Patent Application
20110186276
Emission concerns associated with the operation of internal combustion engines (e.g., diesel and other types of engines) have resulted in an increased emphasis on the use of exhaust gas heat exchange systems with such engines in vehicular and non-vehicular applications. These systems are often employed as part of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system in which a portion of an engine's exhaust is returned to combustion chambers via an intake system. The result is that some of the oxygen that would ordinarily be inducted into the engine as part of its fresh combustion air charge is displaced with inert gases. The presence of the inert exhaust gas typically serves to lower the combustion temperature, thereby reducing the rate of NOx formation.
In order to achieve the foregoing, it is desirable for the temperature of the recirculated exhaust to be lowered prior to the exhaust being delivered into the intake manifold of the engine. In many applications employing EGR systems, exhaust gas recirculation coolers (EGR coolers) are employed to reduce the temperature of the recirculated exhaust. In the usual case, engine coolant is brought into heat exchange relation with the exhaust gas within the EGR cooler in order to achieve the desired reduction in temperature. The use of engine coolant provides certain advantages in that appropriate structure for subsequently rejecting heat from the engine coolant to the ambient air is already available for use in applications requiring an EGR system.
In some applications, however, the temperature to which recirculated exhaust must be lowered in order to achieve the desired reduction in the rate of NOx formation is lower than, or appreciably close to, the temperature at which the engine coolant is regulated by the engine's thermal management system. In such cases, a second EGR cooler may be employed to extract from the recirculated exhaust that portion of the desired heat load which cannot be readily transferred to the engine coolant at its regulated temperature. This second EGR cooler (frequently referred to as a “low temperature EGR cooler” or “LT EGR cooler”) commonly receives either a flow of coolant from a separately regulated coolant loop, or a portion of the regular engine coolant loop which has been cooled to a lower temperature.
Packaging the LT EGR cooler along with an EGR cooler (sometimes referred to as the “high temperature EGR cooler” or “HT EGR cooler”) can be problematic due to space constraints. Placing both EGR coolers into a common casing can help to ease these packaging issues, but can make it more difficult to accommodate the differences in thermal expansion between the exhaust gas conveying tubes in the EGR coolers and the casing. Such thermal expansion differences have been known to lead to premature failure of the heat exchanger.
Although applications involving EGR cooler connections (to other EGR coolers and/or other structures) illustrate the design challenges described above, such challenges exist in other heat exchanger applications as well—some of which involve heat exchangers outside of exhaust gas recirculation technology. Based upon these and other limitations of conventional heat exchanger connection designs, improved heat exchanger connections and connection methods continue to be welcome in the art.
In accordance with some embodiments, of the present invention, a heat exchanger includes a casing having a proximal end and a distal end, with a fluid flow path extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The heat exchanger further includes a plurality of heat exchange tubes defining a first section of the fluid flow path extending from the proximal end, and another plurality of heat exchange tubes defining a second section of the fluid flow path extending to the distal end. A third section of the fluid flow path fluidly connects the first section to the second section, and includes at least one sealing plate. The heat exchange tubes defining the first section are rigidly attached to the casing at the proximal end, and are structurally decoupled from the casing at their opposite ends. The heat exchange tubes defining the second section are rigidly attached to the casing at the distal end, and are structurally decoupled from both the casing and the heat exchange tubes defining the first section at their opposite ends.
Another feature of the present invention includes a casing having a pocket containing at least a portion of the sealing plate. The pocket is defined by a planar wall that provides a sealing surface for a fluid-tight seal between the casing and the sealing plate, and by one or more peripheral walls that bound the outer periphery of the planar wall. The pocket may be further defined by another planar wall that is parallel to and spaced apart from the first planar wall. This second planar wall can provide a sealing surface for a fluid-tight seal between the casing and a second sealing plate.
