Patent Grant
7780606
This application is related to the following co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/900,570 entitled “DETERMINING A PATIENT'S POSTURE FROM MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF THE HEART,” filed on Jul. 28, 2004, Ser. No. 10/703,175, entitled “A DUAL USE SENSOR FOR RATE RESPONSIVE PACING AND HEART SOUND MONITORING,” filed on Nov. 6, 2003, Ser. No. 10/334,694 entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MONITORING OF DIASTOLIC HEMODYNAMICS,” filed on Dec. 30, 2002, Ser. No. 10/746,874 entitled “A THIRD HEART SOUND ACTIVITY INDEX FOR HEART FAILURE MONITORING,” filed on Dec. 24, 2003, Ser. No. 11/037,275, entitled “METHOD FOR CORRECTION OF POSTURE DEPENDENCE ON HEART SOUNDS,” filed on Jan. 18, 2005, Ser. No. 11/129,050, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARDIAC PROTECTION PACING,” filed on May 16, 2005, and Ser. No. 11/148,107, entitled “ISCHEMIA DETECTION USING HEART SOUND SENSOR,” filed on Jun. 8, 2005, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The field generally relates to implantable medical devices and, in particular, but not by way of limitation, to systems and methods for monitoring mechanical activity of the heart.
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are devices designed to be implanted into a patient. Some examples of these devices include cardiac function management (CFM) devices such as implantable pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), cardiac resynchronization devices, and devices that include a combination of such capabilities. The devices are typically used to treat patients using electrical or other therapy and to aid a physician or caregiver in patient diagnosis through internal monitoring of a patient's condition. The devices may include one or more electrodes in communication with sense amplifiers to monitor electrical heart activity within a patient, and often include one or more sensors to monitor one or more other internal patient parameters. Other examples of implantable medical devices include implantable diagnostic devices, implantable insulin pumps, devices implanted to administer drugs to a patient, or implantable devices with neural stimulation capability.
Additionally, some IMDs detect events by monitoring electrical heart activity signals. In CFM devices, these events include heart chamber expansions or contractions. By monitoring cardiac signals indicative of expansions or contractions, IMDs are able to detect tachyarrhythmia. IMDs are further able to provide therapy for tachyarrhythmia, such as a high energy shock stimulus or anti-tachyarrhythmia pacing (ATP). Tachyarrhythmia includes abnormally rapid heart rate, or tachycardia, including ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia. Tachyarrhythmia also includes rapid and irregular heart rate, or fibrillation, including ventricular fibrillation (VF). Typically, ICDs detect tachyarrhythmia by first detecting a rapid heart rate. Other detection methods in addition to fast rate detection are used to reduce the incidence of inappropriate shocks. The present inventors have recognized a need for improved sensing of events related to device treatment of tachyarrhythmia.
This document discusses, among other things, systems and methods for monitoring mechanical activity of the heart. A system example includes an implantable medical device (IMD). The IMD includes an implantable sensor operable to produce an electrical signal representative of mechanical activity of a heart of a subject and a controller circuit coupled to the sensor. The IMD also includes a heart sound sensor interface circuit to produce a heart sound signal, a tachyarrhythmia detector, and a controller circuit. The controller circuit includes a hemodynamic stability assessment module configured to detect at least one episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a subject and obtain a measurement of hemodynamic stability of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia from the heart sound signal.
A method example includes detecting at least one episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a subject, sensing at least one heart sound signal for the subject using an IMD, and obtaining a measurement of hemodynamic stability of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia from the heart sound signal.
This summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter of the present patent application. It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detailed description is included to provide further information about the subject matter of the present patent application.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced are shown by way of illustration. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be used and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
This document discusses systems and methods for improved detection of cardiac events. A rapid and unstable heart rate associated with tachyarrhythmia can prevent the heart chambers from filling properly; resulting in a drop in a patient's blood pressure. Sometimes, a heart rate becomes rapid but a patient's hemodynamic system remains stable, i.e. the heart rate is regular enough so that the heart chambers are able to fill adequately to maintain adequate blood pressure. A proper assessment of hemodynamic system stability is important in making a decision in whether to deliver or to delay treatment, or whether to treat a tachyarrhythmia with either shock or ATP therapy. However, it is desirable that the decision be made in timely fashion.
Waiting too long to provide treatment may decrease the likelihood of successfully converting the rhythm once the chosen therapy is begun. Similarly, spending too much time trying various ATP regimens before resorting to shock therapy may also decrease the likelihood of successfully converting the tachyarrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm. However, even a modest delay in providing treatment may allow an abnormal tachyarrhythmia rhythm to spontaneously revert back to normal. Delay of shock therapy may be warranted if it is known that the patient's blood pressure remains adequate. If a device is able to properly delay shock therapy, the number of inappropriate shocks is reduced, thereby enhancing patient comfort and extending the battery life of the device.
Blood pressure remains adequate during a stable tachyarrhythmia but becomes inadequately low during an unstable tachyarrhythmia. Making information related to a patient's blood pressure within the heart chambers available to a device improves the chances that the device will make a proper assessment of heart rhythm stability. A proper assessment makes it possible to delay the onset of treatment of a stable tachyarrhythmia or to extend the time to attempt to resolve the episode with ATP before resorting to high-energy shock therapy. This ensures that a high-energy shock stimulus will convert the abnormal rhythm if the rhythm fails to convert spontaneously or fails to convert after ATP.
Cardiac lead 108 includes a proximal end that is coupled to IMD 110 and a distal end, coupled by an electrode or electrodes to one or more portions of a heart 105. The electrodes typically deliver cardioversion, defibrillation, pacing, or resynchronization therapy, or combinations thereof to at least one chamber of the heart 105. The electronics unit of the IMD 110 typically includes components that are enclosed in a hermetically-sealed canister or “can.” Other electrodes may be located on the can, or on an insulating header extending from the can, or on other portions of IMD 110, such as for providing pacing energy, defibrillation energy, or both, in conjunction with the electrodes disposed on or around a heart 105. The lead 108 or leads and electrodes may also typically be used for sensing intrinsic or other electrical activity of the heart 105.
Ventricular lead 108B includes one or more electrodes, such as tip electrode 235 and ring electrode 240, for sensing signals, delivering pacing therapy, or both sensing signals and delivering pacing therapy. Lead 108B optionally also includes additional electrodes, such as for delivering atrial cardioversion, atrial defibrillation, ventricular cardioversion, ventricular defibrillation, or combinations thereof to heart 105. Such defibrillation electrodes typically have larger surface areas than pacing electrodes in order to handle the larger energies involved in defibrillation. Lead 108B optionally provides resynchronization therapy to the heart 105.
In some examples, leads 108A and 108B are combined into one lead containing four electrodes located sequentially along the lead. In an example, a first tip electrode is located in the apex of the right ventricle 205A, a first ring electrode located proximal to the tip electrode and in the right ventricle 205A, a second ring electrode located proximal to the first ring electrode and in the right atrium 200A, and a third ring electrode located proximal to the second ring electrode and also located in the right atrium 200A.
The example in
Other forms of electrodes include meshes and patches which may be applied to portions of heart 105 or which may be implanted in other areas of the body to help “steer” electrical currents produced by IMD 110. The present methods and systems will work in a variety of configurations and with a variety of electrodes.
