Heterocycle derivatives as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a §371 National Stage Application of PCT/GB2005/004743, filed on Dec. 9, 2005, which claims priority from GB Provisional Application Serial Numbers 0516435.5, filed on Aug. 11, 2005, and 0427138.3, filed on Dec. 10, 2004.

The present invention relates to heterocycle derivatives that are inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC). The compounds of the present invention are useful for treating cellular proliferative diseases, including cancer. Further, the compounds of the present invention are useful for treating neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia and stroke among other diseases.

DNA in the nucleus of the cell exists as a hierarchy of compacted chromatin structures. The basic repeating unit in chromatin is the nucleosome. The nucleosome consists of a histone octamer of proteins in the nucleus of the cell around which DNA is wrapped twice. The orderly packaging of DNA in the nucleus plays an important role in the functional aspects of gene regulation. Covalent modifications of the histones have a key role in altering chromatin higher order structure and function and ultimately gene expression. The covalent modification of histones, such as acetylation, occurs by enzymatically mediated processes.

Regulation of gene expression through the inhibition of the nuclear enzyme histone deacetylase (HDAC) is one of several possible regulatory mechanisms whereby chromatin activity can be affected. The dynamic homeostasis of the nuclear acetylation of histones can be regulated by the opposing activity of the enzymes histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). Transcriptionally silent chromatin can be characterized by nucleosomes with low levels of acetylated histones. Acetylation reduces the positive charge of histones, thereby expanding the structure of the nucleosome and facilitating the interaction of transcription factors with the DNA. Removal of the acetyl group restores the positive charge, condensing the structure of the nucleosome. Histone acetylation can activate DNA transcription, enhancing gene expression. Histone deacetylase can reverse the process and can serve to repress gene expression. See, for example, Grunstein, Nature 389, 349-352 (1997); Pazin et al., Cell 89, 325-328 (1997); Wade et al., Trends Biochem. Sci. 22, 128-132 (1997); and Wolffe, Science 272, 371-372 (1996).

WO 04/072047, published on 26 Aug. 2004, discloses indoles, benzimidazoles and naphthimidazoles as HDAC inhibitors, which compounds differ in structure to the compounds of the present invention.

WO 99/64401 and WO 02/10140 disclose structurally related imidazolyl derivatives as somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds of formula (I):

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The compounds of this invention are useful in the inhibition of histone deacetylase. The present invention provides compounds of formula (I):

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p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

q is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

t is 0 or 1;

D is absent, (CH₂)_bor (CH═CH)_c;

b is 1, 2 or 3;

c is 1, 2 or 3;

X is C or S═O;

Het is a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N and O; optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl and C_6-10aryl;

R¹is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, N(R^h)₂wherein R^his independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl and C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl; C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_6-10aryl, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl, N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^a)₂and (CO)_dR^kwherein d is 0 or 1 and R^kis as defined below;

R²is hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, N(R^b)₂, —(C═O)—N(R^c)₂wherein R^cis independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl; C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^gwherein R^gis as defined below and w is zero, one or two; a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N and O; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl and C_6-10aryl;

R³is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, haloC_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy; 6-13 membered partially saturated hydrocarbon ring; 4, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; or a 7-15 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d;

m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

R⁴and R⁵are independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl;

R⁶and R⁸are independently hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, a 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; each of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from halogen, nitro, amino, cyano, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl and C_2-6alkynyl; or

R⁶and R⁸together represent an oxo group;

each R^bis independently hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, hydroxy, C_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^gwherein R^gis as defined below and w is zero, one or two; SO₂R^gwherein R^gis C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, amino, C_1-6alkylamino or di(C_1-6alkyl)amino; or a ring which is C_6-10aryl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl or a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, the ring being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from amino, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, halogen, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy and haloC_1-6alkoxy;

each R^dis halogen, hydroxy, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkylcarbonyl, haloC_1-6alkylcarbonyloxy, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, carboxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, oxo, SO₂N(R^e)₂, N(R^e)₂wherein R^eis independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, carboxy and C_1-6alkyloxycarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^e)₂, C_6-10aryl; C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; a 5 or 6 membered spiro ring containing zero, one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; any of which rings may be optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, amino, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy and haloC_1-6alkoxy;

R^kis NSO₂R^g, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S or a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from halogen and C_1-6alkyl:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof.

In an embodiment:

D is absent;

p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

q is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

t is 0 or 1;

X is C or S═O;

R¹is hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or 8-10 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl and N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl;

R²is hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, N(R^b)₂, —(C═O)—N(R^c)₂wherein R^cis independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl; a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N and O; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl and C_6-10aryl;

R³is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, haloC_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy; 4, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from R^d;

R⁴and R⁵are independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl;

R⁶and R⁸together represent an oxo group;

each R^bis independently hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, hydroxy, C_1-6alkoxy, SO₂R^gwherein R^gis C_1-6alkyl or haloC_1-6alkyl; or a ring which is C_6-10aryl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl or a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, the ring being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from amino, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, halogen, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy and haloC_1-6alkoxy;

R^dis halogen, hydroxy, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkylcarbonyl, haloC_1-6alkylcarbonyloxy, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, carboxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, oxo, SO₂N(R^e)₂, N(R^e)₂wherein R^eis independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, carboxy and C_1-6alkyloxycarbonyl; or C_1-10aryl; 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; any of which rings may be optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, amino, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy and haloC_1-6alkoxy;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In an embodiment of the previous embodiment:

R¹is hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or 8-10 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl and N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl;

R²is hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl or N(R^b)₂wherein R^bis independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, hydroxy and phenyl optionally substituted by amino, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, halogen or C_1-6alkyl; —(C═O)—N(R^c)₂wherein R^cis independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl; a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N and O; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl and C_6-10aryl;

R³is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl; hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, haloC_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, nitro, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino; C_6-10aryl; 4, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; or a 7-10 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from R^d;

R⁴and R⁵are independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl;

R⁶is hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, a 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; each of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from halogen, nitro, amino, cyano, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl and C_2-6alkynyl;

R⁸is hydrogen;

R^dis halogen, hydroxy, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkylcarbonyl, haloC_1-6alkylcarbonyloxy, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, carboxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, SO₂N(R^e)₂, N(R^e)₂wherein R^eis independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, carboxy and C_1-6alkyloxycarbonyl; or C_1-10aryl; 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; or a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; any of which rings may be optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, amino, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy and haloC_1-6alkoxy; and

p, q, t, X and Het are as defined above;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

b is preferably 1 or 2.

c is preferably 1.

Preferably, D is absent, CH₂, CH₂CH₂or CH═CH.

In an embodiment D is absent.

p is preferably 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

p is preferably 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment p is 0.

q is preferably 2, 3 or 4, especially 3 or 4, and most especially 3.

In one embodiment t is 0.

In another embodiment t is 1 and R⁵is hydrogen or methyl, preferably methyl.

In an embodiment of the present invention X is C.

In another embodiment X is S═O.

Preferably, Het is an optionally substituted 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, or an optionally substituted 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms.

In one embodiment Het is an optionally substituted 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S.

More particularly Het is an optionally substituted imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl or thienyl. Further particular Het groups include an optionally substituted furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl and pyridinyl.

Preferably Het is unsubstituted or substituted by one, two or three groups. More particularly Het is unsubstituted or monosubstituted. Favoured optional substituents include C_1-4alkyl and C_6-10aryl, especially methyl and phenyl.

In one embodiment Het is unsubstituted.

For the avoidance of doubt R¹may be attached to any substitutable position of Het as may any optional substituent on Het.

Thus, particular preferred Het groups include imidazolyl, methylimidazolyl, phenylimidazolyl, phenyloxazolyl, triazolyl and thienyl. Further preferred Het groups include furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl and pyridinyl.

Specific Het groups are imidazol-2-yl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl, 4-phenylimidazol-2-yl, 4-phenyloxazol-2-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl, 1-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2-thienyl. Further specific Het groups are 2-furyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, 1,3-thiazol-2-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, 1,3-oxazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrazol-5-yl and pyridin-2-yl.

Preferably R¹is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, (C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl)amino or an optionally substituted ring selected from C_3-7cycloalkyl, C_6-10aryl, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle, a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle contains 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or a 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S.

Preferably, R¹is an optionally substituted ring selected from C_6-10aryl, a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or a 8, 9 or 10 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S.

More particularly, R¹is an optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, benzothienyl or thiazolotriazolyl. Further particular R¹groups include an optionally substituted dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl. Further particular R¹groups include hydroxy, (benzyl)(methyl)amino, dimethylamino, methoxycarbonyl, hydrogen, acetyl, cyclohexyl, bromine and an optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl.

Favourably R¹is unsubstituted or substituted by one, two or three groups. More particularly R¹is unsubstituted, monosubstituted or disubstituted. In an embodiment R¹is monosubstituted. Favoured optional substituents include cyano, halogen, C_1-4alkyl, haloC_1-4alkyl, C_1-4alkoxy, haloC_1-4alkoxy and C_6-10aryl. Further favoured optional substituents include pyrazolyl, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, carboxy, piperidinylcarbonyl, morpholinyl, nitro, (C_1-6alkylcarbonyl)amino, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, amino, aminoC_1-6alkyl, tetrazolyl, [(C_1-6alkylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl, hydroxy, [di(C_1-6alkyl)amino]C_1-6alkyl and oxo; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one, two or three C_1-6alkyl groups. Examples of typical optional substituents include cyano, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy and phenyl. Further examples of typical optional substituents include dimethylpyrazolyl, dimethylamino, carboxy, piperidinylcarbonyl, morpholinyl, nitro, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, acetylamino, methoxycarbonyl, pyrazolyl, amino, aminomethyl, tetrazolyl, [(methylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl, hydroxy, dimethylaminomethyl and oxo.

Thus, particular preferred R¹groups include phenyl, cyanophenyl, bromophenyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, fluorophenyl, difluorophenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, methoxyphenyl, difluoromethoxyphenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, phenylisoxazolyl, pyridinyl, (chloro)(methyl)benzothienyl, (methyl)(trifluoromethyl)thiazolotriazolyl and benzothienyl. Further preferred R¹groups are dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, methoxyquinolinyl, quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl. Further preferred R¹groups are hydroxy, quinoxalinyl, methoxynaphthyl, morpholinyl, benzyl(methyl)amino, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, methylquinolinyl, indolyl, (dimethylpyrazolyl)phenyl, (dimethylamino)phenyl, (fluoro)(methoxy)phenyl, carboxyphenyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, (piperidinylcarbonyl)phenyl, dimethylamino, methoxycarbonyl, dimethoxynaphthyl, morpholinylphenyl, nitrophenyl, trifluoromethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, acetylaminophenyl, (methoxycarbonyl)phenyl, hydrogen, bromophenyl, pyrazolylphenyl, aminophenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, (fluoro)(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, (aminomethyl)phenyl, (aminomethyl)(fluoro)phenyl, tetrazolylphenyl, {[(methylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl, acetyl, cyclohexyl, bromine, hydroxyphenyl, (dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl, fluoroquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl and oxodihydroquinolinyl.

Specific R¹groups are phenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl, biphen-4-yl, 2-naphthyl, 3-thienyl, 3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl, 2-pyridinyl, 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothien-2-yl, 6-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl) [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl and 1-benzothien-3-yl. Further specific R¹groups are 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl, 1-benzothien-2-yl, 4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-2-yl and isoquinolin-3-yl. Further specific R¹groups are quinolin-8-yl, hydroxy, quinoxalin-2-yl, 3-methoxy-2-naphthyl, morpholin-4-yl, benzyl(methyl)amino, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, 2-methylquinolin-5-yl, quinolin-5-yl, 8-methylquinolin-5-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 1-benzothien-7-yl, 1H-indol-5-yl, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 3-carboxyphenyl, biphen-2-yl, dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl, 3-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl, quinoxalin-6-yl, dimethylamino, methoxycarbonyl, 1,4-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl, 3,5-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl, 2-thienyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, pyridin-3-yl, 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-ethoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxyphenyl, 4-(acetylamino)phenyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl, hydrogen, 3-bromophenyl, pyridin-4-yl, 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 2-(aminomethyl)-4-fluorophenyl, biphen-3-yl, 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl, 3-{[(methylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl, acetyl, cyclohexyl, bromine, 4-carboxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl, 2-carboxyphenyl, 2-fluoroquinolin-3-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl, 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl and 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl.

In an embodiment, R¹is hydroxy, halogen, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, N(R^h)₂wherein R^his independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-10aryl and C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl; C_3-10cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl, N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^a)₂and (CO)_dR^kwherein d is 0 or 1 and R^kis as defined above.

In another embodiment, R¹is a 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S, but not more than one of which is O or S, 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, or 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl, N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^a)₂and (CO)_dR^kwherein d is 0 or 1 and R^kis as defined above.

In an embodiment, R¹is an optionally substituted thienyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, benzothienyl, thiazolotriazolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl.

In an embodiment, R¹is thienyl, phenylisoxazolyl, pyridinyl, (chloro)(methyl)benzothienyl, (methyl)(trifluoromethyl)thiazolotriazolyl, benzothienyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, methoxyquinolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, methylquinolinyl, indolyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, fluoroquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl or oxodihydroquinolinyl.

In an embodiment, R¹is 3-thienyl, 3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl, 2-pyridinyl, 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothien-2-yl, 6-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, 1-benzothien-3-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl, 1-benzothien-2-yl, 4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-2-yl, isoquinolin-3-yl, quinolin-8-yl, quinoxalin-2-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, 2-methylquinolin-5-yl, quinolin-5-yl, 8-methylquinolin-5-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 1-benzothien-7-yl, 1H-indol-5-yl, dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 2-thienyl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, 2-fluoroquinolin-3-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl, 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl or 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl.

In an embodiment, R¹is 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl, N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^a)₂and (CO)_dR^kwherein d is 0 or 1 and R^kis as defined above.

In an embodiment, R¹is an optionally substituted 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S.

In an embodiments, R¹is an optionally substituted benzothienyl, thiazolotriazolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indonyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl.

In an embodiment R¹is an optionally substituted quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl.

In an embodiment, R¹is (chloro)(methyl)benzothienyl, (methyl)(trifluoromethyl)thiazolotriazolyl, benzothienyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, methoxyquinolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, methylquinolinyl, indolyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, fluoroquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl or oxodihydroquinolinyl.

In an embodiment, R¹is 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothien-2-yl, 6-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, 1-benzothien-3-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl, 1-benzothien-2-yl, 4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-2-yl, isoquinolin-3-yl, quinolin-8-yl, quinoxalin-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, 2-methylquinolin-5-yl, quinolin-5-yl, 8-methylquinolin-5-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 1-benzothien-7-yl, 1H-indol-5-yl, dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 2-fluoroquinolin-3-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl, 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl or 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl.

