Heavy-wall structural steel and method

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a heavy-wall steel having a flange thickness of about 40 mm or more. The invention can be used as a structural member, such as a column or a beam in a high-rise building, and can have an H-shape. This invention more specifically relates to the heavy-wall steel having excellent strength, toughness, weldability and seismic resistance.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hot-rolled gauge H steels are widely used as column members and beam members of buildings. Particularly, SM490, SM520, and SM590 gauge H steels that are standardized as rolled steels for welded structures by JIS G 3106 are frequently used. New buildings are continually being built to a larger scale, and in response, the gauge H steels being used are increasingly thicker and stronger. Presently, there is a demand for gauge H steels having a yield point or yield strength (YS) of 325 MPa or more, or of 355 MPa or more, a yield ratio of 80% or less, and excellent toughness.
However, the strength of ordinary steel is prone to decrease as thickness increases. In fact, it is difficult to provide high YS of 325 MPa or more, or 355 MPa or more, for a heavy-wall H-shaped steel having a flange thickness of 40 mm or more.
Further, producing high strength steels through ordinary production procedures utilizing hot-rolling requires increasing the Ceq value of the steel. Increasing the Ceq value causes problems such as increased weld cracking and reduced toughness in the heat affected zone (hereinafter referred to as HAZ).
Moreover, gauge H steels require a rolling process wherein the rolling force of the mill per unit cross-sectional area of the rolled material is small. Therefore, rolling methods used for gauge H steels employ a low rolling reduction (rolling reduction/pass=1-10%) performed at a high temperature (950.degree. C. or more), which limits deformation resistance. However, satisfactory fine crystal grains cannot be obtained through this rolling method, and thus, satisfactory toughness cannot be achieved.
Some methods to which TMCP (ThermoMechanical Control Process) is applied are well-known as methods for producing a heavy-wall H-shaped steel having satisfactory strength, toughness and weldability.
For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 56-35734 discloses a method for producing a gauge H steel with reinforced flanges, wherein a raw material is processed into a gauge H steel by hot rolling and then quenched to a temperature within a range of the Ar.sub.1 point to the Ms point from the external surface of the flange. Subsequently, the steel is air-cooled to form a fine low-temperature-transformed microstructure.
Further, Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-10442 discloses a method for producing a high tensile strength steel with excellent workability, wherein a heated steel is rolled at a low temperature within a range of 980.degree. C. to the Ar.sub.3 point with a rolling reduction of 30% or more to cause crystallization of ferrite, and then quenched to form a dual-phase microstructure of ferrite and martensite.
When applied to production of heavy-wall H-shaped steels, the methods taught in those publications cause many problems which could be attributed to quenching performed from the external surface of the flanges after hot rolling. For example, the strength and toughness in the thickness direction of the flanges are extremely irregular, and residual stress or distortion occur frequently.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 3-191020 discloses a method for obtaining a gauge H steel having a low yield point and high tensile strength wherein a steel is mixed with Nb and V as elements for reinforcement, and is then subjected to a coarse rolling within a recrystallization temperature range at a rolling reduction of 30% or more. A subsequent finishing rolling is performed at about 800.degree.-850.degree. C., which is the Ar.sub.3 transformation point or higher.
This type of method utilizing Nb and comprising a rolling within a recrystallization temperature range and a rolling outside a recrystallization temperature range effectively produces gauge H steels of high strength and toughness. However, this method is inapplicable to the production of gauge H steels having a flange thickness of 40 mm or more for the same reasons discussed previously.
Furthermore, "Tetsu-to-Hagane" �Vol.77, (1991), No. 1, p.171-! discloses characteristics of "As Rolled" steels produced with the addition of V and N and having a high strength. However, satisfactory strength and toughness could not be achieved when using the rolling conditions needed for producing heavy-wall H-shaped steels, namely, a low rolling reduction and a finishing temperature of 950.degree. C. or more.
Additionally, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 4-279248 discloses a method wherein a content of dissolved oxygen larger than usual is applied in the steelmaking step in order to generate an oxide of Ti, wherein the oxide serves as a core for crystallization of MnS, TiN and VN. In this method, Al deoxidation is not carried out, and crystallized MnS and other precipitates serve as cores for intransgranular ferrite formation to provide toughness for heavy-wall H-shaped steels.
