Patent Application
20150291553
The invention relates to the technical field of herbicides, especially that of herbicides for the selective control of broad-leaved weeds and weed grasses in crops of useful plants.
WO 95/19358 A1 and EP 0 222 254 A2 disclose herbicidally active aryl- and heteroarylpyrimidines which have a nicotinic acid radical. However, frequently, the compounds known from this publication have insufficient herbicidal activity and/or insufficient compatibility with crop plants. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide further herbicidally active compounds. It has now been found that particular 2′-phenyl-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives are of particularly good suitability as herbicides.
The present invention provides 6′-phenyl-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives of the formula (I), N-oxides thereof and salts thereof
in which
R1, R4 and R5 independently of one another are in each case nitro, halogen, cyano, formyl, thiocyanato, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl, COW, COOR7, N(R7)2, NR7COOR6, C(O)N(R7)2, NR7C(O)N(R7)2, OC(O)N(R7)2, C(O)NR7OR7, OR7, OCOR7, OSO2R6, S(O)wR6, SO2OR6, SO2N(R7)2, NR7SO2R6, NR7OR7, (C1-C6)-alkyl-S(O)wR6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-OR7, (C1-C6)-alkyl-OSO2R6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-CO2R7, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SO2OR6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-CON(R7)2, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SO2N(R′)2, (C1-C6)-alkyl-NR7COR7, (C1-C6)-alkyl-NR7SO2R6, P(O)(OR7)2, CH2P(O)(OR7)2, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, (C1-C6)-alkyl-heteroaryl or (C1-C6)-alkyl-heterocyclyl, where the four last-mentioned radicals are in each case substituted by s radicals from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, S(O)w—(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy and halo-(C1-C6)-alkoxy, and where heterocyclyl carries n oxo groups,
R2 is hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl or halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl or halo-(C3-C6)-cycloaklyl,
R6 is (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C8)-cycloalkenyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkenyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl or halogen-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
R7 is hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halogen-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C8)-cycloalkenyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkenyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl or halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
n is 0, 1 or 2,
m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
o is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,
s is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
w is 0, 1 or 2.
In the formula (I) and all the formulae which follow, alkyl radicals having more than two carbon atoms may be straight-chain or branched. Alkyl radicals are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n- or isopropyl, n-, iso-, tert- or 2-butyl, pentyls, and hexyls, such as n-hexyl, isohexyl, and 1,3-dimethylbutyl. Analogously, alkenyl represents, for example, allyl, 1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl, 2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-3-en-1-yl, 1-methylbut-3-en-1-yl and 1-methylbut-2-en-1-yl. Alkynyl represents, for example, propargyl, but-2-yn-1-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, 1-methylbut-3-yn-1-yl. The multiple bond may be in each case in any position of the unsaturated radical. Cycloalkyl represents a carbocyclic saturated ring system having three to six carbon atoms, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Analogously, cycloalkenyl represents a monocyclic alkenyl group having three to six carbon ring members, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl, where the double bond may be in any position.
Halogen represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
Heterocyclyl represents a saturated, semisaturated or fully unsaturated cyclic radical containing 3 to 6 ring atoms, of which 1 to 4 are from the group of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and which may additionally be fused by a benzo ring. For example, heterocyclyl is piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl and oxetanyl.
Heteroaryl represents an aromatic cyclic radical containing 3 to 6 ring atoms, of which 1 to 4 are from the group of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and which may additionally be fused by a benzo ring. For example, heteroaryl represents benzimidazol-2-yl, furanyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, benzisoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazolyl, 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazolyl, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazolyl, 1,2,3,4-thiatriazolyl and 1,2,3,5-thiatriazolyl.
When a group is polysubstituted by radicals, this means that this group is substituted by one or more identical or different radicals from those mentioned. This applies analogously to the formation of ring systems by various atoms and elements. At the same time, the scope of the claims shall exclude those compounds known to the person skilled in the art to be chemically unstable under standard conditions.