In an embodiment, R¹is 4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-2-yl, isoquinolin-3-yl, quinolin-8-yl, quinoxalin-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, 2-methylquinolin-5-yl, quinolin-5-yl, 8-methylquinolin-5-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 2-fluoroquinolin-3-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, 8-methoxyquinolin-5-yl, 2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl, 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl or 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl.

In embodiments, R¹is quinolinyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl, N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^a)₂and (CO)_dR^kwherein d is 0 or 1 and R^kis as defined above.

In an embodiment R¹is quinolinyl optionally substituted by C_1-6alkoxy, preferably methoxy.

In an embodiment R¹is 2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl. R²is preferably hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_3-7cycloalkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, N(R^b)₂, —(C═O)N(R^c)₂, C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^gor an optionally substituted ring selected from thienyl, furyl and pyridinyl.

When R²is a ring, it is preferably unsubstituted or substituted by one, two or three groups. In one embodiment the R²ring is unsubstituted.

R²is preferably hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, N(R^b)₂or —C═O)—N(R^c)₂.

R²is preferably hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, N(R^b)₂wherein R^bis independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, hydroxy and phenyl optionally substituted by amino, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, halogen or C_1-6alkyl, —(C═O)—N(R^c)₂wherein R^cis independently selected from hydrogen and C_1-6alkyl or oxazole.

More particularly, R²is hydrogen, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl or N(R^b)₂. A further particular R²group is haloC_1-6alkyl. Further particular R²groups are hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_3-5cycloalkyl, C_1-6alkylS(O)_mR^gand an optionally substituted ring selected from thienyl, furyl and pyridinyl.

Favourably, R²is C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy or N(R^b)₂. A further favoured R²group is haloC_1-4alkyl.

Preferably, when R^bis a ring it is unsubstituted or substituted by one, two or three independently selected groups. More particularly, the R^bring is unsubstituted or monosubstituted.

R^bis preferably hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy or phenyl optionally substituted by amino. Further preferred R^bgroups include C_1-4alkoxy, SO₂R^gor a benzyl, thiazolyl or thiadiazolyl, the ring being optionally substituted by amino. A further preferred R^bgroup is C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^g.

Preferably, R^bis methyl, ethyl or trifluoromethyl. A further R^bgroup is amino. Particular R^bgroups include hydrogen, methyl, hydroxy and aminophenyl. Further particular R^bgroups include ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, phenyl, benzyl, thiazolyl and thiadiazolyl. Further particular R^bgroups include ethoxy and methylthioethyl.

Specific R^bgroups include hydrogen, methyl, hydroxy and 2-aminophenyl. Further specific R^bgroups include ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, phenyl, benzyl, 1,3-thiazol-2-yl and 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl. Further specific R^bgroups include ethoxy and 2-(methylthio)ethyl.

Thus, particular R²groups are methyl, ethyl, hydroxy, methylamino, hydroxyamino, aminophenylamino, trifluoromethyl, amino, dimethylamino, isopropylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, methylsulfonylamino, methoxymethylamino, trifluoromethylsulfonylamino, ethylsulfonylamino, ethylamino, thiazolylamino and thiadiazolylamino. Further particular R²groups include butyl, propyl, (methylthio)ethylamino, methoxyamino, ethoxyamino, (methyl)propyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, cyclopropyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, thienyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, pyridinyl, furyl and aminosulfonylmethyl.

More particular R²groups include methyl, ethyl, hydroxy, methylamino, hydroxyamino and 2-aminophenylamino. Further particular R²groups are trifluoromethyl, amino, dimethylamino, isopropylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, methylsulfonylamino, methylmethoxyamino, trifluoromethylsulfonylamino, ethylamino, 1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino and 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino. Further particular R²groups include butyl, propyl, 2-(methylthio)ethylamino, methoxyamino, ethoxyamino, isopropyl, 2-methylpropyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, cyclopropyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, 2-thienyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, pyridin-2-yl, 2-furyl and aminosulfonylmethyl.

In an embodiment R²is C_1-6alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment R²is ethyl.

In an embodiment R³is hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy, a 9-10 membered partially saturated hydrocarbon ring; a 4, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; or a 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d.

R³is preferably hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_3-10cycloalkyl, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy; a 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; a 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; or a 8-13 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from R^d.

In one embodiment, R³is amino, C_1-6alkylamino, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_6-10aryl; 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, optionally bridged by a C_1-4alkyl group; 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms; or 8-10 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from R^d.

Particular R³groups include dimethylamino, phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, isoquinolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl and dihydrobenzoxazinyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from R^d. Further particular R³groups are tert-butoxy, cyclopentyl, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, methylamino, amino, diethylamino, hydroxy, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrazolyl, benzyloxy, thiomorpholinyl and azetidinyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from R^d. Further particular R³groups are dihydroisochromenyl, dihydrochromenyl, dihydroindenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, indenyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, imidazothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl and pyrrolopyridinyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d.

In an embodiment, R³is unsubstituted or substituted by one, two, three or four groups independently selected from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d.

Preferably m is 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment m is 0.

Preferably n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment n is 0.

Preferably R³is unsubstituted or substituted by one, two or three groups selected from R^d.

Favoured R^dgroups include halogen, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, carboxy, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, aminosulfonyl, (C_1-6alkylcarbonyl)amino, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl and pyridinyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from C_1-6alkyl and haloC_1-6alkyl. Further favoured R^dgroups are oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, phenyl or pyrrolidinyl, any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from C_1-6alkyl and haloC_1-6alkyl. Further favoured R^dgroups are hydroxy, piperidinespiro, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and di(C_1-6alkylaminoC_1-6alkyl.

Particular R^dgroups include chlorine, fluorine, cyano, methyl, isopropyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, carboxy, nitro, aminosulfonyl, acetylamino, methylpiperazinyl, pyridinyl, methylthiazolyl, (methyl)(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, methoxycarbonyl and morpholinyl. Further particular R^dgroups are bromine, phenyl, oxo, ethyl, trifluoromethyl and pyrrolidinyl. Further particular R^dgroups are hydroxy, piperidinespiro, tert-butyl, ethoxy, benzyloxy, dimethylamino, acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl and dimethylaminomethyl.

Specific R^dgroups include chlorine, fluorine, cyano, methyl, isopropyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, carboxy, nitro, aminosulfonyl, acetylamino, 1-methylpiperazin-4-yl, pyridin-2-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl, 1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, methoxycarbonyl and morpholin-4-yl. Further specific R^dgroups include bromine, phenyl, oxo, ethyl, trifluoromethyl and pyrrolidin-1-yl. Further specific R^dgroups are hydroxy, 4′-piperidinespiro, tert-butyl, ethoxy, benzyloxy, dimethylamino, acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, pyridin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 1-methylpiperazin-4-yl and dimethylaminomethyl.

Thus, particular preferred R³groups include dimethylamino, phenyl, chlorophenyl, fluorophenyl, difluorophenyl, cyanophenyl, (chloro)(cyano)phenyl, (cyano)(fluoro)phenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, difluoromethoxyphenyl, carboxyphenyl, nitrophenyl, (fluoro)(nitro)phenyl, acetylaminophenyl, (methylpiperazinyl)phenyl, naphthyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, methylpiperidyl, methylpiperazinyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, pyridinylpiperidyl, thienyl, (methylthiazolyl)thienyl, [(methyl)(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl]thienyl, isoxazolylthienyl, chlorothienyl, methoxycarbonylthienyl, thiazolyl, dimethylthiazolyl, (acetylamino)(methyl)thiazolyl, dimethylimidazolyl, trimethylpyrazolyl, dimethylisoxazolyl, methylthiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, morpholinylpyridinyl, (methoxy)(methyl)indolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, isoquinolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, (methyl)dihydrobenzoxazinyl, aminosulfonylphenyl, cyanopyridinyl, isopropylpiperidinyl, methylmorpholinyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl and morpholinyl. Further particularly preferred R³groups include indolyl, methylindolyl, methoxyindolyl, bromoindolyl, fluoroindolyl, benzimidazolyl, methoxybenzofuranyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, phenylthiazolyl, chlorobenzothienyl, chloroindolyl, oxodihydrobenzoxazolyl, methoxyoxodihydroindolyl, ethylbenzimidazolyl, oxodihydroquinazolinyl, methyloxodihydrophthalazinyl, dichlorophenyl, fluoro(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, methylbenzimidazolyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, cyanoindolyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl, tert-butoxy, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, pyrrolidinyltetrazolyl, cyclopentyl, benzyloxy, methyl, dimethylpyrrolidinyl, dioxothiomorpholinyl, trifluoromethyl, methylazetidinyl, ethylpiperidinyl, methoxy, methylamino, amino, diethylamino and hydroxy. Further particular preferred R³groups include hydroxyindolyl, (piperidinespiro)dihydroisochromenyl, (piperidinspiro)dihydrochromenyl, chlorobenzimidazolyl, (oxo)dihydrobenzoxazolyl, (piperidinespiro)dihydroindenyl, (oxo)tetrahydroquinolinyl, chloroindazolyl, (ethyl)(methyl)indolyl, (methyl(nitro)indolyl, (methoxy)(methyl)indenyl, (hydroxy)(methyl)indolyl, methoxybenzimidazolyl, dimethylindolyl, methylbenzothiazolyl, (methoxy)(oxo)dihydrobenzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, (fluoro)(methyl)indolyl, (tert-butyl)(methyl)indolyl, (ethoxy)(methyl)indolyl, (benzyloxy)(methyl)indolyl, (oxo)dihydrobenzothiazolyl, fluorobenzimidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, (methyl)tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, (oxo)dihydroisoindolyl, [(dimethylamino)ethyl](oxo)dihydroisoindolyl, (benzyl)(oxo)hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, (acetyl)tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, (methyl)tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, [(tert-butoxy)(oxo)ethyl](methoxy)(methyl)indolyl, (methoxy)(methyl)(pyridinylmethyl)indolyl, (methoxy)dimethylindolyl, (methoxy)(methyl)(pyrrolidinylethyl)indolyl, (methoxy)(methyl)(morpholinylethyl)indolyl, methylbenzisoxazolyl, (dimethylamino)(methyl)indolyl, isoquinolinyl, (methyl)tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, methylbenzothienyl, (carboxymethyl)(methoxy)(methyl)indolyl, (methoxy)(methyl)[(methylpiperazinyl)(oxo)ethyl]indolyl, (methyl)tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl, [(dimethylamino)methyl](methyl)indolyl, tetrafluoroindolyl, (fluoro)(methyl)indolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, (methoxy)pyrrolopyridinyl, imidazolyl, acetylpiperazinyl, (dimethylglycyl)azetidinyl, (methoxyethyl)azetidinyl and methoxyazetidinyl.

Specific R³groups are dimethylamino, phenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, 2-chloro-4-cyanophenyl, 3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 3-difluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-difluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-carboxyphenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl, 4-acetylaminophenyl, 4-(1-methylpiperazin-4-yl)phenyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, 1-methylpiperidin-2-yl, 1-methylpiperidin-3-yl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, 1-methylpiperazin-4-yl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl, 1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-3-yl, 2-thienyl, 5-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl, 5-[1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-2-thienyl, 5-isoxazol-3-yl-2-thienyl, 5-chloro-2-thienyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-thienyl, 1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 2-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl, 1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl, 3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl, 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl, pyridin-3-yl, 2-morpholin-4-ylpyridin-5-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, benzothien-3-yl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3-yl, isoquinol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, 4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-7-yl, pyridin-4-yl, 4-aminosulfonylphenyl, 2-cyanopyridin-5-yl, 1-isopropylpiperidin-3-yl, 4-methylmorpholin-2-yl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-yl and morpholin-4-yl. Further specific R³groups are 1H-indol-3-yl, 2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-2-yl, 5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl, 5-fluoro-1H-indol-2-yl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-yl, 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl, 5-chloro-1-benzothien-3-yl, 4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl, 5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl, 6-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 1-naphthyl, 2-oxoquinazolin-1-(2H)-yl, 4-methyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 1H-indazol-1-yl, quinolin-3-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl, 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-yl, 5-cyano-1H-indol-1-yl, 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-beta-carbolin-4-yl, tert-butoxy, 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-5-yl, 5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl, cyclopentyl, benzyloxy, methyl, 1,3-dimethylpyrrolidin-3-yl, 1,1-dioxothiomorpholin-4-yl, trifluoromethyl, 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, 1-ethylpiperidin-3-yl, methoxy, methylamino, amino, diethylamino, 5-cyano-1H-indol-3-yl and hydroxy. Further specific R³groups are 1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-indol-2-yl, 5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl, 1,4′-piperidinespiro-3,4-dihydroisochromen-3-yl, 2,4-piperidinespiro-3,4-dihydrochromen-4-yl, 5-chloro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl, 2H-indazol-2-yl, 1,4′-piperidinespiro-2,3-dihydroinden-3-yl, 2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl, 5-chloro-1H-indazol-3-yl, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-indol-6-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl, 5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl, 7-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl, 7-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-ethyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-ethoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-(benzyloxy)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-indol-1-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3(2H)-yl, quinolin-5-yl, 6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl, 3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-6-yl, 1-benzofuran-5-yl, 1-benzothien-2-yl, 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-7-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazol-3-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-3-yl, 1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl, 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl, 6-benzyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-3-yl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]-1,6-naphthyridin-7-yl, 2-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, 1-(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 6-methoxy-1-benzofuran-3-yl, quinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-6-yl, 5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl, 5-methyl-1-benzothien-3-yl, 1-(carboxymethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-[2-(1-methylpiperazin-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl, 7-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl, 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1H-indol-3-yl, 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl, 5-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, 1H-imidazol-1-yl, 4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl, 1-(N,N-dimethylglycyl)azetidin-3-yl, 1-(2-methoxyethyl)azetidin-3-yl, 3-methoxyazetidin-1-yl and 1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl.

In an embodiment R³is azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydrobenzoxazinyl, benzimidazolyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, indazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrazolyl, thiomorpholinyl, azetidinyl, dihydroisochromenyl, dihydrochromenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, indenyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl or pyrrolopyridinyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d.

