Patent Application
20160250114
The present invention relates to processes for heat treatment of precipitated silica particles and to oral care compositions comprising such treated precipitated silica particles.
An effective oral composition can maintain and preserve tooth appearance by removing dental stains and polishing the teeth. It may clean and remove external debris as well, which can aid the prevention of tooth decay and promote gingival health.
Abrasives in oral compositions aid in the removal of the tightly adherent pellicle film to which dental stains affix. Pellicle film usually comprises a thin acellular, glycoprotein-mucoprotein coating, which adheres to the enamel within minutes after teeth are cleaned. The presence of various food pigments lodged within the film accounts for most instances of teeth discoloration. An abrasive may remove the pellicle film with minimal abrasive damage to oral tissue, such as the dentin and enamel.
In addition to cleaning, it may be desirable for abrasive systems to provide polishing of tooth surfaces, as polished surfaces may be more resistant to ectopic deposition of undesirable components. Tooth appearance may be improved by imparting a polished character to the teeth, because the surface roughness, that is, its polish, affects light reflectance and scattering, which integrally relate to the teeth's visual appearance. The surface roughness also affects tooth feel. For example, polished teeth have a clean, smooth, and slick feel.
Numerous dentifrice compositions use precipitated silicas as abrasives. Precipitated silicas are noted and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,583, Jul. 20, 1982, to Wason, EP Patent 535,943A1, Apr. 7, 1993, to McKeown et al., PCT Application WO 92/02454, Feb. 20, 1992 to McKeown et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,920, Feb. 18, 1997, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,601, Feb. 10, 1998, both to Rice, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,311, May 25, 2004 to White et al.
While providing effective cleaning of teeth, precipitated silicas in oral compositions may present compatibility problems with key formula actives, such as stannous ions. These compatibility problems have been shown to be directly related to surface properties of precipitated silicas such as surface area, number of hydroxyl groups, and porosity.
PCT Published Patent Application WO 93/23007 assigned to W. R. Grace discloses that thermal treatment of precipitated silica at 300-850° C. for 1-3 hours can significantly improve compatibility with CPC or chlorhexidine. Reference is also made to non-fluoride therapeutic agents.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,071 (PQ Corp-8/24/87) discloses improved abrasivity by dehydrating then rehydrating silica gel. The silica gel therein was heated to 310° C.
A need exists for an abrasive system that has good compatibility with stannous ions while providing effective and safe cleaning and polishing of dental tissue. In addition, there exists a continuing need for abrasives that can produce superior cleaning and polishing at reduced costs. The methods and compositions of the present invention related to the heat treatment of precipitated silica particles may provide one or more of these advantages. The present invention also relates to oral compositions containing improved precipitated silica particles and methods using such oral compositions that may provide better stannous stability.
It has now been surprisingly found rapid heat treatment of precipitated silica particles at high temperature can, without being limited by theory, reduce the surface hydroxyls while maintaining the inner precipitated silica structure, resulting in improved stability with stannous ions.
The processes of the present invention therefore include treating precipitated silica particles with heat having a temperature of from about 800° C. to about 1050° C. for less than 5 minutes. The resulting treated precipitated silica particles surprisingly exhibit improved compatibility with stannous ions and/or improved PCR measurements.
The oral care composition of the present invention comprises heat treated precipitated silica and a stannous ion source. The stannous ion may be from stannous fluoride or from a stannous salt selected from the group consisting of stannous chloride, stannous gluconate, stannous acetate, stannous tartrate, stannous oxalate, stannous sulfate, stannous citrate, stannous malonate, stannous lactate, stannous phosphate, stannous pyrophosphate, stannous bromide, stannous iodide, and combinations thereof. The amount of stannous ions may be from about 50 ppm to about 15,000 ppm or less than about 10,000 ppm.
In one embodiment, the stannous ions will have a compatibility of greater than 80% after two weeks of storage at 25° C. or before use. In another embodiment, the compatibility may be greater than 90% at 25° C. or before use.
Also disclosed is a method of reducing plaque, gingivitis, sensitivity, oral malodor, erosion, cavities, calculus, inflammation, and staining by administering to a subject's oral cavity a composition comprising a heat treated precipitated silica and a stannous ion source.
While the specification concludes with claims that particularly point out and distinctly claim the invention, it is believed the present invention will be better understood from the following description.
The term “orally acceptable carrier” as used herein means a suitable vehicle or ingredient, which can be used to form and/or apply the present compositions to the oral cavity in a safe and effective manner. Such vehicle may include materials such as fluoride ion sources, antibacterial agents, anticalculus agents, buffers, other abrasive materials, peroxide sources, alkali metal bicarbonate salts, thickening materials, humectants, water, surfactants, titanium dioxide, flavor system, sweetening agents, cooling agents, xylitol, coloring agents, other suitable materials, and mixtures thereof.
The term “comprising” as used herein means that steps and ingredients other than those specifically mentioned can be added. This term encompasses the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of.” The compositions of the present invention can comprise, consist of, and consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any of the additional or optional ingredients, components, steps, or limitations described herein.
The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount of a compound or composition sufficient to induce a positive benefit, an oral health benefit, and/or an amount low enough to avoid serious side effects, i.e., to provide a reasonable benefit to risk ratio, within the sound judgment of a skilled artisan.
The term “oral composition” as used herein means a product that in the ordinary course of usage is retained in the oral cavity for a time sufficient to contact some or all of the dental surfaces and/or oral tissues for purposes of oral activity. The oral composition of the present invention may be in various forms including toothpaste, dentifrice, tooth gel, tooth powders, tablets, rinse, subgingival gel, foam, mouse, chewing gum, lipstick, sponge, floss, prophy paste, petrolatum gel, or denture product. The oral composition may also be incorporated onto strips or films for direct application or attachment to oral surfaces, or incorporated into floss.
The term “dentifrice” as used herein means paste, gel, powder, tablets, or liquid formulations, unless otherwise specified, that are used to clean the surfaces of the oral cavity.
The term “teeth” as used herein refers to natural teeth as well as artificial teeth or dental prosthesis.
The term “polymer” as used herein shall include materials whether made by polymerization of one type of monomer or made by two (i.e., copolymers) or more types of monomers.
The term “water soluble” as used herein means that the material is soluble in water in the present composition. In general, the material should be soluble at 25° C. at a concentration of 0.1% by weight of the water solvent, preferably at 1%, more preferably at 5%, more preferably at 15%.
The term “phase” as used herein means a mechanically separate, homogeneous part of a heterogeneous system.
The term “substantially non-hydrated” as used herein means that the material has a low number of surface hydroxyl groups or is substantially free of surface hydroxyl groups. It may also mean that the material contains less than about 5% total water (free or/and bound).
The term “majority” as used herein means the greater number or part; a number more than half the total.
The term “median” as used herein means the middle value in a distribution, above and below which lie an equal number of values.
All percentages, parts and ratios are based upon the total weight of the compositions of the present invention, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level and, therefore, do not include solvents or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified. The term “weight percent” may be denoted as “wt. %” herein.
All molecular weights as used herein are weight average molecular weights expressed as grams/mole, unless otherwise specified.
The present invention utilizes heat treated precipitated silica in oral compositions, particularly in dentifrice compositions. Many current dentifrice compositions use silica as a thickening agent as well as an abrasive. Precipitated silicas are made by an aqueous precipitation or drying process.
Precipitated silicas typically have a BET surface area ranging between 30 m2/g and 80 m2/g. BET surface area is determined by BET nitrogen absorption method of Brunaur et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 309 (1938). See also U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,852, issued Aug. 14, 2007 to Gallis.
Silicas with less than about 5% bound and free water may be considered substantially non-hydrated. The total bound and free water can be calculated by totaling two measurements, loss on drying (LOD) and loss on ignition (LOI). For loss on drying, performed first, a sample may be dried at 105° C. for two hours, the weight loss being the free water. For loss on ignition, the dried sample then may be heated for one hour at 1000° C., the weight loss being the bound water. The sum of the LOD and LOI represents the total bound and free water in the original sample. For example, a typical precipitated silica, ZEODENT 119 (“Z-119”), has a loss on drying of 6.1% and a loss on ignition of 5.1%, for a sum of 11.2% total water. (For another test method, see the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF), General Chapter 731, Loss on Drying and USP-NF, General Chapter 733, Loss on Ignition.)
Several types of hydroxyl (“—OH”) groups (silanols) are present in a precipitated silica: isolated singles, geminals, and vicinals. Isolated “Q3” is where there is one —OH group on a silicon atom that cannot hydrogen bond. Vicinal “Q3” is where there is one —OH group on a silicon atom that can hydrogen bond with another —OH group on an adjacent silicon atom. Geminal “Q2” is where there are two —OH groups on the same silicon atom. Also, there are siloxane linkages “Q4” where two silicon atoms are linked together through an oxygen atom. NMR may be used to measure the amount of Q2, Q3, and Q4 groups present in a given sample.
A typical precipitated silica measures above 3000 intensity/g and typically above 3500 silanol density (in intensity/g). The accounting of surface hydroxyl groups can be found by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to measure the silanol density of a particular silica. Silanols are compounds containing silicon atoms to which hydroxy substituents bond directly. When a solids nmr analysis is performed on various silicas, the silicon signal is enhanced by energy transfer from neighboring protons. The amount of signal enhancement depends on the silicon atom's proximity to protons found in the hydroxyl groups located at or near the surface. Therefore, the silanol density, stated as normalized silanol signal intensity (intensity/g), is a measure of surface hydroxyl concentration. For example, Huber's ZEODENT 119 measures 3716 intensity/g. Test method for silanol density used solid state nmr with cross polarization with magic angle spinning (5 kHz) and high power gated proton decoupling and Varian Unity Plus-200 spectrometer with a 7 mm supersonic dual channel probe made by Doty Scientific. The relaxation delay was 4 seconds (s) and the contact time was 3 ms. Number of scans was between 8,000 and 14,000, and the experimental time frame was 10-14 hours per sample. Samples are weighed to 0.1 mg for normalization procedure. Spectra were plotted in absolute intensity mode and integrals were obtained in absolute intensity mode. Silanol density is measured by plotting and integrating spectra in absolute intensity mode.
