The present invention relates to a heat engine and method of manufacture. In particular, the described heat engine utilises a phase change of a fluid to convert thermal energy to mechanical energy.
A heat engine is a cyclic device which converts heat into work, or in other words, thermal energy into mechanical energy. In general, a heat engine contains a working substance, such as a gas or fluid, that absorbs heat from a high temperature reservoir, does work on its surrounding and releases heat as it returns to its initial state. There exist numerous different types of heat engines known in the art which operate on this basic principle, such as an internal combustion engine.
The working substance of a heat engine cyclically undergoes changes in pressure, temperature, and volume as well as the addition and removal of heat. For example, within an internal combustion engine, a gas comprising a fuel-air mixture is compressed and then ignited causing the gas to subsequently expand and drive a piston. The motion of the piston if configured to expel the ignited gas and draw in unignited gas for the cycle to continue.
Despite their ubiquitous use, there are numerous disadvantages to an internal combustion engine. An internal combustion engine requires a fuel to operate and cannot operate on waste heat from an external high temperature (TH) source. It is necessary to ignite the fuel to drive a piston which creates noise and requires numerous moving components. These components can degrade and fail with use over time, requiring regular maintenance and ultimately limiting the lifetime of the engine. Furthermore, a suitable fuel for an internal combustion engine is typically limited to expensive, refined gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon compounds. In addition, the combustion of the fuel results in undesirable toxic and environmentally unfriendly gases. Internal combustion engines are also not scalable and so are not suitable for large scale power generation.
An external combustion engine operates by an external high temperature (TH) source heating a working fluid through a heat exchanger or engine wall. The heat causes the working fluid to expand driving a piston. External combustion engines, such as steam engines, can exploit numerous types of heat sources and such engines are widely used. Nevertheless, these engines are typically suited to large scale power production so are large, heavy, expensive devices, which can be unsafe and relatively inefficient. An external combustion engine also comprises moving components which creates noise and requires maintenance.
It is an object of an aspect of the present invention to provide a heat engine that obviates or at least mitigates one or more of the aforesaid disadvantages of the heat engines known in the art.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a heat engine comprising:
Most preferably, the housing is sealable. The heat engine is a closed heat engine. In this arrangement the first and or second liquids are not added and or removed during operation.
Preferably, the first and second liquids occupy an interior volume of the housing. The first and second liquids may mix within the interior volume of the housing.
Preferably, the first liquid is located within a first portion of the housing. The second liquid is located within a second portion of the housing.
Most preferably, the first liquid is de-mineralised water and the second liquid is Xylene. Alternatively, the first liquid is de-mineralised water and the second liquid is kerosene. Alternatively, the first liquid is decafluoropentane and the second liquid is de-mineralised water. Alternatively, the first liquid is chloroform and the second liquid is de-mineralised water.
Preferably, an operating temperate range of the heat engine is between 110 to 150° C. Alternatively, the operating temperature range of the heat engine is between 70 to 90° C.
Preferably, the heat exchanger transfers heat from an external high temperature heat source to the first liquid.
Preferably, the heat exchanger is the first portion of the housing. Alternatively, the heat exchanger is a pipe. The pipe may pass through the first portion of the housing.
Optionally, the heat engine may further comprise one or more pellets. The one or more pellets are located within the interior volume of the heat engine. The one or more pellets are suspended within the first liquid and or second liquid. The density of the one or more pellets is between the density of the first liquid and second liquid. The pellets are chemically unreactive with the first liquid, second liquid, and or first liquid vapour. Preferably, the pellets are magnetically neutral. Alternatively, the pellets are magnetic.
Most preferably, the at least one fluid flow member may take the form of one or more rods. The one or more rods may comprise a first end and a second end. The first ends of the one or more rods are preferably mounted to an interior surface of the housing. The one or more rods may extend into the interior volume of the housing. The second ends of the one or more rods are preferably free to move. The second ends of the one or more rods are preferably located towards a central axis of the housing.