Particular preferred R³groups azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, thiazolyl, dimethylthiazolyl, (acetylamino)(methyl)thiazolyl, trimethylpyrazolyl, dimethylisoxazolyl, methylthiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, (methyl)dihydrobenzoxazinyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, benzimidazolyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, phenylthiazolyl, chlorobenzothienyl, oxodihydrobenzoxazolyl, methoxyoxodihydroindolyl, ethylbenzimidazolyl, oxodihydroquinazolinyl, methyloxodihydrophthalazinyl, methylbenzimidazolyl, (trifluoromethyl)benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, pyrrolidinyltetrazolyl, dioxothiomorpholinyl, methylazetidinyl, (piperidinespiro)dihydroisochromenyl, (piperidinspiro)dihydrochromenyl, chlorobenzimidazolyl, (oxo)dihydrobenzoxazolyl, (oxo)tetrahydroquinolinyl, chloroindazolyl, (methoxy)(methyl)indenyl, methoxybenzimidazolyl, (methoxy)(oxo)dihydrobenzoxazolyl, (oxo)dihydrobenzothiazolyl, fluorobenzimidazolyl, (methyl)tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, (oxo)dihydroisoindolyl, [(dimethylamino)ethyl]dihydroisoindolyl, (benzyl)(oxo)hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, (acetyl)tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, (methyl)tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, methylbenzisoxazolyl, (methyl)tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, methylbenzothienyl, (methyl)tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, (methoxy)pyrrolopyridinyl, (dimethylglycyl)azetidinyl, (methoxyethyl)azetidinyl and methoxyazetidinyl.

In an embodiment, R³is azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl, 1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 2-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl, 1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl, 3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl, 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl, benzothien-3-yl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, 4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-7-yl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-yl, 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl, 5-chloro-1-benzothien-3-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl, 5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl, 6-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 2-oxoquinazolin-1-(2H)-yl, 4-methyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl, 2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, 1H-indazol-1-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-yl, 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-beta-carbolin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-5-yl, 5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl, 1,1-dioxothiomorpholin-4-yl, 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, 1,4′-piperidinespiro-3,4-dihydroisochromen-3-yl, 2,4-piperidinespiro-3,4-dihydrochromen-4-yl, 5-chloro-1H-benzimidazol-3-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl, 2H-indazol-2-yl, 1,4′-piperidinespiro-2,3-dihydroinden-3-yl, 2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl, 5-chloro-1H-indazol-3-yl, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl, 5-methoxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3(2H)-yl, 6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl, 3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-6-yl, 1-benzothien-2-yl, 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-7-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazol-3-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-3-yl, 1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl, 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl, 6-benzyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-3-yl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]-1,6-naphthyridin-7-yl, 2-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, 5-methyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl, 5-methyl-1-benzothien-3-yl, 7-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2-yl, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl, 5-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, 1-(N,N-dimethylglycyl)azetidin-3-yl, 1-(2-methoxyethyl)azetidin-3-yl, 3-methoxyazetidin-1-yl or 1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl.

In an embodiment, R³is azetidinyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d. Preferably, the optional substituent is C_1-6alkyl, especially methyl.

In an embodiment, R³is 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, 1-(N,N-dimethylglycyl)azetidin-3-yl, 1-(2-methoxyethyl)azetidin-3-yl or 3-methoxyazetidin-1-yl.

In an embodiment, R³is 1-methylazetidin-3-yl.

R⁴is preferably hydrogen.

R⁵is preferably C_1-6alkyl, especially methyl. A further preferred R⁵group is hydrogen.

Preferably, R⁶and R⁸are independently hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; or R⁶and R⁸together form an oxo group.

More particularly, R⁶is hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl or morpholinyl and R⁸is hydrogen or C_1-4alkyl; or R⁶and R⁸together form an oxo group.

Specifically, R⁶is hydrogen, methyl or morpholin-4-yl and R⁸is hydrogen or methyl; or R⁶and R⁸together form an oxo group.

In one embodiment, R⁶is hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or a 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, optionally substituted by C_1-6alkyl.

Particular R⁶groups include hydrogen, methyl and morpholinyl. Most preferably R⁶is hydrogen, methyl or morpholin-4-yl.

In one embodiment R⁶is hydrogen.

R⁸is preferably hydrogen or C_1-6alkyl. More particularly, R⁸is hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment R⁸is hydrogen.

In an embodiment, R⁶and R⁸together form an oxo group.

In an embodiment R^ais hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or C_1-6alkylcarbonyl. Preferably, R^ais hydrogen, methyl or acetyl.

In an embodiment R^cis hydrogen or methyl.

In an embodiment R^eis hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or C_1-6alkylcarbonyl. Preferably, R^eis hydrogen, methyl or acetyl.

In an embodiment R^his hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or C_6-10arylC_1-6alkyl. Preferably, R^his methyl or benzyl.

In an embodiment R^kis NHSO₂R^g, pyrazolyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or tetrazolyl, any of which rings being optionally substituted by C_1-6alkyl, especially methyl. Preferably, R^kis dimethylpyrazolyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl or (methylsulfonyl)amino.

Preferably, the α1 carbon asymmetric center of the compounds of the present invention has the stereochemical configuration of S. In one embodiment the α1 carbon asymmetric center has the stereochemical configuration of R.

The present invention also provides compounds of formula II:

embedded image

wherein:

R¹, R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, X, p and t are as defined for formula I;

D is absent, CH₂, CH₂CH₂or CH═CH;

A represents CH or N;

Y represents NR^e, O or S;

Z represents N or CRC;

R⁷represents C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxy, N(R^b)₂, hydroxyC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_3-7cycloalkyl, C_1-6alkylS(O)_mR^g, thienyl, furyl or pyridinyl;

R^brepresents hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy, C_1-4alkoxy, C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^g, SO₂R^g, phenyl, benzyl, thiazolyl or thiadiazolyl, any of which rings being optionally substituted by amino;

R^erepresents hydrogen or C_1-6alkyl;

R^frepresents hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or C_6-10aryl optionally substituted by up to two groups selected from halogen, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkyl or haloC_1-6alkoxy;

R^gis C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, amino, C_1-6alkylamino or di(C_1-6alkyl)amino;

w is 0, 1 or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment:

D is absent;

R⁷is C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxy, or N(R^b)₂;

R^bis hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy, C_1-4alkoxy, SO₂R^g, phenyl, benzyl, thiazolyl or thiadiazolyl, any of which rings being optionally substituted by amino;

R¹is C_1-6alkyl or haloC_1-6alkyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof.

In an embodiment of the previous embodiment:

R⁷is C_1-6alkyl, hydroxy or N(R^b)₂;

R⁸is hydrogen; and

R^bis hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy or phenyl optionally substituted by amino.

A favoured class of compounds of the present invention have the stereochemical configuration of formula III:

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wherein R¹, R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, A, D, X, Y, Z, p and t are as defined for formula II.

The preferred identities with reference to formula II and III are as defined previously mutatis mutandis.

In one embodiment:

D is absent;

R⁷is C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, hydroxy, or N(R^b)₂;

R^bis hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy, C_1-4alkoxy, SO₂R^g, phenyl, benzyl, thiazolyl or thiadiazolyl, any of which rings being optionally substituted by amino;

R^gis C_1-6alkyl or haloC_1-6alkyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof.

In an embodiment of the previous embodiment:

R⁷is C_1-6alkyl, hydroxy or N(R^b)₂;

R⁸is hydrogen; and

R^bis hydrogen, C_1-4alkyl, hydroxy or phenyl optionally substituted by amino.

For the avoidance of doubt, R¹may be attached to any substitutable position of the ring.

In one embodiment D is absent.

In one embodiment A is N, Y is NR^eor O and Z is N or CR^f.

In another embodiment A is N, Y is NR^eand Z is CR^f.

In yet another embodiment A is CH, Y is S and Z is CR^f.

In another embodiment A and Z are both N and Y is NR^e.

In yet another embodiment Y is O.

R¹is preferably phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, benzothienyl or thiazolotriazolyl, optionally substituted by one or two groups independently selected from cyano, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy or phenyl. Further preferred R¹groups are hydrogen and optionally substituted dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl. Further preferred R¹groups include hydroxy, (benzyl)(methyl)amino, dimethylamino, methoxycarbonyl, acetyl, cyclohexyl, bromine and optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl.

R³is preferably dimethylamino, phenyl, napthyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, isoquinolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl and dihydrobenzoxazinyl, any of which rings being optionally substituted by one, two or three groups independently selected from chlorine, fluorine, methyl, isopropyl, cyano, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, carboxy, nitro, aminosulfonyl, acetylamino, methylpiperazinyl, pyridinyl, methylthiazolyl, (methyl)(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, methoxycarbonyl and morpholinyl. Further optional substituents on the rings include bromo, phenyl, oxo, ethyl, trifluoromethyl and pyrrolidinyl. Further optional substituents on the rings include hydroxy, piperidinespiro, tert-butyl, ethoxy, benzyloxy, dimethylaminoethyl, benzyl, acetyl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)methyl, pyridinylmethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, morpholinylethyl, dimethylamino, carboxymethyl, [(methylpiperazinyl)carbonyl]methyl, dimethylaminomethyl, (dimethylaminomethyl)carbonyl and methoxyethyl. Further preferred R³groups are tert-butoxy, cyclopentyl, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, methylamino, amino, diethylamino, hydroxy or an optionally substituted ring selected from benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrazolyl, benzyloxy, thiomorpholinyl and azetidinyl, the optional substituents defined above. Further preferred R³groups are optionally substituted rings selected from dihydroisochromenyl, dihydrochromenyl, dihydroindenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, indenyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, imidazothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl and pyrrolopyridinyl, the optional substituents defined above.

R⁵is preferably methyl. A further preferred R⁵group is hydrogen.

R⁶is preferably hydrogen, methyl or morpholinyl.

R⁷is preferably methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or N(R^b)₂. A further preferred R⁷group is trifluoromethyl. Further preferred R⁷groups are butyl, propyl, isopropyl, (methyl)propyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, cyclopropyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, thienyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, pyridinyl, furyl and aminosulfonylmethyl.

In an embodiment R⁷is C_1-6alkyl.

In another embodiment R⁷is methyl or ethyl.

R^bis preferably hydrogen, methyl, hydroxy or aminophenyl. Further preferred R^bgroups include ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, phenyl, benzyl, thiazolyl and thiadiazolyl. Further preferred R^bgroups are methylthioethyl and ethoxy.

Thus, particular preferred R⁷groups include methyl, ethyl, hydroxy, methylamino, hydroxyamino and (aminophenyl)amino. Further particular R⁷groups include trifluoromethyl, amino, dimethylamino, isopropylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, methylsulfonylamino, methoxymethylamino, trifluoromethylsulfonylamino, ethylsulfonylamino, ethylamino, thiazolylamino and thiadiazolylamino. Further particular R⁷groups include butyl, propyl, (methylthio)ethylamino, methoxyamino, ethoxyamino, propyl, (methyl)propyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, cyclopropyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, thienyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, pyridinyl, furyl and aminosulfonylmethyl.

R^eis preferably hydrogen or methyl.

R^fis preferably hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl or C_6-10aryl. More particularly R^fis hydrogen, methyl or phenyl. A further particular R^fgroup is naphthyl, especially 2-naphthyl.

R^gis preferably methyl, ethyl or trifluoromethyl. A further R^ggroup is amino.

Preferably w is 1 or 2

The present invention also provides intermediates of compounds of formula I represented by formula IA:

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wherein R^pis R⁴or an appropriate protecting group such as Boc;

R¹, R², R⁴, Het and q are as defined above;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment D is absent.

In one embodiment R^pis hydrogen or Boc.

The preferred identities with reference to formula IA are as defined previously mutatis mutandis.

The present invention also provides compounds of formula IB:

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wherein D, R²and X are as defined above for formula I;

R¹is a 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from cyano, halogen, nitro, oxo, hydroxy, C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, C_6-10aryl, C_6-10aryloxy, C_6-10arylcarbonyl, N(R^a)₂wherein R^ais independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_6-10aryl, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl and C_6-10arylcarbonyl; C_1-6alkylN(R^a)₂and (CO)_dR^kwherein d is 0 or 1;

R^kis C_1-6alkoxy, NHSO₂R^g, 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S or a 5 membered unsaturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, but not more than one of which is O or S; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from halogen and C_1-6alkyl;

R^gis C_1-6alkyl, haloC_1-6alkyl, amino, C_1-6alkylamino or di(C_1-6alkyl)amino;

R³is azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydrobenzoxazinyl, benzimidazolyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, indazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrazolyl, thiomorpholinyl, azetidinyl, dihydroisochromenyl, dihydrochromenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl or pyrrolopyridinyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from (CH₂)_m(CO)_nR^d;

m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

n is 0, 1 or 2; and

R^dis halogen, cyano, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, haloC_1-6alkoxy, carboxy, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, aminosulfonyl, (C_1-6alkylcarbonyl)amino, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, phenyl or pyrrolidinyl, hydroxy, piperidinespiro, C_6-10arylC_1-6alkoxy, di(C_1-6alkyl)amino, C_1-6alkylcarbonyl or di(C_1-6alkylaminoC_1-6alkyl; any of which rings being optionally substituted by one or more groups independently chosen from C_1-6alkyl and haloC_1-6alkyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or tautomer thereof.

The preferred identities with reference to formula IIB are the previously defined embodiments for formulae I, II and III, which fall within the scope of formula IB.

In an embodiment, R¹is an optionally substituted 8-13 membered unsaturated or partially saturated heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S.

In an embodiment:

R¹is an optionally substituted benzothienyl, thiazolotriazolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indonyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl; and

R³is an optionally substituted azetidinyl.

In an embodiment:

R¹is an optionally substituted quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl or dihydroquinolinyl; and

R³is an optionally substituted azetidinyl

In an embodiment:

R¹is 2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl; and

R³is 1-methylazetidin-3-yl.

Preferably R²is C_1-6alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl.

Preferably D is a direct bond.

Preferably X is C.

The present invention also includes within its scope N-oxides of the compounds of formula I above. In general, such N-oxides may be formed on any available nitrogen atom. The N-oxides may be formed by conventional means, such as reacting the compound of formula I with oxone in the presence of wet alumina.

The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of formula I above. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of formula I which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound of formula I. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

A prodrug may be a pharmacologically inactive derivative of a biologically active substance (the “parent drug” or “parent molecule”) that requires transformation within the body in order to release the active drug, and that has improved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule. The transformation in vivo may be, for example, as the result of some metabolic process, such as chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of a carboxylic, phosphoric or sulphate ester, or reduction or oxidation of a susceptible functionality.

The present invention includes within its scope solvates of the compounds of formula I and salts thereof, for example, hydrates.

The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers, chiral axes, and chiral planes (as described in: E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994, pages 1119-1190), and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, with all possible isomers and mixtures thereof, including optical isomers, all such stereoisomers being included in the present invention. In addition, the compounds disclosed herein may exist as tautomers and both tautomeric forms are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the invention, even though only one tautomeric structure is depicted.

The compounds may exist in different isomeric forms, all of which are encompassed by the present invention.

When any variable (e.g. R¹and R², etc.) occurs more than one time in any constituent, its definition on each occurrence is independent at every other occurrence. Also, combinations of substituents and variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. Lines drawn into the ring systems from substituents represent that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring atoms. If the ring system is polycyclic, it is intended that the bond be attached to any of the suitable carbon atoms on the proximal ring only.