IMDs can include sensors to monitor heart sounds. An accelerometer is one type of heart sound sensor. An accelerometer converts an acceleration signal due to acoustic vibrations of a heart sound into an electrical signal. A microphone is another type of heart sound sensor. A strain gauge is yet another type of heart sound sensor. A strain gauge converts deformation of the sensor due to heart sound vibrations into an electrical signal. Heart sounds include the “first heart sound” or S1, the “second heart sound” or S2, the “third heart sound” or S3, the “fourth heart sound” or S4, and their various sub-components. S1 is indicative of, among other things, mitral valve closure, tricuspid valve closure, and aortic valve opening. S2 is indicative of, among other things, aortic valve closure and pulmonary valve closure. S3 is a ventricular diastolic filling sound often indicative of certain pathological conditions including heart failure. S4 is a ventricular diastolic filling sound resulted from atrial contraction and is usually indicative of pathological conditions. The term “heart sound” refers to any heart sound (e.g., S1) and any components thereof (e.g., M1 component of S1, indicative of mitral valve closure). The term heart sound also includes audible and inaudible mechanical vibrations caused by cardiac activity that can be sensed with an accelerometer.
Monitoring heart sounds allows measurement of hemodynamic performance parameters. Heart sounds signals obtained from heart sound sensors are indicative of timing, strength, and frequency characteristics related to the heart sounds. Measuring these characteristics allows conclusions to be made about the condition of a patient's hemodynamic system.
The heart sound sensor interface circuit 415 produces a heart sound signal.
The energy content in heart sounds is predominantly contained in lower frequencies. In some examples, if the low-pass filter circuit 518 has a sharp roll-off, the heart sound sensor interface circuit 515 includes a pre-emphasis circuit. The pre-emphasis circuit has a transfer function of a high-pass filter circuit, but with a lower order than the low-pass filter circuit. The pre-emphasis circuit adds signal gain to higher frequencies of a low-pass filtered heart sound signal. These frequencies include those near the corner frequency of the low-pass filter for example. If the heart sound signal has been digitized, the pre-emphasis transfer function can be implemented mathematically by the controller circuit 525. The term “controller circuit” includes a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a digital signal processor, or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
Returning to
In an illustrative example, the tachyarrhythmia detector circuit 420 is coupled to a ventricular contraction sensing circuit and ventricular tachyarrhythmia is detected from a rapid ventricular contraction rate. If the measurement of hemodynamic stability indicates that the tachyarrhythmia is hemodynamically stable, treatment for the tachyarrhythmia can be delayed, or the time to attempt to resolve the episode with ATP can be extended, before resorting to high-energy shock therapy.
One method to obtain a measurement of hemodynamic stability is to use linear prediction. Linear prediction is a statistical analysis tool that can be used to estimate future values of a sampled or discrete time function based on previous sampled values. In some examples, the measurement of hemodynamic stability is a heart sound based hemodynamic parameter He which is defined as
He=1−k12, (1)
where k1 is a first reflection parameter. The first reflection parameter k1 is a function of the first and second autocorrelation terms R0 and R1. Specifically,
If a set of N digitized samples (s0, s1, s2, s3 . . . ) is taken over one measured heart sound, then the first and second autocorrelation terms R0 and R1 can be calculated as
In some examples, the hemodynamic parameter He is based on the S1 heart sound.
The hemodynamic parameter He was measured on a beat-by-beat basis for the S1 heart sound during the episode.
The graph 900 also shows that a threshold value T 925 of measured He can be chosen so that if, during tachyarrhythmia, a value of He less than the threshold value 925 is measured, the patient's aortic blood pressure may have become inadequately low. The tachyarrhythmia is deemed to be unstable due to the possibly low blood pressure and shock therapy should be administered to the patient. If during tachyarrhythmia, a value higher than the threshold value 925 is measured, treatment can be delayed or a regimen of ATP can be administered to the patient instead of, or prior to, delivery of a shock. In another example, the tachyarrhythmia is deemed to be unstable if a value of He less than the threshold value 925 is measured in X of Y consecutive cardiac cycles, where X and Y are integers and Y≧X. In one example, an appropriate threshold value 925 of measured He can be determined from a database containing sampled heart sound data and pressure data from several tachyarrhythmia patients. In another example, an appropriate threshold value 925 of measured He specific to one patient can be determined from a database containing such data only for that patient.
