Heat-resistant aluminium alloy

Abstract

A cold-hardening aluminum casting alloy with good thermal stability for the production of thermally and mechanically stressed cast components, wherein the alloy includes

Description

The invention relates to a cold-hardening aluminium casting alloy with good thermal stability for the production of thermally and mechanically stressed cast components.

The further development of diesel engines with the aim of improved combustion of the diesel fuel and a higher specific power is leading inter alfa to an increased explosion pressure and consequently to a mechanical stress, acting in a pulsating fashion on the cylinder crank case, which places the most stringent of requirements on the material. Besides a high durability, a high-temperature cycling strength of the material is a further requisite for its use in the production of cylinder crank cases.

AlSi alloys are normally used at present for thermally stressed components, the thermal stability being increased by alloying them with Cu. Copper, however, increases the hot cracking susceptibility and has a detrimental effect on the castability. Applications in which thermal stability is required in particular are encountered primarily in the field of cylinder heads in automotive manufacturing, see for example F. J. Feikus “Optimierung von Aluminium-Silicium-Gusslegierungen far Zylinderköpfe” [Optimization of aluminium-silicon casting alloys for cylinder heads], Giesserei-Praxis, 1999, volume 2, pp. 50-57.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,868,250 discloses a heat-resistant AlMgSi alloy for the production of cylinder heads. Besides the usual additives, the alloy contains from 0.6 to 4.5 wt % Si, from 2.5 to 11 wt % Mg, of which from 1 to 4.5 wt % free Mg, and from 0.6 to 1.8 wt % Mn.

WO-A-9615281 discloses an aluminium alloy having from 3.0 to 6.0 wt % Mg, from 1.4 to 3.5 wt % Si, from 0.5 to 2.0 wt % Mn, at most 0.15 wt % Fe, at most 0.2 wt % Ti, and aluminium as the remainder with further impurities individually at most 0.02 wt %, in total at most 0.2 wt %. The alloy is suitable for components with stringent requirements on the mechanical properties. The alloy is preferably processed by die-casting, thixocasting or thixoforging.

WO-A-0043560 discloses a similar aluminium alloy for the production of safety components by the die-casting, squeeze casting, thixoforming or thixoforging method. The alloy contains 2.5-7.0 wt % Mg, 1.0-3.0 wt % Si, 0.3-0.49 wt % Mn, 0.1-0.3 wt % Cr, at most 0.15 wt % Ti, at most 0.15 wt % Fe, at most 0.00005 wt % Ca, at most 0.00005 wt % Na, at most 0.0002 wt % P, other impurities individually at most 0.02 wt %, and aluminium as the remainder.

A casting alloy of the AlMgSi type known from EP-A-1 234 893 contains from 3.0 to 7.0 wt % Mg, from 1.7 to 3.0 wt % Si, from 0.2 to 0.48 wt % Mn, from 0.15 to 0.35 wt % Fe, at most 0.2 wt % Ti, optionally also from 0.1 to 0.4 wt % Ni and aluminium as the remainder, and impurities due to production individually at most 0.02 wt %, in total at most 0.2 wt %, with the further proviso that magnesium and silicon are present in the alloy essentially in an Mg:Si weight ratio of 1.7:1 corresponding to the composition of the quasi-binary eutectic with the solid phases Al and Mg₂Si. The alloy is suitable for the production of safety parts in a vehicle manufacturing by die-casting, rheo- and thixocasting.

EP-A-1 645 647 discloses a cold-hardening casting alloy. The alloy, based on foundry metal with 99.9 Al purity, contains 6-11 wt % Si, 2.0-4.0 wt % Cu, 0.65-1.0 wt % Mn, 0.5-3.5 wt % Zn, at most 0.55 wt % Mg, 0.01-0.04 wt % Sr, at most 0.2 wt % Ti, at most 0.2 wt % Fe and optionally at least one of the elements silver 0.01-0.08, samarium 0.01-1.0, nickel 0.01-0.40, cadmium 0.01-0.30, indium 0.01-0.20 and beryllium up to 0.001 wt %. An alloy specified by way of example has the following composition: Si 9%, Cu 2.7%, Mn 1%, Zn 2%, Sr 0.02%, Mg 0.5%, Fe 0.1%, Ti 0.1%, Ag 0.1%, Ni 0.45%, In 0.1%, Be 0.0005%.

