Heat is often created as a byproduct of industrial processes where flowing streams of liquids, solids, and/or gasses that contain heat must be exhausted into the environment or removed in some way in an effort to maintain the operating temperatures of the industrial process equipment. Sometimes the industrial process can use heat exchangers to capture the heat and recycle it back into the process via other process streams. Other times, it is not feasible to capture and recycle this heat because it is either too low in temperature or there is no readily available systems to use the heat directly. This heat is referred to as “waste heat.” Waste heat is typically discharged directly into the environment or indirectly through a cooling medium such as water. In other settings, such heat is available from renewable sources of thermal energy, such as heat from the sun (which may be concentrated or otherwise manipulated) or geothermal sources. These and other thermal energy sources are intended to fall within the definition of “waste heat” as that term is used herein.
Waste heat can be utilized by turbine-generator systems, which employ thermodynamic methods, such as the Rankine cycle, to convert heat into work. Rankine cycles are often operated with steam as the working fluid; however, a short-coming experienced in such systems is the temperature requirement. Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) address this challenge by replacing water with a lower boiling-point fluid working fluid, such as a light hydrocarbon, for example, propane or butane, or a HCFC, e.g. R245fa. However, the boiling heat transfer restrictions remain, and new issues such as thermal instability, toxicity, and/or flammability of the fluid are added.
Further, steam-based cycles are not always practical because they require heat source streams that are relatively high in temperature (600° F. or higher) or are large in overall heat content in order to boil the water working fluid. Further, boiling water at multiple pressures/temperatures is often required to remove sufficient levels of heat from the waste heat stream; however, such complex heat exchange can be costly in both equipment cost and operating labor.
There exists a need for a system that can efficiently and effectively produce power from waste heat from a wide range of thermal sources.
Embodiments of the disclosure may provide an exemplary heat engine for recovering waste heat energy. The heat engine includes a waste heat exchanger thermally coupled to a source of waste heat and configured to heat a first flow of a working fluid, and a first expansion device configured to receive the first flow from the waste heat exchanger and to expand the first flow. The heat engine also includes a first recuperator fluidly coupled to the first expansion device and configured to receive the first flow therefrom and to transfer heat from the first flow to a second flow of the working fluid, and a second expansion device configured to receive the second flow from the first recuperator. The heat engine also includes a second recuperator fluidly coupled to the second expansion device and configured to receive the second flow therefrom and to transfer heat from the second flow to a combined flow of the first and second flows of the working fluid.
Embodiments of the disclosure may also provide an exemplary heat engine system. The heat engine system includes one or more waste heat exchangers thermally coupled to a source of waste heat, the one or more waste heat exchangers being configured to heat a first flow of working fluid. The system also includes a power turbine fluidly coupled to the one or more waste heat exchangers, the power turbine being configured to receive the first flow from the one or more waste heat expanders and to expand the first flow. The system also includes a first recuperator fluidly coupled to the power turbine, the first recuperator being configured to receive the first flow from the power turbine and to transfer heat from the first flow to a second flow of working fluid. The system further includes a second turbine fluidly coupled to the first recuperator, the second turbine being configured to receive the second flow from the first recuperator and to expand the second flow. The system also includes a second recuperator fluidly coupled to the second turbine, the second recuperator being configured to receive the second flow of working fluid from the second turbine and to transfer heat from the second flow to a combined flow of the first and second flows of the working fluid. The system further includes a condenser fluidly coupled to the first and second recuperators, the condenser being configured to receive the first and second flows from the first and second recuperators as the combined flow and to at least partially condense the combined flow. The system additionally includes a pump fluidly coupled to the condenser and to the second recuperator, the pump being configured to receive the combined flow from the condenser and pump the combined flow into the second recuperator.
Embodiments of the disclosure may further provide an exemplary method for extracting energy from a waste heat. The method includes transferring heat from the waste heat to a first flow of working fluid in a heat exchanger. The method also includes expanding the first flow in a first expander to rotate a shaft, and transferring heat from the first flow to a second flow of working fluid in a first recuperator. The method further includes expanding the second flow in a second expansion device to rotate a shaft, and transferring heat from the second flow to at least one of the first and second flows in a second recuperator. The method also includes at least partially condensing the first and second flows with one or more condensers, and pumping the first and second flows with a pump.
The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying Figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.
It is to be understood that the following disclosure describes several exemplary embodiments for implementing different features, structures, or functions of the invention. Exemplary embodiments of components, arrangements, and configurations are described below to simplify the present disclosure; however, these exemplary embodiments are provided merely as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Additionally, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various exemplary embodiments and across the Figures provided herein. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various exemplary embodiments and/or configurations discussed in the various Figures. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Finally, the exemplary embodiments presented below may be combined in any combination of ways, i.e., any element from one exemplary embodiment may be used in any other exemplary embodiment, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
Additionally, certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, various entities may refer to the same component by different names, and as such, the naming convention for the elements described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, unless otherwise specifically defined herein. Further, the naming convention used herein is not intended to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. Additionally, in the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to.” All numerical values in this disclosure may be exact or approximate values unless otherwise specifically stated. Accordingly, various embodiments of the disclosure may deviate from the numbers, values, and ranges disclosed herein without departing from the intended scope. Furthermore, as it is used in the claims or specification, the term “or” is intended to encompass both exclusive and inclusive cases, i.e., “A or B” is intended to be synonymous with “at least one of A and B,” unless otherwise expressly specified herein.
The heat engine system 100 also includes a first expansion device 102, which is fluidly coupled to the waste heat exchanger 101 and receives the first flow of high-pressure, high-temperature working fluid therefrom. The first expansion device 102 converts energy stored in the working fluid into rotational energy, which may be employed to power a generator 105. As such, the first expansion device 102 may be referred to as a power turbine; however, the first expansion device 102 may be coupled to other devices in lieu of or in addition to the generator 105 and/or may be used to drive other components of the heat engine system 100 or other systems (not shown). Further, the first expansion device 102 may be any suitable expander, such as an axial or radial flow, single or multi-stage, impulse or reaction turbine. The working fluid is also cooled in the first expansion device 102; however, the temperature may remain close to the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the first expansion device 102. Accordingly, after pressure reduction, and a limited amount of temperature reduction, the working fluid exits the first expansion device 102 as a high-temperature, low-pressure working fluid.