Depending on the nature of the substituents and manner in which they are attached, the compounds of the general formula (I) may be present as stereoisomers. When, for example, one or more asymmetric carbon atoms are present, enantiomers and diastereomers may occur. Stereoisomers likewise occur when n represents 1 (sulfoxides). Stereoisomers can be obtained from the mixtures obtained in the preparation by customary separation methods, for example by chromatographic separation processes. It is likewise possible to selectively prepare stereoisomers by using stereoselective reactions with use of optically active starting materials and/or auxiliaries. The invention also relates to all stereoisomers and mixtures thereof which are encompassed by the general formula (I) but not defined specifically. Owing to the oxime ether structure, the compounds according to the invention may also occur as geometric isomers (E/Z isomers). The invention also relates to all E/Z isomers and mixtures thereof which are encompassed by the general formula (I) but not defined specifically.
The compounds of the formula (I) are capable of forming salts, in particular in the event that, in the event that R2 is hydrogen. Salts can be formed by the action of a base on those compounds of the formula (I) which bear an acidic hydrogen atom, for example in the case of R′. Examples of suitable bases are organic amines such as trialkylamines, morpholine, piperidine, or pyridine, and the hydroxides, carbonates and hydrogencarbonates of ammonium, alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, in particular sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate and potassium hydrogencarbonate. These salts are compounds in which the acidic hydrogen is replaced by an agriculturally suitable cation, for example metal salts, in particular alkali metal salts or alkaline-earth metal salts, in particular sodium salts and potassium salts, or else ammonium salts, salts with organic amines or quaternary ammonium salts.
The compounds of the formula (I) can form salts by addition of a suitable inorganic or organic acid, for example mineral acids, for example HCl, HBr, H2SO4, H3PO4 or HNO3, or organic acids, for example carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid or salicylic acid, or sulfonic acids, for example p-toluenesulfonic acid, onto a basic group, for example amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, piperidino, morpholino or pyridino. In such a case, the salts will comprise the conjugated base of the acid as the anion.
Preference is given to compounds of the general formula (I) in which
R1, R4 and R5 independently of one another are in each case nitro, halogen, cyano, formyl, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl, COR7, COOR7, N(R7)2, NR7COOR6, C(O)N(R7)2, NR7C(O)N(R7)2, OC(O)N(R7)2, C(O)NR7OR7, OR7, S(O)wR6, SO2OR6, SO2N(R7)2, NR7SO2R6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-S(O)wR6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-OR7, (C1-C6)-alkyl-OSO2R6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-CO2R7, (Cr C6)-alkyl-SO2OR6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-CON(R7)2, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SO2N(R7)2, (C1-C6)-alkyl-NR7COR7, (C1-C6)-alkyl-NR7SO2R6, P(O)(OR7)2, CH2P(O)(OR7)2, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, (C1-C6)-alkyl-heteroaryl or (C1-C6)-alkyl-heterocyclyl, where the four last-mentioned radicals are in each case substituted by s radicals from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, S(O)w—(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy and halo-(C1-C6)-alkoxy and where the heterocyclyl carries n oxo groups,
R2 is hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl or (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, halo-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl or (C3-C6)-cycloalkenyl.
R6 is (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C8)-cycloalkenyl or (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
R7 is hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C8)-cycloalkenyl or (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
n is 0 or 1,
m is 0, 1 or 2,
o is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
s is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
w is 0, 1 or 2.
Particular preference is given to compounds of the general formula (I) in which
R1, R4 and R5 independently of one another are in each case nitro, halogen, cyano, formyl, (C1-C4)-alkyl, halogen-(C1-C4)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, halogen-(C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, halo-(C2-C6)-alkynyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)-alkyl, COR7, COOR7, N(R7)2, NR7COOR6, C(O)N(R7)2, NR7C(O)N(R′)2, OC(O)N(R7)2, C(O)NR7OR7, OR7, S(O)wR6, SO2N(R′)2, NR7SO2R6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-S(O)wR6, (C1-C6)-alkyl-OR′ or (C1-C6)-alkyl-SO2N(R7)2,
R2 is hydrogen or (C1-C6)-alkyl,
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl or halogen-(C1-C6)-alkyl,
R6 is (C1-C6)-alkyl,
R7 is hydrogen or (C1-C6)-alkyl,
n is 0 or 1,
m is 0 or 1,
o is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
w is 0, 1 or 2.