The Publication uses a large content of dissolved oxygen while adding a Ti alloy and/or the like to the mold just before continuous casting in order to intentionally form fine Ti oxides. The Ti oxides thusly obtained serve as a core for crystallization of TiN and MnS, thereby resulting in fine ferrite which improves toughness. In addition, the steel described requires a large amount of labor in the steelmaking step and the continuous casting step since complicated processes must be performed to obtain the fine Ti oxide.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a heavy-wall structural steel having excellent strength, toughness, weldability and seismic resistance, and a method for producing the same. In particular, according to the present invention, non-uniformity of strength and toughness in the thickness direction of the flanges can be greatly limited, and the heavy-wall structural steel exhibits satisfactory strength, toughness and weldability, and in addition, satisfactory seismic resistance, without having residual stress or distortion.
We have discovered that satisfactory strength and toughness can be provided for a heavy-wall structural steel even when air-cooling after hot rolling is conducted, so long as V and N are added to a steel which contains a specific content of C, Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo so as to control the Ar.sub.3 point to about 740.degree.-775.degree. C. Additionally, non-uniformity in strength and toughness, and residual stress or distortion in the thickness direction of the flanges can be minimized through a production process in which air-cooling or a gentle cooling interrupted at a high temperature after rolling is performed after rolling.
Further, a fine ferrite-pearlite microstructure can be obtained by adding V and N to the steel, crystallizing VN during the rolling process and the subsequent air-cooling process, and then, crystallizing ferrite with the cores thereof comprising the crystallized VN. A heavy-wall structural steel having excellent toughness can thusly be obtained.
Satisfactory fine microstructure cannot be obtained simply by adding V and N. A satisfactory fining effect can be obtained by hot rolling in the recrystallization temperature range for refining of austenite grain together with use of steel containing V and N. In the process, the steel is heated to about 1050.degree.-1350.degree. C., and then rolling on the flange region is carried out at a temperature range from about 1100.degree. to 950.degree. C. at a rolling reduction per pass of 5% or more and a cumulative rolling reduction of 20% or more.
Moreover, satisfactory weldability and high strength can be achieved by adjusting the chemical composition of the steel to a Ceq value within a range of about 0.36-0.42%. In addition, a fine microstructure can be provided for HAZ by adding REM, Ti and/or B. Excellent toughness can thereby be achieved.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The heavy-wall structural steel according to the present invention exhibits a tensile strength of about 490-690 MPa, a yield ratio of about 80% or less, and as an index of toughness, Charpy absorbed energy (vEo) of about 27 J or more, at the center in terms of thickness of the flange portion in each of the rolling direction (L direction), the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction (C direction), and in the plate thickness direction (Z direction). The above-specified values signify satisfactory strength, toughness, and weldability, as well as improved seismic resistance.
With a tensile strength of less than about 490 MPa, the strength of the gauge H steel is not satisfactory for use as a column member. On the other hand, a tensile strength of more than about 690 MPa deteriorates toughness and seismic resistance. Further, seismic resistance also deteriorates with a yield ratio exceeding about 80%, and brittle fracture may easily occur with a vEo of less than about 27 J.
The chemical content of the steel used in the present invention will now be described in terms of weight percentages.
C: about 0.05-0.18%.
To provide satisfactory strength, 0.05% or more of C is necessary. The upper limit is about 0.18% because the toughness and weldability of the steel deteriorate with a C content exceeding about 0.18%. A content within a range of about 0.08-0.16% is preferable.
Si: about 0.60% or less.
Si effectively improves steel strength. The content of Si is limited to about 0.60% or less because HAZ toughness will markedly deteriorate with an Si content exceeding about 0.60%. A preferable Si content is about 0.20-0.60%, since steel strength improves little when Si content is less than about 0.20%.
Mn: about 1.00-1.80%.
Mn effectively promotes steel strength. At least about 1.00% of Mn is used in the present invention to provide satisfactory strength. The upper limit of Mn is about 1.80% because the steel microstructure after rolling and air-cooling becomes a ferrite-bainite type rather than a ferrite-pearlite type when Mn content exceeds about 1.80%, thus deteriorating the toughness of the base metal. A preferable range for Mn content is about 1.20-1.70%.