Residual thermal energy in the working fluid downstream from the first expansion device 102 is at least partially transferred therefrom in a first recuperator 104. The first recuperator 102 may be any suitable type of heat exchanger, such as a shell-and-tube, plate, fin, printed circuit, or other type of heat exchanger. The first recuperator 102 may also be fluidly coupled to a second flow of high-pressure working fluid, as will be described below. Heat is transferred from the first flow of working fluid downstream of the first expansion device to the second flow of working fluid in the first recuperator 104. The first flow of working fluid thus reduces in temperature in the first recuperator 104, resulting in a low/intermediate-temperature, low-pressure first flow of working fluid at the outlet of the first recuperator 104.
The low/intermediate-temperature, low-pressure first flow of working fluid is then combined with a second flow of low/intermediate-temperature, low-pressure working fluid and directed to a condenser 106. Although both the first and second flows are identified as being “low/intermediate” in temperature, the temperatures of the two flows need not be identical. Further, it will be appreciated that the terms “high,” “intermediate,” “low,” and combinations thereof, are used herein only to indicate temperatures relative to working fluid at other points in the cycle (e.g., “low” is less than “high”) and are not to be considered indicative of a particular temperature.
The working fluid is at least partially condensed in the condenser 106, resulting in the working fluid being at least partially liquid at the outlet thereof. The condenser 106 may be any suitable heat exchanger and may be, for example, air or water-cooled from the ambient environment. Additionally or alternatively, the condenser 106 illustrated may be representative of several heat exchangers, one or more mechanical or absorption chillers, combinations thereof, or any other suitable system or device for extracting heat from the working fluid. The working fluid exiting the condenser 106 may be a low-temperature, low-pressure working fluid.
The heat engine system 100 also includes a pump 108, which may be coupled to a motor 110. The motor 110 may be any type of electrical motor and may be powered, for example, by the generator 105 and/or may be solar or wind powered. In some embodiments, the motor 102 may be a gas or diesel engine. The pump 108 may be any suitable type of pump and operates to pressurize the working fluid downstream from the condenser 106. Further, the pump 108 may increase the temperature of the working fluid by a limited amount; however, the working fluid may still have a low-temperature, relative the high-temperature working fluid exiting the waste heat exchanger 101, for example. Accordingly, working fluid exiting the pump 108 may be a low-temperature, high-pressure working fluid.
The heat engine system 100 may also include a second recuperator 112, which is fluidly coupled to the pump 108. The second recuperator 112 may be any suitable type of heat exchanger and may function to transfer heat from the aforementioned second flow of working fluid to the low-temperature, high-pressure working fluid downstream from the pump 108. Accordingly, the working fluid exiting the second recuperator 112 may be a low/intermediate-temperature, high-pressure working fluid. At least a portion of the intermediate-temperature, high-pressure working fluid is routed from the second recuperator 112 to the waste heat exchanger 101, thereby closing one loop on the heat engine system 100.
Another portion of the low/intermediate-temperature, high-pressure working fluid may, however, be diverted to provide the aforementioned second flow of working fluid. The amount of working fluid diverted (and/or whether the working fluid is diverted) may be controlled by a valve 114. The valve 114 may be a throttle valve, a control valve, gate valve, combinations thereof, or any other suitable type of valve, for example, depending on whether flow rate control is desired in the heat engine system 100.
The valve 114 is fluidly coupled to the first recuperator 104; accordingly, the second flow of working fluid, which is low/intermediate-temperature, high-pressure working fluid at this point, is directed from the valve 114 to the first recuperator 104. In the first recuperator 104, the low/intermediate-temperature, high-pressure second flow of the working fluid absorbs heat from the high-temperature, low-pressure first flow of the working fluid downstream from the first expansion device 102. Accordingly, the second flow of working fluid exiting the first recuperator 104 is a high/intermediate-temperature, high-pressure working fluid. For example, the high/intermediate-temperature, high-pressure working fluid of the second flow of working fluid may be within about 5-10° C. of the first flow of working fluid upstream or downstream from the first recuperator 104.
The heat engine system 100 also includes a second expansion device 116, which may be any suitable type of expander, such a turbine. The second expansion device 116 may be coupled to a generator 118 and/or any other device configured to receive mechanical energy from the second expansion device 116 such as, but not limited to, another component of the heat engine system 100. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second expansion devices 102, 116 may be separate units or may be stages of a single turbine. For example, the first and second expansion devices 102, 116 may be separate stages of a radial turbine driving a bull gear and using separate pinions for each radial turbine stage. In another example, the first and second expansion devices 102, 116 may be separate units on a common shaft. Additionally, the generators 103, 118 may be combined in some embodiments, such that a single generator receives power input from both of the first and second expansion devices 102, 116.
The second flow of working fluid, having been expanded in the second expansion device 116, may be a high/intermediate-temperature, low-pressure working fluid exiting the second expansion device 116. This second flow of working fluid may then be routed to the second recuperator 112. Accordingly, the first and second recuperators 104, 112 may be described as being “in series,” meaning a flowpath proceeds from the first recuperator 104 to the second recuperator 112 (via any components disposed therebetween, as necessary), rather than the flow being split upstream of the first and second recuperator 104, 112 and then being fed to the two recuperators 104, 112 in parallel.
In the second recuperator 112, the second flow of working fluid transfers thermal energy to the working fluid exiting the pump 108, to preheat the working fluid from the pump 108, prior to its recycling back to the waste heat exchanger 101. As a result, the second flow of working fluid is cooled to a low/intermediate temperature, low-pressure working fluid. The second flow of working fluid is then combined with the first mass flow of working fluid downstream from the first recuperator 104, and the combined flow is then directed to the condenser 106, as described above.
By using two (or more) expansion devices 102, 116 at similar pressure ratios, a larger fraction of the available heat source is utilized and residual heat therefrom is recuperated. The arrangement of the recuperators 104, 112 can be optimized with the waste heat to maximize power output of the multiple temperature expansions. Also, the two sides of the recuperators 104, 112 may be balanced, for example by matching heat capacity rates (C=mass flow rate×specific heat) by selectively merging the various flows in the working fluid circuits as illustrated and described.
As also indicated in
Additionally,
In the described cycles one preferred working fluid is carbon dioxide. The use of the term carbon dioxide is not intended to be limited to carbon dioxide of any particular type, purity or grade of carbon dioxide. For example, the working fluid may be industrial grade carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse friendly and neutral working fluid that offers benefits such as non-toxicity, non-flammability, easy availability, low price, and no need of recycling.
