The present disclosure generally relates to the field of pest elimination. The present disclosure includes articles, systems, and methods of heat treatment to target and kill pests such as arthropods, rats, and mice. The present disclosure is especially suited for killing all life stages of bed bugs.
Some methods of pest treatment require discarding suspected infested articles. These items can be expensive to replace, especially in the case of large objects like furniture, mattresses, and box springs. Some methods of pest treatment exclusively rely on pesticides, which may be restricted or prohibited on certain items, particularly items that contact people. Finally, some methods of pest treatment use heat but can damage objects, create cold spots that provide a harborage for pests, require large amounts of heat, or are energy inefficient, for example in the case of heat treatments that heat entire rooms or buildings.
It is against this background that the present disclosure is made.
Surprisingly, it has been found that an infested article or suspected article can be treated by using high heat temperatures and without damaging the article itself.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of treating an article suspected of being infested. In the method, an article is placed inside of an enclosure, the enclosure is sealed, and the temperature inside of the enclosure is ramped up at a rate of from about 10 to about 15 degrees Fahrenheit per hour, or 1 degree Fahrenheit every six minutes, until a temperature of at least 115° F. is reached. Once 115° F. is reached, the temperature is held for at least four hours. Thereafter, in some embodiments, the temperature may be slowly decreased at a rate of about 10 to about 15 degrees an hour, or one degree every six minutes, until the original starting temperature (which may be room temperature) is reached.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of automatically adjusting the temperature inside of a sealed enclosure in order to treat an article. In this method, a flexible, inflatable enclosure and heating system are provided. The heating system has a heater. The heating system also has at least one thermocouple electrically connected to the heater and located inside of the inflated enclosure. The thermocouple measures the actual air temperature inside of the enclosure (Tactual). The heating system also includes a programmable logic controller electrically connected to the heater and the thermocouple and programmed with a predetermined temperature ramp rate controlled by a set point temperature (Tsetpoint) and a target temperature (Ttarget). The programmable logic controller increases the temperature inside of the enclosure by increasing the Tsetpoint one degree every six minutes until Ttarget is reached, comparing the Tactual to the Tsetpoint, and adjusting the heater in response to the difference between Tactual and Tsetpoint. In some embodiments, the programmable logic controller also controls the decrease in temperature.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a flexible and inflatable enclosure for treating an article suspected of being infested with an arthropod or other pest. The enclosure has a floor, a ceiling, and at least one wall, where at least part of the ceiling or the wall can be partially removed to allow for the selected article to be placed inside of the enclosure.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a treatment system. The system includes a flexible and inflatable enclosure having a floor, a ceiling, and at least one wall, where at least part of the ceiling or wall can be at least partially removed to allow for the selected article to be placed inside of the enclosure. The system also includes a heating system with a first heater, a thermocouple electrically connected to the heater and configured to be located inside of the inflated enclosure, and a programmable logic controller electrically connected to the first heater and the thermocouple. In some embodiments, the system can also include a fan designed to be used inside of the inflated enclosure, and an external support structure.
In accordance with common practice, the various described features are not drawn to scale but are drawn to emphasize certain features relevant to the present disclosure. Reference characters denote like features throughout the Figures.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to articles, systems, and methods of heat treatment to target and kill pests including all life stages of bed bugs. Surprisingly, it has been found that gradually increasing the temperature inside of an enclosure allows for heat treatment of articles that are believed to be infested with pests without adversely affecting the article. In the past, these articles may have been discarded instead of treated in part because their size and internal spaces did not lend them to be effectively treated with pesticides, traditional heat treatments can damage the article, and label restrictions on pesticides did not allow for treatment of items that contact humans on a regular basis. Exemplary articles include mattresses, box springs, and furniture, although any article would benefit from the disclosed methods, articles, and systems. Articles, systems, and methods disclosed herein are effective at eliminating pests including 100% of bed bug eggs, nymphs, and adults.