Al: about 0.005-0.050%.
About 0.005% or more of Al is required for steel deoxidation. The deoxidizing effect of Al reaches a plateau at an Al content of about 0.050%, thus the upper content limit of Al is about 0.050%.
P: about 0.020% or less.
P content should be minimized because P decreases the toughness and weld-cracking resistance of the base metal and HAZ. The allowable content limit for P is about 0.020%.
S: about 0.004-0.015%.
S, like VN, has the effect of fining steel microstructure after rolling and cooling. To realize this fining effect, S content should be about 0.004% or more, though ductility in the plate-thickness direction and toughness markedly deteriorate with an S content exceeding about 0.015%. Therefore, S content should be controlled within the range of about 0.004-0.015%, and preferably within about 0.005-0.010%.
V: about 0.04-0.15%.
V is crystallized in austenite as VN during rolling and cooling, and becomes a core for ferrite transformation which results in fine crystal grains. Additionally, V has an important role in enhancing the strength of the base metal, and thus is essential for satisfactory strength and toughness in the base metal. To realize such effects, V content should be about 0.04% or more. However, when the V content exceeds about 0.15%, toughness of the base metal and weldability markedly deteriorate. Therefore, V content should be restricted to the range of about 0.04-0.15%, and preferably about 0.05-0.10%.
N: about 0.0070-0.0150%.
N enhances the strength and toughness of the base metal by bonding with V to form VN. An N content of about 0.0070% or more is necessary for this purpose. However, an N content exceeding 0.0150% markedly decreases both the toughness of the base metal and its weldability. Therefore, N content should be controlled within the range of about 0.0070-0.0150%, and preferably to about 0.0070-0.0120%.
Regarding the content ratio V/N, V and N should be contained in the invention such that V content is slightly in excess of N in stoichiometric terms. Accordingly, the weight ratio V/N should preferably be about 5 or more.
One or more elements selected from Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo: about 0.05-0.60%, about 0.05-0.60%, about 0.05-0.50%, and about 0.02-0.20%, respectively.
Each of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo effectively improves hardenability, and is added in order to enhance steel strength. To realize these advantages, the contents of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo should be about 0.05% or more, about 0.05% or more, about 0.05% or more, and about 0.02% or more, respectively. As Cu causes deterioration of hot workability, Ni should be added together when Cu is added in a large amount. Nearly an equal amount of Ni is necessary to compensate for the deterioration of hot workability caused by the addition of Cu. However, the cost for production will be too high when Ni is contained in an amount exceeding about 0.6%, and therefore, the upper limit for the contents of Cu and Ni is about 0.60%. Meanwhile, the upper content limits of Cr and Mo are about 0.50% and 0.20%, respectively, because steel weldability and toughness will deteriorate when the contents exceed those values.
Additionally, the cooling transformation temperature, namely, the Ar.sub.3 point, is lowered by the addition of Cu, Ni, Cr, and/or Mo. In the present invention, the Ar.sub.3 point of the steel is controlled to about 740.degree.-775.degree. C. by adjusting the contents of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo. We discovered that controlling the Ar.sub.3 point temperature to below about 775.degree. C. optimizes the effects of VN in promoting crystallization and fine grains. However, when the Ar.sub.3 point is restricted to less than about 740.degree. C., the transformation will predominantly generate bainite instead of ferrite. For that reason, the production of fine grains will not be satisfactory, and crystallization promotion will be limited.
B: about 0.0002-0.0020%
B is crystallized as BN during the rolling process, which promotes the formation of finer ferrite grains after the rolling process. This effect can be realized with a B content of about 0.0002% or more. The upper content limit for B is about 0.0020% because toughness will deteriorate when B content exceeds about 0.0020%.
Ti and/or REM (Rare Earth Metal): about 0.005-0.015% and about 0.0010-0.0200%, respectively.
Ti and each of REMs finely disperse in the base metal as crystals of TiN and REM oxides even at a high temperature, which not only inhibits granular growth of .gamma. grains during heating for rolling, but also promotes the formation of finer ferrite grains after the rolling process. High steel strength and toughness can thusly be secured. Ti and each of REMs also inhibit the granular growth of .gamma. grains during heating for welding, thereby promoting a fine microstructure and HAZ toughness. Realization of these effects requires about 0.005% or more Ti and/or 0.0010% or more REM. When the steel contains about 0.015% or more of Ti and/or about 0.0200% or more of a REM, the cleanliness and toughness of the steel will deteriorate.