The graph 900 also shows that a baseline value of measured He can be determined for a patient when the patient is not experiencing tachyarrhythmia (region 905). In an example, the baseline is determined from a central tendency of the measured He, such as mean value or a median value. A patient's aortic blood pressure may have become inadequately low if the measured He changes from the baseline He value by more than a predetermined threshold value. A corresponding detected tachyarrhythmia is then deemed to be unstable. In another example, the tachyarrhythmia is deemed to be unstable if the measured He changes, such as a decrease, from the baseline He value by more than a predetermined threshold value in X of Y consecutive cardiac cycles, where X and Y are integers and Y≧X.
Returning to
In some examples, the hemodynamic stability assessment module 430 includes a baseline module to establish a baseline for the measurement of hemodynamic stability obtained from the heart sound signal. The hemodynamic stability assessment module 430 deems the ventricular tachyarrhythmia to be unstable, such as when a measured change from the baseline measurement of hemodynamic stability exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
The IMD 1005 also includes a tachyarrhythmia detector circuit comprising a tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020, a timer circuit 1035, and a ventricular contraction sensing circuit 1045. In some examples, the tachyarrhythmia detector circuit also includes an atrial contraction sensing circuit 1040. The atrial contraction sensing circuit 1040 provides a sensed atrial contraction signal. In the example shown, the atrial signal is sensed between lead tip electrode 1042 and lead ring electrode 1043. The ventricular contraction sensing circuit 1045 provides a sensed ventricular contraction signal. In the example shown, the ventricular signal is sensed between lead tip electrode 1047 and lead ring electrode 1048.
In some examples, the tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020 declares that a ventricular tachyarrhythmia has occurred based on the ventricular contraction rate. For example, the tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020 typically declares that a ventricular tachyarrhythmia has occurred when the ventricular contraction rate exceeds a threshold ventricular contraction rate. In some examples, the tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020 performs a rhythm discrimination method that includes recurrently updating an average ventricular contraction interval (V-V interval). In certain examples, the tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020 declares that a ventricular tachyarrhythmia has occurred when determining that an average ventricular contraction rate exceeds an average atrial contraction rate by more than a specified rate threshold value. In some examples, the tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020 declares that a ventricular tachyarrhythmia has occurred based on a measure of variability of the ventricular contraction intervals.
If at least one episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a subject is detected, the hemodynamic stability assessment module 1030 determines a measurement of hemodynamic stability of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia, such as from a heart sound signal. In some examples, the hemodynamic stability assessment module 1030 deems that a tachyarrhythmia is unstable based on: (1) a measurement of hemodynamic stability and (2) on an indication of unstable tachyarrhythmia received from the tachyarrhythmia detection module 1020. In some examples, such an indication of unstable tachyarrhythmia includes a measure of variability of the ventricular contraction intervals exceeding a predetermined variability threshold.
In an example, the hemodynamic stability module 1030 includes a baseline module to establish a baseline for the measurement of hemodynamic stability obtained from a heart sound signal. In an illustrative example, the measurement is the hemodynamic parameter He obtained from the S1 heart sound signal. In this example, the hemodynamic stability assessment module 1030 deems the ventricular tachyarrhythmia to be unstable when both a measured change from the baseline measurement of hemodynamic stability exceeds a predetermined stability measurement threshold value and the measure of variability of ventricular time intervals exceeds a predetermined variability threshold value.
The IMD 1005 also typically includes a therapy circuit 1050. The therapy circuit 1050 typically includes a shock circuit to provide a high energy shock as a therapy for tachyarrhythmia. In some examples, the therapy circuit includes a switch network to electrically isolate sense amplifiers in the sensing circuits 1040, 1045 during delivery of the shock in order to prevent damage to the sense amplifiers. The controller circuit 1025 can be configured to delay delivery of a predetermined shock if the hemodynamic stability assessment module indicates the tachyarrhythmia is stable. In some examples, the measurement of hemodynamic stability is the hemodynamic parameter He and the controller circuit 1025 delays delivery of a shock if the measured He is below a predetermined threshold He value. In some examples, the controller circuit 1025 delays delivery of a shock stimulus if the measured He is different from a baseline He value by less than a predetermined threshold value.