The Enclosure and Treatment System
In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a flexible and inflatable enclosure. Using a flexible and inflatable enclosure allows the enclosure to be easily set up and taken down from one treatment site to the next. The enclosure, when inflated, can take on a variety of shapes including a sphere, a cylinder, a cube, and a box. A cube and a box are preferred shapes because they are practical and easy to manufacture. A sphere with a flat bottom is also a preferred shape because it circulates air uniformly throughout the interior which minimizes cold spots. While an inflatable enclosure is disclosed, it is understood that other enclosures could be used such as a flexible enclosure with an internal or external frame to hold the enclosure up. In some embodiments, the enclosure does not need to be inflatable or flexible. In these embodiments, the enclosure may be rigid. The rigid enclosure may also be foldable or collapsible. Exemplary rigid enclosures could include pre-formed rigid panels that are assembled into the final enclosure, foldable panels that can be assembled into the final enclosure, or expandable panels that can be assembled into the final enclosure. The rigid enclosure may optionally be insulated.
An exemplary enclosure is shown in
In some embodiments, the enclosure includes an external support structure, skeleton, or frame 26. While such a structure, skeleton, or frame may be unnecessary in order for the enclosure to be able to inflate and stand on its own, it has been found that a structure, skeleton, or frame aids in preventing the formation of cold spots on the inside of the enclosure. If part of the enclosure collapses or a corner gets pinched while the enclosure is inflated, then the hot air may not circulate to that portion of the enclosure. If the temperature of that spot does not rise to 115° F. and remain there for the designated period of time, that spot may become a harborage for pests. If pests survive inside the enclosure, then the enclosure can actually become a source of contamination when the enclosure is taken down and transported to the next location. In some embodiments, the structure is a plurality of bars located on the corners of the enclosure. In some embodiments, the structure is a scaffolding or frame that attaches to the bottom, sides, and top of the enclosure.
In some embodiments, the enclosure is made of insulated material that makes the enclosure energy efficient. An example of insulated material is the Norpac R2 and Norpac M3 Insulation, commercially available from Norpac LLC (Rogers, Minn.), which may be used together as a combination Norpac R2/M3 material from Norpac LLC and can also be used together with Thinsulate™ Insulation FR from 3M (St. Paul, Minn.). Other types of insulation that might be suitable include Thermal-Wrap® nuclear-grade blanket insulation (Transco Products), HeatShield products (Heatshield), heat blankets (Heatcon), swimming pool thermal covers, outdoor plant covers, Kevlar tarps, polystyrene, Thinsulate, insulated canvas, vinyl, space blankets, Nomex, and Thermarest materials. In some embodiments, the material selected has an R-value, which is a measure of thermal resistance, of about 0.5, about 0.8, about 1, about 1.4, about 2, about 3, about 4, at least 0.5, at least 0.8, at least 1, at least 1.4, at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4. A person skilled in the art will understand that achieving the desired temperatures is a combination of temperature, insulation, time and energy variables. Increasing the insulation may mean that the energy going into the system can be reduced. Likewise, decreasing the insulation may mean that the energy going into the system needs to be increased. The insulation material can be modified depending on whether the enclosure is designed to be reused or a one-time use enclosure. In some embodiments, the enclosure is made from flame retardant material. In some embodiments, the enclosure is made from a material that does not absorb pesticides and can be cleaned easily. In some embodiments, the enclosure includes a layer of canvas, vinyl, or other thick, durable material on the floor that is designed to protect the floor from the articles that are moved in and out of the enclosure. In some embodiments, the interior of the enclosure is made of a light colored material. Using a light colored material allows users or operators to visually inspect the inside for pests. In some embodiments, the enclosure is made from material that is configured for a one-time use that is disposed of after that use. In other embodiments, the enclosure is made from material that is configured to be reused.