In the described cycles the working fluid is in a supercritical state over certain portions of the system (the “high-pressure side”), and in a subcritical state at other portions of the system (the “low-pressure side”). In other embodiments, the entire cycle may be operated such that the working fluid is in a supercritical or subcritical state during the entire execution of the cycle. The working fluid may a binary, ternary or other working fluid blend. The working fluid combination can be selected for the unique attributes possessed by the fluid combination within a heat recovery system as described herein. For example, one such fluid combination is comprised of a liquid absorbent and carbon dioxide enabling the combined fluid to be pumped in a liquid state to high-pressure with less energy input than required to compress CO2. In another embodiment, the working fluid may be a combination of carbon dioxide and one or more other miscible fluids. In other embodiments, the working fluid may be a combination of carbon dioxide and propane, or carbon dioxide and ammonia.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that using the term “working fluid” is not intended to limit the state or phase of matter that the working fluid is in. In other words, the working fluid may be in a fluid phase, a gas phase, a supercritical phase, a subcritical state or any other phase or state at any one or more points within the cycle.
To provide proper functioning of the pump 108, the pressure at the pump inlet must exceed the vapor pressure of the working fluid by a margin sufficient to prevent vaporization of the fluid at the local regions of the low-pressure and/or high velocity. This is especially important with high speed pumps such as the turbopumps used in the various and preferred embodiments. Thus a traditional passive system, such as a surge tank, which only provides the incremental pressure of gravity relative to the fluid vapor pressure, may be insufficient for the embodiments disclosed herein.
The disclosure and related inventions may further include the incorporation and use of a mass management system in connection with or integrated into the described thermodynamic cycles. A mass management system is provided to control the inlet pressure at the pump by adding and removing mass from the system, and this in turn makes the system more efficient. In a preferred embodiment, the mass management system operates with the system semi-passively. The system uses sensors to monitor pressures and temperatures within the high-pressure side (from pump outlet to expander inlet) and low-pressure side (from expander outlet to pump inlet) of the system. The mass management system may also include valves, tank heaters or other equipment to facilitate the movement of the working fluid into and out of the system and a mass control tank for storage of working fluid.
Referring now to
In exemplary operation of the MMS 700, a working fluid storage reservoir or tank 702 is pressurized by tapping working fluid from the working fluid circuit(s) of the heat engine system 100 through a first valve 704 at tie-in point A. When needed, additional working fluid may be added to the working fluid circuit by opening a second valve 706 arranged near the bottom of the storage tank 702 in order to allow the additional working fluid to flow through tie-in point C, arranged upstream from the pump 108 (
The MMS 800 of
Under most conditions, the expanded fluid following the valves 804, 806 will be two-phase (i.e., vapor+liquid). To prevent the pressure in the storage tank 702 from exceeding its normal operating limits, a small vapor compression refrigeration cycle, including a vapor compressor 808 and accompanying condenser 810, may be provided. In other embodiments, the condenser can be used as the vaporizer, where condenser water is used as a heat source instead of a heat sink. The refrigeration cycle may be configured to decrease the temperature of the working fluid and sufficiently condense the vapor to maintain the pressure of the storage tank 702 at its design condition. As will be appreciated, the vapor compression refrigeration cycle may be integrated within MMS 800, or may be a stand-alone vapor compression cycle with an independent refrigerant loop.
The working fluid contained within the storage tank 702 will tend to stratify with the higher density working fluid at the bottom of the tank 702 and the lower density working fluid at the top of the tank 702. The working fluid may be in liquid phase, vapor phase or both, or supercritical; if the working fluid is in both vapor phase and liquid phase, there will be a phase boundary separating one phase of working fluid from the other with the denser working fluid at the bottom of the storage tank 702. In this way, the MMS 700, 800 may be capable of delivering to the circuits 110-610 the densest working fluid within the storage tank 702.
All of the various described controls or changes to the working fluid environment and status throughout the working fluid circuit, including temperature, pressure, flow direction and rate, and component operation such as pump 108, secondary pumps 302, and first and second expansion devices 102, 116, may be monitored and/or controlled by a control system 712, shown generally in
In one exemplary embodiment, the control system 712 may include one or more proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers as control loop feedback systems. In another exemplary embodiment, the control system 712 may be any microprocessor-based system capable of storing a control program and executing the control program to receive sensor inputs and generate control signals in accordance with a predetermined algorithm or table. For example, the control system 712 may be a microprocessor-based computer running a control software program stored on a computer-readable medium. The software program may be configured to receive sensor inputs from various pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc. sensors positioned throughout the working fluid circuits 110-610 and generate control signals therefrom, wherein the control signals are configured to optimize and/or selectively control the operation of the working fluid circuit.
Each MMS 700, 800 may be communicably coupled to such a control system 712 such that control of the various valves and other equipment described herein is automated or semi-automated and reacts to system performance data obtained via the various sensors located throughout the working fluid circuit, and also reacts to ambient and environmental conditions. That is to say that the control system 712 may be in communication with each of the components of the MMS 700, 800 and be configured to control the operation thereof to accomplish the function of the heat engine system 100 more efficiently. For example, the control system 712 may be in communication (via wires, RF signal, etc.) with each of the valves, pumps, sensors, etc. in the system and configured to control the operation of each of the components in accordance with a control software, algorithm, or other predetermined control mechanism. This may prove advantageous to control temperature and pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the pump 108, to actively increase the suction pressure of the pump 108 by decreasing compressibility of the working fluid. Doing so may avoid damage to the pump 108 (e.g., by avoiding cavitation) as well as increase the overall pressure ratio of the heat engine system 100, thereby improving the efficiency and power output.
