kit can also contain, depending on the particular immunoassay used, other packaged reagents and materials (i.e. wash buffers and the like). Various immunoassays, such as those described above, can be conducted using these kits.
III. Experimental
Below are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the present invention. The examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.), but some experimental error and deviation should, of course, be allowed for.
The following example illustrates the preparation of a polyprotein cassette of multiple HCV epitopes. The polyprotein expressed from the multiple epitope cassette is referred to herein as a Multiple Epitope Fusion Antigen (MEFA). Preferably, where an epitope is repeated, the extra copy or copies are tandemly arrayed in the same orientation. It is understood that the region of a viral coding sequence used as an epitope may be varied slightly and still retain antigenic activity, and that the amino acid numbering designation may vary from strain to strain. Thus, the repeated epitopes may vary one from another in amino acid sequence due to strain sequence variations and/or numbering designation. Preferably, the amino acid sequences of repeated epitopes within a MEFA are at least 30% homologous at the amino acid level, more preferably at least 40% homologous at the amino acid level.
Unique restriction enzyme sites were introduced in order to connect the epitopes in the prescribed order and enhance the usefulness of the invention by facilitating modifications in design of a chimeric antigen. The choice of restriction enzyme sites and cloning procedures are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art of recombinant DNA technology. Preferably, the epitope junctions (amino acid sequences created between epitopes due to cloning) do not generate non-specific epitopes. Non-specific epitopes are, for example, non-HCV sequences which do not exist adjacent to the HCV epitopes in nature. Non-specific epitopes may bind antibodies in a test sample causing false positive assay results. Preferably, the multiple epitope fusion protein is tested for false positive results due to such sequences generated at the epitope junctions. To avoid non-specific interactions with the MEFA due to junction sequences, the DNA sequence encoding the junction may, for example, be mutated such that non-specific interactions with the mutant amino acid sequence are reduced, and cloning of the epitope fragments is possible.
The HCV MEFA 7.1 and 7.2 expression cassettes were constructed by cloning the coding nucleotide sequences containing major epitopes in a tandem array as shown in, e.g.,
The MEFA constructs were genetically engineered for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, utilizing the yeast expression vector pBS24.1 which contains 2μ sequences for autonomous replication in yeast and the yeast genes leu2-d and URA3 as selectable markers. The β-lactamase gene and the ColE1 origin of replication, required for plasmid replication in bacteria, were also present in this expression vector. The yeast expression vector for MEFA 7, ps.MEFA7, was constructed first. Subsequently, the plasmid was modified in the coding region for the HCV core epitopes to create the plasmid ps.MEFA7.1, encoding the MEFA 7.1 antigen. Finally, the MEFA 7.2 antigen was created by mutating the NS3 proteolytic cleavage sites present at amino acid positions 1428/1429, 1455/1456, 1657/1658 and 1711/1712 (in the 5-1-1 epitope, present as three repeats).
In particular, as shown in
E. coli HB101 competent cells were transformed with the plasmid, and plated on Luria agar plates containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin. Desired clones were identified using miniprep DNA analysis. After sequence verification, the plasmid pSP72new.HindIII/EclXI/e2.helicase subclone #4 was digested with HindIII and EclXI(EagI) to generate a 1534 bp fragment. The HindIII/EclX1 fragment was gel-purified and ligated with EclXI/SphI oligonucleotides, encoding the last amino acids of the helicase domain (amino acids 1651-1658, HCV-1), into a pGEM7 HindIII/SphI vector. HB101 competent cells were transformed and plated on Luria-ampicillin (100 μg/ml). After identification of the desired clones and sequence confirmation, pGEM7HindIII/SphI subclone #9 was digested with HindIII and SphI to generate a 1560 bp fragment, which was gel purified (see,