Preferably, the one or more rods are uniformly distributed about the interior surface. Alternatively, the one or more rods are non-uniformly distributed about the interior surface.
Preferably, the one or more rods are orientated perpendicular to the interior surface. Alternatively, the one or more rods are orientated non-perpendicular to the interior surface.
Preferably, the one or more rods are uniformly dimensioned. Alternatively, the one or more rods are non-uniformly dimensioned.
Preferably, the one or more rods comprise the same material composition. The one or more rods may comprise brass. Alternatively, the one or more rods comprise different material compositions.
Optionally, the at least one fluid flow member may take the form of one or more plates. The one or more plates preferably comprise one or more perforations. The one or more plates are preferably dimensioned in the form of a circular cross-section of the housing. The one or more plates may be mounted to the interior surface of the housing. The one or more plates may intersect the central axis of the housing.
Optionally, the at least one fluid flow member may take the form of one or more diaphragms. The one or more diaphragms may comprise one or more perforations.
Optionally, the at least one fluid flow member may take the form of one or more pellets. The one or more pellets are magnetic.
Preferably, the housing comprises an inlet port and an outlet port. The inlet and outlet ports are preferably sealable.
Optionally, the heat engine further comprises a condensing loop. The condensing loop transfers heat to an external low temperature heat sink or source from the first liquid vapour. The condensing loop preferably condenses the first liquid vapour and returns the first liquid to the first portion of the housing.
Optionally, the heat engine further comprises a sink. The sink may comprise the first liquid. The sink is preferably connected to the housing. The sink maintains the level of the first liquid within the first portion of the housing.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an energy harvesting system comprising a heat engine in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, an energy conversion means and an external high temperature heat source.
Optionally, the energy harvesting system may further comprise an external low temperature heat sink or source.
Most preferably, the energy harvesting system may further comprise a vibrational lens.
Preferably, the vibrational lens comprises at least two focusing members, each of the at least two focusing members having a first end for attachment to a source of vibration and a second end, wherein the at least two focusing members are arranged such that the separation between the focusing members decreases from the first ends towards the second ends.
Most preferably, the at least two focusing members each comprise a first portion located between the first end and second end. The first portions of the at least two focusing members are angled relative to each other such that the at least two focusing members converge at the second ends.
Preferably, the at least two focusing members each comprise a second portion located at the first end. Preferably, the second portions of the at least two focusing members are substantially parallel.
Most preferably, the vibrational lens further comprises a backplate. The first ends of the at least two focusing members may be fixed to the backplate. The second portions of the at least two focusing members may be fixed to the backplate.
Preferably, the at least two focusing members each comprise a third portion located at the second end. The third portions of the at least two focusing members are substantially parallel. The third portions of the at least two focusing members define a focal point of the vibrational lens.
Preferably, the at least two focusing members comprise brass.
Optionally, the at least two focusing members comprise two or more layers and or coatings. The two or more layers and or coatings may exhibit different vibrational and or thermal characteristics. The at least two layers and or coatings may comprise different dimensions, materials, densities and or grain structures.
Optionally, the at least two focusing members comprise a first layer and a second layer. The first layer is fixed to the second layer. The first layer may comprise brass. The second layer may comprise steel.
Optionally, the vibrational lens further comprises one or more springs. The one or more springs connect the at least two focusing members.
Optionally, the vibrational lens further comprises one or more weights attached to one or more of the at least two focusing members.
Optionally, the vibrational lens further comprises a dynamic control system. The dynamic control system changes the vibrational characteristics of the vibrational lens during operation. The dynamic control system may adjust the stiffness of the spring. The dynamic control system may adjust the location and or magnitude of the weights.
Optionally, the vibrational lens may comprise three focusing members.
Most preferably, the focusing members are focusing plates.
Alternatively, the focusing members are focusing rods.
