Patent Grant
11383978
This invention relates to reforming reactor assemblies for hydrogen production and more particular to reactors where hydrocarbons or oxygenates are reformed to produce a hydrogen rich stream.
Hydrogen is used in many chemical processes as for example in ammonia synthesis and in oil refining, in very large quantities. There are other processes which require hydrogen in smaller quantities, as for example oil hydrogenation plants, glassblowing operations, cooling applications in electricity production, photovoltaic materials processing, etc. Furthermore, the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy vector has gained wide acceptance and is progressing along the road to implementation. Hydrogen can be used in both internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Particularly, its usage in fuel cells to produce electricity or to co-generate heat and electricity represents the most environmentally friendly energy production process due to the absence of any pollutant emissions. Most importantly, hydrogen can be produced from renewable energy sources such as biofuels, alleviating concerns over the long-term availability of fossil fuels and energy supply security.
Large scale production of hydrogen is well understood and widely practiced in refineries and chemical plants—particularly in the ammonia production industry. For industrial applications requiring smaller quantities, hydrogen is usually transported either cryogenically or in highly compressed form. The reason is that the technology for large scale hydrogen production cannot be easily downscaled. Furthermore, for hydrogen to be successfully introduced into the transportation and distributed energy production sectors, refueling and distribution networks must be established.
The problem lies in the low energy density of hydrogen which makes its transportation very inefficient and expensive. Transporting hydrogen in compressed or liquid form requires specialized and bulky equipment that minimizes the amount that can be safely carried, increasing resource consumption and cost. It is, then, apparent that the hydrogen infrastructure required must be based on distributed production facilities. This applies to both, hydrogen as industrial chemical of medium or low consumption and as an energy vector.
Distributed hydrogen production facilities are the focus of numerous research and development activities. While the scale of such facilities is much smaller than the ones employed in the refineries and the large chemical plants, the basic steps remain the same. The most commonly employed method involves hydrogen production by the reformation of hydrocarbon fuels. These fuels must already have an established distribution network as to address the raw material availability concerns. They include natural gas, propane, butane (LPG) and ethanol as the representative of the biofuels. Natural gas is mostly methane and can be reformed according to the reaction:
CH4+H2O→CO+3H2 ΔH=49.3 kcal/mol
Propane, butane and ethanol can be reformed according to the reactions:
C3H8+3H2O→3CO+7H2 ΔH=119.0 kcal/mo
C4H10+4H2O→4CO+9H2 ΔH=155.3 kcal/mol
C2H5OH+H2O→2CO+4H2 ΔH=57.2 kcal/mol
As can be seen from the heats of reaction (ΔH), all of the reforming reactions are highly endothermic, requiring substantial amounts of heat input which must be covered by an external heat supply. The heat deficit becomes even larger since the reactions take place at temperatures in the range of 700-900° C. which means that the reactants must be heated-up to such temperatures.
The reforming reactions typically take place in steam methane reformers. The reforming reaction takes place inside reforming tubes filled with a reforming catalyst. The reforming tubes are typically at high pressure of 20-30 bar. The required heat is typically supplied by placing the catalyst containing tubes of the reactor in rows inside a fired furnace. Between the rows are placed combustion burners that combust fuel and air in an open flame to provide the required heat. The high temperature of the flame necessitates that the combustion burners must be placed at a sufficient distance from the reforming tubes to prevent the tubes from high temperature exposure which could destroy the tubes. This is a rather inefficient arrangement since the hydrogen producing reforming reaction forms a small part of overall reactor. Materials limitations also dictate the avoidance of extremely high temperatures (>1000° C.) for the reforming reactor tubes, further limiting the ability to place the combustion burners in close proximity to the reforming tubes. All these mean that traditional steam methane reforming reactor configurations are very large and new configurations must be developed to decrease the size and the cost of such systems.
Different configurations have been proposed previously. For reactions requiring high heat fluxes, like the reforming reactions, U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,909 describe a reactor system consisting of porous foam catalysts in conjunction with microchannel reactors to obtain high rates of heat transfer. Such a configuration presents significant difficulties, such as excessive pressure drop, which will limit its effectiveness for large scale systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,554 describes a reactor consisting of a bundle of small diameter ceramic or metallic tubes enclosed in a thermally insulated vessel. Catalysts are deposited on the internal and external surfaces of the tubes and heat is transferred across the tube walls. Part of the tubes may not be covered by catalyst and may act as heat exchange zones. Although this system resulted in a compact configuration the replacement of the catalyst is problematic and as a result the whole reactor must be replaced when the catalyst effectiveness for either the combustion or the reforming reaction declines.