In some embodiments, the enclosure has one or more windows 28 located in at least one wall. In some embodiments, the enclosure includes a window on each wall. In some embodiments, the enclosure includes an inlet hole 30 and an outlet hole 32. When the enclosure is connected to a heating system, the duct 34 bringing air from the heater is placed in the inlet hole 30 and the duct 36 removing air from the enclosure is placed in the outlet hole 32. The enclosure can also include an optional thermocouple 52 and thermocouple securing device 54 located in the cold spot of the enclosure. The location of the cold spot varies depending on the heater location and article setup. For example, when the heater is in a corner of a cube, then the cold spot is usually in the corner that is diagonally opposite the heater. When the heater is placed in the middle of a wall of a cube or rectangle, then the cold spot may be in both corners of the opposite wall. Further, the articles that are located in the enclosure can create cold spots. For example, if bed linens are piled in a corner without airflow under or around it, a cold spot can form underneath the linens. By placing a thermocouple 52 in the cold spot, the operator can ensure that the temperature of the cold spot reaches 115° F. and maintains that temperature over time. Exemplary thermocouple securing devices 54 include a strap secured by snaps or hook and loop, a buckle, or a permanent sleeve or loop that the thermocouple is threaded through.
In some embodiments, the floor is connected to the walls with a seam where the seam is at least one inch off of the ground. The advantage of having the seam slightly off of the ground is that it makes it less likely that pests will find the seam and nest in it.
When the enclosure is inflated, it preferably has an internal volume of at least about 6, about 50, about 368, or about 800 cubic feet.
Referring now to
The heater can be equipped with various safety features. For example, the controller can be programmed to automatically start the shut down process or shut off completely if the temperature does not reach a desired temperature within a longer period of time, or if it reaches too hot of a temperature within a period of time. For example, if the temperature does not reach a predetermined temperature such as 110° F. or 115° F. within a certain period of time such as 10 hours, 12 hours, or 16 hours, the heater can start decreasing the temperature by 1 degree every 6 minutes or 5 or 10 degrees every hour. In another example, if the temperature reaches a higher temperature such as 120° F., 125° F., or 130° F. within an hour, 2 hours, or 4 hours, the controller can be programmed to start the process of decreasing the temperature by 1 degree every 6 minutes or 5 or 10 degrees every hour. Also, in this example, the controller can be programmed to simply shut down the heater altogether and allow the temperature to cool down on its own. The controller can also be programmed to alert a user or operator that the treatment was not successful. This would allow the user or operator to correct any problems with the system and run the cycle again, or provide an alternative pest treatment. The controller can also be equipped to remotely alert the user or operator that there is a problem on the user or operator's mobile phone, pager, email, or text.
In addition to the enclosure and the heating system, the system can optionally include an internal fan inside of the inflated enclosure. This fan helps circulate the air inside of the enclosure to reduce the likelihood of cold spots inside of the enclosure. Eliminating cold spots inside of the enclosure is important. If the temperature of any spot inside of the enclosure does not reach the minimum temperature needed to kill the pests, then that spot can become a source of contamination. If the system includes an internal fan, the system preferably includes relays and controls that determine if the internal fan inside of the enclosure was powered on and working throughout the heating cycle. The system can also include a stand for supporting the article to be treated. The stand should be designed in a way to maximize the air circulation around the article while minimizing cold spots in and around the article and around the stand. In some embodiments, the stand is L-shaped. In some embodiments, the stand has a minimum of a 1-inch clearance between the floor and the article on the stand to ensure proper circulation. The stand is preferably made of a heat-conducting material such as metal. This also helps eliminate cold spots.