A standardized casting alloy of the type AlSi9Cu3(Fe) is known as alloy 226 (EN AC-46000) with 8-11 wt % Si, at most 1.30 wt % Fe, 2-4 wt % Cu, at most 0.55 wt % Mn, 0.05-0.55 wt % Mg, at most 0.015 wt % Cr, at most 0.55 wt % Ni, at most 1.20 wt % Zn, at most 0.35 wt % Pb, at most 0.25 wt % Sn, at most 0.25 wt % Ti, others individually at most 0.05 wt %, in total at most 0.25 wt %, remainder aluminium.

It is an object of the invention to provide an aluminium alloy having good thermal stability for the production of thermally and mechanically stressed cast components. The alloy is intended to be suitable primarily for die-casting, but also for gravity mould casting, low-pressure mould casting and sand casting.

It is a particular object of the invention to provide an aluminium alloy for cylinder crank cases of combustion engines, in particular diesel engines, produced by the die-casting method.

The components cast from the alloy are intended to have a high strength after cold hardening.

The object is achieved according to the invention in that the alloy contains

from 11.0 to 12.0 wt % silicon

from 0.7 to 2.0 wt % magnesium

from 0.1 to 1 wt % manganese

at most 1 wt % iron

at most 2 wt % copper

at most 2 wt % nickel

at most 1 wt % chromium

at most 1 wt % cobalt

at most 2 wt % zinc

at most 0.25 wt % titanium

40 ppm boron

optionally from 80 to 300 ppm strontium

and aluminium as the remainder with further elements and impurities due to production individually at most 0.05 wt %, in total at most 0.2 wt %.

A first preferred variant of the alloy according to the invention has the following preferred content ranges for the alloy elements listed below:

from 11.2 to 11.8 wt % silicon

from 0.6 to 0.9 wt % manganese

at most 0.15 wt % iron

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % magnesium

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % copper

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % nickel

from 0.08 to 0.25 wt % titanium

from 20 to 30 ppm boron.

A second preferred variant of the alloy according to the invention has the following preferred content ranges for the alloy elements listed below:

from 11.2 to 11.8 wt % silicon

from 0.6 to 0.9 wt % manganese

at most 0.15 wt % iron,

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % magnesium

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % copper

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % nickel

from 0.6 to 1.0 wt % cobalt

from 0.08 to 0.25 wt % titanium

from 20 to 30 ppm boron.

A third preferred variant of the alloy according to the invention has the following preferred content ranges for the alloy elements listed below:

from 11.2 to 11.8 wt % silicon

from 0.6 to 0.9 wt % manganese

at most 0.15 wt % iron

from 0.7 to 1.0 wt % magnesium

from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % copper

from 0.5 to 1.0 wt % chromium

from 1.7 to 2.0 wt % zinc

from 0.08 to 0.25 wt % titanium

from 20 to 30 ppm boron.

The addition of manganese can prevent adhesion of the cast parts in the mould. Manganese also contributes substantially to the thermal hardening. A lower iron content leads to a high elongation and reduces the risk of creating platelets containing Fe, which lead to increased cavitation and impair the mechanical processability.

The high Si content leads to a very good castability and to reduction of the cavitation. The near-eutectic Al—Si composition also makes it possible to reduce the casting temperature and therefore extend the lifetime of a metal mould. The hypo-eutectic Si level has been selected so that no primary Si crystals occur.

By adding chromium, the mould release behaviour of the alloy can be improved further and the strength values can be increased. Cobalt serves to increase the thermal stability. Titanium and boron serve for grain refining. Good grain refining contributes substantially to improving the casting properties and the mechanical properties.

A preferred field of application for the aluminium alloy according to the invention is the production of thermally and mechanically stressed cast components as die, mould or sand castings, in particular for cylinder crank cases in automotive manufacturing produced by the die-casting method.

Other advantages, features and details of the invention may be found in the following description of preferred exemplary embodiments.

The alloys according to the invention were cast by the die-casting method to form flat tensile specimens with a wall thickness of 3 mm. After removal from the die-casting mould, the specimens were cooled in still air.