The reactor described in EP0124226 comprises a double-tube reactor having a steam reforming catalyst coated on the outside of the inner tube. Alternatively, a set of inner tubes may be mounted in a first tube plate and a set of outer tubes in a second tube plate, the tube plates being disposed across a cylindrical shell so as to define a heat exchange zone. The heat source is a burner. Since the heat source is a burner the limitation of burner placement in relation to the reforming catalyst placement prevent the construction of a compact low cost system.
Another reactor described in EP1361919 comprises a tube plate which carries a number of elongated pockets extending transversely into a shell. A second tube plate extends across the shell and supports a number of tubular elongated conduits corresponding to the number of pockets. The conduits are open-ended and extend into and almost to the end of the pockets. Catalyst may be coated on the surfaces of the pockets and/or the conduits. However, in such a configuration catalyst replacement is problematic.
U.S. Patent Application US2010/0178219A1 by Verykios et al. describes a reformer whose tubes are coated with a combustion catalyst on the outer surface and a reforming catalyst on the inner surface. Such a configuration results in high rates of heat transport from the combustion side to the reforming side. However, in such a configuration catalyst replacement is a problem.
The present invention relates to a reformer which produces a hydrogen rich stream by the process known as steam reforming of hydrogen containing compounds, such as hydrocarbons, oxygenates, etc. The reformer is comprised of two sections: one where the steam reforming reactions take place and one where combustion of a fuel provides the heat necessary to carry out the reforming reactions. The two sections are separated by a thin metal partition and are in close thermal contact as to facilitate the efficient transfer of heat from the combustion to the reforming section. Combustion takes place over a suitable structured catalyst that can be removed and replaced when its effectiveness declines. A suitable catalyst is made of a corrugated metal foil or other structured or ceramic materials including corrugated metal monoliths. Corrugated metal material can be any metal or alloy that can withstand high temperatures as for example alloys of the formulation FeCrAlY that are typically referred as fecralloys and have been widely used as combustion catalyst supports. The combustion catalyst can be formed by at least one of these corrugated metal foils. Since the catalyst is not coated on the combustion tube but on a foil it can be easily removed and replaced. The corrugated foil consists of multiple passages through which the combustion mixture can flow but it must also be in close contact with the combustion tube wall to facilitate efficient heat transfer. Steam reforming is a catalytic reaction and takes place over another suitable catalyst.
In one aspect of the invention, a heat integrated combustor/steam reformer assembly is provided for use in a fuel processor. A fuel and steam mixture is supplied to the reformer to be reformed and a fuel and air mixture is supplied to the combustor to be combusted.
As a feature, the integrated combustor/steam reformer assembly includes a tubular section defined by a cylindrical wall and a housing defining an axially extending concentric annular passage in heat transfer relation to each other. A fuel and air mixture is supplied to the tubular section. The inside wall of the tubular section is in contact with a fecralloy sheet coated with a catalyst that induces the combustion reaction in the feed. A fuel and steam mixture is supplied to the annular passage. The annular passage is either filled with a suitable catalyst in pellet form which promotes the reformation reaction, or it contains, in close contact with the tube, fecralloy sheets coated with the reforming catalyst.
As another feature, the integrated combustor/steam reformer assembly includes a tubular section defined by a cylindrical wall and a housing defining an axially extending concentric annular passage in heat transfer relation to each other, as described above. In this case, fuel and steam mixture is supplied to the tubular section which contains reforming catalyst in pellet form or fecralloy sheets coated with catalyst which induces reforming reactions. A fuel and air mixture is supplied to the annular passage which contains fecralloy sheets coated with suitable catalyst which promotes combustion reactions.
According to another feature of the invention, the integrated combustor/steam reformer assembly includes a tubular section defined by a cylindrical wall and a housing defining an axially extending concentric annular passage in heat transfer relation to each other. A fuel and air mixture is supplied to the tubular section. The middle part of the inside wall of the tubular section is in contact with fecralloy sheet coated with catalyst which promotes the combustion reaction. A fuel and steam mixture is supplied to the annular passage. The middle part of the tubular section contains reforming catalyst in pellet form or coated on fecralloy sheets The first part of the tubular section which does not contain catalyst acts as a heat transfer devise allowing heat to be transferred from the hot products of the reforming reaction to the fuel and air mixture entering the combustor, thus preheating the feed to the combustor while cooling the reforming products. The final part of the tubular section not containing catalyst acts as a heat transfer devise allowing heat to be transferred from the hot products of the combustion reaction to the fuel and steam mixture entering the reformer, thus preheating the feed to the reformer while cooling the combustion products.