Most preferably, the first end of the vibrational lens is fixed to the heat engine.
Most preferably, the energy conversion means is located at the second end of the vibrational lens. Preferably, the energy conversion means is located between the third portions of the at least two focusing members.
Optionally, the housing of the heat engine further comprises sealable openings. The rods of the heat engine are directly connected to the focusing members of the vibrational lens. The rods pass through the sealable openings.
Preferably, the energy conversion means is one or more piezoelectric crystals. Additionally or alternatively, the energy conversion means is one or more nano-coils; and or one or more coils.
Alternatively, the energy conversion means is a coil. The coil may be wound around the housing of the heat engine.
Embodiments of the second aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement the preferred or optional features of the first aspect of the invention or vice versa.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing a heat engine comprising,
Preferably, the method of manufacturing a heat engine may further comprise determining the characteristics of an external high temperature heat source.
Preferably, determining the characteristics of the external high temperature heat source may include determining the temperature, energy, power, variability and or duration of the external high temperature heat source.
Preferably, the method of manufacturing a heat engine may further comprises determining optimum parameters of a heat engine for use with the external high temperature heat source.
Preferably, determining the optimum parameters of a heat engine for use with the external high temperature heat source may further comprise utilising the characteristics of the external high temperature heat source.
Preferably, determining the optimum parameters of a heat engine may comprise determining: the dimensions of the heat engine; the volume, relative ratio and chemical composition of the first and second liquids; the distribution, orientation, dimensions and or material composition of the at least one fluid flow member; the operational proximity of the heat engine to the high temperature (TH) heat source; if a condensing loop is required; and if a sink is required.
Embodiments of the third aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement the preferred or optional features of the first and or second aspect of the invention or vice versa.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an energy harvesting system comprising,
Preferably, the method of manufacturing an energy harvesting system comprises providing an external low temperature heat sink or source.
Preferably, the method of manufacturing an energy harvesting system may comprise providing a vibrational lens.
Preferably, providing a vibrational lens comprises,
Preferably, providing a vibrational lens further comprises determining the characteristics of the heat engine.
Preferably, determining the characteristics of the heat engine comprises quantifying any one of the following parameters: the dimensions of the heat engine, the dimensions of at least one fluid flow member and the frequency characteristics of any mechanical vibrations.
Preferably, providing a vibrational lens may further comprise determining the optimum parameters of the vibrational lens for use with the heat engine.
Preferably, determining the optimum parameters of a vibrational lens comprises determining an optimum length, width and or depth of the at least two focusing members; and or the optimum separation of the first ends of the at least two focusing members; and or the optimum separation of the second ends of the at least two focusing members; and or the optimum distance for the at least two focusing members to converge; and or the optimum material or materials for the at least two focusing members; and or the optimum coefficient of thermal expansion of the material or materials of the at least two focusing members.
Optionally, determining the optimum parameters may also include: determining the depth of a first layer and a second layer of the at least two focusing plates; the material of the first layer; and the material of the second layer. The first layer may comprise brass. The second layer may comprise steel.
Preferably, providing the heat engine is performed before providing vibration lens.
Optionally, the method of manufacturing a vibrational energy harvesting system may be iterative. The heat engine may be optimised following providing the vibrational lens.
Embodiments of the fourth aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement the preferred or optional features of the first, second and or third aspects of the invention or vice versa.
There will now be described, by way of example only, various embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings, of which:
In the description which follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and the proportions of certain parts have been exaggerated to better illustrate details and features of embodiments of the invention.
An explanation of the present invention will now be described with reference to
The heat engine 1 can be seen to comprise a first liquid 3 and a second liquid 4 both of which are located within the housing 2. The first and second liquids 3, 4 occupy an interior volume 5 of the housing 2. The first liquid 3 has a higher density but lower boiling point in comparison to the second liquid 4. As such, whilst the first and second liquids 3, 4 are free to mix within the housing 2, the first liquid 3 locates within a first portion 6 of the housing 2, at the base of the housing 2, and the second liquid 4 locates within a second portion 7 of the housing 2, above the first liquid 3.