Methods of Use
To set up the enclosure, the deflated enclosure is spread out and hooked up to the heater. The articles are placed inside of the deflated enclosure. In some embodiments, the items are placed in the enclosure in such a way that the item has at least a 1 inch space on all sides between the article and the floor, walls, and other articles in the enclosure once the enclosure is set up or inflated. In some embodiments, the article has at least a 1-2 inch space around the article and the walls, floors, or other articles of the assembled or inflated enclosure. Leaving space around the article is important to assure proper air flow around the article. The heater is turned on and the manifold in the inlet duct 34 is opened to allow air to flow into the deflated enclosure in order to heat and inflate it. While the enclosure is inflating, the manifold in outlet duct 36 is closed. Once the enclosure is inflated, the manifold in the inlet duct 34 is closed, and the manifold in outlet duct 36 is opened. This allows for the warm air inside of the enclosure to be recirculated.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating a suspected infested article. The method includes placing an article inside of an enclosure such as the one described above, sealing the enclosure, and then adjusting the temperature inside of the sealed enclosure. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature is gradually increased at a predetermined controlled rate, and then held at a peak temperature for a predetermined period of time, and then gradually decreased at a predetermined controlled rate. In an embodiment, the temperature is increased from room temperature at a rate of from about 10 to about 15 degrees Fahrenheit every hour or one degree every six minutes. The temperature may be increased more slowly over a longer period of time. For example, the temperature can be ramped up at from about 1 to about 10 degrees Fahrenheit every hour. But, the temperature should not be ramped up too quickly for sensitive articles or the article may be damaged. The temperature is increased until the temperature reaches a predetermined peak temperature. The various life stages of bed bugs die at a temperature of about 115 degrees Fahrenheit. But, the articles being treated can include larger objects that have internal spaces that could be infested with pests (i.e., furniture, mattresses, and box springs). Therefore, it may be beneficial to increase the temperature higher than the minimum needed to kill all life stages of pests. Therefore, in some embodiments, the temperature inside of the enclosure is increased to at least about 115° F., at least about 118° F., at least about 120° F., at least about 130° F., or at least about 180° F. and then held at that temperature for a predetermined period of time. The predetermined temperature hold time will vary depending on the temperature, but the temperature can be held from about 1 minute to about 10 hours, about 1 hour to about 5 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, or longer periods of time such as about 2 hours to about 8 hours, or about 8 hours to about 24 hours. After the predetermined period of time has elapsed, the temperature inside of the enclosure is gradually ramped down from the peak temperature to room temperature at a predetermined controlled rate. In an embodiment, the temperature is decreased to room temperature at a rate of from about 10 to about 15 degrees Fahrenheit every hour. As with the ramp up, the temperature can be decreased more slowly or over a longer period of time. Care should be taken not to decrease the temperature too quickly for sensitive articles and risk damaging the articles. Alternatively, the heater can be turned off and the temperature inside of the enclosure can be allowed to return to room temperature on its own. This is most effective when the insulation on the enclosure helps the temperature decrease slowly enough, or where the articles inside of the enclosure are not sensitive to a rapid temperature decrease.
It is especially important to control the temperature increase and decrease when treating articles that are made of multiple materials, such as furniture. Furniture often is made of multiple types of wood, composites, laminates, plastics, and adhesives. If the temperature of the furniture is increased or decreased too quickly, the different materials may change temperature at different rates which could cause the piece of furniture to warp. An alternative embodiment of the present disclosure can be used with articles that are not as temperature sensitive as furniture where the temperature is increased or decreased as quickly as possible. This can be useful when treating non-sensitive items such as soft goods, bedding, curtains, towels, personal items, and clothes. In one preferred embodiment, the disclosed system is designed to have two modes of operation where a user can select a rapid temperature increase and decrease if non-temperature-sensitive articles are being treated or a controlled, slow temperature increase and decrease if temperature sensitive articles are being treated.