It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting materials. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these multiple groups may be on the same carbon or on different carbons, so long as a stable structure results. The phrase “optionally substituted” should be taken to be equivalent to the phrase “unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents” and in such cases the preferred embodiment will have from zero to three substituents. More particularly, there are zero to two substituents. A substituent on a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycle can be attached at any substitutable position.

As used herein, “alkyl” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, “C₁-C₆alkyl” is defined to include groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons in a linear or branched arrangement. For example, “C₁-C₆alkyl” specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and so on. The preferred alkyl group is methyl. The term “cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, “C_7-10cycloalkyl” includes cyclopropyl, methyl-cyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-cyclobutyl, 2-ethyl-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and so on. In an embodiment of the invention the term “cycloalkyl” includes the groups described immediately above and further includes monocyclic unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. For example, “cycloalkyl” as defined in this embodiment includes cyclopropyl, methyl-cyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-cyclobutyl, 2-ethyl-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutenyl, 7,7-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl and so on. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

“Alkoxy” represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. “Alkoxy” therefore encompasses the definitions of alkyl above. Examples of suitable alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy and t-butoxy. The preferred alkoxy group is methoxy.

The terms “haloC_1-6alkyl” and “haloC_1-6alkoxy” mean a C_1-6alkyl or C_1-6alkoxy group in which one or more (in particular, 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms, especially fluorine or chlorine atoms. Preferred are fluoroC_1-6alkyl and fluoroC_1-6alkoxy groups, in particular fluoroC_1-3alkyl and fluoroC_1-3alkoxy groups, for example, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, CH₂CH₂F, CH₂CHF₂, CH₂CF₃, OCF₃, OCHF₂, OCH₂F, OCH₂CH₂F, OCH₂CHF₂or OCH₂CF₃, and most especially CF₃, OCF₃and OCHF₂.

The term “hydroxyC_1-6alkyl” means a C_1-6alkyl group in which one or more (in particular, 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms have been replaced by hydroxy groups. Preferred are CH₂OH, CH₂CHOH and CHOHCH₃.

As used herein, the term “C_2-6alkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, straight or branched, containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon double bond. Preferably one carbon to carbon double bond is present, and up to four non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds may be present. Alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl and 2-methylbutenyl. The straight or branched portion of the alkenyl group may contain double bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkenyl group is indicated. Preferred alkenyl groups include ethenyl and propenyl.

The term “C_2-6alkynyl” refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight or branched, containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Up to three carbon-carbon triple bonds may be present. Alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl and so on. The straight or branched portion of the alkynyl group may contain triple bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkynyl group is indicated. Preferred alkynyl groups include ethynyl and propynyl.

As used herein, “C_6-10aryl” is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of 6 to 10 atoms, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, tetrahydrobenzo[7]annulene, indenyl and tetrahydroindenyl. The preferred aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl, especially phenyl.

Examples of particular heterocycles of this invention are benzimidazolyl, benzofurandionyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolonyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, epoxidyl, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxetanyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolizinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidyl, pyridin-2-onyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzoimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, dihydroisochromenyl, dihydroimidazolonyl, dihydrotriazolonyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolidinonyl, imidazolonyl, isoindolinonyl, octahydroquinolizinyl, octahydroisoindolyl, imidazopyridinyl, azabicycloheptanyl, chromenonyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzoxazinyl, thiazolotriazolyl, azoniabicycloheptanyl, azoniabicyclooctanyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinazolinyl, pteridinyl and N-oxides thereof. Further particular heterocycles include dihydroquinazolinyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl and N-oxides thereof. Further particular heterocycles include dibenzofuranyl, naphthyridinyl, dihydrochromenyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl and N-oxides thereof. Attachment of a heterocyclyl substituent can occur via a carbon atom or via a heteroatom.

A preferred 4 membered saturated heterocycle is azetidinyl.

Preferred 5 or 6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocycles are pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl and azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl. A further preferred heterocycle is thiomorpholinyl.

Preferred 5 membered unsaturated heterocycles are thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl and triazolyl. Further preferred heterocycles are tetrazolyl, furyl and oxadiazolyl.

A preferred 6 membered unsaturated heterocycle is pyridinyl.

Preferred 8-10 membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated heterocycles are benzothienyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, thiazolotriazolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydrothiazolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzoxazinyl and dihydrobenzofuranyl. Further preferred heterocycles are benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, indazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzotriazolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydronaphthyridinyl and triazolopyrimidinyl. Further preferred heterocycles are quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, naphthyridinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydroisochromenyl, dihydrochromenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, hexahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridinyl, tetrahydroimidazopyrazinyl and pyrrolopyridinyl.

A preferred 13 membered partially saturated heterocycle is tetrahydrobetacarbolinyl.

A preferred 14 membered partially saturated heterocycle is tetrahydropyridonaphthyridinyl.

Preferred 6-13 membered partially saturated hydrocarbon groups are tetrahydronaphthyl and dihydroindenyl.

As used herein, the term ‘halogen’ refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, of which fluorine, chlorine and bromine are preferred.

Particular compounds within the scope of the present invention include:

1-methyl-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[[2-(dimethylammonio)ethyl](methyl)amino]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)piperazinedium tris(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-2-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}propyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2-naphthylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-benzothien-3-ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1,2-dimethyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({1-[5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({1-[5-(3-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[1-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[1-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium chloride;
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium dichloride;
1-methyl-4-[4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]piperazinedium tris(trifluoroacetate);
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
3-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}propyl)-2-azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}-1-pyridinium-3-ylethyl)morpholin-4-ium tris(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-1-(4-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[(1S)-1-(5-biphenyl-4-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-{[((1S)-1-{5-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl}-7-oxooctyl)amino]carbonyl}-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-{[((1S)-7-oxo-1-{5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl}octyl)amino]carbonyl}piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]octyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-methyl-7-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-2-thienyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1,3,5-trimethyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[({5-[1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-2-thienyl}sulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-isoxazol-3-yl-2-thienyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-{[((1S)-7-oxo-1-{5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl}octyl)amino]carbonyl}piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-{[((1S)-1-{5-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl}-7-oxooctyl)amino]carbonyl}-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[4-(acetylamino)phenyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-thienyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[3-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-morpholin-4-yl-5-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)isoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-carboxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-7-oxo-1-[5-(3-thienyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]octyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]pyridinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(5-chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothien-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-7-oxo-1-[5-(3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]octyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-{[((1S)-1-{5-[6-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-yl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl}-7-oxooctyl)amino]carbonyl}piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[1-methyl-4-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)nonyl]acetamide;
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1-benzothien-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-1-[(3,4-difluorobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[4-(acetylamino)benzoyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[4-(aminosulfonyl)benzoyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(3-nitrobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(3-cyanobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(4-cyanobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-({[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-6-carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-6-carboxy-1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(Hydroxyamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{((1S)-1-[(3-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-cyano-5-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[[2-(dimethylammonio)ethyl](methyl)amino]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((S)-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-[(2-aminophenyl)amino]-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3S)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(3S)-1-isopropyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3R)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-({[(3R)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-methyl-2-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl]morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3R)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(3R)-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3S)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-({[(3S)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);

and the pharmaceutically acceptable free bases, salts, alternative salts and stereoisomers thereof.

Further particular compounds within the scope of the present invention are:

2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
5-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-2-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)nonyl]acetamide;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid;
(7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanamide;
(7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanoic acid;
(7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanamide;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
2-{(1S)-1-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
3-nitro-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-furyl)octyl]benzenesulfonamide;
2-((1S)-7-[(ethylsulfonyl)amino]-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-8,8,8-trifluoro-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
3-nitro-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)octyl]benzenesulfonamide;
2-((1S)-7-amino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(dimethylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(isopropylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-anilino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(benzylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxoheptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium trifluoroacetate;
(3S)-1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]pyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate;
(3S)-1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium trifluoroacetate;
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide;
4-cyano-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}benzenesulfonamide;
2-((1S)-7-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-7-(hydroxyamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-6-carboxy-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino]hexyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-7-[(2-aminophenyl)amino]-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-6-carboxy-1-({[(3R)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)hexyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-6-carboxy-1-({[(3S)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)hexyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-7-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxo-7-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(ethylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({((1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;
N-{(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)octyl]acetamide;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1-benzothien-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-ethyl-1-[3-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(1-naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(2-naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxoquinazolin-1(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-methyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(phenylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxo-7-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)heptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxo-7-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)heptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-methyl-1-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
3-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1,2-benzisoxazol-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-cyano-1H-indol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(dimethylammonio)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
(7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanamide;
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;
2-ethyl-1-[3-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium trifluoroacetate;
(3R)-1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]pyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate;
(4R)-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-beta-carbolin-2-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanamide;
4-[({(1S)-6-carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium trifluoroacetate;
(7S)-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-[(1,3-thiazol-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]heptanoic acid;
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[4-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[2-({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindolium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(piperidin-1-ylacetyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-[({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)acetyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-{[(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(phenylacetyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
(7S)-7-({[(3S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid;
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-6-carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate;
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-7-amino-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1-benzothien-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-{[(benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl}amino)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(cyclopentylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-{[(3-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(4-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-({[(3S)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-({[(3R)-1-methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-[({(1R)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(3R)-3-[({(1S)-6-carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate;
5-methoxy-N-{(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;
(7S)-7-{[(benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanamide;
2-((1R)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({((S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
3-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
6-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-quinolin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[(1S)-1-(5-isoquinolin-3-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-N-{1-[2-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}piperidine-4-carboxamide;
1-methyl-N-[7-oxo-1-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)nonyl]piperidine-4-carboxamide;
2-[(1S)-1-(acetylamino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1,3-dimethylpyrrolidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[3-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]thiomorpholin-4-ium 1,1-dioxide bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[2-(dimethylammonio)-2-methylpropanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-{[3-(2-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-[2-({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxoquinazolin-1(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-ethyl-3-[({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[methoxy(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[2-methyl-2-(methylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)nonyl]acetamide;
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-quinolin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium dichloride;
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)(oxo)acetyl]piperazin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[morpholin-4-yl(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[amino(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(diethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-cyano-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(carboxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-indolium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-ethyl-1-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-1H-3,1-benzimidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}piperidine-4-carboxamide;
6-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride;
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}quinuclidine-4-carboxamide;
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable free bases, salts, alternative salts and stereoisomers thereof.

Particular intermediates within the scope of the present invention include:

2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-6-carboxyhexyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
(1S)-1-[3-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononan-1-aminium trifluoroacetate;
tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}carbamate;
(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridin-2-yl)nonan-1-aminium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);

and the pharmaceutically acceptable bases, salts, alternative salts and stereoisomers thereof.

Further particular compounds within the scope of the present inventions are:

2-{(1S)-1-[(carboxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[morpholin-4-yl(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride;
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride;
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5-oxoheptyl}quinuclidine-4-carboxamide;
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide;
5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-{[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]methyl}morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[(1E)-3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-acetyl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-cyclohexyl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoundecyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-cyclopropyl-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-9-methyl-7-oxodecyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-8-hydroxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(2-furyl)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-8-(methylsulfinyl)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-8-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-8-(aminosulfonyl)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)-7-pyridin-2-ylheptyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-7-amino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-{[(benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-L-tartrate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(7-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-3,4-dihydrospiro[isochromene-1,4′-piperidinium]bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-3,4-dihydrospiro[chromene-2,4′-piperidinium]bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-chloro-2-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-3,1-benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxoquinazolin-1(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}octyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}octyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2H-indazol-2-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-2,3-dihydrospiro[indene-1,4′-piperidinium]bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}octyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-cyano-1H-indol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(2-naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1-benzothien-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1H-indazol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(2-{(1S)-1-[(1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl)-4-methoxyquinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-methoxy-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium trifluoroacetate;
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;
N,N,2-trimethyl-1-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-1-oxopropan-2-aminium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium trifluoroacetate;
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide;
N,N-dimethyl-N′-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}ethanediamide;
8-[2-(1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-6-phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-2-(2-oxoquinazolin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide;
3-(2-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}propanamide;
N,N-dimethyl-2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethanaminium trifluoroacetate;
2-ethyl-1-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(6-phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-1H-3,1-benzimidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(6-phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-6-phenylpyridinium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-quinoxalin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-{[benzyl(methyl)ammonio]methyl}-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]methyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxodecyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]-2-methylquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]-8-methylquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
8-methoxy-5-[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(1-benzothien-7-yl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(1H-indol-5-yl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-ethyl-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-quinoxalin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[4-(dimethylammonio)phenyl]-2-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-biphenyl-2-yl-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[3-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[(dimethylammonio)methyl]-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(1,4-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-{[2-(methylthio)ethyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(methoxyamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-(ethoxyamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(5-methoxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-benzothien-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,5-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-6-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(7-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium trifluoroacetate;
4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[2-(dimethylammonio)-2-methylpropanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(3,5-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{([(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(7-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-ethyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]acetamide;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[5-(benzyloxy)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]acetamide;
3-(1H-indol-1-yl)-N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]propanamide;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[3-(2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3(2H)-yl)propanoyl]amino}nonyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(quinolin-3-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(quinolin-5-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(6-chloro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)acetamide;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-8-methyl-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-6-carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-thienyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(1-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-quinolin-8-yl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
3-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]pyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(3-cyanophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[2-fluoro-phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[3-(ethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-(ethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[4-(acetylamino)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-cyano-phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[5-(3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pentanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-benzofuran-5-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-benzothien-2-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-(dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-methoxyquinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-bromophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-methoxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
7-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-1,8-naphthyridin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
7-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
N³,N³-dimethyl-N-[{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-α-alaninamide;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazol-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[3-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}nonyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-{(1S)-1-[({2-[2-(dimethylammonio)ethyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl}carbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
6-benzyl-2-oxo-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-6-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
7-(4-oxo-4-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}butanoyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]-1,6-naphthyridin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-methyl-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]pyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-ammoniophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[3-(ammoniomethyl)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-[2-(ammoniomethyl)-4-fluorophenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-biphenyl-3-yl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
3-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-{[(methylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1R)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(2-pyrrolidinium-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-{2-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-indol-1-yl]ethyl}morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-(dimethylammonio)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoundecyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxodecyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
N-[1-(5-acetyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide;
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-(dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-methoxyquinolinium trichloride;
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-methoxy-1-benzofuran-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
6-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
6-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)isoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-methyl-6-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-3,5-diium tris(trifluoroacetate);
2-(5-methyl-1-benzothien-3-yl)-N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]acetamide;
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(carboxymethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-{[5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-indol-1-yl]acetyl}-1-methylpiperazin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
7-methyl-2-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-4,7-diium tris(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-1-[({5-[(dimethylammonio)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}acetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-bromo-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]isoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-{4-[(dimethylammonio)methyl]phenyl}-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-[4-(dimethylammonio)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
1-methyl-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}azetidine-3-carboxamide;
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-({[(1S)-6-carboxy-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)hexyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[(1S)-7-(methoxyamino)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)heptyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)-7-(2-thienyl)heptyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(2-fluoroquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
8-methoxy-5-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
5-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
2-methyl-1-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
4-methoxy-2-(2-{(1S)-1-[(3-morpholin-4-ium-4-ylpropanoyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl)quinolinium trichloride;
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-(1H-imidazol-1-ium-1-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-methoxyquinolinium trichloride;
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-acetylpiperazin-1-ium-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-methoxyquinolinium trichloride;
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(dimethylammonio)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-methoxyquinolinium trichloride;
4-methoxy-2-(2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(piperidinium-1-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl)quinolinium trichloride;
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride;
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-methylmorpholin-4-ium-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
4-methoxy-2-[2-((S)-1-{[3-(4-methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
4-methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-yl)(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate);
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(N,N-dimethylglycyl)azetidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(2-methoxyethyl)azetidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium formate;
1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,6-naphthyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium formate;
1-methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium formate;
3-({(1S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-N,N-dimethyl-3-oxopropan-1-aminium formate;
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane formate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
N-{(S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-2-(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl)acetamide;
5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(morpholin-4-ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
5-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-{[(methylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate;
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(3-methoxyazetidinium-1-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate);
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
4-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate);
5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride;
2-((1S)-1-{[(dimethylammonio)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium dichloride;
3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylazetidinium chloride;
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide;
N-{(1S)-7-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-[5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}-1-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable free bases, salts, alternative salts and stereoisomers thereof.