The surface reactivity of silica, a reflection of the relative number of surface hydroxyls, may be measured by a silica's ability to absorb methyl red from a solution. This measures the relative number of silanols. The test is based on the fact that methyl red will selectively absorb on the reactive silanol sites of a silica surface.
Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the heat treated precipitated silica according to the processes set forth herein, with its lower number of surface hydroxyl groups, is less reactive than untreated precipitated silica. Consequently, the heat treated precipitated silica may adsorb less of other components, such as flavors, actives, or cations, leading to better availability for these other components. For example, dentifrices incorporating heat treated precipitated silica have superior stability and availability for stannous. Heat treatment of precipitated silica according to the present invention may result in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% compatibility with cations or other components. The cation may be a source of stannous ions.
The tapped density of precipitated silica is typically at most 0.55 g/ml. Bulk density and tapped density can be measured by following the methods in the USP-NF, General Chapter 616, Bulk Density and Tapped Density. For bulk density, method 1, Measurement in a Graduated Cylinder may be used; for tapped density, method 2, which uses a mechanical tapper, may be followed. Bulk density and tapped density represent mass to volume ratios of particles (multiple particles confined in a given space), and reflect trapped air, porosity, and how particles fit together in a given space. A true or intrinsic density of a particle (mass to volume ratio of a single particle) of precipitated silicas is at most about 2.0 g/cm3. The specific gravity of precipitated silicas may be at most about 2.0.
The water absorption of precipitated silicas is typically about 90 g/100 g. Water absorption is measured using the J.M Huber Corp. standard evaluation method, S.E.M No. 5,140, Aug. 10, 2004). Oil absorption is typically about 100 ml dibutyl phthalate/100 g precipitated silica. (Oil absorption is measured according to the method described in U.S. Patent Application 2007/0001037A1, published Jan. 4, 2007.
Precipitated silicas particles typically have a Mohs hardness of 5.5-6.
The unique surface morphology of heat treated precipitated silica may result in more favorable PCR/RDA ratios. The Pellicle Cleaning Ratio (PCR) is a measure of the cleaning characteristics of a dentifrice. The Radioactive Dentine Abrasion (RDA) is a measure of the abrasiveness of the heat treated precipitated silica when incorporated into a dentifrice.
PCR values are typically determined by the method discussed in “In Vitro Removal of Stain with Dentifrice,” G. K. Stookey, et al., J. Dental Res., 61, 1236-9, 1982. RDA values are typically determined according to the method set forth by Hefferren, Journal of Dental Research, July-August 1976, pp. 563-573, and described in Wason, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,340,583, 4,420,312, and 4,421,527. RDA values may also be determined by the ADA recommended procedure for determination of dentifrice abrasivity.
Micrographs of commercially available precipitated silicas ZEODENT 109 and ZEODENT 119, show irregularly shaped-agglomerated particles. Particles appear to be made of agglomerated smaller particles loosely packed together.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a gel network. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise one or more of the following: anticaries agent, antierosion agent, antibacterial agent, anticalculus agent, antihypersensitivity agent, anti-inflammatory agent, antiplaque agent, antigingivitis agent, antimalodor agent, and/or an antistain agent. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise an additional abrasive material, including, but not limited to untreated precipitated silica, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium phosphate, perlite, pumice, calcium pyrophosphate, nanodiamonds, other surface treated and de-hydrated precipitated silica, fused silica and mixtures thereof. Some embodiments may be a method of cleaning subject's teeth and oral cavity by using an oral care composition comprising a heat treated precipitated silica abrasive in an orally acceptable carrier.
Compositions may comprise additional anti-sensitivity agents such as, for example, tubule blocking agents and/or desensitivity agents. Tubule blocking agents may be selected from the group consisting of stannous ion source, strontium ion source, calcium ion source, phosphorus ion source, aluminum ion source, magnesium ion source, amino acids, bioglasses, nanoparticulates, polycarboxylates, Gantrez, and mixtures thereof. The amino acids may be basic amino acids, and a basic amino acid may be arginine. Nanoparticulates may be selected from the group consisting of nanohydroxy apatite, nanotitanium dioxide, nano metal oxides, and mixtures thereof. The desensitivity agent may be a potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium fluoride, potassium citrate, potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, and mixtures thereof. Some embodiments may be a method of reducing hypersensitivity of the teeth by administering to a subject in need an oral care composition comprising a heat treated precipitated silica, wherein the heat treated precipitated silica has a median particle size of 0.25 micron to about 5.0 microns.
In some embodiments, the particle size may be relatively large to be part of a prophy paste or some other non-daily use paste. In such embodiments, an additional abrasive may be used, selected from the group consisting of pumice, perlite, precipitated silica, calcium carbonate, rice hull silica, fused silica, silica gels, aluminas, phosphates including orthophosphates, polymetaphosphates, pyrophosphates, other inorganic particulates, and mixtures thereof.
Some embodiments may have a flavoring agent.
Precipitated, or hydrated, silicas may be made by dissolving silica (sand) using sodium hydroxide and precipitating by adding sulfuric acid. After washing and drying, the material is then milled. Such precipitated silicas may be made by the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,311, White, 2004. Precipitated and other silicas are described in more detail in the Handbook of Porous Solids, edited by Ferdi Schuth, Kenneth S. W. Sing and Jens Weitkamp, chapter 4.7.1.1.1, called Formation of Silica Sols, Gels, and Powders, and in Cosmetic Properties and Structure of Fine-Particle Synthetic Precipitated Silicas, S. K. Wason, Journal of Soc. Cosmetic Chem., vol. 29, (1978), pp 497-521.
The amount of heat treated precipitated silica used in the present invention may be from about 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% to about 5%, 7%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70%, or any combination thereof. The heat treated precipitated silicas of the present invention may be used alone or with other abrasives. A composition may comprise more than one type of heat treated precipitated silica. The total abrasive in the compositions described herein is generally present at a level of from about 5% to about 70%, by weight of the composition. Preferably, dentifrice compositions contain from about 5% to about 50% of total abrasive, by weight of the composition.
The heat treated precipitated silica may be used in combination with inorganic particulates that have been treated with non-ionic surfactants such as ethoxylated and non-ethoxylated fatty alcohols, acid and esters. One example of such non-ionic surfactant is PEG 40 hydrogenated Castor oil. In general, the oral care compositions of the present invention may be used with additional abrasive material, such as one or more selected from the group consisting of precipitated silica, calcium carbonate, rice hull silica, silica gels, aluminums, aluminum silicates, phosphates including orthophosphates, polymetaphosphates, pyrophosphates, other inorganic particulates, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium phosphate, perlite, pumice, calcium pyrophosphate, nanodiamonds, surface treated and de-hydrated precipitated silica, and mixtures thereof.
The heated treated precipitated silica particles of the present invention may be used in combination with other precipitated silicas, such as surface-modified precipitated silica, other dehydrated precipitated silicas, or precipitated silicas with reduced porosity, reduced surface hydroxyl groups, or small surface areas that have better cation compatibility vs. regular precipitated silicas. But it is emphasized that these particular precipitated silicas are surface-treated in an attempt to reduce surface hydroxyls and to improve properties such as low porosity or cationic compatibility, but that they would still be considered precipitated silicas. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,852, U.S. Pat. No. 7,438,895, WO 9323007, and WO 9406868.)
Other abrasive polishing materials may include silica gels, rice hull silica, aluminas, phosphates including orthophosphates, polymetaphosphates, and pyrophosphates, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples include dicalcium orthophosphate dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium polymetaphosphate, insoluble sodium polymetaphosphate, hydrated alumina, beta calcium pyrophosphate, calcium carbonate, and resinous abrasive materials such as particulate condensation products of urea and formaldehyde, and others such as disclosed by Cooley et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,070,510, issued Dec. 25, 1962.
The abrasive can be silica gels such as the silica xerogels described in Pader et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230, issued Mar. 2, 1970, and DiGiulio, U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,307, issued Jan. 21, 1975. Examples are the silica xerogels marketed under the trade name “Syloid” by the W.R. Grace & Company, Davison Chemical Division. Also there are the precipitated silica materials such as those marketed by the J. M. Huber Corporation under the trade name, “ZEODENT”, particularly the silicas carrying the designation “ZEODENT 109” (Z-109) and “ZEODENT 119” (Z-119). Other precipitated silicas commercially available and comparable to ZEODENT 109 and ZEODENT 119 include, for example, TIXOSIL 63, TIXOSIL 73, and TIXOSIL 103, all made by Rhodia, Huber silicas Z-103, Z-113, and Z-124, OSC DA, made by OSC in Taiwan, and ABSIL-200 and ABSIL-HC, made by Madhu Silica. Of these commercially available precipitated silicas, TIXOSIL 73 is the most similar to ZEODENT 119. The present precipitated silica abrasives may be used in combination with heat treated precipitated silica and other abrasives.