In all the formulae specified hereinafter, the substituents and symbols have the same meaning as described in formula (I), unless defined differently.
Compound according to the invention can, for example, be prepared by a method described in the scheme hereinbelow.
The starting materials employed here are either commercially available or can be prepared by simple methods known to the skilled worker, for example as described in Journal of Org. Chemistry, 75(22), 7691; 2010 and Org. Synth. Coll., 1963, 4, 68.
Collections of compounds of the formula (I) and/or salts thereof which can be synthesized by the abovementioned reactions can also be prepared in a parallelized manner, in which case this may be accomplished in a manual, partly automated or fully automated manner. It is possible, for example, to automate the conduct of the reaction, the work-up or the purification of the products and/or intermediates. Overall, this is understood to mean a procedure as described, for example, by D. Tiebes in Combinatorial Chemistry—Synthesis, Analysis, Screening (editor: Günther Jung), Wiley, 1999, on pages 1 to 34.
For the parallelized conduct of the reaction and workup, it is possible to use a number of commercially available instruments, for example Calypso reaction blocks from Barnstead International, Dubuque, Iowa 52004-0797, USA or reaction stations from Radleys, Shirehill, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AZ, England, or MuItiPROBE Automated Workstations from PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass. 02451, USA. For the parallelized purification of compounds of the general formula (I) and salts thereof or of intermediates which occur in the course of preparation, available apparatuses include chromatography apparatuses, for example from ISCO, Inc., 4700 Superior Street, Lincoln, Nebr. 68504, USA.
The apparatuses detailed lead to a modular procedure in which the individual working steps are automated, but manual operations have to be carried out between the working steps. This can be circumvented by using partly or fully integrated automation systems in which the respective automation modules are operated, for example, by robots. Automation systems of this type can be obtained, for example, from Caliper, Hopkinton, Mass. 01748, USA.
The implementation of single or multiple synthesis steps can be supported by the use of polymer-supported reagents/scavenger resins. The specialist literature describes a series of experimental protocols, for example in ChemFiles, Vol. 4, No. 1, Polymer-Supported Scavengers and Reagents for Solution-Phase Synthesis (Sigma-Aldrich).
Aside from the methods described here, the compounds of the general formula (I) and salts thereof can be prepared completely or partially by solid-phase-supported methods. For this purpose, individual intermediates or all intermediates in the synthesis or a synthesis adapted for the corresponding procedure are bound to a synthesis resin. Solid-phase-supported synthesis methods are described adequately in the specialist literature, for example Barry A. Bunin in “The Combinatorial Index”, Academic Press, 1998 and Combinatorial Chemistry—Synthesis, Analysis, Screening (editor: Günther Jung), Wiley, 1999. The use of solid-phase-supported synthesis methods permits a number of protocols, which are known from the literature and which for their part may be performed manually or in an automated manner. The reactions can be performed, for example, by means of IRORI technology in microreactors from Nexus Biosystems, 12140 Community Road, Poway, Calif. 92064, USA.
Both in the solid and in the liquid phase, individual or several synthesis steps may be supported by the use of microwave technology. The specialist literature describes a series of experimental protocols, for example in Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (editor: C. O. Kappe and A. Stadler), Wiley, 2005.
The preparation by the processes described here gives compounds of the formula (I) and salts thereof in the form of substance collections, which are called libraries. The present invention also provides libraries comprising at least two compounds of the formula (I) and salts thereof.
The compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention (and/or salts thereof), collectively referred to hereinafter as “compounds according to the invention”, have excellent herbicidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of economically important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous annual harmful plants. The active compounds also have good control over perennial weed plants which are difficult to control and produce shoots from rhizomes, root stocks or other perennial organs.
The present invention therefore also provides a method for controlling unwanted plants or for regulating the growth of plants, preferably in plant crops, in which one or more compound(s) according to the invention is/are applied to the plants (for example harmful plants such as monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous weeds or unwanted crop plants), the seed (for example grains, seeds or vegetative propagules such as tubers or shoot parts with buds) or the area on which the plants grow (for example the area under cultivation). The compounds according to the invention can be deployed, for example, prior to sowing (if appropriate also by incorporation into the soil), prior to emergence or after emergence. Specific examples of some representatives of the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed flora which can be controlled by the compounds according to the invention are as follows, though the enumeration is not intended to impose a restriction to particular species.