In one or more exemplary embodiments, it may prove advantageous to maintain the suction pressure of the pump 108 above the boiling pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the pump 108. One method of controlling the pressure of the working fluid in the low-temperature side of the heat engine system 100 is by controlling the temperature of the working fluid in the storage tank 702 of
Referring now to
The foregoing has outlined features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/631,379, filed Dec. 4, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/243,200, filed Sep. 17, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/316,507, filed Mar. 23, 2010. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/417,775, filed Nov. 29, 2010. The priority applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into the present application.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
2575478 | Wilson | Nov 1951 | A |
2634375 | Guimbal | Apr 1953 | A |
2691280 | Albert | Oct 1954 | A |
3095274 | Crawford | Jun 1963 | A |
3105748 | Stahl | Oct 1963 | A |
3237403 | Feher | Mar 1966 | A |
3277955 | Laszlo | Oct 1966 | A |
3401277 | Larson | Sep 1968 | A |
3622767 | Koepcke | Nov 1971 | A |
3630022 | Jubb | Dec 1971 | A |
3736745 | Karig | Jun 1973 | A |
3772879 | Engdahl | Nov 1973 | A |
3791137 | Jubb | Feb 1974 | A |
3830062 | Morgan et al. | Aug 1974 | A |
3939328 | Davis | Feb 1976 | A |
3971211 | Wethe et al. | Jul 1976 | A |
3982379 | Gilli | Sep 1976 | A |
3998058 | Park | Dec 1976 | A |
4009575 | Hartman, Jr. | Mar 1977 | A |
4029255 | Heiser | Jun 1977 | A |
4030312 | Wallin | Jun 1977 | A |
4049407 | Bottum | Sep 1977 | A |
4070870 | Bahel | Jan 1978 | A |
4099381 | Rappoport | Jul 1978 | A |
4119140 | Cates | Oct 1978 | A |
4150547 | Hobson | Apr 1979 | A |
4152901 | Munters | May 1979 | A |
4164848 | Gilli | Aug 1979 | A |
4164849 | Mangus | Aug 1979 | A |
4170435 | Swearingen | Oct 1979 | A |
4182960 | Reuyl | Jan 1980 | A |
4183220 | Shaw | Jan 1980 | A |
4198827 | Terry et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
4208882 | Lopes | Jun 1980 | A |
4221185 | Scholes | Sep 1980 | A |
4233085 | Roderick | Nov 1980 | A |
4236869 | Luarello | Dec 1980 | A |
4248049 | Briley | Feb 1981 | A |
4257232 | Bell | Mar 1981 | A |
4287430 | Guido | Sep 1981 | A |
4336692 | Ecker | Jun 1982 | A |
4347711 | Noe | Sep 1982 | A |
4347714 | Kinsell | Sep 1982 | A |
4372125 | Dickenson | Feb 1983 | A |
4384568 | Palmatier | May 1983 | A |
4391101 | Labbe | Jul 1983 | A |
4420947 | Yoshino | Dec 1983 | A |
4428190 | Bronicki | Jan 1984 | A |
4433554 | Rojey | Feb 1984 | A |
4439687 | Wood | Mar 1984 | A |
4439994 | Briley | Apr 1984 | A |
4448033 | Briccetti | May 1984 | A |
4450363 | Russell | May 1984 | A |
4455836 | Binstock | Jun 1984 | A |
4467609 | Loomis | Aug 1984 | A |
4467621 | O'Brien | Aug 1984 | A |
4475353 | Lazare | Oct 1984 | A |
4489562 | Snyder | Dec 1984 | A |
4489563 | Kalina | Dec 1984 | A |
4498289 | Osgerby | Feb 1985 | A |
4516403 | Tanaka | May 1985 | A |
4538960 | Iino et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
4549401 | Spliethoff | Oct 1985 | A |
4555905 | Endou | Dec 1985 | A |
4558228 | Larjola | Dec 1985 | A |
4573321 | Knaebel | Mar 1986 | A |
4578953 | Krieger | Apr 1986 | A |
4589255 | Martens | May 1986 | A |
4636578 | Feinberg | Jan 1987 | A |
4674297 | Vobach | Jun 1987 | A |
4694189 | Haraguchi | Sep 1987 | A |
4697981 | Brown et al. | Oct 1987 | A |
4700543 | Krieger | Oct 1987 | A |
4730977 | Haaser | Mar 1988 | A |
4756162 | Dayan | Jul 1988 | A |
4765143 | Crawford et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
4773212 | Griffin | Sep 1988 | A |
4798056 | Franklin | Jan 1989 | A |
4813242 | Wicks | Mar 1989 | A |
4821514 | Schmidt | Apr 1989 | A |
4867633 | Gravelle | Sep 1989 | A |
4892459 | Guelich | Jan 1990 | A |
4986071 | Voss | Jan 1991 | A |
4993483 | Harris | Feb 1991 | A |
5000003 | Wicks | Mar 1991 | A |
5050375 | Dickinson | Sep 1991 | A |
5083425 | Hendriks et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
5098194 | Kuo | Mar 1992 | A |
5102295 | Pope | Apr 1992 | A |
5104284 | Hustak, Jr. | Apr 1992 | A |
5164020 | Wagner | Nov 1992 | A |
5176321 | Doherty | Jan 1993 | A |
5203159 | Koizumi et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
5228310 | Vandenberg | Jul 1993 | A |
5291960 | Brandenburg | Mar 1994 | A |
5320482 | Palmer et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
5335510 | Rockenfeller | Aug 1994 | A |
5358378 | Holscher | Oct 1994 | A |
5360057 | Rockenfeller | Nov 1994 | A |
5392606 | Labinov | Feb 1995 | A |
5440882 | Kalina | Aug 1995 | A |
5444972 | Moore | Aug 1995 | A |
5488828 | Brossard | Feb 1996 | A |
5490386 | Keller | Feb 1996 | A |
5503222 | Dunne | Apr 1996 | A |
5531073 | Bronicki | Jul 1996 | A |
5538564 | Kaschmitter | Jul 1996 | A |
5542203 | Luoma | Aug 1996 | A |
5570578 | Saujet | Nov 1996 | A |
5588298 | Kalina | Dec 1996 | A |
5600967 | Meckler | Feb 1997 | A |
5634340 | Grennan | Jun 1997 | A |
5647221 | Garris, Jr. | Jul 1997 | A |
5649426 | Kalina | Jul 1997 | A |
5676382 | Dahlheimer | Oct 1997 | A |
5680753 | Hollinger | Oct 1997 | A |
5738164 | Hildebrand | Apr 1998 | A |
5754613 | Hashiguchi et al. | May 1998 | A |
5771700 | Cochran | Jun 1998 | A |
5789822 | Calistrat | Aug 1998 | A |
5813215 | Weisser | Sep 1998 | A |
5833876 | Schnur | Nov 1998 | A |
5862666 | Liu | Jan 1999 | A |
5873260 | Linhardt | Feb 1999 | A |
5874039 | Edelson | Feb 1999 | A |
5894836 | Wu | Apr 1999 | A |
5899067 | Hageman | May 1999 | A |
5903060 | Norton | May 1999 | A |
5918460 | Connell | Jul 1999 | A |
5941238 | Tracy | Aug 1999 | A |
5943869 | Cheng | Aug 1999 | A |
5946931 | Lomax | Sep 1999 | A |
5973050 | Johnson | Oct 1999 | A |
6037683 | Lulay | Mar 2000 | A |
6041604 | Nicodemus | Mar 2000 | A |
6058930 | Shingleton | May 2000 | A |
6062815 | Holt | May 2000 | A |
6065280 | Ranasinghe | May 2000 | A |
6066797 | Toyomura | May 2000 | A |
6070405 | Jerye | Jun 2000 | A |
6082110 | Rosenblatt | Jul 2000 | A |
6105368 | Hansen | Aug 2000 | A |
6112547 | Spauschus | Sep 2000 | A |
6129507 | Ganelin | Oct 2000 | A |
6158237 | Riffat | Dec 2000 | A |
6164655 | Bothien | Dec 2000 | A |
6202782 | Hatanaka | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6223846 | Schechter | May 2001 | B1 |
6233938 | Nicodemus | May 2001 | B1 |
6282900 | Bell | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6282917 | Mongan | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6295818 | Ansley | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6299690 | Mongeon | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6341781 | Matz | Jan 2002 | B1 |
6374630 | Jones | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6393851 | Wightman | May 2002 | B1 |
6432320 | Bonsignore | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6434955 | Ng | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6442951 | Maeda | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6446425 | Lawlor | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6446465 | Dubar | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6463730 | Keller | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6484490 | Olsen | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6539720 | Rouse | Apr 2003 | B2 |
6539728 | Korin | Apr 2003 | B2 |
6571548 | Bronicki | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6581384 | Benson | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6598397 | Hanna | Jul 2003 | B2 |
6644062 | Hays | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6657849 | Andresakis | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6668554 | Brown | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6684625 | Kline | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6695974 | Withers | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6715294 | Anderson | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6734585 | Tornquist | May 2004 | B2 |
6735948 | Kalina | May 2004 | B1 |
6739142 | Korin | May 2004 | B2 |