The mechanical properties yield point (Rp0.2), tensile strength (Rm) and elongation at break (A) were determined for the tensile specimens in the cast state at room temperature (RT), 150° C., 225° C. and 300° C., and also at room temperature (RT) and at the heat treatment temperature (HTT) after various one-stage heat treatments respectively for 500 hours at 150° C., 225° C. and 300° C.

The alloys studied are collated in Table 1.

Tables 2, 3 and 4 report the results of the mechanical properties determined for tensile specimens of the alloys of Table 1 in the cast state at various temperatures.

Tables 5, 6 and 7 report the results of the mechanical properties determined at room temperature (RT) and at the heat treatment temperature (HTT) for tensile specimens of the alloys of Table 1 after a heat treatment for 500 hours at various temperatures.

The results of the long-term tests confirm the good thermal stability of the alloy according to the invention.

TABLE 1
Chemical composition of the alloys in wt %
Alloy	Si	Mg	Mn	Fe	Cu	Ni	Cr	Co	Zn	Ti
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	11.5	2.0	0.7	0.1	2.0	2.0				0.19
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2Co	11.7	1.9	0.7	0.1	1.9	1.9		0.9		0.18
AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	11.6	0.9	0.7	0.1	2.0		0.7		2.0	0.15

TABLE 2
Yield point (Rp0.2) at different temperatures
	Rp0.2 [MPa]
Alloy	RT	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	300	315	243	117
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2Co	300	320	254	124
AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	250	260	210	97

TABLE 3
Tensile strength (Rm) at different temperatures
	Rm [MPa]
Alloy	RT	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	320	350	280	160
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2Co	349	340	290	180
AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	370	340	240	120

TABLE 4
Elongation at break (A) at different temperatures
	A [%]
	Alloy	RT	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.
	AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	0.3	0.6	1.2	10.7
	AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2Co	0.4	0.4	0.8	7
	AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	2	3.6	8.1	48

TABLE 5
Yield point (Rp0.2) after 500 h heat treatment at
different temperatures, testing at RT and at HTT
	Rp0.2 [MPa]
	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.
Alloy	RT	RT	RT	HTT	HTT	HTT
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	300	200	110	310	150	55
AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	300	175	100	275	135	50

TABLE 6
Tensile strength (Rm) after 500 h heat treatment at
different temperatures, testing at RT and at HTT
	Rm [MPa]
	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.
Alloy	RT	RT	RT	HTT	HTT	HTT
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	310	270	250	330	220	105
AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	380	300	230	325	180	70

TABLE 7
Elongation at break (A) after 500 h heat treatment
at different temperatures, testing at RT and at HTT
	A [%]
	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.	150° C.	225° C.	300° C.
Alloy	RT	RT	RT	HTT	HTT	HTT
AlSi11Mg2Cu2Ni2	0.2	0.7	3.1	0.4	1.8	32
AlSi11Mg1Cu2Cr1Zn2	1.3	2.9	4.7	2.7	12	63

Claims

1. A cold-hardening aluminium casting alloy for the production of thermally and mechanically stressed cast components, said alloy comprising: from 11.2 to 11.8 wt % silicon,from 0.6 to 0.9 wt % manganese,less than or equal to 0.15 wt % iron,from 0.7 to 1.0 wt % magnesium,from 1.8 to 2.0 wt % copper,from 0.5 to 1.0 wt % chromium,from 1.7 to 2.0 wt % zinc,from 0.08 to 0.25 wt % titanium,from 20 to 30 ppm boron,less than or equal to 2 wt % nickel,less than or equal to 1 wt % cobalt,optionally from 80 to 300 ppm strontium,and aluminium as the remainder with further elements and impurities due to production individually at most 0.05 wt %, in total at most 0.2 wt %.

2. An aluminium alloy according to claim 1 for thermally and mechanically stressed cast components produced by a die-casting, mould casting or sand casting method.

3. The aluminium alloy according to claim 2 for cylinder crank cases in automotive manufacturing produced by the die-casting method.

4. An aluminium alloy according to claim 1 for safety parts in automotive manufacturing produced by a die-casting method.

5. A cast component made of a cold-hardening aluminium casting alloy according to claim 1.