To assemble the 3′ end portion of MEFA 7, the following steps were performed. The 5-1-1 epitopes (amino acids 1689-1735) from HCV-1, HCV-3 and HCV-2 (in this order) were gel-isolated from ps.MEFA6, the expression plasmid encoding MEFA 6, described in International Publication No. WO 97/44469, as an SphI/AvaI fragment of 441 bp. This fragment was ligated with synthetic AvaI/XbaI oligonucleotides encoding the c100 epitope (amino acids 1901-1936) into a pSP72new.SphI/XbaI vector. After HB101 transformation, clone identification, and sequence verification, pSP72newSXi subclone #6 was digested with XbaI and NotI to prepare a pSP72newXbaI/NotI vector. Additionally, an XbaI/NcoI fragment of 221 bp, which encoded a double repeat of an NS5 epitope (amino acids 2278-2313, HCV-1), was isolated from ps.MEFA6. The XbaI/NcoI fragment was ligated with NcoI/NotI oligonucleotides, encoding the first amino acids of the HCV-1 core epitope, amino acids 9-17, in which the Lys at position 9 was changed to Arg, and the Asn at position 11 was changed to Thr, into the pSP72newXbaI/NotI vector prepared above. HB101 transformants were analyzed and their plasmid DNA sequenced. A subclone, termed pSP72newSX/XNi #3, was digested with NotI/SalI to prepare a vector for subsequent subcloning (see,
To complete the assembly of the 3′ end of MEFA 7, a double repeat of the sequence encoding a core epitope with amino acids 9-53 from HCV-1, plus two genotype-specific epitopes of the core region (amino acids 64-88, HCV-1 and amino acids 67-84, HCV-2) were subcloned as follows into NotI-SalI digested pSP72newSX/XNi subclone #3. First, a NotI/XmnI fragment of 92 bp encoding amino acids 18-51 of a core epitope was isolated from pd.Core191RT clone #20. Plasmid pd.Core191RT was constructed by ligating into the pBS24.1 BamHI-SalI yeast expression vector, a 1365 bp BamHI-NcoI fragment for the ADH2/GAPDH promoter, and a 615 bp NcoI-SalI fragment encoding the first 191 amino acids of HCV-1 core with amino acid 9 mutated from Lys to Arg and amino acid 11 mutated from Asn to Thr. The 615 bp NcoI-SalI fragment was derived from an E. coli expression vector in which the core sequence for amino acids 1-191, with the same two mutations described above, had been cloned.
The 92 bp NotI/XmnI fragment was ligated with a pSP72newNot/Kpn vector and with XmnI/KpnI oligonucleotides which encode the 3′ end of the complete core epitope. After sequence verification of the positive clones, pSP72newNKi subclone #4 was digested with NotI and KpnI, and a 224 bp fragment was gel-isolated. This NotI/KpnI fragment was ligated with 284 bp of oligonucleotides (KpnI-SalI ends) encoding a complete repeat of the core epitope described above into the pSP72newSX/XNi NotI/SalI vector described above. After HB101 transformation, clone identification and sequence verification, pSP72newSX/N/NSi subclone #18 was digested with SphI and SalI and a fragment of 1317 bp was gel-isolated (see,
Lastly, the following fragments, described above, were ligated into the pBS24.1 BamHI/SalI yeast expression vector to create ps.MEFA7 (see,
the BamHI/HindIII fragment of 1896 bp (
the HindIII/SphI fragment of 1560 bp (
the SphI/SalI fragment of 1317 bp (
S. cerevisiae strain AD3 was transformed with ps.MEFA7 and single transformants were checked for expression after depletion of glucose in the medium. The recombinant protein was expressed at high levels in yeast, as detected by Coomassie blue staining. In particular, yeast cells were transformed with the MEFA expression plasmid using a lithium acetate protocol. Ura− transformants were streaked for single colonies and patched onto Leu−/8% glucose plates to increase plasmid copy number. Leu−starter cultures were grown for 24 hours at 30° C. and then diluted 1:20 in YEPD (yeast extract bactopeptone 2% glucose) media. The cells were grown for 48 hours at 30° C. and harvested. To test for expression of the MEFA 7 recombinant antigen, an aliquot of the cells was lysed with glass beads in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT). The lysate was centrifuged at high speed. The supernatant and insoluble pellet were analyzed on SDS protein gels. MEFA 7 was highly enriched in the insoluble pellet fraction.