6751959 | McClanahan et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
6769256 | Kalina | Aug 2004 | B1 |
6799892 | Leuthold | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6808179 | Bhattacharyya | Oct 2004 | B1 |
6810335 | Lysaght | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6817185 | Coney | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6857268 | Stinger et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6910334 | Kalina | Jun 2005 | B2 |
6918254 | Baker | Jul 2005 | B2 |
6921518 | Johnston | Jul 2005 | B2 |
6941757 | Kalina | Sep 2005 | B2 |
6960839 | Zimron | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6960840 | Willis | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6962054 | Linney | Nov 2005 | B1 |
6964168 | Pierson | Nov 2005 | B1 |
6968690 | Kalina | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6986251 | Radcliff | Jan 2006 | B2 |
7013205 | Hafner | Mar 2006 | B1 |
7021060 | Kalina | Apr 2006 | B1 |
7022294 | Johnston | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7033533 | Lewis-Aburn et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7033553 | Johnston et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7036315 | Kang | May 2006 | B2 |
7041272 | Keefer | May 2006 | B2 |
7047744 | Robertson | May 2006 | B1 |
7048782 | Couch | May 2006 | B1 |
7062913 | Christensen | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7096665 | Stinger et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7096679 | Manole | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7124587 | Linney | Oct 2006 | B1 |
7174715 | Armitage | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7194863 | Ganev | Mar 2007 | B2 |
7197876 | Kalina | Apr 2007 | B1 |
7200996 | Cogswell | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7234314 | Wiggs | Jun 2007 | B1 |
7249588 | Russell | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7278267 | Yamada | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7279800 | Bassett | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7287381 | Pierson | Oct 2007 | B1 |
7305829 | Mirolli | Dec 2007 | B2 |
7313926 | Gurin | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7340894 | Miyahara et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7340897 | Zimron | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7406830 | Valentian et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7416137 | Hagen et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7453242 | Ichinose | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7458217 | Kalina | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7458218 | Kalina | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7464551 | Althaus et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7469542 | Kalina | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7516619 | Pelletier | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7600394 | Kalina | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7621133 | Tomlinson | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7654354 | Otterstrom | Feb 2010 | B1 |
7665291 | Anand | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7665304 | Sundel | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7685821 | Kalina | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7730713 | Nakano | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7735335 | Uno | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7770376 | Brostmeyer | Aug 2010 | B1 |
7775758 | Legare | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7827791 | Pierson | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7838470 | Shaw | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7841179 | Kalina | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7841306 | Myers | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7854587 | Ito | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7866157 | Ernst | Jan 2011 | B2 |
7900450 | Gurin | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7950230 | Nishikawa | May 2011 | B2 |
7950243 | Gurin | May 2011 | B2 |
7972529 | Machado | Jul 2011 | B2 |
7997076 | Ernst | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8096128 | Held et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8099198 | Gurin | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8146360 | Myers | Apr 2012 | B2 |
8281593 | Held | Oct 2012 | B2 |
8419936 | Berger et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
20010015061 | Viteri | Aug 2001 | A1 |
20010020444 | Johnston | Sep 2001 | A1 |
20010030952 | Roy | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20020029558 | Tamaro | Mar 2002 | A1 |
20020066270 | Rouse et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020078696 | Korin | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020078697 | Lifson | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020082747 | Kramer | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20030000213 | Christensen | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030061823 | Alden | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030154718 | Nayar | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030182946 | Sami | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030213246 | Coll et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030221438 | Rane et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
20040011038 | Stinger | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040011039 | Stinger et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040020185 | Brouillette et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040020206 | Sullivan et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040021182 | Green et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040035117 | Rosen | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040083731 | Lasker | May 2004 | A1 |
20040083732 | Hanna et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
20040088992 | Brasz et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
20040097388 | Brask et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
20040105980 | Sudarshan et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040107700 | McClanahan et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040159110 | Janssen | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040211182 | Gould | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20050022963 | Garrabrant et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050056001 | Frutschi | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050096676 | Gifford, III et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050109387 | Marshall | May 2005 | A1 |
20050137777 | Kolavennu et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050162018 | Realmuto et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050167169 | Gering et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050183421 | Vaynberg et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050196676 | Singh et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050198959 | Schubert | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050227187 | Schilling | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050252235 | Critoph et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050257812 | Wright et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20060010868 | Smith | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060060333 | Chordia et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060066113 | Ebrahim et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060080960 | Rajendran et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