Adjustments of Ti content should be performed prior or during the RH degassing process if such a process is performed, or should be done during the molten steel flushing process if RH degassing process is not performed.
The Balance: The balance of the steel is Fe and incidental impurities.
Ceq: The Ceq value calculated from the following equation I should be about 0.36-0.46%.
Ceq=C+Si/24+Mn/6+Ni/40+Cr/5+Mo/4+V/14(%) I
When the Ceq value exceeds about 0.45%, weld cracking increases and HAZ toughness deteriorates. On the other hand, satisfactory strength of the base metal and that of the softened HAZ portion cannot be secured with a Ceq value of less than about 0.36%. The range of the Ceq value is, therefore, controlled to about 0.36-0.45%.
Ar.sub.3 point: The Ar.sub.3 point as calculated from the following equation II should be about 740.degree.-775.degree. C.
Ar.sub.3 point=910-273C+25Si-74Mn-56Ni-16Cr-9Mo-5Cu-1620Nb (.degree.C.)II
The effects of VN crystallization enhancement and the fine-grain promotion are reduced when the Ar.sub.3 point exceeds about 775.degree. C. On the other hand, when the Ar.sub.3 point is below about 740.degree. C., the steel microstructure will predominantly consist of bainite during the cooling process after the hot rolling, thus, finer granulation by crystallization of ferrite cannot be achieved. Steel toughness will deteriorate. Accordingly, the steel composition should be adjusted so as to obtain an Ar.sub.3 point between about 740.degree.-775.degree. C.
In the present invention, a ferrite-pearlite or ferrite-pearlite-bainite microstructure predominantly consisting of ferrite comprises the microstructure of the steel to provide adequate seismic resistance in building structures. The areal ratio of ferrite should be about 50-90%. Toughness of the base metal and seismic resistance will deteriorate with an areal ratio of less than about 50%. On the other hand, when the areal ratio exceeds about 90% it is difficult to secure a tensile strength of about 490 MPa or more. For that reason, the areal ratio of ferrite is controlled within a range of about 50-90%, more preferably about 50-80%.
Further, in the present invention, the grain size determined according to JIS G0522 should be about 5 or more. With a grain size number of less than about 5, toughness will markedly deteriorate. Therefore, the grain size has been limited to about 5 or more in terms of grain size number.
The rolling and cooling conditions in accordance with the invention will now be described.
1. Steel having the above-described composition is heated to about 1050.degree.-1350.degree. C.
Deformation resistance of the steel becomes high when a heating temperature of less than about 1050.degree. C. is employed for hot rolling. As a result, the rolling force required is too high to obtain a predetermined dimensional shape. On the other hand, when the heating temperature exceeds about 1350.degree. C., the grain size of the raw material increases, and will not be reduced even by the subsequent rolling process. For that reason, the heating temperature for rolling is controlled to about 1050.degree.-1350.degree. C.
2. The flange portions are rolled within a rolling temperature range of about 1100.degree.-950.degree. C. and at a rolling reduction per pass of about 5% or more and a cumulative rolling reduction of about 20% or more.
As previously discussed, the presence of VN alone does not produce an adequately fine grain size. The fining effect of VN must be complimented by a particular rolling technique in order to achieve a remarkably fine grain size. Specifically, the rolling technique involves heating the grown .gamma. grains in the flange portions to about 1050.degree.-1350.degree. C., then rolling the steel at a rolling temperature range of about 1100.degree.-950.degree. C. at a rolling reduction per pass of about 5-10% and a cumulative rolling reduction of about 20% or more.
In other words, recrystallization to a fine grain size can be achieved by repeating the rolling at a rolling reduction per pass of about 5-10%, required for partial recrystallization, so that the cumulative rolling reduction becomes about 20% or more. To better promote the recrystallization to a fine grain size, the rolling reduction per pass should preferably be larger. However, deformation resistance increases and accuracy of the dimensional shape decreases when using a larger rolling reduction per pass. For that reason, a light rolling reduction per pass of about 5-10% is used in the present invention. The effect of VN on achieving a fine grain size cannot be sufficiently exhibited using a rolling temperature, a rolling reduction per pass and/or a cumulative rolling reduction outside of the above-described ranges.