The types of precipitated silica dental abrasives that may be mixed with the heat treated precipitated silica of the present invention are described in more detail in Wason, U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,583, issued Jul. 29, 1982. Precipitated silica abrasives are also described in Rice, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,160; 5,603,920; 5,651,958; 5,658,553; and 5,716,601.
The oral compositions of the present invention will include a stannous ion source. As stated before, one of the advantages of heat treated precipitated silica is its compatibility with other materials, particularly materials that are reactive and can loose efficacy. Stannous ions are considered to be reactive so the use of stannous ions with a heat treated precipitated silica may have some important benefits. Because heat treated precipitated silica does not react as much with stannous as compared to precipitated silica and other traditional abrasives, less of the stannous can be used but resulting in the same efficacy or even greater efficacy. It has been reported that stannous may have potential aesthetic negatives such an unpleasant or strong taste, astringency, staining, or other negative aesthetics that make the stannous containing oral compositions less desirable for consumers. Therefore, using a lower amount of stannous may be preferred. Additionally, the use of less stannous for the same or similar efficacy (as a formula containing precipitated silica) is a cost savings and may have better aesthetics and less stain. Alternatively, if the same amount of stannous is used as traditionally used, the stannous would have higher efficacy as more of it is available to provide the benefit. Because the heat treated precipitated silica is slightly harder than traditional abrasives such as precipitated silica, the heat treated precipitated silica may also remove more stain and/or clean better. It has also been discovered that stannous containing formulations may increase the strength of the teeth. Therefore, formulations containing stannous may have lower RDA scores than comparable formulations not containing stannous. The lower RDA scores may provide for a better PCR to RDA ratio as the heat treated precipitated silica is a good cleaning abrasive and the stannous provides for stronger teeth. The synergy provided with the combination of heat treated precipitated silica and stannous provides a highly efficacious, high cleaning formula for consumers.
The synergies between heat treated precipitated silica and stannous ions can provide many benefits in oral compositions for consumers. The low BET surface area, low number of surface hydroxyl group, and low porosity of the heat treated precipitated silica make it a suitable abrasive for stannous containing compositions.
The stannous ions may be provided from stannous fluoride and/or other stannous salts. Stannous fluoride has been found to help in the reduction of gingivitis, plaque, sensitivity, erosion, inflammation and in improved breath benefits. The stannous ions provided in a dentifrice composition will provide efficacy to a subject using the dentifrice composition. Although efficacy could include benefits other than the reduction in gingivitis, efficacy is defined as a noticeable amount of reduction in in situ plaque metabolism. Formulations providing such efficacy typically include stannous levels provided by stannous fluoride and/or other stannous salts ranging from about 50 ppm to about 15,000 ppm stannous ions in the total composition. The stannous ion is present in an amount of from about 1,000 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, in one embodiment from about 3,000 ppm to about 7,500 ppm. Other stannous salts include organic stannous carboxylates, such as stannous acetate, stannous gluconate, stannous oxalate, stannous malonate, stannous citrate, stannous ethylene glycoxide, stannous formate, stannous sulfate, stannous lactate, stannous tartrate, and the like. Other stannous ion sources include, stannous halides such as stannous chlorides, stannous bromide, stannous iodide and stannous chloride dihydride. In one embodiment the stannous ion source is stannous fluoride, in another embodiment stannous chloride dehydrate or trihydrate, or stannous gluconate. The combined stannous salts may be present in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 11%, by weight of the oral care compositions. The stannous salts may, in one embodiment, be present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 7%, in another embodiment from about 0.1% to about 5%, and in another embodiment from about 1.5% to about 3%, by weight of the oral care composition.
The carrier for the components of the present compositions may be any orally-acceptable vehicle suitable for use in the oral cavity. The carrier may comprise suitable cosmetic and/or therapeutic actives. Such actives include any material that is generally considered safe for use in the oral cavity and that provides changes to the overall appearance and/or health of the oral cavity, including, but not limited to, anti-calculus agents, fluoride ion sources, stannous ion sources, whitening agents, anti-microbial, anti-malodor agents, anti-sensitivity agents, antierosion agents, anti-caries agents, anti-plaque agents, anti-inflammatory agents, nutrients, antioxidants, anti-viral agents, analgesic and anesthetic agents, H-2 antagonists, and mixtures thereof. When present, the level of cosmetic and/or therapeutic active in the oral care composition is, in one embodiment from about 0.001% to about 90%, in another embodiment from about 0.01% to about 50%, and in another embodiment from about 0.1% to about 30%, by weight of the oral care composition.
One of the advantages of heat treated precipitated silica is its compatibility with other materials, particularly materials that are reactive and can lose efficacy such as actives. Because heat treated precipitated silica does not react as much with actives as compared to untreated precipitated silica and other traditional abrasives, less of the active can be used with the same efficacy. If the active has any potential aesthetic negatives such an unpleasant or strong taste, astringency, staining, or other negative aesthetic, the lower amount of active may be preferred. Additionally, the use of less active for the same or similar efficacy is a cost savings. Alternatively, if the same amount of active as used as traditionally used, the active would have higher efficacy as more of it is available to provide the benefit.
Actives include but are not limited to antibacterial actives, antiplaque agents, anticaries agents, antisensitivity agents, antierosion agents, oxidizing agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anticalculus agents, nutrients, antioxidants, analgesic agents, anesthetic agents, H-1 and H-2 antagonists, antiviral actives, and combinations thereof. A material or ingredient may be categorized as more than one type of materials. Such as an antioxidant may also be an antiplaque and antibacterial active. Examples of suitable actives include stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, essential oils, mono alkyl phosphates, hydrogen peroxide, CPC, chlorhexidine, Triclosan, and combinations thereof. The following is a non-limiting list of actives that may be used in the present invention.
The present invention may comprise a safe and effective amount of a fluoride compound. The fluoride ion may be present in an amount sufficient to give a fluoride ion concentration in the composition at 25° C., and/or in one embodiment can be used at levels of from about 0.0025% to about 5.0% by weight, in another embodiment from about 0.005% to about 2.0% by weight, to provide anticaries effectiveness. A wide variety of fluoride ion-yielding materials can be employed as sources of soluble fluoride in the present compositions. Examples of suitable fluoride ion-yielding materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,535,421, and 3,678,154. Representative fluoride ion sources include: stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, amine fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, zinc fluoride, and many others. In one embodiment the dentifrice composition comprises stannous fluoride or sodium fluoride, as well as mixtures thereof.
The pH of the oral composition may be from about 3 to about 10. The pH is typically measured as a slurry pH by methods known in the industry. Depending upon the actives used in the oral composition, a different pH may be desired.
Dentifrice compositions of the present invention may also comprise an anti-calculus agent, which in one embodiment may be present from about 0.05% to about 50%, by weight of the oral care composition, in another embodiment is from about 0.05% to about 25%, and in another embodiment is from about 0.1% to about 15%. The anti-calculus agent may be selected from the group consisting of polyphosphates (including pyrophosphates) and salts thereof; polyamino propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and salts thereof; polyolefin sulfonates and salts thereof; polyvinyl phosphates and salts thereof; polyolefin phosphates and salts thereof; diphosphonates and salts thereof; phosphonoalkane carboxylic acid and salts thereof; polyphosphonates and salts thereof; polyvinyl phosphonates and salts thereof; polyolefin phosphonates and salts thereof; polypeptides; and mixtures thereof; polycarboxylates and salts thereof; carboxy-substituted polymers; and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the polymeric polycarboxylates employed herein include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,386. An example of these polymers that is commercially available is Gantrez from International Speciality Products (ISP). In one embodiment, the salts are alkali metal or ammonium salts. Polyphosphates are generally employed as their wholly or partially neutralized water-soluble alkali metal salts such as potassium, sodium, ammonium salts, and mixtures thereof. The inorganic polyphosphate salts include alkali metal (e.g. sodium) tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, dialkyl metal (e.g. disodium) diacid, trialkyl metal (e.g. trisodium) monoacid, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, and alkali metal (e.g. sodium) hexametaphosphate, and mixtures thereof. Polyphosphates larger than tetrapolyphosphate usually occur as amorphous glassy materials. In one embodiment the polyphosphates are those manufactured by FMC Corporation, which are commercially known as Sodaphos (n≈6), Hexaphos (n≈13), and Glass H (n≈21, sodium hexametaphosphate), and mixtures thereof. The pyrophosphate salts useful in the present invention include, alkali metal pyrophosphates, di-, tri-, and mono-potassium or sodium pyrophosphates, dialkali metal pyrophosphate salts, tetraalkali metal pyrophosphate salts, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the pyrophosphate salt is selected from the group consisting of trisodium pyrophosphate, disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate (Na2H2P2O7), dipotassium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), and mixtures thereof. Polyolefin sulfonates include those wherein the olefin group contains 2 or more carbon atoms, and salts thereof. Polyolefin phosphonates include those wherein the olefin group contains 2 or more carbon atoms. Polyvinylphosphonates include polyvinylphosphonic acid. Diphosphonates and salts thereof include azocycloalkane-2,2-diphosphonic acids and salts thereof, ions of azocycloalkane-2,2-diphosphonic acids and salts thereof, azacyclohexane-2,2-diphosphonic acid, azacyclopentane-2,2-diphosphonic acid, N-methyl-azacyclopentane-2,3-diphosphonic acid, EHDP (ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid), AHP (azacycloheptane-2,2-diphosphonic acid), ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonate, dichloromethane-diphosphonate, etc. Phosphonoalkane carboxylic acid or their alkali metal salts include PPTA (phosphonopropane tricarboxylic acid), PBTA (phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), each as acid or alkali metal salts. Polyolefin phosphates include those wherein the olefin group contains 2 or more carbon atoms. Polypeptides include polyaspartic and polyglutamic acids.