In some examples, the therapy circuit 1050 includes an anti-tachyarrhythmia pacing (ATP) circuit coupled to the controller circuit. The controller circuit 1025 initiates a predetermined ATP regimen upon detecting the episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmia and extends the duration of the ATP regimen according to the measurement of hemodynamic stability. In some examples, the measurement of hemodynamic stability is the hemodynamic parameter He and the controller circuit 1025 extends the duration of the ATP regimen if the measured He is below a predetermined threshold He value. In some examples, the controller circuit 1025 extends the duration of the ATP regimen if the measured He is different from a baseline He value by less than a predetermined threshold value.
In some examples, the ventricular contraction sensing circuit 1045 produces an electrical cardiac signal representative of cardiac activity of the patient. This cardiac signal is similar to the electrocardiogram signal 625 in
Sensors can be included in cardiac function management (CFM) devices, such as to monitor a patient's activity. Indications of a patient's activity level are sometimes used to adjust a rate of pacing therapy of a CFM device. Generally, these CFM devices increase a pacing rate in response to an increased activity level of the patient indicated by the sensor. This is sometimes referred to as rate responsive pacing. An accelerometer is one type of sensor that provides electrical signals representative of patient activity. It is sometimes preferable to monitor heart sound signals while a patient is at rest. Thus, in some examples, the hemodynamic stability assessment module 1030 is configured to obtain the measurement of hemodynamic stability from a heart sound signal in correlation with patient activity. Determining that a patient is at rest can be deduced from a patient's heart rate if the IMD 1005 includes rate responsive pacing therapy—i.e. the patient's heart rate is at the resting heart rate when the patient is at rest.
In some examples, the IMD 1005 includes a communication circuit 1055 and the controller circuit 1025 wirelessly communicates to the external device 1060 information about at least one measurement of hemodynamic stability obtained from a heart sound signal. In some examples, the external device 1060 is an IMD programmer. In some examples, the external device 1060 is part of, or is in communication with, a computer network such as a hospital computer network or the internet. In some examples, the external device 1060 is in communication with a mobile telephone network. In some examples, the external device is a repeater that communicates wirelessly with the IMD 1005 and with a third device in communication with a network, such as a computer network or mobile telephone network. In some examples, the third device is an IMD programmer.
The controller circuit 1025 communicates an indication of a detected tachyarrhythmia to the external device 1060. The indication can include information that the tachyarrhythmia is stable or unstable. The indication can be an entire digitized representation of a heart sound, a digitized representation of a cardiac signal, or an entire digitized representation of both a heart sound and a cardiac signal. The digitized representation can be displayed on the external device 1060 or another device connected to the network.
In some examples, the indication triggers an alarm on the external device 1060. In some examples, an indication of an unstable tachyarrhythmia triggers the alarm. In some examples, the alarm includes a notification sent to a clinician or clinician's office over the computer network, such as by e-mail, or the alarm includes an indication on a web page. In some examples, the alarm includes an indication or notification sent to a medical device service center or an emergency responder. In some examples, the IMD 1005 includes a speaker and the indication of tachyarrhythmia is an audible alarm originating from the IMD 1005.
At 1110, at least one heart sound signal for the subject is sensed using an IMD. The heart sound signal is associated with mechanical vibration of a heart of the subject. In some examples, the heart sound is the S1 heart sound. In some examples, the heart sound signal is sensed with an accelerometer and the heart sound signal is low-pass filtered to obtain a filtered heart sound signal. In some examples, higher frequencies of the filtered heart sound signal are pre-emphasized to add signal gain to the higher frequency signal components.