Included in the instant invention is the free base of compounds of Formula I, as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof. Some of the specific compounds exemplified herein are the protonated salts of amine compounds. Compounds of Formula I with a heterocycle ring containing 2 or more N atoms may be protonated on any one, some or all of the N atoms. The term “free base” refers to the amine compounds in non-salt form. The encompassed pharmaceutically acceptable salts not only include the salts exemplified for the specific compounds described herein, but also all the typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the free form of compounds of Formula I. The free form of the specific salt compounds described may be isolated using techniques known in the art. For example, the free form may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous NaOH, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate. The free forms may differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the acid and base salts are otherwise pharmaceutically equivalent to their respective free forms for purposes of the invention.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the instant compounds can be synthesized from the compounds of this invention which contain a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts of the basic compounds are prepared either by ion exchange chromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents. Similarly, the salts of the acidic compounds are formed by reactions with the appropriate inorganic or organic base.

Thus, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention as formed by reacting a basic instant compound with an inorganic or organic acid. For example, conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like, as well as salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, trifluoroacetic and the like. Preferably, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of this invention contains 1 equivalent of a compound of formula (I) and 1, 2 or 3 equivalent of an inorganic or organic acid. More particularly, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of this invention are the trifluoroacetate or the chloride salts, especially the trifluoroacetate salts. Preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of this invention are the tartrate salts.

When the compound of the present invention is acidic, suitable “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared form pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamin, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.

The preparation of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts described above and other typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts is more fully described by Berg et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., 1977:66:1-19.

It will also be noted that the compounds of the present invention are potentially internal salts or zwitterions, since under physiological conditions a deprotonated acidic moiety in the compound, such as a carboxyl group, may be anionic, and this electronic charge might then be balanced off internally against the cationic charge of a protonated or alkylated basic moiety, such as a quaternary nitrogen atom.

The compounds of the invention can be used in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

The compounds of the invention find use in a variety of applications for human and animal health. The compounds of the invention are histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors useful in the treatment of cancer among other diseases. HDACs catalyse the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on proteins, including histones and HDAC inhibitors show diverse biological functions including affecting gene expression, cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, growth arrest, and/or apoptosis. See J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46:5097 and Curr. Med. Chem. 2003, 10:2343.

The compounds of the invention are used to treat cellular proliferation diseases. Disease states which can be treated by the methods and compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, cancer (further discussed below), neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia and stroke

The compounds, compositions and methods provided herein are particularly deemed useful for the treatment of cancer including solid tumors such as skin, breast, brain, cervical carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, etc. In particular, cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to: Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; Lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma; Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma); Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nephroblastoma], lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors; Nervous system: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma); Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma [serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma); Hematologic: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [malignant lymphoma]; Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis; and Adrenal glands: neuroblastoma. Thus, the term “cancerous cell” as provided herein, includes a cell afflicted by any one of the above-identified conditions.

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cellular proliferation diseases.

The present invention also provides a method for the treatment of cellular proliferation diseases, which method comprises administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

The compounds of the instant invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, including, but not limited to, polyglutamine-expansion-related neurodegeneration, Huntington's disease, Kennedy's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), protein-aggregation-related neurodegeneration, Machado-Joseph's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spongiform encephalopathy, a prion-related disease and multiple sclerosis (MS). See WO 02/090534 and WO 03/083067.

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases, which method comprises administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of mental retardation, in particular “X chromosome-linked mental retardation” and “Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome”.

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing mental retardation.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing mental retardation, which method comprises administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of schizophrenia, see WO 02/090534.

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing schizophrenia.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing schizophrenia, which method comprises administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases, including, but not limited to stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis and traumatic brain injuries. See Leoni et al., PNAS, 99(5):2995-3000 (2002), Suuronen et al., J. Neurochem. 87:407-416 (2003) and Drug Discovery Today, 10: 197-204 (2005).

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing inflammatory diseases.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing inflammatory diseases, which method comprises administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

The compounds of the present invention are also useful in the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation and/or migration and are thus useful in the prevention and/or treatment of restenosis, for example after angioplasty and/or stent implantation.

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing restenosis.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or prevention restenosis, which method comprises administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

In one embodiment, smooth muscle cell proliferation and/or migration is inhibited and restenosis is prevented and/or treated by providing a stent device having one or more of the compounds of the instant invention in or on the stent device, e.g. coated onto the stent device. The stent device is designed to controllably release the compounds of the invention, thereby inhibiting smooth miscle cell proliferation and/or migration and preventing and/or treating restenosis.

Stenosis and restenosis are conditions associated with a narrowing of blood vessels. Stenosis of blood vessels generally occurs gradually over time. Restenosis, in contrast, relates to a narrowing of blood vessels following an endovascular procedure, such as balloon angioplasty and/or stent implantation, or a vascular injury.

Balloon angioplasty is typically performed to open a stenotic blood vessel; stenting is usually performed to maintain the patency of a blood vessel after, or in combination with, balloon angioplasty. A stenotic blood vessel is opened with balloon angioplasty by navigating a balloon-tipped catheter to the site of stenosis, and expanding the balloon tip effectively to dilate the occluded blood vessel. In an effort to maintain the patency of the dilated blood vessel, a stent may be implanted in the blood vessel to provide intravascular support to the opened section of the blood vessel, thereby limiting the extent to which the blood vessel will return to its occluded state after release of the balloon catheter. Restenosis is typically caused by trauma inflicted during angioplasty, effected by, for example, ballon dilation, atherectomy or laser ablation treatment of the artery. For these procedures, restenosis occurs at a rate of about 30% to about 60% depending on the vessel location, lesion length and a number of other variables. This reduces the overall success of the relatively non-invasive balloon angioplasty and stenting procedures

Restenosis is attributed to many factors, including proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC). SMC proliferation is triggered by the initial mechanical injury to the intima that is sustained at the time of balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. The process is characterized by early platelet activation and thrombus formation, followed by SMC recruitment and migration, and, finally, cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation. Damaged endothelial cells, SMCs, platelets, and macrophages secrete cytokines and growth factors which promote restenosis. SMC proliferation represents the final common pathway leading to neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, anti-proliferative therapies aimed at inhibiting specific regulatory events in the cell cycle may constitute the most reasonable approach to restenosis after angioplasty.

The compounds of the invention may also be used as immunosuppressants or immunomodulators and can accordingly be used in the treatment or prevention of immune response or immune-mediated responses and diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and acute or chronic transplant rejection in a recipient of an organ, tissue or cell transplant, (see WO 05/013958).

Examples of autoimmune diseases for which the compounds of the invention may be employed include autoimmune hematological disorders (including hemolytic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, pure red cell anaemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia), systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, polychondritis, sclerodoma, Wegener granulamatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vasculitis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) endocrine opthalmopathy, Graves disease, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, primary billiary cirrhosis, juvenile diabetes (diabetes mellitus type I), diabetes type II and the disorders associated therewith, uveitis (anterior and posterior), keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial lung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis, glomerulonephritis (with and without nephrotic syndrome, including idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or minimal change nephropathy), juvenile dermatomyositisinfectious, auto-antibody mediated diseases, aplastic anemia, Evan's syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, infectious diseases causing aberrant immune response and/or activation, such as traumatic or pathogen induced immune disregulation, including for example, that which are caused by hepatitis B and C infections, staphylococcus aureus infection, viral encephalitis, sepsis, parasitic diseases wherein damage is induced by inflammatory response (e.g. leprosy); and circulatory diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, polyarteritis nodosa and myocarditis.

Thus, the present invention provides a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of immune disorders.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing immune disorders, which method comprises administration to a patent in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a composition comprising a compound of formula I.

The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of other diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and asthma.

The compounds of the invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, as described in Cell, 110:479-488 (2002).

In an embodiment the compounds of this invention may be useful for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, stroke, mental retardation, immune disorders or asthma.

The compounds of this invention may be administered to mammals, preferably humans, either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition, according to standard pharmaceutical practice. In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be administered to animals. The compounds can be administered orally or parenterally, including the intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to mask the unpleasant taste of the drug or delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a water soluble taste masking material such as hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose, or a time delay material such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active material in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol or alpha-tocopherol.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of an oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavoring agents, preservatives and antioxidants.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous solutions. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.

The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable oil-in-water microemulsion where the active ingredient is dissolved in the oily phase. For example, the active ingredient may be first dissolved in a mixture of soybean oil and lecithin. The oil solution then introduced into a water and glycerol mixture and processed to form a microemulation.

The injectable solutions or microemulsions may be introduced into a patient's blood stream by local bolus injection. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to administer the solution or microemulsion in such a way as to maintain a constant circulating concentration of the instant compound. In order to maintain such a constant concentration, a continuous intravenous delivery device may be utilized. An example of such a device is the Deltec CADD-PLUS™ model 5400 intravenous pump.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

Compounds of Formula I may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.

For topical use, creams, ointments, jellies, solutions or suspensions, etc., containing the compound of Formula I are employed. (For purposes of this application, topical application shall include mouth washes and gargles.)

The compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles and delivery devices, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen. Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered as a suppository employing bases such as cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.

When a compound according to this invention is administered into a human subject, the daily dosage will normally be determined by the prescribing physician with the dosage generally varying according to the age, weight, sex and response of the individual patient, as well as the severity of the patient's symptoms.

In one exemplary application, a suitable amount of compound is administered to a mammal undergoing treatment for cancer. Administration generally occurs in an amount between about 0.1 mg/kg of body weight to about 60 mg/kg of body weight per day, preferably of between 0.5 mg/kg of body weight to about 40 mg/kg of body weight per day.

The instant compounds are also useful in combination with known therapeutic agents and anti-cancer agents. Thus, this invention provides combinations of compounds of formula (I) and known therapeutic agents and/or anti-cancer agents for simultaneous, separate or sequential administration. For example, instant compounds are useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents. Combinations of the presently disclosed compounds with other anti-cancer or chemotherapeutic agents are within the scope of the invention. Examples of such agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6^thedition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved. Such anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, the following: other HDAC inhibitors, estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic/cytostatic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and other angiogenesis inhibitors, inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling, apoptosis inducing agents and agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints. The instant compounds are particularly useful when co-administered with radiation therapy.

In an embodiment, the instant compounds are also useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents including the following: other HDAC inhibitors, estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and other angiogenesis inhibitors.

Examples of “other HDAC inhibitors” include suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), LAQ824, LBH589, PXD101, MS275, FK228, valproic acid, butyric acid and CI-994.

“Estrogen receptor modulators” refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081, toremifene, fulvestrant, 4-[7-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone, and SH646.

“Androgen receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasteride and other 5α-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, liarozole, and abiraterone acetate.

“Retinoid receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of retinoids to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of such retinoid receptor modulators include bexarotene, tretinoin, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, α-difluoromethylornithine, ILX23-7553, trans-N-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, and N-4-carboxyphenyl retinamide.

“Cytotoxic/cytostatic agents” refer to compounds which cause cell death or inhibit cell proliferation primarily by interfering directly with the cell's functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell mytosis, including alkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, hypoxia activatable compounds, microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilizing agents, inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression, antimetabolites; biological response modifiers; hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents, haematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and ubiquitin ligase inhibitors.

Examples of cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, sertenef, cachectin, ifosfamide, tasonermin, lonidamine, carboplatin, altretamine, prednimustine, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, temozolomide, heptaplatin, estramustine, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfamide, nimustine, dibrospidium chloride, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifosfamide, cis-aminedichloro(2-methyl-pyridine)platinum, benzylguanine, glufosfamide, GPX100, (trans, trans, trans)-bis-mu-(hexane-1,6-diamine)-mu-[diamine-platinum(II)]bis[diamine(chloro)platinum (II)]tetrachloride, diarizidinylspermine, arsenic trioxide, 1-(11-dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, zorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, bisantrene, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, pinafide, valrubicin, amrubicin, antineoplaston, 3′-deamino-3′-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycaminomycin, annamycin, galarubicin, elinafide, MEN10755, and 4-demethoxy-3-deamino-3-aziridinyl-4-methylsulphonyl-daunorubicin (see WO 00/50032).

An example of a hypoxia activatable compound is tirapazamine.

Examples of proteasome inhibitors include but are not limited to lactacystin, bortezomib, epoxomicin and peptide aldehydes such as MG 132, MG 115 and PSI.

In an embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with other HDAC inhibitors such as SAHA and proteasome inhibitors.

Examples of microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilising agents include paclitaxel, vindesine sulfate, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine, docetaxol, rhizoxin, dolastatin, mivobulin isethionate, auristatin, cemadotin, RPR109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycin, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)benzene sulfonamide, anhydrovinblastine, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide, TDX258, the epothilones (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,781 and 6,288,237) and BMS188797.