3. Gentle cooling interrupted at a high temperature after rolling and/or air-cooling to room temperature are carried out after the rolling process.
By performing air-cooling to room temperature after the rolling process, distortion can be prevented while uniform and excellent strength and toughness can be achieved. Alternatively, when high strength is to be obtained using a low Ceq value, or when the flange is thick, a gentle cooling including an interruption of the cooling process at a high temperature may be carried out, in which gentle cooling at a faster rate than air-cooling is performed in the high temperature range, after which air-cooling is performed. In the gentle cooling process, the cooling rate should be about 0.2.degree.-2.0.degree. C./sec., and the temperature at which the gentle cooling is interrupted should be about 700.degree.-550.degree. C. It is difficult to secure the desired strength with a cooling rate of less than about 0.2.degree. C./sec., while bainite microstructure will be predominant and toughness will deteriorate when the cooling rate exceeds about 2.0.degree. C./sec. For that reason, the cooling rate during the gentle cooling process is controlled to about 0.2.degree.-2.0.degree. C./sec. More preferably, the cooling rate should be within a range of about 0.2.degree.-1.5.degree. C./sec. for good steel homogeneity in the plate-thickness direction. Additionally, the grain size will increase when the temperature at which the gentle cooling is interrupted exceeds about 700.degree. C., while the bainite microstructure will tend to predominant and toughness will deteriorate when the temperature at which the gentle cooling is interrupted is less than about 550.degree. C. The gentle cooling-interruption temperature is therefore controlled to about 700.degree.-550.degree. C.

EXAMPLES
Several steels, each having a composition, Ar.sub.3 point and Ceq value as shown in Table 1, were heated to 1120.degree.-1320.degree. C., then rolled and cooled under the conditions shown in Table 2 to obtain heavy-walled H-shaped steels each having a flange thickness of 60-100 mm. From each gauge H steel, from a portion located at a quarter or three-quarter position in terms of the flange width and one-half of the plate thickness, specimens for the tensile test and impact test prescribed in JIS No. 4 were sampled in the rolling direction (L direction), in the direction perpendicular to rolling (C direction), and in the plate-thickness direction (Z direction). Additionally, another specimen was sampled in the L direction from 10 mm under the steel surface for mechanical testing. The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1-1__________________________________________________________________________Example of the InventionCompo-sition C Si Mn P S Cu Ni Cr Mo V Nb Al N B Ti REM AR.sub.3 Ceq__________________________________________________________________________A 0.12 0.35 1.40 0.011 0.006 0.36 0.35 -- -- 0.062 -- 0.025 0.0071 -- -- -- 761 0.381B 0.10 0.42 1.43 0.012 0.007 0.15 0.21 0.12 -- 0.082 -- 0.016 0.0097 0.0003 -- -- 773 0.391C 0.14 0.35 1.52 0.011 0.005 0.16 -- -- -- 0.070 -- 0.025 0.0111 -- 0.010 -- 767 0.413D 0.16 0.25 1.31 0.011 0.010 0.16 0.29 -- 0.08 0.062 -- 0.030 0.0080 -- 0.012 -- 758 0.420E 0.08 0.39 1.77 0.014 0.008 -- -- 0.22 -- 0.067 -- 0.022 0.0069 -- -- 0.0043 763 0.440F 0.12 0.44 1.40 0.011 0.006 0.45 0.40 -- -- 0.061 -- 0.028 0.0130 -- -- -- 760 0.386F 0.14 0.38 1.43 0.015 0.005 -- -- 0.24 -- 0.101 -- 0.034 0.0082 -- -- -- 772 0.449H 0.13 0.21 1.45 0.010 0.007 0.11 0.08 -- -- 0.061 -- 0.022 0.0078 -- -- -- 767 0.387I 0.16 0.25 1.35 0.010 0.005 0.15 0.31 -- 0.15 0.085 -- 0.028 0.0086 -- -- -- 753 0.447J 0.13 0.32 1.67 0.013 0.009 -- 0.16 -- -- 0.077 -- 0.036 0.0108 0.0005 -- 0.0052 750 0.431__________________________________________________________________________ The term "Ar.sub.3 " refers to the Ar.sub.3 point (.degree. C.) The other numerical values are expressed in terms of weight percentage.