A whitening agent may be included as an active in the present dentifrice compositions. The actives suitable for whitening are selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal peroxides, metal chlorites, perborates inclusive of mono and tetrahydrates, perphosphates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, and persulfates, such as ammonium, potassium, sodium and lithium persulfates, and combinations thereof. Suitable peroxide compounds include hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide, calcium peroxide, carbamide peroxide, magnesium peroxide, zinc peroxide, strontium peroxide and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the peroxide compound is carbamide peroxide. Suitable metal chlorites include calcium chlorite, barium chlorite, magnesium chlorite, lithium chlorite, sodium chlorite, and potassium chlorite. Additional whitening actives may be hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide. In one embodiment the chlorite is sodium chlorite. In another embodiment the percarbonate is sodium percarbonate. In one embodiment the persulfates are oxones. The level of these substances is dependent on the available oxygen or chlorine, respectively, that the molecule is capable of providing to bleach the stain. In one embodiment the whitening agents may be present at levels from about 0.01% to about 40%, in another embodiment from about 0.1% to about 20%, in another embodiment form about 0.5% to about 10%, and in another embodiment from about 4% to about 7%, by weight of the oral care composition.
The compositions of the invention may contain an oxidizing agent, such as a peroxide source. A peroxide source may comprise hydrogen peroxide, calcium peroxide, carbamide peroxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the peroxide source is hydrogen peroxide. Other peroxide actives can include those that produce hydrogen peroxide when mixed with water, such as percarbonates, e.g., sodium percarbonates. In certain embodiments, the peroxide source may be in the same phase as a stannous ion source. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 20% of a peroxide source, in other embodiments from about 0.1% to about 5%, in certain embodiments from about 0.2% to about 3%, and in another embodiment from about 0.3% to about 2.0% of a peroxide source, by weight of the oral composition. The peroxide source may be provided as free ions, salts, complexed, or encapsulated. It is desirable that the peroxide in the composition is stable. The peroxide may provide a reduction in staining, as measured by the Cycling Stain Test, or other relevant methods.
In addition to the optional ingredients detailed below, certain thickeners and flavors offer better compatibility with oxidizing agents such as peroxide. For example, in some embodiments, preferred thickening agents may be cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylates, alkylated polyacrylates, alkylated cross-linked polyacrylates, polymeric alkylated polyethers, carbomers, alkylated carbomers, gel networks, non-ionic polymeric thickeners, Sepinov EMT 10 (Seppic-hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloldimethyltaurate copolymer), Pure Thix 1450, 1442, HH (PEG 180 laureth-50/TMMP or Polyether 1-Rockwood Specialties), Structure 2001 (Akzo-Acrylates/Steareth-20 Itaconate copolymer), Structure 3001 (Akzo-Acrylates/Ceteth-20 Itaconate copolymer), Aculyn 28 (Dow Chemical/Rohm and Haas-Acrylates/Beheneth-25 Methacrylate Copolymer), Genopur 3500D (Clariant), Aculyn 33 (Dow Chemical/Rohm and Haas-Acrylates Copolymer), Aculyn 22 (Dow Chemical/Rohm and Haas-Acrylates/Steareth-20 Methacrylate Copolymer), Aculyn 46 (Dow Chemical/Rohm and Haas-PEG-150/Stearyl Alcohol/SMDI Copolymer), A500 (crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose—Hercules), Structure XL (hydroxypropyl starch phosphate—National Starch), and mixtures thereof.
Other suitable thickening agents may include polymeric sulfonic acids such as Aristoflex AVC, AVS, BLV and HMB (Clariant, acryloyldimethyltaurate polymers, co-polymers and cross polymers), Diaformer (Clariant, amineoxide methacrylate copolymer), Genapol (Clariant, fatty alcohol polyglycol ether and alkylated polyglycol ethoxylated fatty alcohol), fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, high molecular weight non-ionic surfactants such as BRIJ 721 (Croda), and mixtures thereof.
Suitable flavor systems particularly compatible with peroxide include those discussed in US application 2007/0231278. In one embodiment, the flavor system comprises menthol in combination with at least one secondary cooling agent along with selected traditional flavor components that have been found to be relatively stable in the presence of peroxide. By “stable” herein is meant that the flavor character or profile does not significantly change or is consistent during the life of the product.
The present composition may comprise from about 0.04% to 1.5% total coolants (menthol+secondary coolant) with at least about 0.015% menthol by weight. Typically, the level of menthol in the final composition ranges from about 0.015% to about 1.0% and the level of secondary coolant(s) ranges from about 0.01% to about 0.5%. Preferably, the level of total coolants ranges from about 0.03% to about 0.6%.
Suitable secondary cooling agents or coolants to be used with menthol include a wide variety of materials such as carboxamides, ketals, diols, menthyl esters and mixtures thereof. Examples of secondary coolants in the present compositions are the paramenthan carboxamide agents such as N-ethyl-p-menthan-3-carboxamide, known commercially as “WS-3”, N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropylbutanamide, known as “WS-23”, and others in the series such as WS-5, WS-11, WS-14 and WS-30. Additional suitable coolants include 3-1-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol known as TK-10 manufactured by Takasago; menthone glycerol acetal known as MGA; menthyl esthers such as menthyl acetate, menthyl acetoacetate, menthyl lactate known as Frescolat® supplied by Haarmann and Reimer, and monomenthyl succinate under the tradename Physcool from V. Mane. The terms menthol and menthyl as used herein include dextro- and levorotatory isomers of these compounds and racemic mixtures thereof. TK-10 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,425, Amano et al., issued Jul. 10, 1984. WS-3 and other agents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,163, Watson, et al., issued Jan. 23, 1979.
Flavoring agents are generally used in the compositions at levels of from about 0.001% to about 5%, by weight of the composition.
Antimicrobial agents may be included in the dentifrice compositions of the present invention. Such agents may include, but are not limited to cationic antibacterials, such as chlorhexidine, alexidine, hexetidine, benzalkonium chloride, domiphen bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecylpyridinium chloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC), octenidine, bisbiguanides, zinc or stannous ion agents, grapefruit extract, and mixtures thereof. Other antibacterial and antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to: 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, commonly referred to as triclosan; 8-hydroxyquinoline and its salts, copper II compounds, including, but not limited to, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) acetate, copper(II) fluoride and copper(II) hydroxide; phthalic acid and its salts including, but not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,262, including magnesium monopotassium phthalate; sanguinarine; salicylanilide; iodine; sulfonamides; phenolics; delmopinol, octapinol, and other piperidino derivatives; niacin preparations; nystatin; apple extract; thyme oil; thymol; antibiotics such as augmentin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, metronidazole, neomycin, kanamycin, cetylpyridinium chloride, and clindamycin; analogs and salts of the above; methyl salicylate; hydrogen peroxide; metal salts of chlorite; pyrrolidone ethyl cocoyl arginate; lauroyl ethyl arginate monochlorohydrate; and mixtures of all of the above. In another embodiment, the composition comprises phenolic antimicrobial compounds and mixtures thereof. Antimicrobial components may be present from about 0.001% to about 20% by weight of the oral care composition. In another embodiment the antimicrobial agents generally comprise from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the oral care compositions of the present invention.
Other antimicrobial agents may be, but are not limited to, essential oils. Essential oils are volatile aromatic oils which may be synthetic or may be derived from plants by distillation, expression or extraction, and which usually carry the odor or flavor of the plant from which they are obtained. Useful essential oils may provide antiseptic activity. Some of these essential oils also act as flavoring agents. Useful essential oils include but are not limited to citra, thymol, menthol, methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil), eucalyptol, carvacrol, camphor, anethole, carvone, eugenol, isoeugenol, limonene, osimen, n-decyl alcohol, citronel, a-salpineol, methyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, methyl eugenol, cineol, linalool, ethyl linalaol, safrola vanillin, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, lemon oil, orange oil, sage oil, rosemary oil, cinnamon oil, pimento oil, laurel oil, cedar leaf oil, gerianol, verbenone, anise oil, bay oil, benzaldehyde, bergamot oil, bitter almond, chiorothymol, cinnamic aldehyde, citronella oil, clove oil, coal tar, eucalyptus oil, guaiacol, tropolone derivatives such as hinokitiol, avender oil, mustard oil, phenol, phenyl salicylate, pine oil, pine needle oil, sassafras oil, spike lavender oil, storax, thyme oil, tolu balsam, terpentine oil, clove oil, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment the essential oils are selected from thymol, methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, menthol and combinations thereof.
The dentifrice compositions of the present invention may include an anti-plaque agent such as stannous salts, copper salts, strontium salts, magnesium salts, copolymers of carboxylated polymers such as Gantrez or a dimethicone copolyol. The dimethicone copolyol is selected from C12 to C20 alkyl dimethicone copolyols and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the dimethicone copolyol is cetyl dimethicone copolyol marketed under the Trade Name Abil EM90. The dimethicone copolyol in one embodiment can be present in a level of from about 0.001% to about 25%, in another embodiment from about 0.01% to about 5%, and in another embodiment from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of the oral care composition.
Anti-inflammatory agents can also be present in the dentifrice compositions of the present invention. Such agents may include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) agents oxicams, salicylates, propionic acids, acetic acids and fenamates. Such NSAIDs include but are not limited to ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, piroxicam, nabumetone, aspirin, diflunisal, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone and acetaminophen. Use of NSAIDs such as ketorolac are claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,838. Disclosed therein are methods of preventing and/or treating primary and reoccurring squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx by topical administration to the oral cavity or oropharynx of an effective amount of an NSAID. Suitable steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include corticosteroids, such as fluccinolone, and hydrocortisone.