Monocotyledonous harmful plants of the genera: Aegilops, Agropyron, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Commelina, Cynodon, Cyperus, Dactyloctenium, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleocharis, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Eriochloa, Festuca, Fimbristylis, Heteranthera, Imperata, Ischaemum, Leptochloa, Lolium, Monochoria, Panicum, Paspalum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Rottboellia, Sagittaria, Scirpus, Setaria, Sorghum.
Dicotyledonous weeds of the genera: Abutilon, Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Anoda, Anthemis, Aphanes, Artemisia, Atriplex, Bellis, Bidens, Capsella, Carduus, Cassia, Centaurea, Chenopodium, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Datura, Desmodium, Emex, Erysimum, Euphorbia, Galeopsis, Galinsoga, Galium, Hibiscus, Ipomoea, Kochia, Lamium, Lepidium, Lindernia, Matricaria, Mentha, Mercurialis, Mullugo, Myosotis, Papaver, Pharbitis, Plantago, Polygonum, Portulaca, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Rorippa, Rotala, Rumex, Salsola, Senecio, Sesbania, Sida, Sinapis, Solanum, Sonchus, Sphenoclea, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Thlaspi, Trifolium, Urtica, Veronica, Viola, Xanthium.
If the compounds according to the invention are applied to the soil surface before germination, the emergence of the weed seedlings is either prevented completely, or the weeds grow until they have reached the cotyledon stage, but then growth stops and, ultimately, after three to four weeks have elapsed, they die completely.
If the active compounds are applied post-emergence to the green parts of the plants, growth stops after the treatment, and the harmful plants remain at the growth stage at the time of application, or they die completely after a certain time, so that in this manner competition by the weeds, which is harmful to the crop plants, is eliminated very early and in a lasting manner.
Although the compounds according to the invention have an outstanding herbicidal activity against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds, crop plants of economically important crops, for example dicotyledonous crops of the genera Arachis, Beta, Brassica, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Helianthus, Daucus, Glycine, Gossypium, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Linum, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Phaseolus, Pisum, Solanum, Vicia, or monocotyledonous crops of the genera Allium, Ananas, Asparagus, Avena, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum, Saccharum, Secale, Sorghum, Triticale, Triticum, Zea, in particular Zea and Triticum, will, depending on the structure of the respective compound according to the invention and its application rate, be damaged to a negligible extent only, or not at all. For these reasons, the present compounds are very suitable for selective control of unwanted plant growth in plant crops such as agriculturally useful plants or ornamental plants.
In addition, the compounds according to the invention (depending on their particular structure and the application rate deployed) have outstanding growth-regulating properties in crop plants. They intervene in the plants' own metabolism with regulatory effect, and can thus be used for the targeted influencing of plant ingredients and to facilitate harvesting, such as e.g. by triggering desiccation and stunted growth. In addition, they are also suitable for general control and inhibition of unwanted vegetative growth without killing the plants in the process. An inhibition of the vegetative growth plays a major role for many mono and dicotyledonous plants since, for example, this can reduce or completely prevent lodging.
By virtue of their herbicidal and plant-growth-regulating properties, the active compounds can also be used for controlling harmful plants in crops of genetically modified plants or plants modified by conventional mutagenesis. In general, transgenic plants are characterized by particular advantageous properties, for example by resistances to certain pesticides, in particular certain herbicides, resistances to plant diseases or pathogens of plant diseases, such as certain insects or microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria or viruses. Other particular properties relate, for example, to the harvested material with regard to quantity, quality, storability, composition and specific constituents. For instance, there are known transgenic plants with an elevated starch content or altered starch quality, or those with a different fatty acid composition in the harvested material.
It is preferred, with respect to transgenic crops, to use the compounds according to the invention in economically important transgenic crops of useful plants and ornamentals, for example of cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet/sorghum, rice and corn or else crops of sugar beet, cotton, soybean, oilseed rape, potato, tomato, peas and other vegetables. It is preferred to employ the compounds according to the invention as herbicides in crops of useful plants which are resistant, or have been made resistant by recombinant means, to the phytotoxic effects of the herbicides.