In some examples, sensing a heart sound signal with an IMD includes sensing an electrical cardiac signal that is representative of cardiac activity of the patient. Heart sounds are identified, such as by correlating the sensed heart sound signal to the sensed electrical cardiac signal. For example, as shown in
Returning to
In some examples, obtaining a measurement of hemodynamic stability includes sampling the heart sound signal to obtain a plurality of signal samples. In some examples, the signal samples are used to determine an autocorrelation function. In some examples, the measurement of hemodynamic stability is the hemodynamic parameter He which is calculated by any of the methods of calculating He discussed previously.
In some examples, a measurement of hemodynamic stability from the heart sound signal includes establishing a baseline measurement for the measurement of hemodynamic stability. In some examples, establishing a baseline measurement includes determining a central tendency of the measurement of hemodynamic stability. In some examples, the method 1100 includes deeming the ventricular tachyarrhythmia to be unstable when a measured change from the baseline measurement of hemodynamic stability exceeds a predetermined threshold value. In some examples, the method 1100 includes deeming the ventricular tachyarrhythmia to be unstable when a measured change from the baseline measurement of hemodynamic stability exceeds a predetermined threshold value in X of Y consecutive cardiac cycles, wherein X and Y are integers and Y≧X.
It is sometimes preferable to monitor heart sounds while a patient is at rest. In some examples, sensing a heart sound signal with an IMD includes sensing the signal in correlation to sensed patient activity to provide an indication of when the patient is at rest. Information that a patient is or is not at rest can be used in the determination of stable or unstable tachyarrhythmia. For example, knowing a rest state of a patient may be used to decide whether to use X of Y consecutive cardiac cycles, or used to set the values of X and Y.
In some examples, the method 1100 includes deeming that a ventricular tachyarrhythmia is unstable based on a combination of a measurement of hemodynamic stability from the heart sound signal and an indication of unstable ventricular tachyarrhythmia obtained from an electrical cardiac signal. In an example, the method 1100 includes establishing a baseline measurement for a measurement of hemodynamic stability from the heart sound signal and determining a measure of variability of ventricular time intervals. The ventricular tachyarrhythmia is deemed to be unstable when both a measured change from the baseline measurement of hemodynamic stability exceeds a predetermined stability measurement threshold value and the measure of variability of ventricular time intervals exceeds a predetermined variability threshold value.
In some examples, at 1120 the method 1100 includes delaying delivery of a predetermined shock stimulus according to the measurement of hemodynamic stability. If the measurement of hemodynamic stability indicates that the ventricular tachyarrhythmia is stable, the IMD may delay providing such a stimulus. This gives the ventricular tachyarrhythmia time to spontaneously convert to a normal rhythm. This may reduce the number of shocks given to a patient, thereby improving patient comfort and extending the battery life of the IMD.
In some examples, the method 1100 includes initiating a predetermined anti-tachyarrhythmia pacing (ATP) regimen upon detecting the episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. If the measurement of hemodynamic stability from the heart sound signal indicates that the tachyarrhythmia is stable, the duration of the ATP regimen is extended. This gives the ATP regimen time to convert the ventricular tachyarrhythmia to a normal rhythm. This also may reduce the number of shocks given to a patient.
The systems and methods described herein use hemodynamic information, such as a heart sound proxy for blood pressure within the heart chambers, to improve the likelihood that the device will make a proper assessment of heart rhythm stability. A proper assessment makes it possible to delay the onset of treatment or to extend the time to attempt to resolve the episode with ATP before resorting to high-energy shock therapy. This results in a reduced number of necessary shocks while ensuring that a high-energy shock stimulus will convert the abnormal rhythm if the rhythm fails to convert spontaneously or fails to convert after ATP. Reducing the number of shocks given to a patient improves patient comfort and extends the implantable life of the IMD by reducing the energy required for patient treatment.
The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations, or variations, or combinations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own.
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