Nutrients may improve the condition of the oral cavity and can be included in the dentifrice compositions of the present invention. Nutrients include minerals, vitamins, oral nutritional supplements, enteral nutritional supplements, and mixtures thereof. Useful minerals include calcium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, potassium and mixtures thereof. Vitamins can be included with minerals or used independently. Suitable vitamins include Vitamins C and D, thiamine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, niacin, folic acid, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, para-aminobenzoic acid, bioflavonoids, and mixtures thereof. Oral nutritional supplements include amino acids, lipotropics, fish oil, and mixtures thereof. Amino acids include, but are not limited to L-Tryptophan, L-Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Levocarnitine or L-carnitine and mixtures thereof. Lipotropics include, but are not limited to, choline, inositol, betaine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and mixtures thereof. Fish oil contains large amounts of Omega-3 (N-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Enteral nutritional supplements include, but are not limited to, protein products, glucose polymers, corn oil, safflower oil, medium chain triglycerides. Minerals, vitamins, oral nutritional supplements and enteral nutritional supplements are described in more detail in Drug Facts and Comparisons (loose leaf drug information service), Wolters Kluer Company, St. Louis, Mo., © 1997, pps. 3-17 and 54-57.
Antioxidants are generally recognized as useful in dentifrice compositions. Antioxidants are disclosed in texts such as Cadenas and Packer, The Handbook of Antioxidants, © 1996 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. Antioxidants useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Vitamin E, ascorbic acid, Uric acid, carotenoids, Vitamin A, flavonoids and polyphenols, herbal antioxidants, melatonin, aminoindoles, lipoic acids and mixtures thereof.
Anti-pain or desensitizing agents can also be present in the dentifrice compositions of the present invention. Analgesics are agents that relieve pain by acting centrally to elevate pain threshold without disturbing consciousness or altering other sensory modalities. Such agents may include, but are not limited to: strontium chloride; potassium nitrate; sodium fluoride; sodium nitrate; acetanilide; phenacetin; acertophan; thiorphan; spiradoline; aspirin; codeine; thebaine; levorphenol; hydromorphone; oxymorphone; phenazocine; fentanyl; buprenorphine; butaphanol; nalbuphine; pentazocine; natural herbs, such as gall nut; Asarum; Cubebin; Galanga; scutellaria; Liangmianzhen; and Baizhi. Anesthetic agents, or topical analgesics, such as acetaminophen, sodium salicylate, trolamine salicylate, lidocaine and benzocaine may also be present. These analgesic actives are described in detail in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Volume 2, Wiley-Interscience Publishers (1992), pp. 729-737.
The present invention may also optionally comprise selective H-1 and H-2 antagonists including compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,433. Antiviral actives useful in the present composition include any know actives that are routinely use to treat viral infections. Such anti-viral actives are disclosed in Drug Facts and Comparisons, Wolters Kluer Company, ©1997, pp. 402(a)-407(z). Specific examples include anti-viral actives disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,070, issued May 5, 1998. Said patent discloses the use of stannous salts to control viruses. Stannous salts and other anti-viral actives are described in detail in Kirk & Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 23, Wiley-lnterscience Publishers (1982), pp. 42-71. The stannous salts that may be used in the present invention would include organic stannous carboxylates and inorganic stannous halides. While stannous fluoride may be used, it is typically used only in combination with another stannous halide or one or more stannous carboxylates or another therapeutic agent.
The present compositions may optionally contain chelating agents, also called chelants or sequestrants, many of which also have anticalculus activity or tooth substantive activity. Use of chelating agents in oral care products is advantageous for their ability to complex calcium such as found in the cell walls of bacteria. Chelating agents can also disrupt plaque by removing calcium from the calcium bridges which help hold this biomass intact. Chelating agents also have the ability to complex with metallic ions and thus aid in preventing their adverse effects on the stability or appearance of products. Chelation of ions, such as iron or copper, helps retard oxidative deterioration of finished products.
In addition, chelants can in principle remove stains by binding to teeth surfaces thereby displacing color bodies or chromagens. The retention of these chelants can also prevent stains from accruing due to disruption of binding sites of color bodies on tooth surfaces.
Chelants may be desired to be added to formulations containing cationic antibicaterial agents. It may be desired to add chelants to stannous containing formulations. The chelant is able to help stabilize the stannous and keep a higher amount of the stannous availible. The chelant may be used in stannous formulations which have a pH above about 4.0. In some formulations, the stannous may be stable without the need for a chelant as the stannous is more stable with heat treated precipitated silica as compared to precipitated silica.
Suitable chelating agents include soluble phosphate compounds, such as phytates and linear polyphosphates having two or more phosphate groups, including tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate and hexametaphosphate, among others. Preferred polyphosphates are those having the number of phosphate groups n averaging from about 6 to about 21, such as those commercially known as Sodaphos (n≈6), Hexaphos (n≈13), and Glass H (n≈21). Other polyphosphorylated compounds may be used in addition to or instead of the polyphosphate, in particular polyphosphorylated inositol compounds such as phytic acid, myo-inositol pentakis(dihydrogen phosphate); myo-inositol tetrakis(dihydrogen phosphate), myo-inositol trikis(dihydrogen phosphate), and an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salt thereof. Preferred herein is phytic acid, also known as myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) or inositol hexaphosphoric acid, and its alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts. Herein, the term “phytate” includes phytic acid and its salts as well as the other polyphosphorylated inositol compounds. The amount of chelating agent in the compositions will depend on the chelating agent used and typically will be from at least about 0.1% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 10% and more preferably from about 1.0% to about 7%.
Still other phosphate compounds that are useful herein for their ability to bind, solubilize and transport calcium are the surface active organophosphate compounds described above useful as tooth substantive agents including organic phosphate mono-, di- or triesters.
Other suitable agents with chelating properties for use in controlling plaque, calculus and stain include polyphosphonates described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,154 to Widder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,537 to White, Jr., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,451, to Zerby et al.; carbonyl diphosphonates in U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,533 to Francis; acrylic acid polymer or copolymer in U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,070, Jul. 11, 1989 to Pyrz et al. and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,341, Apr. 28, 1987 to Benedict et al.; sodium alginate in U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,525, issued Oct. 4, 1988, to Pera; polyvinyl pyrrolidone in GB 741,315, WO 99/12517 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,714 to Pink et al.; and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone with carboxylates in U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,138 to Venema et al. and in JP Publication No. 2000-0633250 to Lion Corporation.
Still other chelating agents suitable for use in the present invention are the anionic polymeric polycarboxylates. Such materials are well known in the art, being employed in the form of their free acids or partially or preferably fully neutralized water soluble alkali metal (e.g. potassium and preferably sodium) or ammonium salts. Examples are 1:4 to 4:1 copolymers of maleic anhydride or acid with another polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, preferably methyl vinyl ether (methoxyethylene) having a molecular weight (M.W.) of about 30,000 to about 1,000,000. These copolymers are available for example as Gantrez® AN 139 (M.W. 500,000), AN 119 (M.W. 250,000) and S-97 Pharmaceutical Grade (M.W. 70,000), of GAF Chemicals Corporation.
Other operative polymeric polycarboxylates include the 1:1 copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, or ethylene, the latter being available for example as Monsanto EMA No. 1103, M.W. 10,000 and EMA Grade 61, and 1:1 copolymers of acrylic acid with methyl or hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl or ethyl acrylate, isobutyl vinyl ether or N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Additional operative polymeric polycarboxylates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,477, Feb. 6, 1979 to Gaffar and U.S. Pat. No. 4,183,914, Jan. 15, 1980 to Gaffar et al. and include copolymers of maleic anhydride with styrene, isobutylene or ethyl vinyl ether; polyacrylic, polyitaconic and polymaleic acids; and sulfoacrylic oligomers of M.W. as low as 1,000 available as Uniroyal ND-2.
Other suitable chelants include polycarboxylic acids and salts thereof described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,467 to Smitherman U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,849,271 and 5,622,689 both to Lukacovic; such as tartaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, malic acid; succinic acid, disuccinic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium or potassium gluconate and citrate; citric acid/alkali metal citrate combination; disodium tartrate; dipotassium tartrate; sodium potassium tartrate; sodium hydrogen tartrate; potassium hydrogen tartrate; acid or salt form of sodium tartrate monosuccinate, potassium tartrate disuccinate, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, there may be mixtures or combinations of chelating agents.
The present invention may include a tooth substantive agent. For purposes of this application, tooth substantive agents are included as chelants also. Suitable agents may be polymeric surface active agents (PMSA's), including polyelectrolytes, more specifically anionic polymers. The PMSA's contain anionic groups, e.g., phosphate, phosphonate, carboxy, or mixtures thereof, and thus, have the capability to interact with cationic or positively charged entities. The “mineral” descriptor is intended to convey that the surface activity or substantivity of the polymer is toward mineral surfaces such as calcium phosphate minerals in teeth.