By way of example, the first liquid 3 may be de-mineralised water and the second liquid 4 may be Xylene. The density of de-mineralised water is approximately 1.2 times that of Xylene and demineralised water has a boiling point of 100° C. which is lower than the boiling point of Xylene, 138.5° C. De-mineralised water and Xylene are both in a liquid state at room temperature (20° C.) and pressure. A heat engine 1 comprising de-mineralised water and Xylene as the first and second liquids 3, 4 is suitable for operation at a temperature between 110° C. and 150° C.
Further examples of the first and second liquids 3, 4 are provided in Table I along with an operating temperature range of a heat engine 1 comprising the first and second liquids 3, 4. All of the first and second liquids 3, 4 in Table I are in a liquid state at room temperature (20° C.) and pressure. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that different operating temperature ranges to those detailed in Table I, such as an operating temperature range lower than 70-90° C., could be achieved by using different first and second liquids 3, 4 and different combinations of the first and second liquids 3, 4 beyond the disclosed liquids and combinations in Table I.
The heat engine 1 also comprises a heat exchanger which transfers heat from an external high temperature (TH) heat source 8 to the first liquid 3 in order to evaporate a quantity of the first liquid 3. The first liquid 3 is not directly exposed to the external high temperature (TH) heat source or any external fluid carrying heat from the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8. In the embodiment of
The heat engine 1 further comprises at least one fluid flow member 9. As can be clearly seen in
The housing 2 comprises a sealable inlet port 15 and a sealable outlet port 16. The sealable inlet port 15 is located at a top end 17 of the housing 2, through the second portion 7 of the housing 2 and provides a means for adding the first and second liquids 3, 4 into the housing 2. Similarly, the sealable outlet port 16 is located, at a base end 18 of the housing 2, through the first portion 6 of the housing 2 and provides a means for draining the first and second liquids 3, 4 from the housing 2. In order to fill and maintain the housing 2 at a positive pressure, the first and second liquids 3, 4 may be pumped to and from the housing 2 by a pumping system 19.
The interaction, in the form of relative motion and or thermal gradients, of the gaseous bubbles 20 and the second liquid 4 creates a fluid flow. More specifically, the fluid flow includes the flow of the first liquid 3, second liquid 4 and gaseous bubbles 20. For example, the fluid flow is depicted by the arrows in
Each gaseous bubble 20 dissipates kinetic and thermal energy. As a result, each gaseous bubble 20 will eventually condense to form a liquid bubble 21 of the first liquid 3. The liquid bubbles 21 sink back towards the base end 18, into the first portion 6 of the housing 2 as the density of the liquid bubbles 21 is greater than the density of the second liquid 4. An advantage of the liquid bubbles 21 sinking back through the second portion 7 of the housing 2, is the liquid bubbles 21 may further create fluid flows and induce movement and or mechanical vibrations within the rods 10.
As an alternative embodiment, instead of being cylindrical, it will be appreciated that the housing 2 could take any regular or non-regular three-dimensional shape.
As an additional or alternative embodiment, the heat exchanger may take the form of a pipe 22 which passes through the first portion 6 of the housing 2, see
As an additional or alternative embodiment, the distribution of the rods 10 may be non-uniform. As another additional or alternative embodiment, the rods 10 may be orientated non-perpendicular to the interior surface 13. As a further additional or alternative embodiment, the dimensions of the rods 10, such as the rods length, may vary. As yet another further additional or alternative embodiment, the material composition of the rods 10 may vary. Furthermore, the distribution, orientation, dimensions and material composition of the rods 10 may be computationally optimised.