Some examples of topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, irinotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusin, 9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridine-2-(6H) propanamine, 1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H,12H-benzo[de]pyrano[3′,4′:b,7]-indolizino[1,2b]quinoline-10,13(9H,15H)dione, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecin, BNP1350, BNPI1100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane, 2′-dimethylamino-2′-deoxy-etoposide, GL331, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-1-carboxamide, asulacrine, (5a,5aB,8aa,9b)-9-[2-[N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl]-5-[4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-bexohydrofuro(3′,4′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6-one, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridinium, 6,9-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione, 5-(3-aminopropylamino)-7,10-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl)-6H-pyrazolo[4,5,1-de]acridin-6-one, N-[1-[2(diethylamino)ethylamino]-7-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-ylmethyl]formamide, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide, 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one, and dimesna.

Examples of inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, and in particular the human mitotic kinesin KSP, are described in PCT Publications WO 01/30768, WO 01/98278, WO 02/056880, WO 03/050,064, WO 03/050,122, WO 03/049,527, WO 03/049,679, WO 03/049,678, WO 03/039460, WO 03/079973, WO 03/099211, WO 2004/039774, WO 03/105855, WO 03/106417, WO 2004/087050, WO 2004/058700, WO 2004/058148 and WO 2004/037171 and US applications US 2004/132830 and US 2004/132719. In an embodiment inhibitors of mitotic kinesins include, but are not limited to inhibitors of KSP, inhibitors of MKLP1, inhibitors of CENP-E, inhibitors of MCAK, inhibitors of Kif14, inhibitors of Mphosph1 and inhibitors of Rab6-KIFL.

“Inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression” include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of aurora kinase, inhibitors of Polo-like kinases (PLK) (in particular inhibitors of PLK-1), inhibitors of bub-1 and inhibitors of bub-R1.

“Antiproliferative agents” includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and INX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofurin, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine, 2′-fluoromethylene-2′-deoxycytidine, N-[5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N6-[4-deoxy-4-[N2-[2(E),4(E)-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-B-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]adenine, aplidine, ecteinascidin, troxacitabine, 4-[2-amino-4-oxo-4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4-b][1,4]thiazin-6-yl-(S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoyl-L-glutamic acid, aminopterin, 5-fluorouracil, alanosine, 11-acetyl-8-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-4-formyl-6-methoxy-14-oxa-1,1′-diazatetracyclo(7.4.1.0.0)-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetic acid ester, swainsonine, lometrexol, dexrazoxane, methioninase, 2′-cyano-2′-deoxy-N4-palmitoyl-1-B-D-arabino furanosyl cytosine and 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone.

Examples of monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents include those therapeutic agents which have cytotoxic agents or radioisotopes attached to a cancer cell specific or target cell specific monoclonal antibody. Examples include Bexxar.

“HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors” refers to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include but are not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,938, 4,294,926 and 4,319,039), simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,784, 4,820,850 and 4,916,239), pravastatin (PRAVACHOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,346,227, 4,537,859, 4,410,629, 5,030,447 and 5,180,589), fluvastatin (LESCOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,354,772, 4,911,165, 4,929,437, 5,189,164, 5,118,853, 5,290,946 and 5,356,896) and atorvastatin (LIPITOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,273,995, 4,681,893, 5,489,691 and 5,342,952). The structural formulas of these and additional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instant methods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, “Cholesterol Lowering Drugs”, Chemistry & Industry, pp. 85-89 (5 Feb. 1996) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,782,084 and 4,885,314. The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention.

“Prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor” refers to a compound which inhibits any one or any combination of the prenyl-protein transferase enzymes, including farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGPTase-I), and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type-II (GGPTase-II, also called Rab GGPTase).

Examples of prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors can be found in the following publications and patents: WO 96/30343, WO 97/18813, WO 97/21701, WO 97/23478, WO 97/38665, WO 98/28980, WO 98/29119, WO 95/32987, U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,245, U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,430, U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359, U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,510, U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,485, U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,098, European Patent Publ. 0 618 221, European Patent Publ. 0 675 112, European Patent Publ. 0 604 181, European Patent Publ. 0 696 593, WO 94/19357, WO 95/08542, WO 95/11917, WO 95/12612, WO 95/12572, WO 95/10514, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,152, WO 95/10515, WO 95/10516, WO 95/24612, WO 95/34535, WO 95/25086, WO 96/05529, WO 96/06138, WO 96/06193, WO 96/16443, WO 96/21701, WO 96/21456, WO 96/22278, WO 96/24611, WO 96/24612, WO 96/05168, WO 96/05169, WO 96/00736, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,792, WO 96/17861, WO 96/33159, WO 96/34850, WO 96/34851, WO 96/30017, WO 96/30018, WO 96/30362, WO 96/30363, WO 96/31111, WO 96/31477, WO 96/31478, WO 96/31501, WO 97/00252, WO 97/03047, WO 97/03050, WO 97/04785, WO 97/02920, WO 97/17070, WO 97/23478, WO 97/26246, WO 97/30053, WO 97/44350, WO 98/02436, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359. For an example of the role of a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor on angiogenesis see European J. of Cancer, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1394-1401 (1999).

“Angiogenesis inhibitors” refers to compounds that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, regardless of mechanism. Examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-α, interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib (PNAS, Vol. 89, p. 7384 (1992); JNCI, Vol. 69, p. 475 (1982); Arch. Opthalmol., Vol. 108, p. 573 (1990); Anat. Rec., Vol. 238, p. 68 (1994); FEBS Letters, Vol. 372, p. 83 (1995); Clin, Orthop. Vol. 313, p. 76 (1995); J. Mol. Endocrinol., Vol. 16, p. 107 (1996); Jpn. J. Pharmacol., Vol. 75, p. 105 (1997); Cancer Res., Vol. 57, p. 1625 (1997); Cell, Vol. 93, p. 705 (1998); Intl. J. Mol. Med., Vol. 2, p. 715 (1998); J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 274, p. 9116 (1999)), steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, angiotensin II antagonists (see Fernandez et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105:141-145 (1985)), and antibodies to VEGF (see, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 17, pp. 963-968 (October 1999); Kim et al., Nature, 362, 841-844 (1993); WO 00/44777; and WO 00/61186).

Other therapeutic agents that modulate or inhibit angiogenesis and may also be used in combination with the compounds of the instant invention include agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems (see review in Clin. Chem. La. Med. 38:679-692 (2000)). Examples of such agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways include, but are not limited to, heparin (see Thromb. Haemost. 80:10-23 (1998)), low molecular weight heparins and carboxypeptidase U inhibitors (also known as inhibitors of active thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor [TAFIa]) (see Thrombosis Res. 101:329-354 (2001)). TAFIa inhibitors have been described in PCT Publication WO 03/013,526 and U.S. Ser. No. 60/349,925 (filed Jan. 18, 2002).

“Agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints” refer to compounds that inhibit protein kinases that transduce cell cycle checkpoint signals, thereby sensitizing the cancer cell to DNA damaging agents. Such agents include inhibitors of ATR, ATM, the Chk1 and Chk2 kinases and cdk and cdc kinase inhibitors and are specifically exemplified by 7-hydroxystaurosporin, flavopiridol, CYC202 (Cyclacel) and BMS-387032.

“Inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling pathway” refer to pharmaceutical agents that inhibit cell surface receptors and signal transduction cascades downstream of those surface receptors. Such agents include inhibitors of inhibitors of EGFR (for example gefitinib and erlotinib), inhibitors of ERB-2 (for example trastuzumab), inhibitors of IGFR (for example those disclosed in WO 03/059951), inhibitors of cytokine receptors, inhibitors of MET, inhibitors of PI3K (for example LY294002), serine/threonine kinases (including but not limited to inhibitors of Akt such as described in (WO 03/086404, WO 03/086403, WO 03/086394, WO 03/086279, WO 02/083675, WO 02/083139, WO 02/083140 and WO 02/083138), inhibitors of Raf kinase (for example BAY43-9006), inhibitors of MEK (for example CI-1040 and PD-098059) and inhibitors of mTOR (for example Wyeth CCI-779 and Ariad AP23573). Such agents include small molecule inhibitor compounds and antibody antagonists.

“Apoptosis inducing agents” include activators of TNF receptor family members (including the TRAIL receptors).

The invention also encompasses combinations with NSAID's which are selective COX-2 inhibitors. For purposes of this specification NSAID's which are selective inhibitors of COX-2 are defined as those which possess a specificity for inhibiting COX-2 over COX-1 of at least 100 fold as measured by the ratio of IC₅₀for COX-2 over IC₅₀for COX-1 evaluated by cell or microsomal assays. Such compounds include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,419, U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,843, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,343, U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,944, U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,265, U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,752, U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,142, U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,260, U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,584, U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,140, WO 94/15932, U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,991, U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,142, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,738, U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,790, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,823, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,272, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,598, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Inhibitors of COX-2 that are particularly useful in the instant method of treatment are 5-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2-(2-methyl-5-pyridinyl)pyridine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compounds that have been described as specific inhibitors of COX-2 and are therefore useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to: parecoxib, CELEBREX® and BEXTRA® or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Other examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, endostatin, ukrain, ranpirnase, IM862, 5-methoxy-4-[2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxiranyl]-1-oxaspiro[2,5]oct-6-yl(chloroacetyl)carbamate, acetyldinanaline, 5-amino-1-[[3,5-dichloro-4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide, CM101, squalamine, combretastatin, RP14610, NX31838, sulfated mannopentaose phosphate, 7,7-(carbonyl-bis[imino-N-methyl-4,2-pyrrolocarbonylimino[N-methyl-4,2-pyrrole]-carbonylimino]-bis-(1,3-naphthalene disulfonate), and 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylene]-2-indolinone (SU5416).

As used above, “integrin blockers” refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the α_vβ₃integrin, to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αvβ5 integrin, to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the α_vβ₃integrin and the α_vβ₅integrin, and to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothelial cells. The term also refers to antagonists of the α_vβ₆α_vβ₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁and α₆β₄integrins. The term also refers to antagonists of any combination of α_vβ₃, α_vβ₅, α_vβ₆, α_vβ₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, β₅α₁, α₆β₁and α₆β₄integrins.

Some specific examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include N-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-carboxamide, 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylidenyl)indolin-2-one, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxy-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxyl]quinazoline, N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-quinazolinamine, BIBX1382, 2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-(hydroxymethyl)-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocin-1-one, SH268, genistein, STI571, CEP2563, 4-(3-chlorophenylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinemethane sulfonate, 4-(3-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, SU6668, STI571A, N-4-chlorophenyl-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-phthalazinamine, and EMD121974.

Combinations with compounds other than anti-cancer compounds are also encompassed in the instant methods. For example, combinations of the instantly claimed compounds with PPAR-γ (i.e., PPAR-gamma) agonists and PPAR-δ (i.e., PPAR-delta) agonists are useful in the treatment of certain malingnancies. PPAR-γ and PPAR-δ are the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ and δ. The expression of PPAR-γ on endothelial cells and its involvement in angiogenesis has been reported in the literature (see J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1998; 31:909-913; J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274:9116-9121; Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2000; 41:2309-2317). More recently, PPAR-γ agonists have been shown to inhibit the angiogenic response to VEGF in vitro; both troglitazone and rosiglitazone maleate inhibit the development of retinal neovascularization in mice. (Arch. Ophthamol. 2001; 119:709-717). Examples of PPAR-γ agonists and PPAR-γ/α agonists include, but are not limited to, thiazolidinediones (such as DRF2725, CS-011, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone), fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, GW2570, SB219994, AR-H039242, JTT-501, MCC-555, GW2331, GW409544, NN2344, KRP297, NP0110, DRF4158, NN622, G1262570, PNU182716, DRF552926, 2-[(5,7-dipropyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]-2-methylpropionic acid (disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/782,856), and 2(R)-7-(3-(2-chloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy)propoxy)-2-ethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 60/235,708 and 60/244,697).

Another embodiment of the instant invention is the use of the presently disclosed compounds in combination with anti-viral agents (such as nucleoside analogs including ganciclovir for the treatment of cancer. See WO 98/04290.

Another embodiment of the instant invention is the use of the presently disclosed compounds in combination with gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. For an overview of genetic strategies to treating cancer see Hall et al (Am J Hum Genet 61:785-789, 1997) and Kufe et al (Cancer Medicine, 5th Ed, pp 876-889, BC Decker, Hamilton 2000). Gene therapy can be used to deliver any tumor suppressing gene. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, p53, which can be delivered via recombinant virus-mediated gene transfer (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,134, for example), a uPA/uPAR antagonist (“Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of a uPA/uPAR Antagonist Suppresses Angiogenesis-Dependent Tumor Growth and Dissemination in Mice,” Gene Therapy, August 1998; 5(8):1105-13), and interferon gamma (J Immunol 2000; 164:217-222).

The compounds of the instant invention may also be administered in combination with an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance (MDR), in particular MDR associated with high levels of expression of transporter proteins. Such MDR inhibitors include inhibitors of p-glycoprotein (P-gp), such as LY335979, XR9576, OC144-093, R101922, VX853 and PSC833 (valspodar).

A compound of the present invention may be employed in conjunction with anti-emetic agents to treat nausea or emesis, including acute, delayed, late-phase, and anticipatory emesis, which may result from the use of a compound of the present invention, alone or with radiation therapy. For the prevention or treatment of emesis, a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anti-emetic agents, especially neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, 5HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and zatisetron, GABAB receptor agonists, such as baclofen, a corticosteroid such as Decadron (dexamethasone), Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasalide, Preferid, Benecorten or others such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,789,118, 2,990,401, 3,048,581, 3,126,375, 3,929,768, 3,996,359, 3,928,326 and 3,749,712, an antidopaminergic, such as the phenothiazines (for example prochlorperazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine and mesoridazine), metoclopramide or dronabinol. In an embodiment, an anti-emesis agent selected from a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid is administered as an adjuvant for the treatment or prevention of emesis that may result upon administration of the instant compounds.

Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention are fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,162,339, 5,232,929, 5,242,930, 5,373,003, 5,387,595, 5,459,270, 5,494,926, 5,496,833, 5,637,699, 5,719,147; European Patent Publication Nos. EP 0 360 390, 0 394 989, 0 428 434, 0 429 366, 0 430 771, 0 436 334, 0 443 132, 0 482 539, 0 498 069, 0 499 313, 0 512 901, 0 512 902, 0 514 273, 0 514 274, 0 514 275, 0 514 276, 0 515 681, 0 517 589, 0 520 555, 0 522 808, 0 528 495, 0 532 456, 0 533 280, 0 536 817, 0 545 478, 0 558 156, 0 577 394, 0 585 913, 0 590 152, 0 599 538, 0 610 793, 0 634 402, 0 686 629, 0 693 489, 0 694 535, 0 699 655, 0 699 674, 0 707 006, 0 708 101, 0 709 375, 0 709 376, 0 714 891, 0 723 959, 0 733 632 and 0 776 893; PCT International Patent Publication Nos. WO 90/05525, 90/05729, 91/09844, 91/18899, 92/01688, 92/06079, 92/12151, 92/15585, 92/17449, 92/20661, 92/20676, 92/21677, 92/22569, 93/00330, 93/00331, 93/01159, 93/01165, 93/01169, 93/01170, 93/06099, 93/09116, 93/10073, 93/14084, 93/14113, 93/18023, 93/19064, 93/21155, 93/21181, 93/23380, 93/24465, 94/00440, 94/01402, 94/02461, 94/02595, 94/03429, 94/03445, 94/04494, 94/04496, 94/05625, 94/07843, 94/08997, 94/10165, 94/10167, 94/10168, 94/10170, 94/11368, 94/13639, 94/13663, 94/14767, 94/15903, 94/19320, 94/19323, 94/20500, 94/26735, 94/26740, 94/29309, 95/02595, 95/04040, 95/04042, 95/06645, 95/07886, 95/07908, 95/08549, 95/11880, 95/14017, 95/15311, 95/16679, 95/17382, 95/18124, 95/18129, 95/19344, 95/20575, 95/21819, 95/22525, 95/23798, 95/26338, 95/28418, 95/30674, 95/30687, 95/33744, 96/05181, 96/05193, 96/05203, 96/06094, 96/07649, 96/10562, 96/16939, 96/18643, 96/20197, 96/21661, 96/29304, 96/29317, 96/29326, 96/29328, 96/31214, 96/32385, 96/37489, 97/01553, 97/01554, 97/03066, 97/08144, 97/14671, 97/17362, 97/18206, 97/19084, 97/19942 and 97/21702; and in British Patent Publication Nos. 2 266 529, 2 268 931, 2 269 170, 2 269 590, 2 271 774, 2 292 144, 2 293 168, 2 293 169, and 2 302 689. The preparation of such compounds is fully described in the aforementioned patents and publications, which are incorporated herein by reference.

In an embodiment, the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention is selected from: 2-(R)-(1-(R)-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(3-(5-oxo-1H,4H-1,2,4-triazolo)methyl)morpholine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,147.

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of anemia. Such an anemia treatment agent is, for example, a continuous eythropoiesis receptor activator (such as epoetin alfa).

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia. Such a neutropenia treatment agent is, for example, a hematopoietic growth factor which regulates the production and function of neutrophils such as a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor, (G-CSF). Examples of a G-CSF include filgrastim.

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an immunologic-enhancing drug, such as levamisole, isoprinosine and Zadaxin.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer, including bone cancer, in combination with bisphosphonates (understood to include bisphosphonates, diphosphonates, bisphosphonic acids and diphosphonic acids). Examples of bisphosphonates include but are not limited to: etidronate (Didronel), pamidronate (Aredia), alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), zoledronate (Zometa), ibandronate (Boniva), incadronate or cimadronate, clodronate, EB-1053, minodronate, neridronate, piridronate and tiludronate including any and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, hydrates and mixtures thereof.

Thus, the scope of the instant invention encompasses the use of the instantly claimed compounds in combination with a second compound selected from: other HDAC inhibitors, an estrogen receptor modulator, an androgen receptor modulator, retinoid receptor modulator, a cytotoxic/cytostatic agent, an antiproliferative agent, a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HIV protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a PPAR-γ agonist, a PPAR-δ agonist, an anti-viral agent, an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance, an anti-emetic agent, an agent useful in the treatment of anemia, an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia, an immunologic-enhancing drug, an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival signaling, an agent that interfers with a cell cycle checkpoint, an apoptosis inducing agent and a bisphosphonate.

The term “administration” and variants thereof (e.g., “administering” a compound) in reference to a compound of the invention means introducing the compound or a prodrug of the compound into the system of the animal in need of treatment. When a compound of the invention or prodrug thereof is provided in combination with one or more other active agents (e.g., a cytotoxic agent, etc.), “administration” and its variants are each understood to include concurrent and sequential introduction of the compound or prodrug thereof and other agents.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.

The term “treating cancer” or “treatment of cancer” refers to administration to a mammal afflicted with a cancerous condition and refers to an effect that alleviates the cancerous condition by killing the cancerous cells, but also to an effect that results in the inhibition of growth and/or metastasis of the cancer.

In an embodiment, the angiogenesis inhibitor to be used as the second compound is selected from a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an inhibitor of epidermal-derived growth factor, an inhibitor of fibroblast-derived growth factor, an inhibitor of platelet derived growth factor, an MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitor, an integrin blocker, interferon-α, interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, or an antibody to VEGF. In an embodiment, the estrogen receptor modulator is tamoxifen or raloxifene.

Also included in the scope of the claims is a method of treating cancer that comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with radiation therapy and/or in combination with a compound selected from: other HDAC inhibitors, an estrogen receptor modulator, an androgen receptor modulator, retinoid receptor modulator, a cytotoxic/cytostatic agent, an antiproliferative agent, a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HIV protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a PPAR-γ agonist, a PPAR-δ agonist, an anti-viral agent, an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance, an anti-emetic agent, an agent useful in the treatment of anemia, an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia, an immunologic-enhancing drug, an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival signaling, an agent that interfers with a cell cycle checkpoint, an apoptosis inducing agent and a bisphosphonate.

And yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating cancer that comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with paclitaxel or trastuzumab.

The invention further encompasses a method of treating or preventing cancer that comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with a COX-2 inhibitor.

The instant invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition useful for treating or preventing cancer that comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I and a compound selected from: other HDAC inhibitors, an estrogen receptor modulator, an androgen receptor modulator, a retinoid receptor modulator, a cytotoxic/cytostatic agent, an antiproliferative agent, a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HIV protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a PPAR-γ agonist, a PPAR-δ agonist, an anti-viral agent, an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival signaling, an agent that interfers with a cell cycle checkpoint, an apoptosis inducing agent and a bisphosphonate.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the teachings contained herein.

All patents, publications and pending patent applications identified are hereby incorporated by reference.

Abbreviations used in the description of the chemistry and in the Examples that follow are:

AcOH (acetic acid); BuLi (n-butyl lithium); BSA (bovine serum albumin); DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), DCE (1,2-dichloroethane); DIPEA (diisopropylethylamine); DCM (dichloromethane); DME (ethylene glycol dimethyl ether); DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium); DMF (dimethylformamide); DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide); DPPA (diphenylphosphorazide); DTT (dithiothreitol); EDC and EDCI (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide); EDC.HCl (1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride); EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); EGTA (Ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid); em (emission); Eq. (equivalent); ES (electrospray); EtOAc (ethyl acetate); EtOH (ethanol); ex (exitation); FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting); FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate); Hepes ((N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine)-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid)); HOBt (1-hydroxybenzotriazole); HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography); IPTG (Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside); LEP (Lysyl End Peptidase); Lys C (Lysyl C endoprotease); MeCN (acetonitrile); MeOH (methanol); MS (mass spectrometry); NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance); NP40 (Nonidet P40); PBS (Phosphate buffered saline); PMSF (phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride); ⁱPrOH (iso-propanol), PTSA (p-Toluenesulphonic acid); PyBop (1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-yloxy)(tripyrrolidin-1-yl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate); RP (reverse phase); RT (room temperature); SCX (Varian or Isolute cation exchange resin); SiO₂(silica gel); TEA (triethyl amine); THF (tetrahydrofuran); TFA (trifluoroacteic acid); Tris-HCl (Tris Hydroxymethylaminoethane); and TSA (Trichostatin A).

Further abbreviations include:

App (Apparent); PS-BEMP (2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethyl-perhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine); Py (pyridine); sat. aq (saturated aqueous); SEM-Ci ([2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl](trimethyl)silane); TBAF (Tetrabutylammonium fluoride); TBTU (2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate); TFAA (Trifluoroacetic anhydride); and TsCl (para toluene sulfonyl chloride). A further abbreviation is BOM (benzyloxymethyl).

Compounds of formula I may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula IV with a compound of formula V:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, X, Het, p, q and t are as defined for formula I and L′ is a leaving group such as hydroxy or chlorine. When L¹is a leaving group such as chlorine, the reaction is generally carried out in the presence of a base such as Et₃N and a solvent such as DMF or DCM at about room temperature. When L¹is a leaving group such as hydroxy, a coupling agent such as EDC.HCl and a base such as Et₃N may also be added. Further additives such as HOBt and DIPEA may also be present.

Protecting groups such as SEM on the Het ring and dioxane at the carbonyl position of the compounds of formula IV may be present during the reaction. The compounds can subsequently be deprotected using standard methods, such as adding TBAF in a solvent such as THF at reflux, or adding DCM and TFA or HCl(aq) in a solvent such as THF at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula IV wherein Het is imidazole may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VI:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴and q are as defined above and P is a protecting group such as Boc with a cyclisation agent such as ammonium acetate, generally in a solvent such as xylene at about 150° C.

Compounds of formula VI can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VII with a compound of formula VIII:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴, q and P are as defined above and L²is a leaving group such as halogen, particularly bromine, generally in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate in a solvent such as DMF at room temperature.

Compounds of formula IV in which R⁴is hydrogen may alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula IX:

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wherein D, R¹, R², Het and q are as defined above with an azide reagent such as diphenylphosphorazide, generally in the presence of a base such as DBU and in a solvent such as toluene. The resulting azide may then be hydrogenated to produce the compound of formula IV wherein R⁴is hydrogen. For example, the reaction can be carried out firstly under hydrogen and then nitrogen atmosphere, in a solvent such as EtOAc and in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd on carbon. Alternatively, the resulting azide may be reacted with organophosphine such as PPh₃and in solvents such as THF and water at about room temperature. Protecting groups such as SEM on the Het ring and dioxane at the carbonyl position of the compounds of formula IX may be present during the reaction.

Compounds of formula IX may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula X with a compound of formula XI:

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wherein D, R¹, R², Het and q are as defined above and L³is a halogen atom such as bromine, generally in a solvent such as THF.

Compounds of formula IV may alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XII:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴, Het, q and P are as defined above with an oxidising agent such as Dess-Martin periodinane, generally in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XII in which Het is a triazole ring may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XIII with a compound of formula XIV:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴, q and P are as defined above and R′ is C_1-6alkyl, such as methyl, generally in a solvent such as toluene at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XIII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XV:

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wherein R², R⁴, q and P are as defined above and R″ is C_1-6alkyl, such as methyl, with hydrazine hydrate, generally in the presence of an alcoholic solvent such as isopropanol at about 80° C.

Compounds of formula XV can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VII with a reducing agent such as BH₃Me₂S, generally in a solvent such as THF at about 0° C.

Compounds of formula IV wherein Het is 1,3,4-oxadiazole can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XVI:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴, q and P are as defined above with cyclisation agents such as PS-BEMP and TsCl, generally in a solvent such as THF at about 65° C.

Compounds of formula XVI can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XVII:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴, q and P are as defined above with an oxidising agent such as Dess-Martin periodinane, generally in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XVII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XIII with a formula of XVIII:

R¹-D-CO₂H (XVIII)

wherein D and R¹are as defined above, generally in the presence of coupling agents such as HOBt and EDC.HCl in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula IV wherein Het is oxazole can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XIX:

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wherein D, R¹, R², R⁴, q and P are as defined above with cyclisation agents such as hexachloroethane (C₂Cl₆) and triphenylphosphine (PPh₃), generally in the presence of a base such as Et₃N and in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XIX can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VII with a compound of formula XX:

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wherein D and R¹are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of coupling agents such as HOBt and EDC.HCl, in a base such as DIPEA and a solvent such as DMF.

Compounds of formula XX can be prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding azido of formula XXI:

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wherein D and R¹are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in an acid such as HCl, in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd on carbon and in a solvent such as methanol at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XXI can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VIII with an azide source such as NaN₃, generally in a solvent such as acetone at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula IX can alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXII with an organometallic reagent such as BuLi to facilitate a halogen-lithium exchange, followed by quenching with a compound of formula XXIII:

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wherein D, R¹, R², q and Het are as defined above and L²is a leaving group such as halogen, particularly bromine. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as THF at about −78° C. A protecting group such as SEM may be present as described previously.

Compounds of formula XXII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXIV with a compound of formula XXV;

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wherein D, R¹and L²are independently as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as toluene and in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄at reflux.

Compounds of formula XXIII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXVI:

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wherein R²and q are as defined above and R^xand R^yare independently C_1-6alkyl groups such as methyl, with a reducing agent such as LiAlH₄, generally in a solvent such as THF at about −78° C.

Compounds of formula IX can alternatively be formed by reacting a compound of formula XXVII with an organometallic reagent derived from treating a compound of formula XXVIII with a reagent such as tert-BuLi:

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wherein D, R¹, R², q, Het, R^x, R^yand L²are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as THF and pentane at about −78° C. The ketone can subsequently be converted to the required alcohol in the presence of a reducing agent such as NaBH₄and in a solvent such as ethanol at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula IV wherein R⁴is hydrogen can alternatively be prepared by reacting an organometallic reagent derived from a compound of formula XXII with a compound of formula XXIX:

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wherein R²and q are as defined above and P¹is a chiral auxiliary such as tert-butanesulfine. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as THF, at about −78° C. The P¹group such as tert-butanesulfine can subsequently be removed under acidic conditions, such as HCl in a solvent such as methanol at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XXIX can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXIII with a compound of formula XXX:

P¹—NH₂ (XXX)

wherein P¹is as defined above, generally in the presence of a catalyst such as copper sulfate (CuSO₄), in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XVI can alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VII with a compound of formula XXXI:

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wherein D and R¹are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of coupling agents such as EDC.HCl and HOBt, in a solvent such as DMF at room temperature.

Compounds of formula XII wherein Het is oxadiazole can alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XVIII with a compound of formula XXXII:

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wherein R², R⁴, P and q are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of coupling agents such as TBTU and HOBt, in a base such as DIPEA and in a solvent such as DMF at about room temperature and then heated at about 110° C.

Compounds of formula XXXII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXXIII:

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wherein R², R⁴, P and q are as defined above, with a hydroxyamino reagent such as NH₂OH.HCl, generally in a solvent such as methanol and in the presence of a base such as KOH at reflux.

Compounds of formula XXXIII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXXIV:

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wherein R², R⁴, P and q are as defined above with a dehydrating agent such as TFAA, generally in the presence of a base such as Et₃N and in a solvent such as DCM at about 0° C. A further reducing agent such as NaBH₄in a solvent such as methanol can subsequently be added to reduce the carbonyl group at the R²position.