TABLE 1-2__________________________________________________________________________Comparative ExamplesCompo-sition C Si Mn P S Cu Ni Cr Mo V Nb Al N B Ti REM AR.sub.3 Ceq__________________________________________________________________________K 0.19 0.41 1.59 0.011 0.005 0.33 0.31 -- 0.08 0.063 -- 0.031 0.0080 -- -- -- 731 0.504L 0.08 0.40 1.45 0.015 0.005 -- -- -- -- 0.091 -- 0.015 0.0170 -- -- -- 791 0.345M 0.14 0.38 1.51 0.010 0.005 0.25 0.36 0.22 -- 0.055 0.015 0.025 0.0032 -- -- -- 720 0.464N 0.13 0.38 1.48 0.011 0.005 0.36 0.25 -- -- -- -- 0.036 0.0034 -- -- -- 757 0.400__________________________________________________________________________ The term "Ar.sub.3 " stands for Ar.sub.3 (.degree. C.) The other numerical values are expressed in terms of weight percentage.
TABLE 2-1__________________________________________________________________________Examples of the InventionComposition AHeating Cum- ConditionsTem- Rolling ulative Flange for Sam- Ferrite Mechanical Characteristics pera- Reduction Rolling Thick- cooling pling Areal Grain .nu.Eo ture per Reduction ness after Sampling Direct- Micro- Ratio Size YS TS YR E.sub.0No. (.degree. C.) Pass (%) (%) (mm) Rolling Position tion structure (%) Number (MPa) (MPa) (%) (J)__________________________________________________________________________A-1 1250 5-8 42 80 Air- Surface L F + P 75 7 425 582 73 285 cooling 1/2 t L F + P 77 6.5 405 570 71 277 1/2 t C 416 568 73 153 1/2 t Z 398 546 73 66A-2 1250 5-8 30 100 Air- Surface L F + P 73 6.5 388 562 69 226 cooling 1/2 t L F + P 76 6 378 556 68 198 1/2 t C 392 560 70 109 1/2 t Z 370 546 68 51A-3 1150 5-7 25 100 Air- Surface L F + P 76 7 385 550 70 252 cooling 1/2 t L F + P 79 7 376 545 69 233 1/2 t C 361 544 66 168 1/2 t Z 359 550 65 82A-4 1150 5-8 27 100 Water- Surface L F + P + B 74 7.5 454 598 76 178 Cooling 1/2 t L F + P + B 76 7 433 586 74 181 during 980 1/2 t C 439 576 76 101 to 650.degree. C. 1/2 t Z 411 555 74 52 at a Rate of 0.9.degree. C./s__________________________________________________________________________ F: Ferrite P: Pearlite B: bainite
TABLE 2-2__________________________________________________________________________Examples of the InventionComposition B and CHeating Cum- ConditionsTem- Rolling ulative Flange for Sam- Ferrite Mechanical Characteristics pera- Reduction Rolling Thick- cooling pling Areal Grain .nu.Eo ture per Reduction ness after Sampling Direct- Micro- Ratio Size YS TS YR E.sub.0No. (.degree. C.) Pass (%) (%) (mm) Rolling Position tion structure (%) Number (MPa) (MPa) (%) (J)__________________________________________________________________________B-1 1200 5-7 32 80 Air- Surface L F + P 78 7 373 544 69 305 cooling 1/2 t L F + P 80 6.5 359 531 68 268 1/2 t C 358 526 68 189 1/2 t Z 355 526 67 88C-1 1300 6-10 30 80 Air- Surface L F + P + B 78 6 488 624 78 224 cooling 1/2 t L F + P + B 70 5.5 451 590 76 186 1/2 t C 444 583 76 112 1/2 t Z 439 592 74 48C-2 1150 5-7 25 100 Water- Surface L F + P + B 60 7.5 518 652 79 183 cooling 1/2 t L F + P + B 68 7 478 632 76 154 during 980 1/2 t C 473 635 74 128 to 650.degree. C. 1/2 t Z 457 614 74 68 at a Rate of 1.3.degree. C./s__________________________________________________________________________ F: Ferrite P: Pearlite B: Bainite