In another aspect of the invention the integrated combustor/steam reformer assembly includes a multitude of tubular sections defined by cylindrical walls separated from each other and supported on each end on plates machined as to allow the cylindrical walls to pass through them and to be in fluid connection with only one side of the plate. The sub-assembly of the tubular sections and the plates is enclosed with a cylindrical housing which isolates the space defined by the inner part of the housing and the plates from being in fluid connection with the surroundings. The inside wall of the tubular sections is in contact with fecralloy sheets, preferably corrugated, coated with a catalyst that induces the desired reaction in the combustor feed. The outside space of the tubular sections contains a catalyst in pellet form that induces the desired reaction in the reformer feed or it contains fecralloy sheets, preferably corrugated, coated with a suitable catalyst that promotes reformation reactions. The assembly also includes an appropriately shaped reactor head that facilitates the introduction and distribution of the fuel and air mixture inside the tubular sections and an appropriately shaped reactor head that facilitates the collection and exit of the combustion products. A flow passage on one side of the cylindrical housing introduces the fuel and steam mixture in the enclosed reforming section. A second flow passage on the opposite side of the cylindrical housing facilitates the withdrawal of the reforming products.
In yet another aspect of the invention, in the integrated combustor/steam reformer assembly described above, the tubular section contains reforming catalyst in pellet form or fecralloy sheets coated with a reforming catalyst, while the outer wall of the tubular sections is in contact with fecralloy sheets, preferably corrugated, coated with combustion catalyst. In this case, the fuel and steam mixture is directed into the tubular section while the fuel and air mixture is directed to the outside section.
According to another feature of the invention, metal plates are included inside the cylindrical housing and perpendicular to the tubular sections to guide the flow of the reforming feed, intermediates and products to flow perpendicular to the tubular sections and over several passages.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention and the associated drawings.
A better understanding of the features and advantages of the disclosed systems and methods, and other inventive features, will be obtained by reference to the Detailed Description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosed systems and methods are described, and the accompanying figures of which:
Although the present disclosure will be described in terms of specific embodiments, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications, rearrangements, and substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure.
The present invention is described in detail with reference to a few preferred embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The description presents numerous specific details included to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention can be practiced without some or all of these specific details. On the other hand, well known process steps, procedures and structures are not described in detail as to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
The fuel to the combustor can be any available and suitable fuel. Such fuels include methane, natural gas, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas, biogas, methanol, ethanol, higher alcohols, ethers, gasoline, diesel etc. For the embodiment illustrated in
The temperatures and pressures of the two streams entering the combustor and the reformer, respectively, need not be the same. Typically, combustion takes place at low or near-atmospheric pressure, although high pressure combustion is widely practiced. Reforming can take place at pressures somewhat above atmospheric to moderately high (up to 50 barg). The cylindrical wall of the tubular section should be of sufficient strength to allow for the pressure differential between the two streams. It is also apparent that different geometries can be used instead of cylindrical shapes should they offer advantages in particular applications. The composition of the mixture entering the combustor should be such as to ensure complete combustion of the fuel. Although a stoichiometric ratio of air to fuel is sufficient, higher ratios can be employed with the present invention. The composition of the mixture entering the reforming section of the assembly is determined by the stoichiometries of the reforming reactions for the given fuel. It is typical practice to provide a higher than stoichiometric steam-to-fuel ratio to minimize possible side reactions that can cause shoot or carbon formation to the detriment of the catalyst and/or the reactor. All suitable steam-to-carbon ratios in the range from 1 to 25 can be employed with the present invention.
The major advantage of the present invention is the heat integration between the combustion 15 and the reforming 14 zones. Combustion takes place on the catalytic film which is coated on the structured catalyst 22 placed on one side of the wall 10 separating the two zones. The heat that is generated on the combustion side is quickly transferred and used on the reforming side. This rapid heat transfer is critical in maintaining the combustion side catalyst at temperatures below 1200 C and, more preferably, below 1000 C. These temperatures ensure acceptable catalyst life and permit the use of a very compact combustion zone which allows the reactor assembly to be dramatically smaller compared with a flame-based reformer which needs to maintain a significant distance between the flame generation and the reforming sections. The lower temperatures also allow the use of less expensive alloys for the construction of the reactor. The lower temperatures also mean no nitrogen oxide emissions as their formation requires much higher temperatures.