20060112693 | Sundel | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060182680 | Keefer et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060211871 | Dai et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060213218 | Uno et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060225421 | Yamanaka et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060225459 | Meyer | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060249020 | Tonkovich et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060254281 | Badeer et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20070001766 | Ripley et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070017192 | Bednarek et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070019708 | Shiflett et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070027038 | Kamimura et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070056290 | Dahm | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070089449 | Gurin | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070108200 | McKinzie, II et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070119175 | Ruggieri et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070130952 | Copen | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070151244 | Gurin | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070161095 | Gurin | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070163261 | Strathman | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070195152 | Kawai et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070204620 | Pronske et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070227472 | Takeuchi et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070234722 | Kalina | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070245733 | Pierson et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070246206 | Gong et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20080000225 | Kalina | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080006040 | Peterson et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080010967 | Griffin | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080023666 | Gurin | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080053095 | Kalina | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080066470 | MacKnight | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080135253 | Vinegar et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080163625 | O'Brien | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080173450 | Goldberg et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080211230 | Gurin | Sep 2008 | A1 |
20080250789 | Myers et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080252078 | Myers | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20090021251 | Simon | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090085709 | Meinke | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090107144 | Moghtaderi et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090139234 | Gurin | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090139781 | Straubel | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090173337 | Tamaura et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090173486 | Copeland | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090180903 | Martin et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090205892 | Jensen et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090211251 | Peterson et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090211253 | Radcliff et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090266075 | Westmeier et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20090293503 | Vandor | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100024421 | Litwin | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100077792 | Gurin | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100083662 | Kalina | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100102008 | Hedberg | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100122533 | Kalina | May 2010 | A1 |
20100146949 | Stobart et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100146973 | Kalina | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100156112 | Held et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100162721 | Welch et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100205962 | Kalina | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100218513 | Vaisman et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100218930 | Proeschel | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100263380 | Biederman et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20100287934 | Glynn et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
20100300093 | Doty | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100326076 | Ast et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20110027064 | Pal et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110030404 | Gurin | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110048012 | Ernst et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110061384 | Held et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110061387 | Held et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110088399 | Briesch et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110179799 | Allam | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110185729 | Held | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110192163 | Kasuya | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110203278 | Kopecek et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110259010 | Bronicki et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110299972 | Morris | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20110308253 | Ritter | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20120047892 | Held et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120067055 | Held | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120128463 | Held | May 2012 | A1 |
20120131918 | Held | May 2012 | A1 |
20120131919 | Held et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
20120131920 | Held | May 2012 | A1 |
20120131921 | Held | May 2012 | A1 |
20120159922 | Gurin | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120159956 | Gurin | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120174558 | Gurin | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20120186219 | Gurin | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20120247134 | Gurin | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120247455 | Gurin et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120261090 | Durmaz et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20130019597 | Kalina | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130033037 | Held et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130036736 | Hart et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130113221 | Held | May 2013 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2794150 | Nov 2011 | CA |
1165238 | Nov 1997 | CN |
1432102 | Jul 2003 | CN |
101614139 | Dec 2009 | CN |
202055876 | Nov 2011 | CN |
202544943 | Nov 2012 | CN |
202718721 | Feb 2013 | CN |
2632777 | Feb 1977 | DE |
19906087 | Aug 2000 | DE |
10052993 | May 2002 | DE |
1977174 | Oct 2008 | EP |
1998013 | Dec 2008 | EP |
2419621 | Feb 2012 | EP |
2446122 | May 2012 | EP |
2478201 | Jul 2012 | EP |
2500530 | Sep 2012 | EP |
2550436 | Jan 2013 | EP |
856985 | Dec 1960 | GB |
2010974 | Jul 1979 | GB |
2075608 | Nov 1981 | GB |
58-193051 | Nov 1983 | JP |
60040707 | Mar 1985 | JP |
61-152914 | Jul 1986 | JP |
01-240705 | Sep 1989 | JP |
05-321612 | Dec 1993 | JP |
06-331225 | Nov 1994 | JP |
08028805 | Feb 1996 | JP |
09-100702 | Apr 1997 | JP |
2641581 | May 1997 | JP |
09-209716 | Aug 1997 | JP |
2858750 | Dec 1998 | JP |
H11270352 | May 1999 | JP |
2000257407 | Sep 2000 | JP |
2001-193419 | Jul 2001 | JP |
2002-097965 | Apr 2002 | JP |
2003529715 | Oct 2003 | JP |
2004-239250 | Aug 2004 | JP |
2004-332626 | Nov 2004 | JP |
2005030727 | Feb 2005 | JP |
2005-533972 | Nov 2005 | JP |
2005-533972 | Nov 2005 | JP |
2006037760 | Feb 2006 | JP |
2006177266 | Jul 2006 | JP |
2007-198200 | Aug 2007 | JP |
2007-198200 | Sep 2007 | JP |
4343738 | Oct 2009 | JP |
2011-017268 | Jan 2011 | JP |
10-0191080 | Jun 1999 | KR |
100191080 | Jun 1999 | KR |
10 2007 0086244 | Aug 2007 | KR |
10-0766101 | Oct 2007 | KR |
10-0844634 | Jul 2008 | KR |
10-0844634 | Jul 2008 | KR |