TABLE 2-3__________________________________________________________________________Examples of the InventionComposition D, E and FHeating Cum-Tem- Rolling ulative Flange Conditions Sam- Ferrite Mechanical Characteristics pera- Reduction Rolling Thick- for cooling pling Areal Grain .nu.Eo ture per Reduction ness after Sampling Direct- Micro- Ratio Size YS TS YR E.sub.0No. (.degree. C.) Pass (%) (%) (mm) Rolling Position tion structure (%) Number (MPa) (MPa) (%) (J)__________________________________________________________________________D-1 1250 6-9 27 100 Air-cooling Surface L F + P 62 6 478 644 74 167 1/2 t L F + P 64 6 469 628 75 141 1/2 t C 450 632 71 93 1/2 t Z 448 629 71 50E-1 1120 5-10 43 100 Water Surface L F + P + B 73 8 430 584 74 222 cooling 1/2 t L F + P + B 81 7 392 546 72 193 during 980 1/2 t C 388 546 71 139 to 650.degree. C. at 1/2 t Z 376 538 70 88 a Rate of 1.8.degree. C./sF-1 1250 6-9 25 60 Air-Cooling Surface L F + P 76 6 386 543 71 267 1/2 t L F + P 76 6 380 550 69 222 1/2 t C 376 551 68 106 1/2 t Z 364 542 67 57__________________________________________________________________________ F: Ferrite P: Pearlite B: Bainite
TABLE 2-4__________________________________________________________________________Examples of the InventionComposition D, E and FHeating Cum-Tem- Rolling ulative Flange Conditions Sam- Ferrite Mechanical Characteristics pera- Reduction Rolling Thick- for cooling pling Areal Grain .nu.Eo ture per Reduction ness after Sampling Direct- Micro- Ratio Size YS TS YR E.sub.0No. (.degree. C.) Pass (%) (%) (mm) Rolling Position tion structure (%) Number (MPa) (MPa) (%) (J)__________________________________________________________________________G-1 1200 5-8 25 80 Air-cooling Surface L F + P 68 6.5 399 572 70 232 1/2 t L F + P 68 6.5 375 567 66 218 1/2 t C 375 560 67 120 1/2 t Z 369 551 67 72H-1 1150 6-8 28 100 Air-cooling Surface L F + P 75 7.5 387 526 74 282 1/2 t L F + P 76 7.5 369 530 70 246 1/2 t C 379 541 70 103 1/2 t Z 360 533 68 51I-1 1250 7-10 28 80 Air-Cooling Surface L F + P 68 5.5 463 638 73 169 1/2 t L F + P 70 5.5 444 615 72 160 1/2 t C 448 620 72 93 1/2 t Z 440 613 72 49__________________________________________________________________________ F: Ferrite P: Pearlite B: Bainite
TABLE 2-5__________________________________________________________________________Comparative ExampleCompositions K, L and MHeating Cum-Tem- Rolling ulative Flange Conditions Sam- Ferrite Mechanical Characteristics pera- Reduction Rolling Thick- for cooling pling Areal Grain .nu.Eo ture per Reduction ness after Sampling Direct- Micro- Ratio Size YS TS YR E.sub.0No. (.degree. C.) Pass (%) (%) (mm) Rolling Position tion structure (%) Number (MPa) (MPa) (%) (J)__________________________________________________________________________K-1 1150 5-8 28 100 Air-cooling Surface L F + P 61 7 417 595 70 52 1/2 t L F + P 62 7 407 590 69 77 1/2 t C 400 588 68 46 1/2 t Z 407 593 69 17L-1 1320 7-10 30 100 Air-cooling Surface L F + P 85 8 458 621 74 68 1/2 t L F + P 83 8 466 609 77 51 1/2 t C 453 599 76 34 1/2 t Z 442 582 76 21M-1 1200 6-9 28 100 Air-Cooling Surface L F + P + B 73 4.5 420 568 74 29 1/2 t L F + P + B 75 4.5 397 551 72 41 1/2 t C 401 543 74 30 1/2 t Z 382 529 72 13__________________________________________________________________________ F: Ferrite P: Pearlite B: Bainite
TABLE 2-6__________________________________________________________________________Comparative ExampleCompositions N, A and CHeating Cum-Tem- Rolling ulative Flange Conditions Sam- Ferrite Mechanical Characteristics pera- Reduction Rolling Thick- for cooling pling Areal Grain .nu.Eo ture per Reduction ness after Sampling Direct- Micro- Ratio Size YS TS YR E.sub.0No. (.degree. C.) Pass (%) (%) (mm) Rolling Position tion structure (%) Number (MPa) (MPa) (%) (J)__________________________________________________________________________N-1 1250 6-9 28 100 Air-cooling Surface L F + P + B 76 4 358 511 70 44 1/2 t L F + P + B 78 4 342 496 69 38 1/2 t C 333 482 69 29 1/2 t Z 340 491 69 11A-5 1150 5-8 25 100 Water- Surface L F + P + B 45 8.5 543 662 82 112 cooling 1/2 t L F + P + B 61 7.5 453 588 77 94 during 980 1/2 t C 446 576 77 74 to 450.degree. C. at 1/2 t Z 436 571 76 47 a Rate of 1.6.degree. C./sC-3 1320 3-6 14 100 Air-Cooling Surface L F + P + B 60 5 391 558 70 28 1/2 t L F + P + B 63 4.5 378 540 70 41 1/2 t C 383 541 71 33 1/2 t Z 385 532 72 10__________________________________________________________________________ F: Ferrite P: Pearlite B: Bainite