The MEFA 7 antigen was purified as follows. S. cerevisiae cells expressing MEFA 7 were harvested as described above. The cells were suspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, pH 8.0) and lysed in a Dyno-Mill (Wab Willy A. Bachofon, Basel, Switzerland) or equivalent apparatus using glass beads. The lysate was centrifuged at low speed conditions (3,000 to 5,000 rpm, 15 min) and the pellet containing the insoluble protein fraction was washed with increasing concentrations of urea (1 M, 2 M, 3 M) in lysis buffer. Protein was solubilized from the centrifugation pellet with 0.1 N NaCl, 4 M urea in lysis buffer. Cell debris was removed by low speed centrifugation at 3,000 to 5,000 rpm, 15 min. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 8.0 with 6 N HCl to precipitate proteins insoluble under these conditions.
The precipitate was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant was adjusted to 2.3% SDS, 50 mM DTT, pH 8.0 and boiled for 3 min. Proteins in the mixture were fractionated by gel filtration on a Pharmacia Sephacryl S-400 in phosphate buffered saline containing 0.1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and adjusted to pH 7.4. Column eluate fractions containing MEFA 7 were collected, pooled, and concentrated on an Amicon YM-30 membrane. Gel filtration was repeated on the pooled fractions using the same column and conditions.
During the analysis of MEFA 7 in a trial assay, it was discovered that a monoclonal antibody used as a detection conjugate reacted with a specific sequence of the core epitope (amino acids 33-38). Thus, ps.MEFA7.1 was designed to eliminate amino acids 33-38 from the core epitope region.
A yeast expression vector for MEFA 7.1 was made as follows. First, the double repeat of the core epitope at the 3′ end of ps.MEFA7 was modified. To do so, an NcoI/KpnI synthetic fragment of 206 bp, encoding the first core epitope repeat (amino acids 9-32, 39-42 and 64-88 of HCV-1, and amino acids 67-82 of HCV-2), and a KpnI/SalI synthetic fragment of 233 bp encoding amino acids 83 and 84 of HCV-2, followed by the second core epitope repeat (amino acids 9-32, amino acids 39-42 and amino acids 64-88, HCV-1, amino acids 67-84, HCV-2) were subcloned respectively into a pSP72new.NcoI/KpnI vector and a pSP72new.KpnI/SalI vector. After HB101 transformation, clone identification and sequence confirmation, pSP72newNKi clone #21 was digested with NcoI and KpnI to isolate the NcoI/KpnI fragment of 206 bp and pSP72newKSi clone #32 was digested with KpnI and SalI to isolate the KpnI/SalI fragment of 233 bp.
Plasmid ps.MEFA7.1 was assembled by ligating the following fragments into the pBS24.1 BamHIII/SalI yeast expression vector (see,
the BamHIII/HindIII fragment of 1896 bp, described above for ps.MEFA7;
the HindIII/SphI fragment of 1560 bp described above for ps.MEFA7;
an SphI/NcoI fragment of 776 bp isolated from ps.MEFA7 encoding the 5-1-1 epitopes, c100 epitope and NS5 epitope;
the NcoI/KpnI fragment of 206 bp;
and KpnI/SalI fragment of 233 bp.
S. cerevisiae strain AD3 was transformed with ps.MEFA7.1 and single transformants were checked for expression after depletion of glucose in the medium, as described above. The recombinant protein was expressed at high levels in yeast, as detected by Coomassie blue staining.
The MEFA 7.1 antigen was purified as follows. S. cerevisiae cells expressing MEFA 7.1 were harvested as described above. The cells were suspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) and lysed in a Dyno-Mill (Wab Willy A. Bachofen, Basel, Switzerland) or equivalent apparatus using glass beads. The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm, 30 min in a JA-10 rotor, and the pellet containing the insoluble protein fraction was washed with increasing concentrations of Urea (1 M, 2 M, 3 M) in lysis buffer. Protein was solubilized from the centrifugation pellet with 0.1 N NaCl, 4 M Urea, 50 mM DTT in lysis buffer. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, 20 min in a JA-14 rotor. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 8.0 with 6 N HCl to precipitate proteins insoluble under these conditions.
The precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, 20 min in a JA-14 rotor. The supernatant was adjusted to 2.3% SDS and heated to 70-75° C. in boiling water then cooled to room temperature. Proteins in the mixture were fractionated by gel filtration on a Pharmacia Sephacryl S-400 HR in PBS containing 0.1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and adjusted to pH 7.4. Column eluate fractions containing MEFA 7.1 were collected, pooled, and concentrated on an Amicon YM-30 membrane. Pooled gel filtration fractions were adjusted to 2.3% SDS, 50 mM DTT, and heated/cooled as above. This pool was subjected to a second gel filtration step on a Pharmacia Sephacryl S-300 HR column under the same conditions as the first gel filtration step.
A yeast expression vector for MEFA 7.2 was made as follows. For ease in cloning this large multiple epitope fusion antigen, the molecule was divided into three restriction fragments. First, a BamHI-HindIII fragment of 1896 bp was gel-purified from ps-mefa7.1 (described above). This fragment encoded the ADH2/GAPDH promoter, human SOD, and the E1 epitope of HCV-1.
The next fragment, a HindIII-SphI fragment of 1560 bp, encoding the E2 HVR-1a consensus, the E2 HCV1+2 consensus, and the helicase domain (HCV-1, amino acids 1193-1658, with mutations at amino acids 1428, 1429, 1455, 1456, 1657 and 1658, to eliminate protease cleavage sites), was subcloned into a pGEM7 vector. In particular, the coding sequence was mutated such that each of the naturally occurring amino acids at positions 1428, 1455 and 1657 were substituted with a leucine, and each of the naturally occurring amino acids at positions 1429, 1456 and 1658 were substituted with a proline. Hence, the mutation at each of the above pairs is termed “LP” herein. This subclone was derived as follows from pGEM7HindIII/SphI subclone #9 (termed “pGEM7/HSi #9” and described above): (1) pGEM7HindIII/SphI subclone #9, which contains a 1560 bp HindIII-SphI insert, was digested with SacII+SphI, dephosphorylated, and gel-purified, thereby removing the 721 bp of helicase in which the three protease cleavage sites were located. (2)
Synthetic oligos were used to clone the 266 bp SacII-BglI portion of helicase containing the first two LP mutations. To facilitate the cloning, the oligos contained EcoR1 and SalI sites at the 5-prime and 3-prime ends, respectively. The oligos were cloned into a pUC19 EcoRI-SalI vector. After HB101 transformation and sequence verification of positive clones, pUC19 mefaSB #5 was amplified and the 266 bp SacII-BglI fragment gel-purified. (3) A 429 bp BglI-EagI fragment was gel-purified from pGEM7HindIII/SphI subclone #9. There are no mutations in this region of helicase. (4) To complete the 26 bp EagI-SphI portion of helicase, which contains the third mutation, two additional oligos were used. (5) The 266 bp SacII-BglI fragment, the 429 bp BglI-EagI fragment, and these two oligos were ligated into the pGEM7HindIII/SphI subclone #9 vector. From one of the resultant HB101 clones, named pGEM7/SacII-EagI-SphI #6 (
The third restriction fragment needed for MEFA 7.2, a 1215 bp SphI-SalI fragment encoding the 5-1-1 domains for HCV 1,2,3, each with a PI mutation at a protease cleavage site, C100 epitope, NS5 epitope in duplicate, and core epitopes in duplicate, was subcloned as follows: (1) The 5-1-1 PI epitope for HCV-1 was cloned with synthetic oligos into a pUC19 EcoR1-SalI vector. The oligos contained SphI and NruI sites adjacent to the EcoR1 and SalI cloning sites, respectively. After HB101 transformation and sequence verification of the positive clones, pUC19 mefaSN #16 was amplified and the 147 bp SphI-NruI insert gel-purified. (2) A 629 bp NruI-NcoI fragment encoding 5-1-1PI for HCV-3 and HCV-2, C100, and the NS5 repeats, was gel-purified from ps.mefa13 #12 (described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,298, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). (3) A 439 bp NcoI-SalI fragment encoding the two repeats of core epitopes was gel-purified from ps.mefa7.1 #15. (4). The 147 bp SphI-NruI fragment, the 629 bp NruI-NcoI fragment, and the 439 bp NcoI-SalI fragment were ligated into a pGEM5 SphI-SalI vector. From one of the resultant clones, pGEM5 SphI-SalI.mefa7.2 #62 (