In some embodiments, the third section of the fluid flow path includes a group of one or more cylindrical flow conduits rigidly attached to the heat exchange tubes defining the first section, and a group of one or more cylindrical flow conduits rigidly attached to the heat exchange tubes of defining the second section. At least one of the groups extends at least partially into the pocket in the casing. As one feature, fluid-tight seals extend around one or more of the cylindrical flow conduits and allow for movement in the axial direction relative to the casing. The first and second groups of cylindrical flow conduits may be separated from one another in order to accommodate thermal expansion differences between the heat exchange tubes and the casing.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the heat exchanger includes a second fluid flow path passing over the heat exchange tubes defining the first section, and a third fluid flow path passing over the heat exchange tubes defining the second section. The second and third fluid flow paths are sealed off from the first fluid flow path by at least some of the fluid-tight seals in the third section of the first fluid flow path. In some cases the second and third fluid flow paths are not in fluid communication with one another within the heat exchanger.
In some embodiments of the invention the heat exchanger may be used as an EGR cooler, with a recirculated exhaust gas flowing along the first flow path, a first flow of coolant flowing along the second flow path, and a second flow of coolant flowing along the third flow path. In some cases one of the flows of coolant may be at a lower temperature than the other flow of coolant.
In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a heat exchanger includes a casing having a proximal end and a distal end, with a fluid flow path extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The heat exchanger further includes a first plurality of heat exchange tubes defining a portion of the fluid flow path including the proximal end, and a second plurality of heat exchange tubes defining a portion of the fluid flow path including the distal end. A flow transitioning structure defines the fluid flow path between the distal end of the first plurality of heat exchange tubes and the proximal end of the second plurality of heat exchange tubes, and structurally decouples the distal end of the first plurality of heat exchange tubes from the proximal end of the second plurality of heat exchange tubes.
In some embodiments, the casing includes a pocket containing at least a portion of the flow transitioning structure. The pocket is defined by a planar wall that provides a sealing surface for a fluid-tight seal between the casing and the flow transitioning structure, and by one or more peripheral walls that bound the outer periphery of the planar wall. The pocket may be further defined by another planar wall that is parallel to and spaced apart from the first planar wall. This second planar wall can provide a another sealing surface for another fluid-tight seal between the casing and the flow transitioning structure.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a review of the entire specification, including the appended claims and drawings.
a is a sectional detail view of the heat exchanger of
b is a sectional detail view of the heat exchanger of
Before any embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.
An embodiment of a heat exchanger 1 according to the present invention is shown in
Although
The fluid flow paths 8, 9 and 10 of the illustrated embodiment are at least partially defined by first and second heat exchange cores 4 and 5, shown generically in
The heat exchange cores 4, 5 further may include one or more baffles 40 arranged along the length of either or both heat exchange cores 4, 5. Such baffles 40 can provide benefit during assembly of the heat exchange cores 4, 5 by maintaining desired spacing between the tubes 6. In some embodiments, the baffles 40 can define a tortuous portion of the flow path 9 or 10 over the outer surfaces of the heat exchange tubes 6 in order to increase the rate of heat transfer between fluids traveling over and through the tubes. Alternatively or in addition, fluid flow plates (not shown) can be included between adjacent heat exchange tubes 6 in order to direct a fluid flowing along the flow path 9 or 10.
In some embodiments, the heat exchange cores 4, 5 can include spring plates 36 around one or more of the outer surfaces of the bundles of tubes 6. The utility of these spring plates 36 will be discussed in detail below. In some cases, one or more of the spring plates 36 can be attached directly to one or more of the baffles 40. Alternatively or in addition, one or more of the spring plates 36 can be attached to straps 39 wrapped around one or more of the heat exchange tubes 6, and/or other structure located adjacent, between, or around the heat exchange tubes 6.
It should be readily apparent to those having skill in the art that the heat exchange tubes 6 can take many different forms. In some embodiments, such as that shown in
While the cores 4 and 5 for a given heat exchanger 1 may be identical to one another in some cases, it should be understood that there is no requirement for them to be identical. In some cases, the cores 4, 5 can differ in a variety of ways, including but not limited to tube length, tube size, number of tubes, arrangement of tubes 6, and the like.