As an additional or alternative embodiment, the heat engine 1 of
The dimensions and material composition of the pellets 23a may be optimised to achieve the desired interaction with the fluid flow. As a further additional or alternative embodiment, the pellets 23b may be magnetic, as discussed further below in the context of
As an additional or alternative embodiment, the heat engine 1 of
As another additional or alternative feature, the heat engine 1 of
As an additional or alternative embodiment, instead of the rods 10, the at least one fluid flow member may take the form of a plate 27 comprising perforations 28, as depicted in
The process of heat transfer to the first liquid 3, evaporation of the first liquid 3 to form gaseous bubbles 20, energy transfer from the gaseous bubbles 20 to the fluid flow member (in other words the rods 10, plate 27 and or diaphragm) and condensation of the gaseous bubbles 20 to form liquid bubbles 21 is repeated forming a cycle. The mechanical energy (in other words the movement and or vibrations) can be further converted into electrical energy.
The second portion 38 of the first and second focusing plates 33, 34 is fixed to the backplate 32. As shown in
The second portions 38 of the first and second focusing plates 33, 34 are fixed to the backplate 32 at substantially the same orientation and separated by distance α, as can be seen in
As can also be seen in
The third portions 39 at the second end 36 of the first and second focusing plates 33, 34 are angled to be substantially parallel, and preferably perpendicular to the backplate 32, and act as the focal point of the vibrational lens 31a.
As depicted in
As can clearly be seen in
It will be appreciated that in an additional or alternative embodiment of the energy harvesting system 29, the piezoelectric crystals 40 may be attached directly to the heat engine 1. However, in the embodiment as depicted by
The reason for this is that vibrational lens 31a transmits, converges and focuses vibrations from the first end 35 to the second end 36 of the focusing plates 33, 34. As such, the focusing plates 33, 34 could be considered equivalent to a cantilever as the first end 35 of each focusing plate 33, 34 is fixed to the backplate 32, and the second end 36 is free to move, actuating the piezoelectric crystals 40.
The focusing plates 33, 34 are substantially triangular, as can clearly be seen in
The vibration lens 31a as depicted in
As an additional or alternative feature, the vibrational lens 31b of
As another additional or alternative feature, the focusing members may comprise multiple layers and or coatings. The different layers and or coatings may exhibit different vibrational and or thermal characteristics due to comprising, for example, different dimensions, materials, densities and or grain structures.
For example,
In addition, it is further noted the relative physical properties of the first, outer layer 46 and the second, inner layer 47 may be reversed such that, for example, the second, inner layer 47 may be more dense than the first, outer layer 46. As a further alternative, the grain structure of the first, outer layer 46 may be less aligned in comparison to the grain structure of the second, inner layer 47. The physical properties of the different layers such as the dimensions, materials, densities and or grain structures are optimised according to the desired vibrational and or thermal characteristics which ultimately depends on frequency characteristics of the vibrational source, in other words, the heat engine 1.
As a further alternative, the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d may comprise more or less than two focusing plates 33, 34. For example, a vibration lens 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d with just a first focusing plate 33 could actuate piezoelectric crystals 40 located at the second end 36 of the first focusing plate 33 against the heat engine 1, more specifically, a protruding portion of the housing 2. Conversely, a vibrational lens, 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d with three focusing plates 33, 34 may comprise two sets of piezoelectric crystals 40, one set of piezoelectric crystals 40 between the second end 36 of a first and a second focusing plates, and the other set of piezoelectric crystals between the second 34 and third 48 focusing plates, as shown in
As yet another alternative, instead of the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d comprising a backplate 32, the focusing plates 33, 34 may be fixed directly to the heat engine 1.
As a further alternative, instead of the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d comprising focusing plates 33, 34, the focusing members could take the form of focusing rods. The focusing rods may just be an extension of the rods 10 of the heat engine 1. Furthermore, the planar layers 46, 47 of the focusing plates 33, 34 as depicted in
In addition, the method of manufacturing the heat engine 1 may optionally comprise characterising the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8. For example, this may include characterising the temperature, energy, power, variability and or duration of the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8. In the context of the present invention, the term high temperature (TH) broadly refers to any temperature above ambient temperature.