Lastly, the 1869 bp BamHI-HindIII fragment, the 1560 bp HindIII-SphI fragment, and the 1215 bp SphI-SalI fragment were ligated into the BamHI-SalI pBS24.1 yeast expression vector. After HB101 transformation and miniscreen analysis, two positive clones were found to have the correct size BamHI-SalI insert. Plasmid DNA was amplified for ps.mefa7.2 #3 and #42 (
S. cerevisiae strain AD3 was transformed with ps.mefa7.2 using the Invitrogen Easy Comp Sc transformation kit (Invitrogen, San Diego Calif.). Ura-transformants were streaked for single colonies and patched onto leu48% glucose plates to increase plasmid copy number. Leu-starter cultures were grown for 24 hours at 30° C. and then diluted 1:20 in YEPD (yeast extract bactopeptone 2% glucose) media. Cells were grown for 48 hours at 30° C. and harvested. To test for expression of the recombinant protein, aliquots of cells were lysed with glass beads in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT). The lysates were cleared by centrifugation at high speed. The insoluble pellet fractions were analyzed by Coomassie staining of SDS protein gels. The 120 kDa MEFA 7.2 protein was highly expressed.
The presence of MEFAs were confirmed using SDS-PAGE (4-20% Tris-glycine gel) and Western blot, using a monoclonal antibody directed against h-SOD, since each of the MEFAs above included amino acids 1-156 of human SOD.
The DNA and corresponding amino acid sequence for MEFA 7.2 are shown in
NS3/4aPI is a full-length NS3NS4a protein (amino acids 1027-1711) with mutations of the amino acids normally occurring at positions 1428 and 1429, to remove the putative autohydrolysis site of the protease. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,630,298 and 6,632,601. This epitope has the sequence specified in
NS3/4aPI was produced and expressed in yeast as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,601, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The presence of the NS3/4aPI protein was confirmed by Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody directed against the NS3 protease domain and a monoclonal antibody against the NS4 5-1-1 epitope. Protease activity of the NS3/4a epitope was demonstrated using MEFA 7.1 as a substrate, as described further below.
In order to confirm that the modified MEFA, MEFA 7.2, did not undergo proteolytic cleavage, the following experiment was conducted. MEFAs 7.1 and 7.2 were each incubated with NS3/4aPI, produced as described above, at room temperature for 30 minutes. Protein gel samples were prepared and run on 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE and the gels were stained using Coomassie blue. Additionally, Western blots were conducted using an antibody against hSOD. As described above, both of MEFA 7.1 and 7.2 are fusions with hSOD. Results are shown in
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against HCV-specific recombinant core, E1, E2, NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens were used to evaluate the antigenicity and epitope exposure of MEFA 7.1, MEFA 7.2 and NS3/4a PI. Purified MEFA or NS3/4a PI were diluted to optimal coating concentrations in PBS (pH 7.4) and were coated on Costar high binding plates (Corning Inc., Corning, N.Y.). Antibodies, either against linear epitopes or conformational epitopes, were diluted appropriately and added to the plate. After incubation at 37° C. for 1 hr, the plate was washed and incubated with goat-anti-mouse or goat-anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for 1 hr at 37° C. Finally, a developing buffer containing H2O2 and the substrate o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD) was added to the wells, and optical density (O.D.) at 492 and 620 nm was determined with a plate reader.
As shown in Table 3, each of the epitope-specific antibodies tested reacted with both MEFA 7.1 and MEFA 7.2, indicating (i) all the major epitopes on the MEFAs were exposed and thus accessible for detection, and (ii) amino acid mutations in MEFA 7.2 did not distort exposure of the linear epitopes.
The C33c antigen of NS3 and the C22 core antigen are very immunogenic, and antibodies to C33c and C22 are found in early seroconversion panels (Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:10011-10015.) Thus, the performance of the antigens in immunoassays was studied using well-characterized, commercially available C33c and C22 panels of HCV-infected human blood samples to assess seroconversion sensitivity.