PMSA's are useful in the present compositions because of their many benefits such as stain prevention. The PMSA's include any agent which will have a strong affinity for the tooth surface, deposit a polymer layer or coating on the tooth surface and produce the desired surface modification effects. Suitable examples of such polymers are polyelectrolytes such as condensed phosphorylated polymers; polyphosphonates; copolymers of phosphate- or phosphonate-containing monomers or polymers with other monomers such as ethylenically unsaturated monomers and amino acids or with other polymers such as proteins, polypeptides, polysaccharides, poly(acrylate), poly(acrylamide), poly(methacrylate), poly(ethacrylate), poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(maleic anhydride), poly(maleate) poly(amide), poly(ethylene amine), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl benzyl chloride); polycarboxylates and carboxy-substituted polymers; and mixtures thereof. Suitable polymeric mineral surface active agents include the carboxy-substituted alcohol polymers described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,292,501; 5,213,789, 5,093,170; 5,009,882; and 4,939,284; all to Degenhardt et al. and the diphosphonate-derivatized polymers in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,913 to Benedict et al; the synthetic anionic polymers including polyacrylates and copolymers of maleic anhydride or acid and methyl vinyl ether (e.g., Gantrez®), as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,977, to Gaffar et al. A preferred polymer is diphosphonate modified polyacrylic acid. Polymers with activity must have sufficient surface binding propensity to desorb pellicle proteins and remain affixed to enamel surfaces. For tooth surfaces, polymers with end or side chain phosphate or phosphonate functions are preferred although other polymers with mineral binding activity may prove effective depending upon adsorption affinity.
One preferred PMSA is a polyphosphate. A polyphosphate is generally understood to consist of two or more phosphate molecules arranged primarily in a linear configuration, although some cyclic derivatives may be present. Although pyrophosphates (n=2) are technically polyphosphates, the polyphosphates desired are those having around three or more phosphate groups so that surface adsorption at effective concentrations produces sufficient non-bound phosphate functions, which enhance the anionic surface charge as well as hydrophilic character of the surfaces. The inorganic polyphosphate salts desired include tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate and hexametaphosphate, among others. Polyphosphates larger than tetrapolyphosphate usually occur as amorphous glassy materials. Preferred in the present compositions are the linear polyphosphates having the formula:
XO(XPO3)nX
wherein X is sodium, potassium or ammonium and n averages from about 3 to about 125. Preferred polyphosphates are those having n averaging from about 6 to about 21, such as those commercially known as Sodaphos (n≈6), Hexaphos (n≈13), and Glass H (n≈21) and manufactured by FMC Corporation and Astaris. These polyphosphates may be used alone or in combination. Polyphosphates are susceptible to hydrolysis in high water formulations at acid pH, particularly below pH 5. Thus it is preferred to use longer-chain polyphosphates, in particular Glass H with an average chain length of about 21. It is believed such longer-chain polyphosphates when undergoing hydrolysis produce shorter-chain polyphosphates which are still effective to deposit onto teeth and provide a stain preventive benefit.
Also useful as tooth substantive agents are nonpolymeric phosphate compounds, in particular polyphosphorylated inositol compounds such as phytic acid, myo-inositol pentakis(dihydrogen phosphate); myo-inositol tetrakis(dihydrogen phosphate), myo-inositol trikis(dihydrogen phosphate), and an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salt thereof. Preferred herein is phytic acid, also known as myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) or inositol hexaphosphoric acid, and its alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts. Herein, the term “phytate” includes phytic acid and its salts as well as the other polyphosphorylated inositol compounds.
Other surface active phosphate compounds useful as tooth substantive agents include organophosphates such as phosphate mono-, di- or triesters such as described in commonly assigned application published as US20080247973A1. Examples include mono- di- and tri-alkyl and alkyl (poly)alkoxy phosphates such as dodecyl phosphate, lauryl phosphate; laureth-1 phosphate; laureth-3 phosphate; laureth-9 phosphate; dilaureth-10 phosphate; trilaureth-4 phosphate; C12-18 PEG-9 phosphate and salts thereof. Many are commercially available from suppliers including Croda; Rhodia; Nikkol Chemical; Sunjin; Alzo; Huntsman Chemical; Clariant and Cognis. Some preferred agents are polymeric, for example those containing repeating alkoxy groups as the polymeric portion, in particular 3 or more ethoxy, propoxy isopropoxy or butoxy groups.
Additional suitable polymeric organophosphate agents include dextran phosphate, polyglucoside phosphate, alkyl polyglucoside phosphate, polyglyceryl phosphate, alkyl polyglyceryl phosphate, polyether phosphates and alkoxylated polyol phosphates. Some specific examples are PEG phosphate, PPG phosphate, alkyl PPG phosphate, PEG/PPG phosphate, alkyl PEG/PPG phosphate, PEG/PPG/PEG phosphate, dipropylene glycol phosphate, PEG glyceryl phosphate, PBG (polybutylene glycol) phosphate, PEG cyclodextrin phosphate, PEG sorbitan phosphate, PEG alkyl sorbitan phosphate, and PEG methyl glucoside phosphate.
Additional suitable non-polymeric phosphates include alkyl mono glyceride phosphate, alkyl sorbitan phosphate, alkyl methyl glucoside phosphate, alkyl sucrose phosphates.
Other useful tooth substantive agents include siloxane polymers functionalized with carboxylic acid groups, such as disclosed in disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,025,950 and 7,166,235 both assigned to The Procter & Gamble Co. These polymers comprise a hydrophobic siloxane backbone and pendant anionic moieties containing carboxy groups and have the ability to deposit onto surfaces from aqueous-based formulations or from essentially non-aqueous based formulations, forming a substantially hydrophobic coating on the treated surface. The carboxy functionalized siloxane polymers are believed to attach themselves to polar surfaces and to form a coating thereon by electrostatic interaction, i.e., complex formation between the pendant carboxy groups with calcium ions present in teeth. The carboxy groups thus serve to anchor the siloxane polymer backbone onto a surface thereby modifying it to be hydrophobic, which then imparts a variety of end use benefits to that surface such as ease of cleaning, stain removal and prevention, whitening, etc. The carboxy functionalized siloxane polymer further acts to enhance deposition of active agents onto the surface and to improve retention and efficacy of these actives on the treated surface.
Also useful as tooth substantive agents are water-soluble or water-dispersible polymeric agents prepared by copolymerizing one or a mixture of vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) monomers with one or a mixture of alkenyl carboxylate (AC) monomers, specifically C2-C12 alkenyl esters of saturated straight- or branched-chain C1-C19 alkyl carboxylic acids described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,722. Examples include copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone with one or a mixture of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, or vinyl butyrate. Preferred polymers have an average molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 to about 1,000,000, preferably from 10,000 to 200,000, even more preferably from 30,000 to 100,000.
The amount of tooth substantive agent will typically be from about 0.1% to about 35% by weight of the total oral composition. In dentifrice formulations, the amount is preferably from about 2% to about 30%, more preferably from about 5% to about 25%, and most preferably from about 6% to about 20%. In mouthrinse compositions, the amount of tooth substantive agent is preferably from about 0.1% to 5% and more preferably from about 0.5% to about 3%.
Additional actives suitable for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, insulin, steroids, herbal and other plant derived remedies. Additionally, anti-gingivitis or gum care agents known in the art may also be included. Components which impart a clean feel to the teeth may optionally be included. These components may include, for example, baking soda or Glass-H. Also, it is recognized that in certain forms of therapy, combinations of these above-named agents may be useful in order to obtain an optimal effect. Thus, for example, an anti-microbial and an anti-inflammatory agent may be combined in a single dentifrice composition to provide combined effectiveness.
Optional agents to be used include such known materials as synthetic anionic polymers, including polyacrylates and copolymers of maleic anhydride or acid and methyl vinyl ether (e.g., Gantrez), as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,977, as well as, e.g., polyamino propoane sulfonic acid (AMPS), zinc citrate trihydrate, polyphosphates (e.g., tripolyphosphate; hexametaphosphate), diphosphonates (e.g., EHDP; AHP), polypeptides (such as polyaspartic and polyglutamic acids), and mixtures thereof. Additionally, the dentifrice composition can include a polymer carrier, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,682,722 and 6,589,512 and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/424,640 and 10/430,617.
The dentifrice compositions may contain a buffering agent. Buffering agents, as used herein, refer to agents that can be used to adjust the pH of the dentifrice compositions to a range of about pH 3.0 to about pH 10. The buffering agents include alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, organic ammonium compounds, carbonates, sesquicarbonates, borates, silicates, phosphates, imidazole, and mixtures thereof. Specific buffering agents include monosodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate salts, sodium carbonate, imidazole, pyrophosphate salts, sodium gluconate, lactic acid, sodium lactate, citric acid, and sodium citrate. Buffering agents are used at a level of from about 0.1% to about 30%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, and more preferably from about 0.3% to about 3%, by weight of the dentifrice compositions.
Coloring agents may also be added to the present composition. The coloring agent may be in the form of an aqueous solution, preferably 1% coloring agent in a solution of water. Pigments, pealing agents, filler powders, talc, mica, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, bismuth oxychloride, zinc oxide, and other materials capable of creating a visual change to the dentifrice compositions may also be used. Color solutions and other agents generally comprise from about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight of the composition. Titanium dioxide may also be added to the present composition. Titanium dioxide is a white powder which adds opacity to the compositions. Titanium dioxide generally comprises from about 0.25% to about 5%, by weight of the composition.
Suitable flavoring components include oil of wintergreen, clove bud oil, menthol, anethole, methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, cassia, 1-menthyl acetate, sage, eugenol, parsley oil, oxanone, alpha-irisone, marjoram, lemon, orange, propenyl guaethol, cinnamon, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, heliotropine, 4-cis-heptenal, diacetyl, methyl-para-tert-butyl phenyl acetate, cranberry, chocolate, green tea, and mixtures thereof. The essential oils may also be included as flavoring agents and are described above in the discussion of antibacterial agents. Coolants may also be part of the flavor composition. Coolants suitable for the present compositions include the paramenthan carboxyamide agents such as N-ethyl-p-menthan-3-carboxamide (known commercially as WS-3, WS-23, WS-5), MGA, TK-10, Physcool, and mixtures thereof. Salivating agents, warming agents, numbing agents, and other optional materials can be used to deliver a signal while the oral composition is being used. In some embodiments, the amount of flavoring agent present, by weight of the composition, may be about 10%, about 20%, or about 50% less than comparable precipitated silica formulations while achieving the same flavor impact.