Preference is given to the use of the compounds according to the invention or salts thereof in economically important transgenic crops of useful plants and ornamentals, for example of cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet/sorghum, rice, cassava and corn, or else crops of sugar beet, cotton, soybean, oilseed rape, potato, tomato, peas and other vegetables. Preferably, the compounds according to the invention can be used as herbicides in crops of useful plants which are resistant, or have been made resistant by recombinant means, to the phytotoxic effects of the herbicides.
Conventional ways of producing novel plants which have modified properties in comparison to plants which have occurred to date consist, for example, in traditional breeding methods and the generation of mutants. Alternatively, novel plants with modified properties can be generated with the aid of recombinant methods (see, for example, EP-A-0221044, EP-A-0131624). For example, there have been many descriptions of
A large number of molecular-biological techniques by means of which novel transgenic plants with modified properties can be generated are known in principle; see, for example, I. Potrykus and G. Spangenberg (eds.) Gene Transfer to Plants, Springer Lab Manual (1995), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. or Christou, “Trends in Plant Science” 1 (1996) 423-431.
To carry out such recombinant manipulations, nucleic acid molecules which allow mutagenesis or a sequence change by recombination of DNA sequences can be introduced into plasmids. For example, base substitutions can be carried out, part-sequences can be removed, or natural or synthetic sequences may be added with the aid of standard methods. For the joining of the DNA fragments to one another, adaptors or linkers can be attached to the fragments; see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; or Winnacker “Gene and Klone” [Genes and Clones], VCH Weinheim 2nd edition 1996.
For example, the generation of plant cells with a reduced activity of a gene product can be achieved by expressing at least one corresponding antisense RNA, a sense RNA for achieving a cosuppression effect, or by expressing at least one suitably constructed ribozyme which specifically cleaves transcripts of the abovementioned gene product. To this end, it is possible firstly to use DNA molecules which encompass the entire coding sequence of a gene product inclusive of any flanking sequences which may be present, and also DNA molecules which only encompass portions of the coding sequence, it being necessary for these portions to be long enough to have an antisense effect in the cells. The use of DNA sequences which have a high degree of homology to the coding sequences of a gene product, but are not completely identical to them, is also possible.
When expressing nucleic acid molecules in plants, the protein synthesized may be localized in any desired compartment of the plant cell. However, to achieve localization in a particular compartment, it is possible, for example, to link the coding region with DNA sequences which ensure localization in a particular compartment. Such sequences are known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Braun et al., EMBO J. 11 (1992), 3219-3227; Wolter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988), 846-850; Sonnewald et al., Plant J. 1 (1991), 95-106). The nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed in the organelles of the plant cells.
The transgenic plant cells can be regenerated by known techniques to give rise to entire plants. In principle, the transgenic plants can be plants of any desired plant species, i.e. not only monocotyledonous, but also dicotyledonous, plants.
Thus, transgenic plants can be obtained whose properties are altered by overexpression, suppression or inhibition of homologous (=natural) genes or gene sequences or expression of heterologous (=foreign) genes or gene sequences.
Preferably, the compounds according to the invention can be used in transgenic crops which are resistant to growth regulators, for example dicamba, or to herbicides which inhibit essential plant enzymes, for example acetolactate synthases (ALS), EPSP synthases, glutamine synthases (GS) or hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases (HPPD), or to herbicides from the group of the sulfonylureas, the glyphosates, glufosinates or benzoylisoxazoles and analogous active compounds.
On employment of the active compounds according to the invention in transgenic crops, not only do the effects toward harmful plants to be observed in other crops occur, but often also effects which are specific to application in the particular transgenic crop, for example an altered or specifically widened spectrum of weeds which can be controlled, altered application rates which can be used for the application, preferably good combinability with the herbicides to which the transgenic crop is resistant, and influencing of growth and yield of the transgenic crop plants.
The invention therefore also provides for the use of the compounds according to the invention as herbicides for control of harmful plants in transgenic crop plants.
On account of the herbicidal property of the compounds of the general formula (I), the invention also further provides the use of the compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention as herbicides for controlling harmful plants.