The PHV panels shown in the tables below were purchased from Boston Biomedica, Inc., West Bridgewater, Mass. (BBI); Bioclinical Partners, Franklin, Mass. (BCP); and North American Biologics, Inc., BocoRatan, Fla. (NABI). Assays were conducted as follows.
The HCV antigens were coated onto plates for immunoassays as follows. HCV coating buffer (50 mM Na3PO4 pH 7.0, 2 mM EDTA and 0.1% Chloroacetamide) was filtered through a 0.22 μL filter unit. The following reagents were then added sequentially to the HCV coating buffer and stirred after each addition: 2 μg/ml BSA-Sulfhydryl Modified, from a 10 mg/ml solution (Bayer Corp. Pentex, Kankakee, Ill.); 5 mM DTT from a 1 M solution (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.); 0.45 μg/ml NS3/4a (protein concentration of 0.3 mg/ml); 0.375 μg/ml NS3.4aPI, MEFA 7.1 or MEFA 7.2 (protein concentration of 1 mg/ml). The final solution was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature.
200 μl of the above solution was added to each well of a Costar high binding, flat bottom plate (Corning Inc., Corning, N.Y.) and the plates were incubated for 16 hours at room temperature. The plates were then washed with wash buffer (1×PBS, 0.1% TWEEN-20), tapped dry and 285 μl Ortho Post-Coat Buffer (1×PBS, pH 7.4, 1% BSA, 3% sucrose) added. The plates were incubated for at least 1 hour, tapped and dried overnight at 2-8° C. The plates were pouched with desiccants and stored at 4° C. for future use.
The HCV assay was conducted as follows. 200 μl of specimen diluent buffer (1 g/l casein, 100 mg/l recombinant human SOD, 1 g/l chloracetamide, 10 g/l BSA, 500 mg/l yeast extract, 0.366 g/l EDTA, 1.162 g/l KPO4, 5 ml/l Tween-20, 29.22 g/l NaCl, 1.627 g/l NaPO4, 1% SDS) was added to the coated plates. 20 μl of sample was then added. This was incubated at 37° C. for one hour. The plates were washed with wash buffer (1×PBS, pH 7.4, 0.1% Tween-20). 200 μl conjugate solution (a mouse anti-human IgG-HRP, such as mouse anti-human IgG-HRP diluted 1:22,000 in ORTHO HCV 3.0 ELISA Test System with Enhanced SAVe bulk conjugate diluent (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, N.J.) was added and incubated for 60 minutes at 37° C. This was washed as above, and 200 μl substrate solution (1 OPD tablet/10 ml) was added. The OPD tablet contains o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride and hydrogen peroxide for horse radish peroxidase reaction color development. This was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark. The reaction was stopped by addition of 50 μl 4NH2SO4 and the plates were read at 492 μm, relative to absorbance at 690 nm as control. The cutoff value was set at 0.6000+average signal (O.D.) of three negative control sera. Samples with S/CO values (O.D. of Signal over Cutoff ratio) equal or greater than 1.0 were considered to be positive, and those below 1.0 were considered to be negative.
Results using this immunoassay were compared to those obtained using commercial anti-HCV ELISA kits. In particular, the Abbott PRISM assay (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.), is commercially available and is an antibody-based detection assay. The assay was performed using the manufacturer's instructions. The ORTHO HCV Version 3.0 ELISA Test System (HCV 3.0) (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, N.J.) is an antibody-based detection assay. The assay was conducted using the manufacturer's instructions. The Pasteur MONOLISA anti-HCV Plus Version 2 assay (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) is an antibody-based detection assay. The assay was performed using the manufacturer's instructions.
Results are shown in Table 4. For the panels tested, MEFA 7.1 alone and MEFA 7.2 alone had very similar immunoreactivities, and both detected C22 type antibodies in seroconversion panel PHV 913 and C33c type antibodies in later bleeds of PHV 904 and PHV 914 panels (Table 4). NS3/4a PI, on the other hand, detected C33c type antibody in early bleeds of PHV 904 and PHV 914 panels (Table 4). Thus the combination of MEFA 7.1 or MEFA 7.2 and NS3/4a PI detected antibodies to C22 and C33c in early seroconversion samples. The detections were 2, and 12 days ahead of currently licensed Ortho HCV 3.0 and Abbott Prism assays in C33c and C22 type antibodies, respectively.