A flavor composition is generally used in the oral care compositions at levels of from about 0.001% to about 5%, by weight of the oral care composition. The flavor composition will preferably be present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 4%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 3%, and more preferably from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight.
Similarly, coolants may not be absorbed as much in the present compositions, meaning that the coolants may last longer, or may be used in lesser amounts. Essential oils also may be absorbed less so that less may be used to achieve the same effectiveness. The heat treated precipitated silica may not attach to the taste receptor like precipitated silica does, meaning that the taste receptor may be more accessible to the flavoring agent.
Other aesthetic benefits may be apparent to users, such as a clean mouth experience and an increased perception of sweetness or coolness, for example. The improved slick, clean mouthfeel may contribute to a lesser perception of dry mouth, and well as the improved cleaning of the heat treated precipitated silica may help remove layers of muscin and increase the perception of moisturization. Another consumer aesthetic benefit may be improved rinsing out of the mouth of the oral composition, due to the inert heat treated precipitated silica particles not clumping, but remaining dispersed while the user brushes. Yet another potential benefit is improved foaming. Again, because the heat treated precipitated silica is less reactive than precipitated silica, surfactants are more available and improved foaming may result.
Some embodiments may comprise a TRPV1 activator, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 activator, which is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel preferentially expressed on small-diameter sensory neurons and detects noxious as well as other substances. By adding a TRPV1 activator to an oral care composition with an off tasting component, the user of the composition may experience an improved taste over an oral care composition without the TRPV1 activator. Thus, the TRPV1 activator works to off-set the bad taste associated with many components used in oral care compositions. These activators may not only off-set bad tastes, but may also reduce dryness perception, by limiting the mouth's ability to perceive dryness. In one embodiment, the TRPV1 activator comprises vanillyl butyl ether, zingerone, capsaicin, capsiate, shoagol, gingerol, piperine, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, a TRPV1 activator will be added in an amount of about 0.0001% to about 0.25% by weight of the oral care composition.
Sweetening agents can be added to the compositions. These include sweeteners such as saccharin, dextrose, sucrose, lactose, xylitol, maltose, levulose, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, D-tryptophan, dihydrochalcones, acesulfame, sucralose, neotame, and mixtures thereof. Various coloring agents may also be incorporated in the present invention. Sweetening agents are generally used in oral compositions at levels of from about 0.005% to about 5%, by weight of the composition.
Additional thickening agents, such as polymeric thickeners, may be utilized. Suitable thickening agents are carboxyvinyl polymers, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose, laponite and water soluble salts of cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose and sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. Natural gums such as gum karaya, xanthan gum, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth can also be used. Colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate or finely divided silica can be used as part of the thickening agent to further improve texture. Other thickeners may include alkylated polyacrylates, alkylated cross-linked polyacrylates, or gel networks. Thickening agents can include polymeric polyether compounds, e.g., polyethylene or polypropylene oxide (M.W. 300 to 1,000,000), capped with alkyl or acyl groups containing 1 to about 18 carbon atoms.
A suitable class of thickening or gelling agents includes a class of homopolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with an alkyl ether of pentaerythritol or an alkyl ether of sucrose, or carbomers. Carbomers are commercially available from Lubrizol (Ohio, USA) as the CARBOPOL® series. Particularly the carbopols include CARBOPOL 934, 940, 941, 956, and mixtures thereof.
Copolymers of lactide and glycolide monomers, the copolymer having the molecular weight in the range of from about 1,000 to about 120,000 (number average), are useful for delivery of actives into the periodontal pockets or around the periodontal pockets as a “subgingival gel carrier.” These polymers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,198,220; 5,242,910; and 4,443,430.
Due to precipitated silica's interaction with other formulation components, precipitated silica can affect the rheology of a composition over time. Heat treated precipitated silica, however, due to its lack of interaction with other formulation components, has little impact on rheology. This means that oral care compositions formulated with heat treated precipitated silica are more stable over time, which, among other things, can allow for better cleaning and better predictability. Thus, in some embodiments, thickening agents, combinations and amounts, may be very different from those of traditional dentifrices. In the present invention, thickening agents may be used in an amount from about 0% to about 15%, or from about 0.01% to about 10%, or in another embodiment from about 0.1% to about 5%, by weight of the total oral composition.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the composition may comprise a thickening agent selected from natural and synthetic sources. In some embodiments, the thickening agent may be selected from the group consisting of clay, laponite, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a thickening agent selected from the group consisting of carboxyvinyl polymers, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose, water soluble salts of cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, sodium hydroxyethyl cellulose, cross-linked starch, natural gums such as gum karaya, xanthan gum, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, magnesium aluminum silicate, silica, alkylated polyacrylates, alkylated cross linked polyacrylates, and mixtures thereof.
Other possible thickeners include carbomers, hydrophobically modified carbomers, carboxymethyl cellulose, cetyl/stearyl alcohol, sodium alginate, gellan gum, acylated gellan gum, sodium hydroxypropyl starch phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, micro fibrous cellulose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, crosslinked sodium acryloyl methyl propane sulfonic acid and copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
The viscosity of the composition at the time it is made may remain the viscosity of the composition, or, stated differently, the composition may have a stable viscosity. For the viscosity to be considered stable, typically the viscosity changes no more than about 5% after 30 days. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the composition does not change by more than about 5% after about 30 days, by more than about 10% after about 30 days, by more than about 20% after about 30 days, or by more than about 50% after about 90 days. Because the problem of unstable viscosity over time is more pronounced in formulations with low water amounts, in some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may contain less than about 20% total water, or less than about 10% total water.
A gel network can be used in the oral composition. The gel network can be used to structure the oral composition or to aid in delivering an active, flavor, or other reactive material. The gel network may be used to structure, meaning to thicken or provide the desired rheology, for the heat treated precipitated silica oral compositions by itself or in combination with another thickener or structuring agent. A gel network composition has a rheology that may be advantageous for heat treated precipitated silica as heat treated precipitated silica is more dense than some other abrasives or materials in the oral composition. Because the heat treated precipitated silica is heavier or more dense, it may fall or drop out of the composition or solution more easily than other less dense materials. This may be when the composition is diluted with water. For example, when a dentifrice is used for brushing, it is diluted by water when in the mouth. The dilution rheology for a dentifrice containing a gel network aiding in structuring the dentifrice may be higher than dentifrices structured with polymeric or more typical thickening materials. A higher dilution rheology is beneficial in keeping the heat treated precipitated silica suspended and allowing the heat treated precipitated silica to participate more fully in the cleaning process. If a material, such as the abrasive, is not suspended or maintained in the composition once diluted, the cleaning efficacy, such as pellicle cleaning ratio, may decrease. Additionally, as more of the abrasive or heat treated precipitated silica is suspended, the oral composition may contain less abrasives overall since more of the abrasive is able to participate in the cleaning.
The oral compositions of the present invention may comprise a dispersed gel network. As used herein, the term “gel network” refers to a lamellar or vesicular solid crystalline phase which comprises at least one fatty amphiphile, at least one surfactant, and a solvent. The lamellar or vesicular phase comprises bi-layers made up of a first layer comprising the fatty amphiphile and the secondary surfactant and alternating with a second layer comprising the solvent. For the lamellar crystalline phase to form, the fatty amphiphile and secondary surfactant must be dispersed within the solvent. The term “solid crystalline”, as used herein, refers to the structure of the lamellar or vesicular phase which forms at a temperature below the chain melt temperature of the layer in the gel network comprising the one or more fatty amphiphiles. The gel networks suitable for use in the present invention are described in more detail in US 2008/0081023A1 which describes the materials, methods of making, and uses of the gel networks. Additionally, US 2009/0246151A1 also describes gel networks and method of making the compositions containing gel networks.
The gel network in the oral composition can be used to structure the oral composition. The structuring provided by the gel network provides the desired rheology or viscosity by thickening the oral composition. The structuring can be done without the need for polymeric thickening agents, however, polymeric thickeners or other agents could be used in addition to the gel network to structure the oral composition. Because the heat treated precipitated silica does not provide any or as much thickening as a typical precipitated silica, the thickening of the oral composition may benefit more from a gel network used to structure the oral composition. The small or no effect that the heat treated precipitated silica has the viscosity or thickening of the oral composition also may provide the benefit of being able to formulate an oral composition with a gel network or other thickening system and then being able to add as much heat treated precipitated silica as desired without needing to readjust the level of thickening as would be required if the amount of precipitated silica was adjusted.
The gel network component of the present invention comprises at least one fatty amphiphile. As used herein, “fatty amphiphile” refers to a compound having a hydrophobic tail group and a hydrophilic head group which does not make the compound water soluble (immiscible), wherein the compound also has a net neutral charge at the pH of the oral composition. The fatty amphiphile can be selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohols, alkoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty phenols, alkoxylated fatty phenols, fatty amides, alkyoxylated fatty amides, fatty amines, fatty alkylamidoalkylamines, fatty alkyoxyalted amines, fatty carbamates, fatty amine oxides, fatty acids, alkoxylated fatty acids, fatty diesters, fatty sorbitan esters, fatty sugar esters, methyl glucoside esters, fatty glycol esters, mono, di- and tri-glycerides, polyglycerine fatty esters, alkyl glyceryl ethers, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, cholesterol, ceramides, fatty silicone waxes, fatty glucose amides, phospholipids, and combinations thereof. Suitable fatty amphiphiles include a combination of cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol.