Turning now to
The casing section 3 of
The illustrated casing section 3 further includes a plurality of fastening locations 26 at the second end. These fastening locations 26 can be located in a flange 17 at the second end. While the specific fastening locations 26 shown in the accompanying figures are depicted as circular through-holes, it should be understood that any other assembly features suitable for assembling casing sections can be similarly substituted. For example, the fastening locations 26 can, in some cases, take the form of pins, V-band grooves, blind threaded holes, etc.
The casing section 3 can include a pocket 16 at the second end. In some embodiments, the pocket 16 is defined by a planar wall 14 in which the opening 38 is located, and by one or more walls 15 bounding the outer periphery of the planar wall 14. In other embodiments, the pocket 16 can be defined by other portions of the casing while still providing a recess open to and facing away from the rest of the casing section 3, and can be wider, thinner, deeper, or shallower as desired. Additionally, the casing section 3 may optionally include a groove 27 at the second end, with the opening 38 at least partially enclosed by the groove 27. In those embodiments in which both a pocket 16 and a groove 27 are present, the groove 27 can encircle the pocket 16, as shown in
In some embodiments, the casing section 3 includes one or more of the following: an inlet 33 to receive a fluid traveling along the flow path 9 into the heat exchanger 1; an outlet 34 to remove a fluid traveling along the flow path 9 from the heat exchanger 1; an inlet 31 to receive a fluid traveling along the flow path 10 from the heat exchanger 1; and an outlet 32 to remove a fluid traveling along the flow path 10 from the heat exchanger 1. A casing section 3 can also include a flow conduit 54 to allow a fluid traveling along one of the flow paths 9, 10 to transfer from the casing section 3 to another casing section 3 without exiting the heat exchanger 1. Such a flow conduit 54 can, if present, be advantageously disposed within the boundaries of the groove 27, if present.
Heat exchange cores 4 and 5 can each be assembled into respective ones of the casing sections 3a and 3b, as shown in
Once the heat exchange core 4, 5 is so assembled into the respective casing section 3a, 3b, the header 7 of the core 4, 5 can be fastened to the end of the casing 4, 5 in a leak-tight fashion. In some embodiments, this fastening is achieved through the use of mechanical fasteners, such as, for example, bolts that extend through holes 57 found in the header 7 and into corresponding threaded holes 56 in the end of the casing 3a, 3b. A gasket (not shown) can be placed into a groove 55 or can be otherwise installed at another suitable feature at the mating face of the casing 3a, 3b either during or prior to assembly in order to effect a leak-free joint between the header 7 and the casing 3a, 3b. In other cases, a leak-free joint can instead be achieved by welding the header 7 to the casing 3a, 3b along the entire periphery of these elements.
It should be appreciated that assembling the core 4, 5 into the casing section 3a, 3b as described allows for the location of cylindrical flow conduit(s) 21 of the core 4, 5 to vary within the casing section 3a, 3b, since that location will be dictated by the bearing of the spring plates 36 on the inner casing walls 13.
A sealing plate 18 (shown in greater detail in
When the casing section 3a, 3b includes a pocket 16 as described above, the sealing plate 18 can advantageously be received into the pocket 16 such that assembly of the sealing plate 18 does not increase the overall length of the heat exchanger 1. The pocket 16 can be larger than the sealing plate 18 so that a sufficient clearance gap is provided between the peripheral walls 15 of the pocket and the sealing plate in order to allow for variability in the location of the cylindrical flow conduits 21 within the pocket 16.
The heat exchange cores 4 and 5 can both be assembled into respective casing sections 3a, 3b as described above, and the casing sections 3a and 3b can be joined together at the fastening locations 26 of the casing sections 3a, 3b. As shown in
Since the location of the cylindrical flow conduits 21 of each of the cores 4, 5 can be allowed to vary relative to the casing section 3a, 3b into which the core 4, 5 is assembled, the apertures 28 of the sealing plate 18a may not be directly aligned with the apertures 28 of the sealing plate 18b. However, such non-alignment will not result in the loss of sealing between the fluid streams.