The structured combustion catalyst can preferably be in the form of a corrugated metal foil made of a high temperature resistant metal or metal alloy. A metal alloy such as an alloy with the formula FrCrAlY, commonly referred to as fercalloy, can be used for high temperature combustion catalyst support. The corrugated foil is supported on a rod or tube placed inside tube 10. The corrugated foil is wrapped on the tube or rod so that the corrugated channels run parallel to the axis of the tube 10. Reforming takes place on the catalyst placed in reforming zone 14 enclosed between tube 10 and reactor wall 11. The catalyst 21 can be in the form of pellets or it can be a structured catalyst or monolith. The wall 10 can be constructed from any material, but materials that offer low resistance to heat transfer such as metals and metallic alloys are preferred. In this configuration, heat is generated by combustion in the catalytic chamber 22 and is transported very easily and efficiently though the wall 10 to the reforming chamber 21 where the heat demanding reforming reactions take place. Heat is generated where it is needed and does not have to overcome significant heat transfer resistances to reach the demand location resulting in high efficiencies. The presence of a catalyst and lower temperatures permit significantly higher space velocities to be used compared to flame based reformers. Space velocity is defined as the ratio of the feed flow at standard conditions to the empty volume of the reactor. For the catalyst section of the heat integrated reformer, space velocities of 1000 to 100000 hr−1, more preferably 5000-50000 hr−1 and even more preferably 10000 to 30000 hr−1 can be used. In flame based reformers space velocities are typically below 2000 hr1.
The catalyst on the reforming side can be a pellet catalyst or it can also be a structured catalyst on support. In the case of a pellet catalyst, space velocities similar to the ones used in flame based reformers can be used (1000-10000 hr−1). In the case of structured catalyst much higher space velocities can be used preferably 10,000-100000 hr−1 or more preferably 10,000-50000 hr−1.
The suitable combustion and, where applicable, the reforming catalysts, can be prepared by coating a relatively thin (5-1000 μm thick) catalytic film on the fecralloy sheets. Suitable catalysts typically consist of a metal oxide film and one or multiple metal phases dispersed on the film. The film is typically a metal oxide that may contain oxides of one or multiple elements from the IA, IIA, IIIA, IIIB and IVB groups of the periodic table of elements. The most typical combustion catalysts support is high surface area aluminum oxide. The dispersed metal phase catalyst may contain one or multiple elements from the IB, IIB, VIB, VIIB and VIII groups of the periodic table of elements. A common dispersed metal phase catalyst is palladium or platinum and mixtures thereof. The dispersed metal phase is typically 0.1-10% of the metal oxide film and more preferably 0.3-3%.
One method to prepare the catalytic film that ensures good adhesion to the fercalloy is to heat the fecralloy sheet to elevated temperatures in air. During the heating, aluminum, which is a component of the fercalloy, is diffusing out of the bulk of the alloy and forms an aluminum oxide surface layer. Upon this surface layer it is easy to coat alumina or other metal oxide supports for the desired dispersed metal phase which may be a precious or non-precious metal. Typical supports for reforming and combustion catalysts consist of oxides of aluminum, silicon, lanthanum, cerium, zirconium, calcium, potassium and sodium. The metal phase of reforming catalysts may contain nickel, cobalt, copper, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium. Nickel based catalysts are the most commonly used for reforming reactions.
Coating of the catalysts support on the fecralloy sheets can be accomplished by many techniques. After heating up so as to form the aluminum oxide layer at the surface, techniques such as dip coating from a solution of dispersed metal oxide particles or from a slurry which contains the metal oxide particles can be employed. Alternatively, catalyst can be deposited on the fecralloy sheets by spraying the catalytic components onto their surface, or by plasma deposition, etc. The catalyst support is then dried by calcination at elevated temperatures. The dispersed metal phase can be added to the support forming solution or slurry of the metal oxide particles or it can be added in a separate step from a solution of the desirable metal salt after the calcination step.
The production capacities of the reformers discussed in the previous examples are limited by their size, i.e. the diameter and length of the sections. Capacities of any size can be achieved by bundling together several such sub-assemblies.