10-20100067927 | Jun 2010 | KR |
1020110018769 | Feb 2011 | KR |
1069914 | Jan 2012 | KR |
1103549 | Jan 2012 | KR |
10-2012-0058582 | Jun 2012 | KR |
2012-0068670 | Jun 2012 | KR |
20120068670 | Jun 2012 | KR |
2012-0128753 | Nov 2012 | KR |
2012-0128755 | Nov 2012 | KR |
WO 9105145 | Apr 1991 | WO |
WO 9609500 | Mar 1996 | WO |
0071944 | Nov 2000 | WO |
WO 0144658 | Jun 2001 | WO |
WO 2006060253 | Jun 2006 | WO |
WO 2006137957 | Dec 2006 | WO |
WO 2007056241 | May 2007 | WO |
WO 2007079245 | Jul 2007 | WO |
WO 2007082103 | Jul 2007 | WO |
WO 2007112090 | Oct 2007 | WO |
WO 2008039725 | Apr 2008 | WO |
2008101711 | Aug 2008 | WO |
2009-045196 | Apr 2009 | WO |
WO 2009058992 | May 2009 | WO |
2010-074173 | Jul 2010 | WO |
2010083198 | Jul 2010 | WO |
WO 2010121255 | Oct 2010 | WO |
WO 2010126980 | Nov 2010 | WO |
WO 2010151560 | Dec 2010 | WO |
WO 2011017450 | Feb 2011 | WO |
WO 2011017476 | Feb 2011 | WO |
WO 2011017599 | Feb 2011 | WO |
WO 2011034984 | Mar 2011 | WO |
WO 2011094294 | Aug 2011 | WO |
WO 2011119650 | Sep 2011 | WO |
2012-074905 | Jun 2012 | WO |
2012-074907 | Jun 2012 | WO |
2012-074911 | Jun 2012 | WO |
WO 2012074940 | Jun 2012 | WO |
WO 2013055391 | Apr 2013 | WO |
WO 2013059687 | Apr 2013 | WO |
WO 2013059695 | Apr 2013 | WO |
WO 2013070249 | May 2013 | WO |
WO 2013074907 | May 2013 | WO |
Entry |
---|
PCT/US2011/029486—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 16, 2011. |
PCT/US2011/062201—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jun. 26, 2012. |
PCT/US2011/062207—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jun. 28, 2012. |
PCT/US2011/062198—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 2, 2012. |
PCT/US2011/062266—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 9, 2012. |
PCT/US2011/029486—International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Sep. 25, 2012. |
PCT/US2012/062204—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 1, 2012. |
Vaclav Dostal, Martin Kulhanek, “Research on the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycles in the Czech Republic”, Department of Fluid Mechanics and Power Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague, RPI, Troy, NY, Apr. 29-30, 2009; 8 pages. |
Alpy, N., et al., “French Atomic Energy Commission views as regards SCO2 Cycle Development priorities and related R&D approach,” Presentation, Symposium on SCO2 Power Cycles, Apr. 29-30, 2009, Troy, NY, 20 pages. |
Angelino, G., and Invernizzi, C.M., “Carbon Dioxide Power Cycles using Liquid Natural Gas as Heat Sink”, Applied Thermal Engineering Mar. 3, 2009, 43 pages. |
Bryant, John C., Saari, Henry, and Zanganeh, Kourosh, “An Analysis and Comparison of the Simple and Recompression Supercritical CO2 Cycles” Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 8 pages. |
Chapman, Daniel J., Arias, Diego A., “An Assessment of the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Use in a Solar Parabolic Trough Power Plant”, Presentation, Abengoa Solar, Apr. 29-30, 2009, Troy, NY, 20 pages. |
Chapman, Daniel J., Arias, Diego A., “An Assessment of the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Use in a Solar Parabolic Trough Power Plant”, Paper, Abengoa Solar, Apr. 29-30, 2009, Troy, NY, 5 pages. |
Chen, Yang, Lundqvist, P., Johansson, A., Platell, P., “A Comparative Study of the Carbon Dioxide Transcritical Power Cycle Compared with an Organic Rankine Cycle with R123 as Working Fluid in Waste Heat Recovery”, Science Direct, Applied Thermal Engineering, Jun. 12, 2006, 6 pages. |
Chen, Yang, “Thermodynamic Cycles Using Carbon Dioxide as Working Fluid”, Doctoral Thesis, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Stockholm, Oct. 2011, 150 pages., (3 parts). |
Chordia, Lalit, “Optimizing Equipment for Supercritical Applications”, Thar Energy LLC, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 7 pages. |
Combs, Osie V., “An Investigation of the Supercritical CO2 Cycle (Feher cycle) for Shipboard Application”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1977, 290 pages. |
Di Bella, Francis A., “Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Navy Shipboard Module Development”, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 8 pages. |
Dostal, V., et al., A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors, Mar. 10, 2004, 326 pages., (7 parts). |
Dostal, Vaclav, and Dostal, Jan, “Supercritical CO2 Regeneration Bypass Cycle—Comparison to Traditional Layouts”, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 5 pages. |
Eisemann, Kevin, and Fuller, Robert L., “Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle Design and System Start-up Options”, Barber Nichols, Inc., Paper, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 7 pages. |
Eisemann, Kevin, and Fuller, Robert L., “Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle Design and System Start-up Options”, Presentation, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 11 pages. |
Feher, E.G., et al., “Investigation of Supercritical (Feher) Cycle”, Astropower Laboratory, Missile & Space Systems Division, Oct. 1968, 152 pages. |
Fuller, Robert L., and Eisemann, Kevin, “Centrifugal Compressor Off-Design Performance for Super-Critical CO2”, Barber Nichols, Inc. Presentation, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 20 pages. |
Fuller, Robert L., and Eisemann, Kevin, “Centrifugal Compressor Off-Design Performance for Super-Critical CO2”, Paper, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 12 pages. |
Gokhstein, D.P. and Verkhivker, G.P. “Use of Carbon Dioxide as a Heat Carrier and Working Substance in Atomic Power Stations”, Soviet Atomic Energy, Apr. 1969, vol. 26, Issue 4, pp. 430-432. |
Gokhstein, D.P.; Taubman, E.I.; Konyaeva, G.P., “Thermodynamic Cycles of Carbon Dioxide Plant with an Additional Turbine After the Regenerator”, Energy Citations Database, Mar. 1973, 1 Page, Abstract only. |
Hejzlar, P. et al., “Assessment of Gas Cooled Gas Reactor with Indirect Supercritical CO2 Cycle” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jan. 2006, 10 pages. |
Hoffman, John R., and Feher, E.G., “150 kwe Supercritical Closed Cycle System”, Transactions of the ASME, Jan. 1971, pp. 70-80. |
Jeong, Woo Seok, et al., “Performance of S—CO2 Brayton Cycle with Additive Gases for SFR Application”, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 5 pages. |
Johnson, Gregory A., & McDowell, Michael, “Issues Associated with Coupling Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles to Nuclear, Solar and Fossil Fuel Heat Sources”, Hamilton Sundstrand, Energy Space & Defense-Rocketdyne, Apr. 29- 30, 2009, Troy, NY, Presentation, 18 pages. |
Kawakubo, Tomoki, “Unsteady Roto-Stator Interaction of a Radial-Inflow Turbine with Variable Nozzle Vanes”, ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air; vol. 7: Turbomachinery, Parts A, B, and C; Glasgow, UK, Jun. 14-18, 2010, Paper No. GT2010-23677, pp. 2075-2084, (1 page, Abstract only). |
Kulhanek, Martin, “Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison of S—CO2 Cycles”, Presentation, Czech Technical University in Prague, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 14 pages. |
Kulhanek, Martin, “Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison of S—CO2 Cycles”, Paper, Czech Technical University in Prague, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 7 pages. |
Kulhanek, Martin., and Dostal, Vaclav, “Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycles Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison”, Abstract, Faculty Conference held in Prague, Mar. 24, 2009, 13 pages. |
Ma, Zhiwen and Turchi, Craig S., “Advanced Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Configurations for Use in Concentrating Solar Power Systems”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 4 pages. |
Moisseytsev, Anton, and Sienicki, Jim, “Investigation of Alternative Layouts for the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle for a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor”, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, Troy, NY, Apr. 29, 2009, 26 pages. |