Once the heat exchanger 1 is so assembled, a continuous flow path 8 is defined from the proximal end 11 of the heat exchanger 1 to the distal end 12. The flow path 8 includes a first (upstream) section defined by the tubes 6 of the core 4, extending from the inlet header 7 of the core 4 to the outlet header 20 of the core 4, and further includes a second (downstream) section defined by the tubes 6 of the other core 5, extending from the outlet header 20 of the core 5 to the inlet header 7 of the core 5. A third intermediate section of the heat exchanger 1 is defined by a flow transitioning structure 59 fluidly connecting the upstream and downstream sections just described. The flow transitioning structure 59 extends from the header 20 of the first core 4 to the header 20 of the second core 5.
In some embodiments, the ends of the tubes 6 at both the proximate end 11 and the distal end 12 of the heat exchanger 1 are rigidly attached to the casing 2 by the attachment of the headers 7 to the casing sections 3a and 3b. In other words, this attachment between the tube ends 6 and headers 7, and the casing 2 is substantially inflexible, and does not permit relative movement between the tube ends 6 and headers 7 and the casing 2. In a similar way, in some embodiments, the flow transitioning structure 59 is rigidly attached (or is relatively inflexible, and does not permit relative movement) at either end to the ends of the tubes 6, by way of the headers 20. In contradistinction, the two ends of the flow transitioning structure 59 are flexibly connected to one another (indirectly through the sealing plates 18a, 18b) and to the casing 2, and/or are permitted to shift or otherwise move (in at least one direction, and/or at least during thermal expansion of the tubes 6 with respect to the casing 2) based upon the manner in which the flow transitioning structure 59 is assembled. Since the gaskets 22 provide a sliding seal for the cylindrical flow conduits 21 (as is required to enable assembly of the sealing plate 18 over the cylindrical flow conduits 21), and the cylindrical flow conduits 21 of core 4 can be separated from those of core 5 by a gap 58, the tube ends attached to the header 20 of either core are not prevented from displacing some amount in the tube-axial direction, and stresses at the tube-to-header joints by such displacement can be reduced or eliminated.
The flexible joint and/or relative movement enabled by the transitioning structure 59 described above can be especially beneficial in applications where a large thermal expansion differential exists, either between the tubes 6 of core 4 and the tubes 6 of core 5, or between the tubes 6 of either core and the casing 2, or both. Such thermal expansion differences have been known to cause premature failure of heat exchangers by causing high stresses, especially at tube-to-header joints. Consequently, the life of a heat exchanger 1 constructed according to some embodiments of the present invention can be beneficially enhanced.
Another embodiment of a heat exchanger 1 according to the present invention is illustrated in
In some embodiments, the heat exchanger 1 can be provided as an EGR cooler for use in an EGR system 60, shown in
With continued reference to the embodiment of
In some embodiments of the EGR system 60 according to the present invention, the coolant flows 52 and 53 can be recombined at some point in the system. In still other embodiments, the coolant flows 52 and 53 can belong to segregated coolant flow circuits. Also, in some embodiments, the coolant flow 53 enters the EGR cooler 1 at a lower temperature than does the coolant flow 52, or the coolant flow 52 enters the EGR cooler 1 at a lower temperature than does the coolant flow 53.
In some embodiments, the coolant flows 52 and 53 both comprise a conventional engine coolant such as water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, other coolant, or any mixture of these coolants. Also, either or both of the coolant flow 52 and 53 can comprise a working fluid for a Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system.
Various alternatives to the features and elements of the present invention are described with reference to specific embodiments of the present invention. With the exception of features, elements, and manners of operation that are mutually exclusive of or are inconsistent with each embodiment described above, it should be noted that the alternative features, elements, and manners of operation described with reference to one particular embodiment are applicable to the other embodiments.
The embodiments described above and illustrated in the figures are presented by way of example only and are not intended as a limitation upon the concepts and principles of the present invention. As such, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that various changes in the elements and their configuration and arrangement are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