As a further addition, the method of manufacturing the heat engine 1 may optionally comprise utilising the characteristics of the high temperature (TH) heat source 8 to determine the optimum parameters of a heat engine 1. For example, this optimisation process may include determining: the dimensions of the heat engine 1; the volume, relative ratio and chemical composition of the first and second liquids 3, 4; the distribution, orientation, dimensions and material composition of the rods 10; the operational proximity of the heat engine 1 to the high temperature (TH) heat source 8; if a condensing loop 24 is required; and if a sink 26 is required. As an example of the parameter dependency, the higher the temperature and power of the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8, the greater the maximum viable size (i.e. dimensions, volume) of the heat engine 1. When choosing the first and second liquids 3, 4 factors such as the heat capacity, relative density and relative boiling points are key considerations. It is advantageous to optimise the heat engine 1 as this ensures the heat engine 1 can operate, for example, the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8 will provide enough heat to evaporate any quantity of the first liquid 3. Furthermore, the optimisation ensures the heat engine 1 can operate efficiently.
A method of manufacturing an energy harvesting system 29 comprises providing a heat engine 1 in accordance with the flow chart depicted in
As an additional or alternative feature, the method of manufacturing an energy harvesting system 29 may optionally comprise providing an external low temperature (TL) heat sink or source 25.
As a further additional or alternative feature, the method of manufacturing an energy harvesting system 29 may optionally comprise providing a vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d. The vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d is manufactured such that it is optimised for a specific heat engine 1. Providing a vibration lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d may comprise, determining the characteristics of the heat engine 1 such as the dimensions of the heat engine 1, the dimensions of the fluid flow member (i.e. rods 10) and most significantly the frequency characteristics of the mechanical vibrations induced within the rods 10.
In addition, providing a vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d may optionally comprise determining the optimum parameters for a vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d for harvesting the mechanical vibrational energy from the heat engine 1. This includes determining the shape and dimensions of the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d such as, distances α, β and γ. More specifically, the optimisation may include dimensioning the length γ of the focusing plates 33, 34, to match an average resonant frequency across the operational range of the heat engine 1.
Furthermore, providing a vibrational lens may optionally comprise providing a vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d according to the optimum parameters. More specifically, the focusing plates 33, 34 of the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d are provided by water jet cutting brass plates to the required dimensions and introducing appropriate bends in focusing plates 33, 34. The focusing plates 33, 34 are welded to the backplate 32.
Providing a vibrational lens may optionally comprise further optimising the parameters of the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d according to factors such as: the type of energy conversion means located at the second end 36 of the focusing plates 33, 34; the number of focusing plates 33, 34 the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d comprises; the space available to house the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d; and more generally the operational constraints and desired performance characteristics. For example, the first portions 37 of the first and second focusing plates 33, 34 are not limited to converging midway between the second portions 38 of the first and second focusing plates 33, 34. In other words, the first portions 37 of the focusing plates 33, 34 may be asymmetrically angled relative to the backplate 32 to fit within the available space and or for a desired performance of the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d.
As describe above, the heat engine 1 is optimised for a specific external high temperature (TH) heat source 8. Therefore, when manufacturing an energy harvesting system 29 it may be suboptimal to provide the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d without first manufacturing and characterising the heat engine 1. However, it is noted that this method may be iterative. For example, parameters of the heat engine 1 may be altered to optimise the vibrational lens 31a, 31b, 31c 31d and energy harvesting system 29.