Munoz De Escalona, Jose M., “The Potential of the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle in High Temperature Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems”, Paper, Thermal Power Group, University of Seville, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 6 pages. |
Munoz De Escalona, Jose M., et al., “The Potential of the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle in High Temperature Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems”, Presentation, Thermal Power Group, University of Seville, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 19 pages. |
Muto, Y., et al., “Application of Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine for the Fossil Fired Thermal Plant”, Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, Sep. 30, 2010, vol. 4, No. 9, 9 pages. |
Muto, Yasushi, and Kato, Yasuyoshi, “Optimal Cycle Scheme of Direct Cycle Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine for Nuclear Power Generation Systems”, International Conference on Power Engineering-2007, Oct. 23-27, 2007, Hangzhou, China, pp. 86-87. |
Noriega, Bahamonde J.S., “Design Method for s—CO2 Gas Turbine Power Plants”, Master of Science Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Oct. 2012, 122 pages., (3 parts). |
Oh, Chang, et al., “Development of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle: Improving PBR Efficiency and Testing Material Compatibility”, Presentation, Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Report, Oct. 2004, 38 pages. |
Oh, Chang; et al., “Development of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle: Improving VHTR Efficiency and Testing Material Compatibility”, Presentation, Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Report, Final Report, Mar. 2006, 97 pages. |
Parma, Ed, et al., “Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR) Concept” Presentation for Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 40 pages. |
Parma, Ed, et al., “Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR) Concept”, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 9 pages. |
Parma, Edward J., et al., “Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR) Concept”, Presentation, Sandia National Laboratories, May 2011, 55 pages. |
PCT/US2006/049623—Written Opinion of ISA dated Jan. 4, 2008, 4 pages. |
PCT/US2007/001120—International Search Report dated Apr. 25, 2008, 7 pages. |
PCT/US2007/079318—International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jul. 7, 2008, 5 pages. |
PCT/US2010/031614—International Search Report dated Jul. 12, 2010, 3 pages. |
PCT/US2010/031614—International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 27, 2011, 9 pages. |
PCT/US2010/039559—International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jan. 12, 2012, 7 pages. |
PCT/US2010/039559—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Sep. 1, 2010, 6 pages. |
PCT/US2010/044476—International Search Report dated Sep. 29, 2010, 23 pages. |
PCT/US2010/044681—International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Oct. 7, 2010,10 pages. |
PCT/US2010/044681—International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Feb. 16, 2012, 9 pages. |
PCT/US2010/049042—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 17, 2010, 11 pages. |
PCT/US2010/049042—International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Mar. 29, 2012, 18 pages. |
PCT/US2012/000470—International Search Report dated Mar. 8, 2013, 10 pages. |
PCT/US2012/061151—International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 25, 2013, 9 pages. |
PCT/US2012/061159—International Search Report dated Mar. 2, 2013, 10 pages. |
Persichilli, Michael, et al.., “Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Developments and Commercialization: Why sCO2 can Displace Steam” Echogen Power Systems LLC, Power-Gen India & Central Asia 2012, Apr. 19-21, 2012, New Delhi, India, 15 pages. |
Saari, Henry, et al., “Supercritical CO2 Advanced Brayton Cycle Design”, Presentation, Carleton University, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 21 pages. |
San Andres, Luis, “Start-Up Response of Fluid Film Lubricated Cryogenic Turbopumps (Preprint)”, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cincinnati, OH, Jul. 8-11, 2007, 38 pages. |
Sarkar, J., and Bhattacharyya, Souvik, “Optimization of Recompression S—CO2 Power Cycle with Reheating” Energy Conversion and Management 50 (May 17, 2009), pp. 1939-1945. |
Tom, Samsun Kwok Sun, “The Feasibility of Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Coolant for the Candu Reactor”, The University of British Columbia, Jan. 1978, 156 pages. |
VGB PowerTech Service GmbH, “CO2 Capture and Storage”, A VGB Report on the State of the Art, Aug. 25, 2004, 112 pages. |
Vidhi, Rachana, et al., “Study of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle for Power Conversion from Low Grade Heat Sources”, Presentation, University of South Florida and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 17 pages. |
Vidhi, Rachana, et al., “Study of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle for Power Conversion from Low Grade Heat Sources”, Paper, University of South Florida and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 8 pages. |
Wright, Steven A., et al., “Modeling and Experimental Results for Condensing Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles”, Sandia Report, Jan. 2011, 47 pages. |
Wright, Steven A., et al., “Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Development Summary at Sandia National Laboratories”, May 24-25, 2011, (1 page, Abstract only). |
Wright, Steven, “Mighty Mite”, Mechanical Engineering, Jan. 2012, pp. 41-43. |
Yoon, Ho Joon, et al., “Preliminary Results of Optimal Pressure Ratio for Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle coupled with Small Modular Water Cooled Reactor”, Presentation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, Boulder, CO, May 25, 2011, 18 pages. |
Yoon, Ho Joon, et al., “Preliminary Results of Optimal Pressure Ratio for Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle coupled with Small Modular Water Cooled Reactor”, Paper, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, May 24-25, 2011, Boulder, CO, 7 pages. |
CN Search Report for Application No. 201080035382.1, 2 pages. |
CN Search Report for Application No. 201080050795.7, 2 pages. |
PCT/US2011/062198—Extended European Search Report dated May 6, 2014, 9 pages. |
PCT/US2011/062201—Extended European Search Report dated May 28, 2014, 8 pages. |
PCT/US2013/055547—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Jan. 24, 2014, 11 pages. |
PCT/US2013/064470—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Jan. 22, 2014, 10 pages. |
PCT/US2013/064471—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Jan. 24, 2014, 10 pages. |
PCT/US2014/013154—International Search Report dated May 23, 2014, 4 pages. |
PCT/US2014/013170—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated May 9, 2014, 12 pages. |
PCT/US2014/023026—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Jul. 22, 2014, 11 pages. |
PCT/US2014/023990—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Jul. 17, 2014, 10 pages. |
PCT/US2014/026173—Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration dated Jul. 9, 2014, 10 pages. |
Renz, Manfred, “The New Generation Kalina Cycle”, Contribution to the Conference: “Electricity Generation from Enhanced Geothermal Systems”, Sep. 14, 2006, Strasbourg, France, 18 pages. |
Thorin, Eva, “Power Cycles with Ammonia-Water Mixtures as Working Fluid”, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology Energy Processes, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2000, 66 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20120131918 A1 | May 2012 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61243200 | Sep 2009 | US | |
61316507 | Mar 2010 | US | |
61417775 | Nov 2010 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 12631379 | Dec 2009 | US |
Child | 13305596 | US |