As is obvious from Table 2, each of the gauge H steels A-1 to A-4, B-1, C-1, C-2, D-1, E-1, F-1, G-1, H-1 and I-1, each being in accordance with the invention, exhibits a toughness in each of the L, C, and Z directions of 48 J or more, shows little difference in strength between the surface and the central portion of the plate, and possesses a tensile strength of 520 MPa or more, and a yield ratio of 80% or less.
Meanwhile, the comparative example gauge H steels K-1, L-1, M-1 and N-1 do not possess at least one of the elements of the invention (C, V and/or N content, Ceq value, and/or Ar.sub.3 point) resulting in relatively low vEo values on the whole. Further, some of these Comparative Examples exhibit a high YR value of 80% or more, while others are low in strength.
The gauge H steels A-5 and C-3 as Comparative Examples have compositions in accordance with the invention, but the rolling and cooling conditions are outside of the specific ranges of the invention. The gauge H steel A-5, which was produced with a low cooling-cessation temperature, had portions in which the ferrite areal ratios were less than 50%, showed a large strength difference between the surface and the central portion of the plate, and had a surface YR value exceeding 80%. The gauge H steel C-3 was produced using a cumulative rolling reduction less than required in the invention, which resulted in a grain size of less than 5 and unsatisfactory toughness.
Next, an oblique Y-groove weld cracking test as prescribed in JIS Z 3158 was performed to evaluate the weld cracking tendency of the steels. Using the gauge H steels A-1, D-1 and H-1 as Examples of the Invention and K-1 and M-1 as Comparative Examples, test specimens having a plate thickness of 50 mm, a length of 200 mm and a width of 150 mm were sampled from the flanges. A covered electrode for high tensile strength steels was used for the testing under the conditions of 170 amperes, 24 volts and at the rate of 150 mm/min. The preheating temperature for the welding was 50.degree. C. Cracking was observed in Comparative Example steels K-1 and M-1, while no cracking was seen in steels A-1, D-1 and H-1.
As described above, the present invention is industrially advantageous. The invention exhibits characteristics found in no prior art heavy-wall structural steel. Specifically, the invention provides an heavy-wall structural steel having excellent toughness against impact, excellent weldability, and high strength with excellent strength uniformity in the plate-thickness direction.
Although this invention has been described with reference to specific elements and method steps, equivalent elements and method steps may be substituted, the sequence of method steps may be varied, and certain elements and method steps may be used independently of others. Further, various other elements and control steps may be included, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
4025368	Sanbonji et al.	May 1977
5622572	Wells et al.	Apr 1997

Heavy-wall structural steel and method

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