Patent Application
20100059499
The present invention generally relates to a coiled heater element of element wire as well as an insert for electrical furnaces comprising such a coiled heater element.
Furnaces heated in electrical way are often constructed of inserts in the form of a refractory and heat-insulating shell as well as one or more heater elements that are mounted inside said shell and consist of an electrically conducting material, which is suitable to form a resistance element having the ability to emit heat energy when electric current is supplied. In practice, the shell consists most often of an insulating ceramic material, while the heater elements may consist of wires manufactured from special alloys, such as Fe—Cr—Al alloys and Ni—Cr alloys, or from intermetallic materials, such as MoSi2. In many types of furnaces, it is of vital importance that the temperature distribution is kept uniform in the furnace space that is charged with materials for treatment. For certain applications, in which, for instance, diffusion furnaces are used, requirements are accordingly made that the temperature difference in different points in the furnace space must not exceed 0.1° C. To provide for these requirements, coiled elements, also called helices, are particularly well suitable since the same can be given a uniform pitch without considerable irregularities. A peculiarity of the element wires of the heater element, which may have a considerable total length depending on the number of turns therein, is that the wire is alternatingly expanding and shrinking depending on occurring temperature variations. As a rule of thumb, the wire expands at least 1% when the temperature is raised from room temperature to operating temperature, which usually is above 1000° C. In other words, the wire is extended at least 10 mm per running metre, which means that a wire having, for instance, a length of 50 m is expanded (and contracted) as much as 500 mm. If the wire would be freely movable, such length variations could be accommodated by axial as well as radial expansion of the coiled heater element. However, in order to prevent this, the mobility of the wire mounted inside the insulation shell is often limited in various ways. If the same is prevented from increasing the diameter thereof along a part of the axial extension thereof, the expansion, which normally is uniformly distributed, has to be accommodated as a locally greater deformation. This may lead to the wire either being plastically deformed or pressed out in the insulation material. In certain constructions, such as diffusion furnaces, the element wire is mounted at a certain radial distance inside a cylindrical inside of the shell. The element wire is provided with current outlets usually arranged at the axially opposite ends of the wire. It is also possible to divide the heater element into heat zones by the fact that the element wire also has additional welded-on outlets, for example flat irons, which project radially from the element wire and extend radially out through the insulation. In this case, the aim of the element wire to expand radially requires that the expansion space toward the inside of the shell is sufficiently great, while an aim to expand axially results in stresses adjacent to the outlets.
In certain constructions, the coiled element wire is placed in a groove formed in the inside of the insulation shell and having the same coiled shape as the element wire. In this connection, the outlets are usually arranged at the axially opposite ends of the wire. In this case, there is a risk that the element wire partly creeps out of the groove, for instance as a consequence of the wire getting caught in some spot (by adhering in the groove), which brings about that accumulation of the expansion applies forces to the element wire that partially presses the same out of the groove.
Examples of inserts for electrical furnaces comprising an insulating shell and a coiled heater element of element wire are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,477 A. The element wire is provided with a plurality of fixing members, which protrude from the element wire and are either directly anchored in the insulation or in contact with support members, which in turn are anchored in the insulation in such a way that the element wire still can move in relation to the support members. In both cases, the element wire is, by means of the fixation members, prevented from moving freely as a consequence of thermal expansion or contraction. However, this solution is relatively complicated since it requires to the element wire is provided with separate fixing members.
Thus, the object of the present invention is to prevent accumulation of the expansion of the element wire.
The object is provided by a coiled heater element in accordance with the independent claim 1 as well as an insert for electrical furnaces in accordance with the independent claim 7. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
The electrical heater element comprises element wire that is divided into at least two sections. The sections are interconnected by means of a bend of element wire in such a way that the sections and the bend mutually form an integrated loop of element wire, i.e., the bend is a functional part of the heater element in such a way that it constitutes resistance to current conducted between the different adjacent sections and, in such a way, generates heat in the same way as the sections. The bend is foremost intended to prevent accumulation of expansion of the element wire in a first section into a second section connected thereto via the bend by means of a fastening member arranged in the area of the bend. The bend is formed in such a way that a centre axis of the element wire in at least a part of the bend forms an angle with a centre axis of the element wire in a section directly connected to the bend.
An insert 1 comprising an insulating shell 3 as well as a heater element 2 of element wire 7 is shown in
The element wire may consist of any material that is suitable to form an electrical resistance element, usually in the form of some special alloy, such as Fe—Cr—Al, or intermetallic material, such as MoSi2. The element wire may, but does not have to, have a cross-section shape having a diameter that for many wires varies within the range of 3-10 mm. The element wire 7 is wound in a coiled shape of a uniform pitch, the outer diameter of the coil being smaller than the inner diameter of the insulating shell. At the axially opposite ends thereof, the element wire is connected to outlets 8, which extend out through the insulation to be electrically connected on the outside. The coiled heater element has a centre axis that generally coincides with the centre axis Ci of the insulating shell. The length of the element wire may vary according to different types of applications, it also depends on the pitch of the coiled shape as well as the insert in which the heater element is intended to be placed. However, in many cases, the element wire has a length of between 10 m and 100 m or even longer. The heater element may be supported in the insert by means of support members (not shown), for instance staples, or such a support member that is illustrated by reference designation 11 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,477. Most often, the support members allow the element wire to expand and contract freely. The support members have also the function of separating the different turns of element wire from each other. It is also possible to attain the same function as the support members have by providing the insulating shell with internal grooves 9 having substantially the same coiled shape as the element wire and let the element wire run in these grooves. However, in this case, the coil of the element wire has an outer diameter that is somewhat greater than the inner diameter of the insulating shell.