The compounds according to the invention can be applied in the form of wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, sprayable solutions, dusting products or granules in the customary preparations. The invention therefore also provides herbicidal and plant-growth-regulating compositions which comprise the compounds according to the invention.
The compounds according to the invention can be formulated in various ways, according to the biological and/or physicochemical parameters required. Possible formulations include, for example: wettable powders (WP), water-soluble powders (SP), water-soluble concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions (EW) such as oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, sprayable solutions, suspension concentrates (SC), oil- or water-based dispersions, oil-miscible solutions, capsule suspensions (CS), dusting products (DP), seed-dressing products, granules for scattering and soil application, granules (GR) in the form of microgranules, spray granules, coated granules and adsorption granules, water-dispersible granules (WG), water-soluble granules (SG), ULV formulations, microcapsules and waxes. These individual formulation types are known in principle and are described, for example, in: Winnacker-Küchler, “Chemische Technologie” [Chemical Engineering], volume 7, C. Hanser Verlag Munich, 4th ed. 1986; Wade van Valkenburg, “Pesticide Formulations”, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1973; K. Martens, “Spray Drying” Handbook, 3rd ed. 1979, G. Goodwin Ltd. London.
The formulation auxiliaries required, such as inert materials, surfactants, solvents and further additives, are likewise known and are described, for example, in: Watkins, “Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers”, 2nd ed., Darland Books, Caldwell N. J.; H. v. Olphen, “Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry”, 2nd ed., J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; C. Marsden, “Solvents Guide”, 2nd ed., Interscience, N.Y. 1963; McCutcheon's “Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual”, MC Publ. Corp., Ridgewood N.J.; Sisley and Wood, “Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents”, Chem. Publ. Co. Inc., N.Y. 1964; Schonfeldt, “Grenzflächenaktive Äthylenoxidaddukte” [Interface-active Ethylene Oxide Adducts], Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1976; Winnacker-Küchler, “Chemische Technologie” [Chemical Engineering], volume 7, C. Hanser Verlag Munich, 4th ed. 1986.
Based on these formulations, it is also possible to produce combinations with other pesticidally active substances, such as, for example, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, fungicides, and also with safeners, fertilizers and/or growth regulators, for example in the form of a finished formulation or as a tank mix. Suitable safeners are, for example, mefenpyr-diethyl, cyprosulfamide, isoxadifen-ethyl, cloquintocet-mexyl and dichlormid.
Wettable powders are preparations which can be dispersed uniformly in water and, in addition to the active ingredient, apart from a diluent or inert substance, also comprise surfactants of the ionic and/or nonionic type (wetting agents, dispersants), for example polyoxyethylated alkylphenols, polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylated fatty amines, fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, alkanesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium 2,2′-dinaphthylmethane-6,6′-disulfonate, sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate or else sodium oleoylmethyltaurate. To produce the wettable powders, the herbicidal active ingredients are ground finely, for example in customary apparatus such as hammer mills, blower mills and air-jet mills, and simultaneously or subsequently mixed with the formulation auxiliaries.
Emulsifiable concentrates are produced by dissolving the active compound in an organic solvent, for example butanol, cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide, xylene, or else relatively high-boiling aromatics or hydrocarbons or mixtures of the organic solvents, with addition of one or more ionic and/or nonionic surfactants (emulsifiers). Examples of emulsifiers which may be used are: calcium alkylarylsulfonates such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, or nonionic emulsifiers such as fatty acid polyglycol esters, alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, propylene oxide-ethylene oxide condensation products, alkyl polyethers, sorbitan esters, for example sorbitan fatty acid esters, or polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters.
Dusting products are obtained by grinding the active compound with finely distributed solid substances, for example talc, natural clays such as kaolin, bentonite and pyrophyllite, or diatomaceous earth.
Suspension concentrates may be water- or oil-based. They may be prepared, for example, by wet-grinding by means of commercial bead mills and optional addition of surfactants as have, for example, already been listed above for the other formulation types.
Emulsions, for example oil-in-water emulsions (EW), can be produced, for example, by means of stirrers, colloid mills and/or static mixers using aqueous organic solvents and optionally surfactants as already listed above, for example, for the other formulation types.