In some embodiments, the temperature is automatically adjusted by the programmable logic controller on the heating system. In this method, the heating system has a heater. The heating system also has at least one thermocouple electrically connected to the heater and located inside of the inflated enclosure. The thermocouple measures the actual air temperature inside of the enclosure (Tactual). The heating system also includes a programmable logic controller electrically connected to the heater and the thermocouple. In some embodiments, the programmable logic controller is programmed with predetermined temperature ramp rate controlled by a set point temperature (Tsetpoint) and a target temperature (Ttarget). In some embodiments, the controller can be programmed by a user or operator to vary the temperature ramp rate and hold time. An exemplary predetermined ramp rate may be 1 degree Fahrenheit every six minutes. It is understood that other ramp rates could be used including partial degree increments. It is also understood that step increases could be used where the programmable logic controller increases the temperature by, for example, 5 or 10 degrees and then holds that temperature for a period of time such as 60 minutes. In one exemplary embodiment, the programmable logic controller increases the air temperature inside of the enclosure by increasing the Tsetpoint one degree every six minutes until Ttarget is reached, comparing the Tactual to the Tsetpoint, and adjusting the heater in response to the difference between Tactual and Tsetpoint. The heater can be adjusted in several ways. For example, the heater can be adjusted by simply turning the heater on and off. The heater can also be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the power to the heater. And the heater can be adjusted by modifying a ratio of “on time” to “off time”. If Tactual<Tsetpoint, then the programmable logic controller can turn the heater on, increase the power to the heater, increase the amount of “on time,” or decrease the amount of “off time.” If Tactual>Tsetpoint, then the programmable logic controller can turn the heater off, decrease the power to the heater, decrease the amount of “on time,” or increase the amount of “off time.” Once Tsetpoint=Ttarget, the programmable logic controller holds the Ttarget for a predetermined period of time (for example, for four hours) and continues to compare the Tactual to the Tsetpoint (which is now also Ttarget) and adjust the heat up or down to maintain Ttarget. After the temperature has been held for the predetermined period of time, in some embodiments, the programmable logic controller also controls the decrease in air temperature inside of the enclosure by decreasing the Tsetpoint one degree every six minutes until Tactual=the original Tactual, which could be room temperature, comparing the Tactual to the Tsetpoint, and turning the heater on or off in response to the difference between Tactual and Tsetpoint. Tactual<Tsetpoint, then the programmable logic controller can turn the heater on, increase the power to the heater, increase the amount of “on time,” or decrease the amount of “off time.” If Tactual>Tsetpoint, then the programmable logic controller can turn the heater off, decrease the power to the heater, decrease the amount of “on time,” or increase the amount of “off time.” This is generally shown in
In an embodiment, the heating system can include a second thermocouple where a first thermocouple measures the air temperature inside of the enclosure and a second thermocouple measures the air temperature inside of an article, such as a piece of furniture or a mattress. In this embodiment, the first thermocouple controls the temperature ramp rate controlled by a set point temperature, Tsetpoint, (both increase and decrease) but the second thermocouple controls whether the temperature inside of the enclosure has reached Ttarget. Using two thermocouples is a more sophisticated way to control the temperature increase and decrease while ensuring that the air temperature inside of an article maintains a high enough temperature.
Exemplary articles to be treated include a mattress, a boxspring, bedding, nightstands, furniture, mirrors, pictures, light fixtures, window treatments, clothing, appliances, commercial fixtures, telephones, remote controls, alarm clocks and small electrical items, luggage, personal items, and pet bedding. The article can be located in a variety of places including a hotel, a house, an apartment or multi-family complex, restaurants, an office building, a movie theater, a train, a bus, an airplane, a car, a truck, a retail store, a college dormitory, a doctor's office, a veterinary clinic, a hospital, and a nursing home. The article can also be a large article such as manufacturing equipment, a bus, a car, a truck, an airplane, or a train.
In addition to using heat to kill pests, the methods disclosed herein can be used in conjunction with pesticides and/or as part of a pest treatment program.
The present disclosure may be better understood with reference to the following examples. These examples are intended to be representative of specific embodiments of the disclosure, and are not intended as limiting the scope of the disclosure.
Example 2 evaluated the temperature required to kill bed bug adults and eggs. The example evaluated three elevated temperatures (100° F., 115° F., and 130° F.) for mortality among bed bug adults and eggs when exposed to heat for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours. Ten adult bed bugs and ten eggs were evaluated for each time and temperature period. The eggs were observed at two weeks for hatch. The beg bug adults were evaluated immediately upon removal from the heated container.
Example 3 determined the heat penetration into the interior of a mattress. For this example, thermocouples were placed at various locations inside of an enclosure and inside of a mattress.
The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the disclosed compositions and methods of use. Since many embodiments of the disclosure can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims.
This application claims priority to Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/454,255 filed Mar. 18, 2011, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20120233907 A1 | Sep 2012 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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61454255 | Mar 2011 | US |