The fuel and air feed to the combustor 32 enters the reactor through reactor nozzle 42. The mixture is distributed in the reactor head 121 by flow distributor 16 as to allow for uniform feeding of all tubes 10. Combustion takes place inside the tubes 10 on the combustion catalytic film 22. The combustion products 33 exit at the other end of the tubes supported on tube sheet 132, are collected in the reactor head 122 and leave the reformer through reactor nozzle 43. Since the tubes 10 and tube sheet 131 become very hot during operation, a flame arresting devise 17, which can be a perforated metallic sheet or a porous ceramic plate, is placed before tube sheet 131 to prevent back flash and uncontrolled combustion in the reactor head 121. The fuel and steam reforming feed 30 enters the reactor through reactor nozzle 40. The mixture comes in flow contact with the reforming catalyst pellets or reforming catalyst film 21 supported on the fecralloy sheets in contact with the outside wall of the tubes 10. The reforming catalyst induces the reforming reactions and the products 31 exit the reactor through flow passage 41. The reforming catalyst pellets can be supported in the reactor by a suitable metal plate 134 that is drilled to create holes that are sufficient large that present little resistance to reforming gas flow and keep the pellet catalyst in the desired location in the reactor. This metal plate also serves to distribute the reforming gas feed evenly along the radial dimension of the reactor.
The reactor wall contains an expansion joint 135 to facilitate different thermal expansions between the reactor tubes and the reactor wall, due to the fact that they are at different temperatures.
The reformer reactor shown in
Yet another embodiment of a heat integrated reforming reactor with catalytic combustion can be envisioned. Since the tubes 10 and tube sheet 131 become very hot during operation, combustion can be initiated on the front surface of tube sheet 131 and back propagate through reactor head 121 and, possibly, through flow passage 42 if the fuel and air are pre-mixed. To avoid such a potentially very dangerous situation, the air and fuel can be kept separated until they enter the tubes 10 where combustion is desired. Air entering the reactor head 121 is distributed and uniformly enters the tubes 10 through tube sheets. Fuel enters through the manifold and is distributed to each tube through appropriately sized and shaped tips. Allowing for a slightly higher pressure for the fuel stream than the air stream also allows for the Venturi effect to develop and prevent any fuel from flowing back. Alternatively, increasing the flow of the air stream, pushes the mixture further along the tubes 10 delaying combustion until the mixture is well inside the tubes.
Yet another embodiment can be envisioned having the reforming mixture flowing inside the tubes and the combustion mixture flowing in the annulus.] Thus, in
The heat integrated reforming reactor offers several advantages over conventional flame based reforming reactors. The catalytic combustion takes place at lower temperatures that permit close coupling of the combustion and reforming zones. In a flame based reformer the flame must be at a significant distance from the tube containing the reforming catalyst to prevent the tube from melting. As a result, the integrated reforming reactor is several times smaller than a flame based reforming reactor and consequently has a much lower capital and installation cost. The flame based reformers can consist of hundreds of tubes and burners and a sophisticated feed flow distribution system is required to distribute the combustion feed and reforming feed to all burners and tubes evenly. The heat integrated reformer has a single inlet for the reforming and single inlet for the combustion feed gases which results in simple and inexpensive feed flow system. The flame reformers even with the use of low NOx burners still produce significant emissions of NOx in the combustion gases that have to be controlled with a separate selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst and ammonia injection. The heat integrated reformer operates at low temperatures on the combustion side at which NOx formation is negligible.
The heat integrated reformer can be easily integrated with a hydrogen producing process that typically consists of a feed pretreatment system to remove impurities from natural gas, heat recovery equipment to recover heat to preheat the feed and raise steam, one or more water gas shift reactors to convert carbon monoxide to hydrogen and pressure swing adsorption system to separate hydrogen from syngas. The waste stream from the pressure swing adsorption system can be used as fuel to the heat integrated reformer combustion side. Another advantage of the hydrogen production process based on a heat integrated reformer is that the make up natural gas fuel that is normally supplied to ensure stable burner operation in flame based reformers can be reduced or eliminated. In that case most of the fuel requirement can be supplied by the PSA waste stream.
The hydrocarbon feed to the reformer is typically natural gas but other fuels can be used such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane, naphtha, diesel, ethanol or biofuels.
In addition to hydrogen, the heat integrated reformer can be used in the production of ammonia, production of methanol, Gas to Liquids, production of ethanol, production of oxo-alcohols and in general in processes where syngas (hydrogen and CO mixture) is required. For some processes it may be advantageous to co-feed carbon dioxide in the reforming zone to promote the conversion to carbon monoxide. In yet another application the heat integrated reformer can be used to produce hydrogen for fuel cells for the production of electricity.
While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, permutations and equivalents that fall within the scope of the present invention and have been omitted for brevity. It is therefore intended that the scope of the present invention should be determined with reference to appended claims.
The present patent application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/376,540, filed Aug. 4, 2014, which is a U.S. National Stage Application filed under 35 U.S.C § 371(a) of International Application No. PCT/GR2012/000004, filed Feb. 6, 2012. The entire contents of each of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
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| Child | 16945054 | US |