The gel network also comprises a surfactant. One or more surfactants are combined with the fatty amphiphile and oral carrier to form the gel network of the present invention. The surfactant is typically water soluble or miscible in the solvent or oral carrier. Suitable surfactants include anionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric, cationic, and nonionic surfactants. In one embodiment, anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, are preferred. The surfactants may be a combination of more than one type of surfactants, such as an anionic and nonionic surfactant. The gel network will likely also comprise solvents, such as water or other suitable solvents. The solvent and the surfactant together contribute to the swelling of the fatty amphiphile. This, in turn, leads to the formation and the stability of the gel network. In addition to forming the gel network, the solvent can help to keep the dentifrice composition from hardening upon exposure to air and provide a moist feel in the mouth. The solvent, as used herein, refers to suitable solvents which can be used in the place of or in combination with water in the formation of the gel network of the present invention. Suitable solvents for the present invention include water, edible polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, diglycerin, triglycerin, sorbitol, xylitol, butylene glycol, erythritol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and combinations thereof. Sorbitol, glycerin, water, and combinations thereof are preferred solvents.
To form a gel network, the oral compositions may comprise fatty amphiphile in an amount from about 0.05% to about 30%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 20%, and more preferably from about 0.5% to about 10%, by weight of the oral composition. The amount of fatty amphiphile will be chosen based on the formation of the gel network and the composition of the oral formulation. For example, an oral composition containing low amounts of water may require about 1% of a fatty amphiphile whereas an oral composition with higher amounts of water may require 6% or more of a fatty amphiphile. The amount of surfactant and solvent needed to form the gel network will also vary based on the materials chosen, the function of the gel network, and amount of fatty amphiphile. The surfactant as part of gel network phase is typically in an amount from about 0.01% to about 15%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, and more preferably from about 0.3% to about 5%, by weight of the oral composition. In some embodiments, a diluted solution of surfactant in water is utilized. In one embodiment, the amount of surfactant is chosen based on the level of foaming desired in the oral composition and on the irritation caused by the surfactant. The solvent may be present in an amount suitable to achieve a gel network when combined with fatty amphiphile and surfactant according to the present invention. The oral compositions may comprise at least about 0.05% of a solvent, by weight of the oral composition. The solvent may be present in the oral composition in amount of from about 0.1% to about 99%, from about 0.5% to about 95%, and from about 1% to about 90%.
A humectant can help to keep the dentifrice composition from hardening upon exposure to air and provide a moist feel in the mouth. A humectant or additional solvent may be added to the oral carrier phase. Suitable humectants for the present invention include water, edible polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, sorbitol, xylitol, butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and combinations thereof. Sorbitol, glycerin, water, and combinations thereof are preferred humectants. The humectant may be present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 99%, from about 0.5% to about 95%, and from about 1% to about 90%.
A surfactant may be added to the dentifrice composition. Surfactants, also commonly referred to as sudsing agents, may aid in the cleaning or foaming of the dentifrice composition. Suitable surfactants are those which are reasonably stable and foam throughout a wide pH range. The surfactant may be anionic, nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, cationic, or mixtures thereof.
Examples of anionic surfactants useful herein include the water-soluble salts of alkyl sulfates having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical (e.g., sodium alkyl sulfate) and the water-soluble salts of sulfonated monoglycerides of fatty acids having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium coconut monoglyceride sulfonates are examples of anionic surfactants of this type. Examples of other suitable anionic surfactants are sarcosinates, such as sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, taurates, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium laureth carboxylate, and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate. Mixtures of anionic surfactants can also be employed. Many suitable anionic surfactants are disclosed by Agricola et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,458, issued May 25, 1976. In some embodiments, the oral care composition may comprise an anionic surfactant at a level of from about 0.025% to about 9%, from about 0.05% to about 5% in some embodiments, and from about 0.1% to about 1% in other embodiments.
Another suitable surfactant is one selected from the group consisting of sarcosinate surfactants, isethionate surfactants and taurate surfactants. Preferred for use herein are alkali metal or ammonium salts of these surfactants, such as the sodium and potassium salts of the following: lauroyl sarcosinate, myristoyl sarcosinate, palmitoyl sarcosinate, stearoyl sarcosinate and oleoyl sarcosinate. The sarcosinate surfactant may be present in the compositions of the present invention from about 0.1% to about 2.5%, or from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of the total composition.
Cationic surfactants useful in the present invention include derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds having one long alkyl chain containing from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; cetyl pyridinium chloride; cetyl trimethylammonium bromide; di-isobutylphenoxyethyl-dimethylbenzylammonium chloride; coconut alkyltrimethylammonium nitrite; cetyl pyridinium fluoride; etc. Preferred compounds are the quaternary ammonium fluorides described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,421, Oct. 20, 1970, to Briner et al., where said quaternary ammonium fluorides have detergent properties. Certain cationic surfactants can also act as germicides in the compositions disclosed herein.
Nonionic surfactants that can be used in the compositions of the present invention include compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or alkylaromatic in nature. Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include the Pluronics, polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, products derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction product of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols, acids, and esters, long chain tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides, long chain dialkyl sulfoxides and mixtures of such materials.
Zwitterionic synthetic surfactants useful in the present invention include derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and sulfonium compounds, in which the aliphatic radicals can be straight chain or branched, and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate or phosphonate.
Suitable betaine surfactants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,577 to Polefka et al., issued Jan. 19, 1993. Typical alkyl dimethyl betaines include decyl betaine or 2-(N-decyl-N,N-dimethylammonio) acetate, coco betaine or 2-(N-coc-N, N-dimethyl ammonio) acetate, myristyl betaine, palmityl betaine, lauryl betaine, cetyl betaine, cetyl betaine, stearyl betaine, etc. The amidobetaines are exemplified by cocoamidoethyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine and the like. The betaines of choice are preferably the cocoamidopropyl betaine and, more preferably, the lauramidopropyl betaine.
Precipitated silica tends to lessen the foaming of an oral composition. In contrast, heat treated precipitated silica, with its low reactivity, does not inhibit foaming, or does not inhibit foaming to the degree of precipitated silica. The lack of interference with surfactant components can impact the amount of surfactant used, which in turn may affect other variables. For example, if less surfactant is needed to achieve acceptable consumer foaming, this may reduce irritancy (a known consumer negative of SLS), or could lower the composition pH, which could allow better fluoride uptake.
In some embodiments, polymeric mineral surface active agents are added to mitigate negative aesthetics of these compounds. The polymeric mineral surface active agents may be organo phosphate polymers, which in some embodiments are alkyl phosphate esters or salts thereof, ethoxylated alkyl phosphate esters and salts thereof, or non-ethoxylated alkyl phosphates, or mixtures of alkyl phosphate esters or salts thereof. In some embodiments, the polymeric mineral surface active agents may be polycarboxylates or polyphosphates or co-polymers of polymeric carboxylates such as Gantrez.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a heat treated precipitated silica and be essentially free of SLS. Essentially free means that there is less than about 0.01%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a surfactant, other than SLS, selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a chelant. In some embodiments, the surfactant may be an amphoteric surfactant, such as betaine, for example. In some embodiments, the composition may have a PCR of at least about 80. In some embodiments, the surfactant may be at least about 50% available. In some embodiments, the composition has less than 3% of a surfactant, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a peroxide source and/or enzymes. Some embodiments may be a method of treating a dry mouth condition by administering to subject's oral cavity an oral composition comprising heat treated precipitated silica, wherein the composition is essentially free of sodium lauryl sulfate.
The present invention also relates to methods for cleaning and polishing teeth. The method of use herein comprises contacting a subject's dental enamel surfaces and oral mucosa with the oral compositions according to the present invention. The method of treatment may be by brushing with a dentifrice or rinsing with a dentifrice slurry or mouthrinse. Other methods include contacting the topical oral gel, mouthspray, toothpaste, dentifrice, tooth gel, tooth powders, tablets, subgingival gel, foam, mouse, chewing gum, lipstick, sponge, floss, petrolatum gel, or denture product or other form with the subject's teeth and oral mucosa. Depending on the embodiment, the oral composition may be used as frequently as a toothpaste, or may be used less often, for example, weekly, or used by a professional in the form of a prophy paste or other intensive treatment.
Samples of commercially available precipitated silica materials were heat treated for times and temperatures as shown below in Table 1.
Z-109 and Z-119 are precipitated silicas commercially available from the Huber Corporation (USA). As may be seen in Table 1, treatment of a precipitated silica, Z-119, for about 1 minute at 900° improved the compatibility with stannous (the percentage of stannous ion available over time) at nearly the same level as by treating the same material for two hours at 600° C. The present invention therefore provides a similar benefit at a significant lower energy cost.
Samples of commercially available precipitated silica materials were heat treated for times and temperatures as shown below in Table 2. NMR was then used to determine the level of Q2, Q3 and Q4 silanols with the readings normalized to Q4. Compatibility with stannous in a stannous-silica slurry was then measured by determining the amount of stannous ion available in the slurry after one week at 60° C. The results are tabulated below, also in Table 2.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this written document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to the term in this written document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61722554 | Nov 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14070774 | Nov 2013 | US |
| Child | 15149341 | US |