As far as the disclosed insert hitherto has been described, the same is in all essentials known.
According to the invention, the element wire is divided into sections that are interconnected via a bend of element wire in such a way that the sections and the bend mutually form a closed loop of element wire. The bend is, in the same way as other parts of the element wire, arranged in such a way that there is a space between it and the insulating shell, i.e., it is not directly connected with the insulating shell. Furthermore, the bend is formed in such a way that a centre axis of the element wire in at least a part of the bend forms an angle with a centre axis of the element wire in the adjacent sections. The angle is preferably arranged in a plane parallel to the centre axis of the coil. The bend may suitably be a Z- or S-shaped bend. The bend may either be welded onto the element wire of the sections or be a bending of the element wire.
In the area of the bend, the element wire is fixed against displacement of the element wire of the sections past said bend by means of a fastening member that is fixedly anchored in the insulating shell. The aim of the element wire to get displaced depends most often on expansion or contraction of the material of the element wire. As a consequence of the bend as well as the fastening member, the aim of expansion of the element wire in the individual section cannot propagate into an adjacent section, i.e., the expansion of the element wire is not accumulated but is distributed uniformly over the heater element. The expansion of the individual section becomes in turn very limited (typically less than 10 mm depending on the length of the sections) and there is room, for instance in the support members or the grooves, in the case the insert comprises such, for such a marginal expansion, because it is takes place radially. Accordingly, the possibility of expansion that has to be taken into consideration in the design of the insert is considerably decreased.
According to a preferred embodiment, the fastening member is arranged in such a way that it is traversed by the element wire of the bend. In the simplest design thereof, the fastening member may, for instance, be a U-shaped staple having two free ends that are embedded in the insulating shell and, in such a way, fixedly anchored. The fastening member may be welded to the element wire but is preferably loosely arranged against the element wire.
According to an alternative embodiment, the fastening member is arranged in such a way that the element wire of the bend run around the same. In this case, the fastening member is a plate having a first and a second face that are parallel to (or substantially parallel to) each other and that have an extension in the axial direction of the insulating shell as well as a face that is perpendicular (or substantially perpendicular) to the parallel faces and fixedly anchored in the insulating shell. Furthermore, the bend according to this embodiment has two parallel, or substantially parallel legs, which have an extension radially inward toward the centre axis (Ch) of the coiled heater element and which are located on each side of the fastening member in such a way that, upon displacement of the element wire in a section, for example as a consequence of expansion, one of the parallel legs of the bend will abut against one of the parallel faces of the fastening member.
In practice, the sections (s1, s2, s3, s4) of element wire between each bend 10 should amount to at most 1.5 turn, preferably one turn or less.
In
According to an alternative embodiment, the bends and the fastening members are peripherally arranged in a diagonal configuration. In such a way, it is prevented that different parts of the element wire run the risk of coming in contact with each other, for instance contact between a bend with a part of an adjacent turn of element wire that the connection wire is not directly connected to. In
An alternative embodiment of the insert and the heater element thereof is illustrated in -shape. A fastening member 13 is arranged in the area of the bend 10 and is fixedly anchored in the insulating shell (not shown in the figure). According to this embodiment, the fastening member 13 is formed in such a way that at least one of the legs of the bend, upon a thermal expansion, prevents accumulation of the expansion by abutting one side 14 of the fastening member. The fastening member may, according to this embodiment, be a plate having an extension in the axial direction of the insulating shell, wherein it is arranged in a plurality of the bends of the coiled heater element, in the way shown in
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and shown in the drawings but is varied within the scope of the independent claims. Thus, instead of U-shaped staples, it is feasible to use other types of fastening members and to anchor these in another way than as has been described above. For instance, the different fastening members may be included in a common holder, which in turn is fixed in the insulation. Furthermore, it is feasible that the insulation has another rotationally symmetrical shape than cylindrical, in particular conical. In this case, also the heater element will be conically coiled. It is also feasible that the heater element is divided into heat zones by it being provided with a plurality of outlets, for instance flat irons, which extend through the insulating shell in the same way as has been described in accordance with prior art. Furthermore, it is also possible that the insert comprises a plurality of heater elements where at least one is formed in accordance with the description of the invention above. The insert may also contain additional supports or fastening devices for the heater element.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0700558-0 | Mar 2007 | SE | national |
| 0700559-8 | Mar 2007 | SE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2008/050003 | 1/2/2008 | WO | 00 | 9/4/2009 |