A total of 17 commercially available HCV seroconversion panels were tested. For anti-C33c type panels, the new antigens were 2 to 14 days ahead of both Ortho 3.0 and Abbott Prism in 9 out of 9 panels. For anti-C22 (core) type panels, the new antigens were 2 to 5 days ahead of Ortho HCV 3.0 in 3 out of 8 panels and Abbott Prism in 2 out 8 panels. The rest of the panels were equivalent. It should be emphasized that among the five anti-core panels showing equivalent performance between the new assay and the licensed assay, three panels had large bleed intervals between the shift from antibody negative to antibody positive: PHV 909 (28 days), PHV 911 (11 days), and SC-0010 (7 days). See, Table 6. Due to the length of the bleed intervals, it was difficult to compare seroconversion sensitivity between the new assay and the licensed assays using these three panels.
Genotype dilutional sensitivity was also compared using the antigens versus these commercially available assays. All three immunoassays were run simultaneously. As shown in Table 5, all the HCV genotypes 1-6 serially diluted were strongly detected with MEFA 7.1 and NS3/4a PI in the ELISA assay as compared to HCV 3.0 or Monolisa Ver. 2 Pasteur. In a separate experiment, genotype dilutional sensitivity using MEFA 7.1 or NS3/4a PI alone was compared.
In summary, the HCV antibody assay employing NS3/4a PI and MEFA 7.1 or MEFA 7.2 achieved greater sensitivity in both early seroconversion detection and in detection of varying genotype samples. The assay specificity matched the current licensed assays. Both antigens were highly purified and were produced in quantities suitable for product development. Once NS3/4a PI and MEFA 7.1 or MEFA 7.2 were coated on solid phase, they were remarkably stable. MEFA 7.1 has multiple NS3/4a PI protease cleavage sites, and it was degraded to several fragments during coating of the antigens (
Accordingly, novel modified MEFAs and uses thereof in detection assays have been disclosed. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope thereof.
1.83
1.79
2.47
1.28
1.28
5.19
3.99
5.39
1.10
1.56
2.17
2.75
5.76
5.14
5.70
3.27
3.54
2.43
3.29
5.81
5.24
5.78
3.92
4.45
2.73
3.57
6.31
6.36
6.31
4.26
4.69
1.25
1.38
2.09
3.22
2.80
4.28
3.51
3.23
4.75
2.00
2.23
4.69
4.72
5.52
3.10
2.41
2.73
4.23
5.47
5.15
5.62
4.85
4.09
2.95
4.64
5.65
5.36
5.66
4.85
4.52
1.62
2.47
2.66
2.90
1.88
2.71
2.83
3.41
aAn S/CO greater than or equal to 1 is positive and is indicated by boldfacing. The cutoff value is calculated as described in materials and Methods.
bNumber of days by which detection with NS3NS4a PI in combination with MEFA 7.1 or MEFA 7.2 precedes, detection by currently licensed assays.
NDa
aND, not determined
aData Provided by the HCV panel vendors.
bComparison of assay sensitivity using MEFA 7.1 in combination with NS3NS4a PI versus a currently licensed assay, the Ortho HCV Version 3.0 ELISA Test System or Abbott PRISM.
cBleed Intervals between the shift from antibody negative to antibody positive: 28 days for PHV 909, 11 days for PHV 911, and 7 days for the SC-0010 Panel.
This application is a national stage application filed under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT Application No. PCT/US2005/030324, filed Aug. 26, 2005, from which application priority is claimed pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, which application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Applications Ser. Nos. 60/621,790, filed Oct. 25, 2004; 60/621,502, filed Oct. 22, 2004; 60/618,390, filed Oct. 12, 2004; and 60/604,858, filed Aug. 27, 2004. All of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2005/030324 | 8/26/2005 | WO | 00 | 3/17/2008 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006/033768 | 3/30/2006 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080299544 A1 | Dec 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60604858 | Aug 2004 | US | |
| 60618390 | Oct 2004 | US | |
| 60621502 | Oct 2004 | US | |
| 60621790 | Oct 2004 | US |