Granules can be prepared either by spraying the active compound onto adsorptive granular inert material or by applying active compound concentrates to the surface of carriers, such as sand, kaolinites or granular inert material, by means of adhesives, for example polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylates or else mineral oils. Suitable active compounds can also be granulated in the manner customary for the production of fertilizer granules—if desired as a mixture with fertilizers.
Water-dispersible granules are produced generally by the customary processes such as spray-drying, fluidized bed granulation, pan granulation, mixing with high-speed mixers and extrusion without solid inert material.
For the production of pan granules, fluidized bed granules, extruder granules and spray granules, see, for example, processes in “Spray-Drying Handbook” 3rd ed. 1979, G. Goodwin Ltd., London, J. E. Browning, “Agglomeration”, Chemical and Engineering 1967, pages 147 ff.; “Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook”, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1973, pp. 8-57.
For further details regarding the formulation of crop protection compositions, see, for example, G. C. Klingman, “Weed Control as a Science”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961, pages 81-96 and J. D. Freyer, S. A. Evans, “Weed Control Handbook”, 5th ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1968, pages 101-103.
The agrochemical preparations contain generally 0.1 to 99% by weight, especially 0.1 to 95% by weight, of compounds according to the invention.
In wettable powders, the active compound concentration is, for example, about 10 to 90% by weight, the remainder to 100% by weight consisting of customary formulation constituents. In emulsifiable concentrates, the active compound concentration may be about 1 to 90% and preferably 5 to 80% by weight. Dust-type formulations contain 1 to 30% by weight of active compound, preferably usually 5 to 20% by weight of active compound; sprayable solutions contain about 0.05 to 80% and preferably 2 to 50% by weight of active compound. In the case of water-dispersible granules, the active compound content depends partially on whether the active compound is present in liquid or solid form and on which granulation auxiliaries, fillers, etc., are used. In the water-dispersible granules, the content of active compound is, for example, between 1 and 95% by weight, preferably between 10 and 80% by weight.
In addition, the active compound formulations mentioned optionally comprise the respective customary tackifiers, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, penetrants, preservatives, antifreeze agents and solvents, fillers, carriers and dyes, defoamers, evaporation inhibitors and agents which influence the pH and the viscosity.
Based on these formulations, it is also possible to produce combinations with other pesticidally active substances, such as, for example, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, fungicides, and also with safeners, fertilizers and/or growth regulators, for example in the form of a finished formulation or as a tank mix.
Active compounds which can be employed in combination with the compounds according to the invention in mixed formulations or in the tank mix are, for example, known active compounds which are based on the inhibition of, for example, acetolactate synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, cellulose synthase, enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, phytoene desaturase, photosystem I, photosystem II, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, as are described in, for example, Weed Research 26 (1986) 441-445 or “The Pesticide Manual”, 15th edition, The British Crop Protection Council and the Royal Soc. of Chemistry, 2009 and the literature cited therein.
For application, the formulations in commercial form are, if appropriate, diluted in a customary manner, for example in the case of wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, dispersions and water-dispersible granules with water. Dust-type preparations, granules for soil application or granules for scattering and sprayable solutions are not normally diluted further with other inert substances prior to application.
The required application rate of the compounds of the formula (I) varies with the external conditions, including temperature, humidity and the type of herbicide used. It can vary within wide limits, for example between 0.001 and 1.0 kg/ha or more of active substance, but it is preferably between 0.005 and 750 g/ha.
The examples below illustrate the invention.
0.078 g (0.11 mmol) of (Ph3P)2PdCl2 is added to a solution of 0.8 g (3.7 mmol) of methyl 2-bromonicotinate in 40 ml of dioxane under argon, and this mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature (RT). Thereafter, 1.06 g (4.44 mmol) of 2-chloro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine, 1.53 g (11.12 mmol) K2CO3 and 4 ml H2O, are added in succession to the mixture, and the mixture is stirred for 6 hours under reflux and then left to stand overnight at RT. For work-up, the mixture is poured into H2O and extracted repeatedly with CH2Cl2. The combined organic phases are dried over Na2SO4 and then concentrated. The crude product obtained is purified by column chromatography on silica gel using heptane/ethyl acetate (7:3) as the eluent. This gives 0.9 g (98%) of product as a viscous oil.