Instead of the at least one fluid flow member 9 taking the form of rods 10, a plate 27 and or a diaphragm, the at least one fluid flow member 9 of the heat engine 1 of
As well as the heat engine 1, the alternative energy harvesting system 29 comprises an external high temperature (TH) heat source 8 and an energy conversion means 30. Instead of piezoelectric crystals 40, the energy conversion means 30 takes the form of a coil 50, wound around the housing 2 of the heat engine 1. The coil 50 may comprise copper although other alternative magnetically inductive materials may be employed. It will also be appreciated by the skilled reader that the location the coil 50 may vary from that shown in
The motion of the magnetic pellets 23b within the heat engine 1 induces useful electrical energy within the coil 50. This energy harvesting system 29 relies on magnetic induction instead of mechanical vibrations to harvest the thermal energy originating from the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8.
As an additional or alternative embodiment, the at least one fluid flow member 9 of a heat engine 1 may take the form of both rods 10 and magnetic pellets 23b. The fluid flow created by the interaction of the gaseous bubbles 20 and the second liquid 4, induces both mechanical vibrations within the rods 10 and the motion of the magnetic pellets 23b. Correspondingly, the energy conversion means 30 of an energy harvesting system 29 may be both piezoelectric crystals 40 and a coil 50. The piezoelectric crystals 40 convert the mechanical vibrational energy into useful electrical energy and the motion of the magnetic pellets 23b induces useful electrical energy within the coil 50. As well as inducing electrical energy, the motion of the magnetic pellets 23b may advantageously also collide with the rods 10 inducing further mechanical vibrations.
The heat engine 1 has numerous advantages. The heat engine 1 does not rely on conventional thermodynamic cycles, but instead provides an alternative mechanism of converting heat into work by utilising a phase change of the first liquid 3 to create fluid flows and the subsequent interaction with the rods 10.
The heat engine 1 operates primarily on changes in temperature as well as the addition and removal of heat. Changes in pressure and volume, whilst might be present due to the intrinsic relationship to temperature, are not fundamental to the operation of the heat engine 1. In other words, the heat engine 1 does not reply on the expansion of a gas to perform work. As such, the heat engine 1 has minimal moving components, reducing the amount of maintenance that may be required and maximising the lifetime of the device. Also, as there are minimal moving components, the heat engine 1 is relatively quiet.
The heat engine 1 is not limited to a specific type of fuel so can utilise a variety of external high temperature (TH) heat sources 8 ranging in temperature and power. Depending on the origin of the external high temperature (TH) heat source 8, the heat engine 1 does not result in the release of toxic and un-environmentally friendly gases.
Furthermore, the heat engine 1 is scalable as can be adapted for different external high temperature (TH) heat sources 8 ranging in temperature and power. As such, the dimensions of the heat engine 1 can be adapted to the desired size and resulting expense. The heat engine 1 is a sealed device with minimal moving components so is relatively safe.
The heat engine 1 is customisable as the rods 10 can be optimised for a specific external high temperature (TH) heat source 8.
A heat engine is disclosed. The heat engine comprises a housing, a first liquid and a second liquid located within the housing. The first liquid has a higher density and lower boiling point than the second liquid. The heat engine further comprises a heat exchanger which transfers heat to the first liquid to evaporate the first liquid to form a first liquid vapour. The heat engine also comprises at least one fluid flow member which to moves in response to a fluid flow created by the interaction of the first liquid vapour and the second liquid. The liquid-gas phase change of the first fluid provides an alternative mechanism for converting heat into work with numerous advantages. The heat engine has minimal moving parts, a relatively long lifetime, does not require a specific fuel, does not directly release toxic or un-environmentally friendly gases, and can be adapted to a specific source of waste heat.
Throughout the specification, unless the context demands otherwise, the terms “comprise” or “include”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, “includes” or “including” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers, but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Furthermore, unless the context clearly demands otherwise, the term “or” will be interpreted as being inclusive not exclusive.
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. The described embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilise the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Therefore, further modifications or improvements may be incorporated without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2008912.4 | Jun 2020 | GB | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/GB2020/053348 | 12/22/2020 | WO |