1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.70 (dd, 1H), 8.46 (dd, 1H), 8.23 (dd, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 7.47 (dd, 1H), 7.33 (dd, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H).
0.048 g (0.068 mmol) of (Ph3P)2PdCl2 is added to a solution of 0.34 g (1.37 mmol) of methyl 2′-chloro-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carboxylate (1) in 21 ml of dioxane under argon, and this mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at RT. Thereafter, 0.24 g (1.38 mmol) of 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl-boronic acid, 0.57 g (4.2 mmol) K2CO3 and 2 ml H2O are added in succession to this mixture, and the mixture is stirred for 6 hours under reflux and then left to stand overnight at RT. For work-up, the reaction mixture is poured into H2O and extracted repeatedly with CH2Cl2. The combined organic phase is dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude product obtained is purified by column chromatography on silica gel using heptane/ethyl acetylate (7:3) as the eluent. This gives 0.25 g (53%) of product as a viscous oil.
1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.70 (2 dd, 2H), 8.20 (dd, 1H), 8.05 (t, 1H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 7.45 (2dd, 2H), 7.28 (dd, 1H), 7.19 (dd, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H).
A mixture of 0.17 g (0.49 mmol) of 2,4′-bipyridine (2) and 0.028 g (0.49 mmol) of KOH in 10 ml of ethanol is stirred for 6 hours under reflux and then left to stand overnight at RT. Thereafter, the reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness. 0.18 g (99%) of product is obtained as an amorphous solid.
1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.69 (d, 1H), 8.49 (dd, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 8.00 (dd, 1H), 7.80 (dd, 1H), 7.65 (dd, 1H), 7.60, 7.45 (2 dd, 2H), 7.30 (dd, 1H).
The examples listed in the tables below were prepared analogously to the abovementioned methods or are obtainable analogously to the abovementioned methods. The compounds mentioned therein are very especially preferred. The abbreviation Me stands for methyl. If the symbols K or Na are given for the radical R2, this means that the respective compound according to the invention is present in the form of its sodium or potassium salt.
Seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed plants and crop plants are placed in wood-fiber pots in sandy loam and covered with soil. The compounds according to the invention, which have been formulated in the form of wettable powders (WP) or as emulsion concentrates (EC) are then applied to the surface of the soil cover in the form of an aqueous suspension or emulsion at a water application rate of (converted) 600 to 800 l/ha, with addition of 0.2% wetting agent. After the treatment, the pots are placed in a greenhouse and kept under good growth conditions for the test plants. The damage to the test plants is assessed visually after a test period of 3 weeks by comparison with untreated controls (herbicidal activity in percent (%): 100% activity=the plants have died, 0% activity=like control plants). Here, for example, compounds No. 2.002 and 1.245 each show, at an application rate of 320 g/ha, an activity of at least 90% against Veronica persica, Polygonum convolvulus and Amaranthus retroflexus. Compounds No. 3.002, 3.182 and 1.244 each show, at an application rate of 320 g/ha, an activity of at least 90% against Alopecurus myosuroides and Avena fatua.
Seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed plants and crop plants are placed in wood-fiber pots in sandy loam, covered with soil and cultivated in a greenhouse under good growth conditions. 2 to 3 weeks after sowing, the test plants are treated at the one-leaf stage. The compounds according to the invention, which have been formulated in the form of wettable powders (WP) or as emulsion concentrates (EC), are then sprayed as aqueous suspension or emulsion at a water application rate of (converted) 600 to 800 l/ha with the addition of 0.2% of wetting agent onto the green parts of the plants. After the test plants have been left to stand in the greenhouse under optimal growth conditions for about 3 weeks, the action of the preparations is assessed visually in comparison to untreated controls (herbicidal activity in percent (%): 100% activity=the plants have died, 0% activity=like control plants). For example, compounds No. 2.002, 2.182, 3.182, 1.245, 1.244 and 2.241 each show, at an application rate of 320 g/ha, an activity of at least 80% against Veronica persica and Amaranthus retroflexus.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12179519.9 | Aug 2012 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/066333 | 8/2/2013 | WO | 00 |