Compounds of formula XXXIV can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VII with an amino source such as ammonium bicarbonate, generally in the presence of pyridine and Boc₂O, in a solvent such as dioxane at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula IV wherein Het is a 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VII with a compound of formula XXXV:

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wherein D and R¹are as defined above, generally in the presence of coupling reagents such as TBTU and HOBt, in a base such as DIPEA and in a solvent such as DMF at about room temperature and then at a temperature of about 110° C.

Alternatively, compounds of formula I wherein R²is methyl can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXXVI:

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wherein D, R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, X, p, q, t and Het are as defined above with an oxidising agent, such as oxygen gas and CuCl, in the presence of a catalyst such as PdCl₂and in a solvent such as DMF.

Compounds of formula XXXVI can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula V with a compound of formula XXXVII:

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wherein D, R¹, R⁴, Het and q are as defined above, generally under coupling conditions as described previously.

Compounds of formula XXXVII wherein R⁴is hydrogen can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXXVIII:

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wherein D, R¹, Het and q are as defined above with an organophosphine such as PPh₃and solvents such as THF and water at about room temperature.

Compounds of formula XXXVIII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXXIX:

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wherein D, R¹, Het and q are as defined above with an azide reagent such as diphenylphosphorazide, generally in the presence of a base such as DBU and in a solvent such as toluene at about 50° C.

Compounds of formula XXXIX can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula X with a compound of formula XL:

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wherein L³and q are as defined above, generally in a solvent such as THF at about 0° C. and under an argon atmosphere.

Compounds of formula I may alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXV with a compound of formula XLI:

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wherein R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, X, Het, p, q, t and L²are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as n-BuOH and in the presence of catalysts such as Pd(OAc)₂, K₃PO₄and dicyclohexly-(2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phospene, at about 90° C.

Protecting groups such as SEM on the Het ring may be present during the reaction, which can subsequently be removed under standard conditions described above.

Compounds of formula XXXI can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XLII with hydrazine monohydrate:

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wherein D and R¹are as defined above and L⁴is an appropriate leaving group such as methoxy. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such a i-PrOH at about 80° C.

Compounds of formula IX may alternatively be prepared by reacting a compound of formula X with an organometallic reagent derived from reacting a compound of formula XXVIII with a reagent such as tert-BuLi. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as Et₂O at about room temperature.

The Het group may be protected as described previously.

Alternatively, compounds of formula I when X is C, t is 1 and R⁵is hydrogen can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula IV with a compound of formula XLIII:

OCN—(CR⁶R⁸)_p—R³ (XLIII)

wherein R³, R⁶, R⁸and p are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature.

Where the synthesis of intermediates and starting materials is not described, these compounds are commercially available or can be made from commercially available compounds by standard methods or by extension of the Examples herein.

Compounds of formula I may be converted to other compounds of formula I by known methods or by methods described in the Examples.

Thus, compounds of formula I wherein R²is hydroxy can be converted to compounds of formula I wherein R²is N(R^b)₂by reacting with HN(R^b)₂, generally in the presence of a coupling agent such as EDCI and DMAP and in a solvent such as DCM at about room temperature. HATU may also be used, generally in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane. Coupling agents such as ED.HCl and HOBt, a base such as DIPEA and a solvent such as DMF at about room temperature may also be used.

Compounds of formula I wherein R²is hydroxy can be converted into compounds of formula I wherein R²is perfluoroalkyl by reacting with a perfluoroalkylacetic anhydride such as TFAA, generally in the presence of a base such as pyridine and a solvent such as DCM at about 0° C.

Compounds of formula I wherein R²is N(R^b)₂may be converted to compounds wherein R²is C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^gby reacting with an organometallic reagent derived from treating a compound of formula H—C_1-6alkylS(O)_wR^gwith a reagent such as n-BuLi, generally in a solvent such as THF at a temperature from about −78° C. to room temperature.

Compounds of formula I wherein R²is N(R^b)₂can be converted to compounds wherein other groups are present at R²by reacting with an appropriate organometallic reagent such as an organolithium or grignard reagent derived from the required R²group. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent such as THF and at a temperature from about −78° C. to room temperature Compounds of formula IV wherein R²is hydrogen can be converted to compounds wherein R²is other than hydrogen by reacting with an organometallic reagent derived from treating a compound of formula XLIV with a reagent such as n-BuLi:

R²-L³ (XLIV)

wherein R²and L³are as defined above. The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of a solvent such as THF at about 0° C. to room temperature. The resulting alcohol there formed can then be oxidized to compounds of formula IV using reagents such as Dess-Martin reagent. If appropriate, functionality elsewhere in the molecule can be protecting with the appropriate protecting groups as described previously.

During any of the synthetic sequences described herein it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M.; Wiley Interscience, 1999 and Kocienski, P. J. Protecting Groups, Thieme, 1994. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art. For example, when the BoC protecting group is present, it may be removed by the addition of solvents such as TFA and DCM. The compound may also be hydrogenated using standard methods, such as treating with a catalyst such ad Pd/C, in a solvent such as methanol in a hydrogen atmosphere.

As described previously the Het group may be protected by protecting groups such as SEM during the synthesis of the compounds of formula I, which can subsequently be removed under standard conditions as described above.

Further examples of protecting groups on the Het ring include tert-butyl(dimethyl)silylmethyl and BOM. The BOM group may subsequently be removed using standard methods, for example by the addition of a reagent such as BBr₃and a solvent such as toluene at about room temperature.

Compounds of this invention can be prepared as described in Scheme 1 from a suitably elaborated alkyl chain functionalised in the α-position with an amino derivative. These derivatives can be prepared by those skilled in the art and methods to synthesise such heterocycles are described in Alan Katritzky, Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, (Pergamon Press, New York, 1984) and Comprehensive Heterocylic Chemistry II, (Pergamon Press, New York, 1996) amongst other texts. The free amino group can be coupled with an acid derivative to from amides, methods for coupling carboxylic acids (and acid derivatives) with amines to form carboxamides are well known in the art. Suitable methods are described, for example, in Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1985, pp. 370-376. Likewise reaction with a sulfonyl chloride in the presence of base gives the corresponding sulfonamide, see Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1992, pp. 496-499. In a similar manner, reaction of the amine with a sulfamoyl chloride gives the corresponding sulfamide.

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A route to pendant imidazoles is shown in Scheme 2 from the key protected amino ester (these amino acid derivatives can be prepared by those skilled in the art using standard chemistry, such as described in Williams, R. M. Synthesis of Optically Active α-Amino Acids, Pergamon Press, 1989). These acids can be alkylated with a halomethyl ketone in the presence of base, for example Cs₂CO₃, and the resulting ester is treated with an excess of ammonium acetate and heated at 150° C. to yield the desired imidazole, such conditions are described in Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 1601, Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 10131 and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 3446. Removal of the protecting group enables further functionalisation. Examples include: amide formation by reaction of an acid in the presence of coupling reagent; sulfonylation by reaction of a sulfonyl chloride in the presence of base; and sulfamoylation by reaction with a sulfamoyl chloride and base.

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Compounds of this invention can be prepared as described in Scheme 3 from a suitable heterocyclic aldehyde (commercially available or readily synthesised by oxidation of the corresponding alcohol) by reacting with a Grignard reagent, itself prepared under standard conditions from the corresponding alkyl bromide with magnesium turnings in refluxing THF. The resulting secondary alcohol thereby obtained can be reacted with diphenylphosphorazide and DBU using the conditions of Thompson et al. (J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 5886-8) to yield the azide. Hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure using palladium on carbon as catalyst gives racemic amine which can then be coupled with carboxylic acids, sulfonyl chlorides and sulfamyl chloride. Final deprotection with mineral acid liberates the corresponding ketone.

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A modification of the route to the pendant imidazoles is shown in Scheme 4 whereby the alkylated acid is treated with a mixture of ammonium acetate and an alkyl ammonium acetate at 150° C. in xylene to give a mixture of products including the desired alkylated imidazole. The compounds then can be manipulated as described previously to give the desired inhibitors

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A route to give triazoles is shown in Scheme 5 where the amino acid bearing a ketone is first reduced, for instance with BH₃.Me₂S complex, to the alcohol and then the ester group converted into the hydrazide by heating in the presence of hydrazine hydrate in an alcoholic solvent. This hydrazine is then reacted with an imino ether, first at RT and then at 110° C. to yield the desired heterocycle. Finally oxidation of the alcohol back to the corresponding ketone yields an intermediate which can be converted into the required inhibitors as described previously.

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A method to prepare further analogues is illustrated in Scheme 6 whereby alkylation of a lithiated Schollkopf derivative with a suitably functionalised alkyl iodide gives after mild acid hydrolysis a chiral α-amino ester (see U. Schollkopf et al. Synthesis 1982, 866). Saponification yields to the chiral α-amino acid. This acid can be transformed into the requisite imidazole as already outlined, firstly by alkylation with an α-bromoketone and then by treatment with ammonium acetate in xylene at 150° C. Deprotection, for instance with a mixture of TFA in DCM liberates the ammonium salt, which can be coupled to give the desired inhibitors

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The carboxylic acid can be further functionalised by coupling to a variety of N(R^b)₂groups to yield amides and hydroxamic acids as desired inhibitors, for instance, using EDC as coupling reagent, as illustrated in Scheme 7.

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A synthetic route to the preparation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is shown in scheme 8 where a hydrazide is readily coupled with a second carboxylic acids and then cyclised under dehydrative conditions to form the desired heterocyclic ring. Suitable conditions include the use of tosyl chloride and polymer supported BEMP as described by Brain et al. Synlett 2001, 3, 382-384. Subsequently, the protecting group can be removed from the nitrogen atom and the required inhibitors can be synthesised as previously described.

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Isomeric 1,2,4-oxadiazoles can be prepared as described in scheme 9. The amino acid can be coupled to make the primary amide, which in turn can be dehydrated to the nitrile using reagents such as trifluoroacetic anhydride and a base. In certain cases, a reductive step is required to ensure functional group compatibility with an oxidative step later in the synthetic sequence. Formation of the aldoxime can be achieved with hydroxylamine.HCl in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The cyclisation to the oxadiazole can be accomplished by coupling with a carboxylic acid using TBTU as coupling reagent and then heating the reaction at 111° C. to accomplish the cyclisation as described by Poulin et al. Tetrahedron Letters 2001, 42, 1495-8. Alternatively, to synthesise the isomeric heterocycle, the coupling partners can be inverted, and the reaction of the α-amino acid with the aldoxime derived from the heterocycle inverts the substitution pattern.

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An alternative procedure, in this case for the preparation of oxazoles, is shown in scheme 10 where an α-aminoketone is coupled with a carboxylic acid, the resulting amide there formed can then be cyclised again under dehydrative conditions to yield the desired heterocycle. One method for performing the cyclisation is to use hexachloroethane and triphenylphosphine as described by Nicolaou et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10162-10173.

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An alternative procedure to that shown in scheme 3 to introduce other heterocycles is outlined in scheme 11. For instance, a suitable elaborated Weinreb amide could be reacted with an organometallic species to yield the corresponding ketone. Suitable organometallic reagents include organolithium species, which are readily available from halogen-lithium exchange or alternatively from deprotonating heterocycles with strong base, for instance see: L. Brandsma and H. Verkruijsse, Preparative Polar Organometallic Chemistry 1, Springer-Verlag. The key ketone can also be prepared by the addition of a alkyl-lithium, available from halogen-lithium exchange of the alkyl iodide/bromide with tert-BuLi (as described in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 55, 5404 and 5406), to an heterocyclic Weinreb amide. These ketones can readily be converted to the required alcohols using reducing agents such as sodium borohydride.

The alcohols can also be made directly by the above methods but using an aldehyde in place of the Weinreb amide and thereby eliminating the reduction step.

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An alternative to this strategy involves the use of a terminal alkene as a masked methyl ketone group, the latter can readily be unmasked by Wacker oxidation as show in scheme 12. The alkene is readily introduced into the inhibitors through generation of the Grignard reagent from ω-haloalk-1-enes and their addition to aldehydes. Conversion of the benzylic alcohols to the corresponding amines is accomplished as described above using DPPA and DBU to form the azide and a Staudiger reaction to reduce the azide to the requisite amine. After functionalisation of the amine, the alkene can readily be converted to the ketone using oxygen and CuCl and catalytic PdCl₂as described in Synthesis 1984, 369-384.

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A variant of the above procedure is to adopt Ellman chemistry to enable the key amine to be produced in a stereospecific way as shown in scheme 13. Condensation of an aldehyde with (R)-tert-butylsulfinamide results in the formation of the N—(R)-tert-butylsulfinimine. Addition of an organometallic reagent to this imine can be achieved in a highly stereospecific manner as described in: Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 8883-8904; J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1278-84 and J. Comb. Chem. 2003, 5, 590-6, and the diastereomers can be separated as necessary. Hydrolysis of the chiral auxiliary with acidic methanol yields the key chiral amine suitable for further functionalisation.

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Perfluoroalkyl ketones can be prepared as described in scheme 14 whereby the corresponding carboxylic acid is deprotonated and then the corresponding anion is reacted with perfluoroalkylacetic anhydride, such as TFAA, in the presences of a base such as pyridine to yield the fluoroalkyl ketone as described in Tetrahedron Letters, 1992, 33, 1285-8.

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In some circumstances the desired inhibitors can be converted into other analogues by simple functional group manipulations known to those skilled in the art. For instance, carboxylic acids contained in the various R^xgroups can be cleaved and coupled to introduce amide groups. Likewise protected amines in the R^xgroups can be deprotected and functionalised with reactions such as coupling to carboxylic acid derivatives or by reductive amination reactions as shown in Scheme 15.

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A modification of Scheme 13 is shown in Scheme 16 whereby 2,5-dibromoimidazole is protected and then lithiated, by bromine-lithium exchange with BuLi, and added to the tert-butylsulfinimine of the alkyl chain to give a mixture of diastereomers which can be separated readily by chromatography. Hydrolysis of the chiral auxiliary is readily achieved in acidic media and coupling introduces one of the capping groups. Cross-coupling reaction, for instance Suzuki reaction with a boronic acid under palladium catalysis, introduces the R¹-D-group and final deprotection readily liberates the desired inhibitors.

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A further modification is shown in Scheme 17 whereby the bromide can be cross coupled in a Stille reaction with an 1-(1-alkoxyalkenyl)stannane in the presence of palladium(0) catalysis and then hydrolysed to yield compounds with a ketone moiety present in the R¹-D-group. Alternatively, if the bromide is cross-coupled in a Suzuki reaction with an alkenyl boronic acid the resulting product with a double bond present in the inhibitor can be subjected to a hydrogenation reaction to yield derivatives with alkyl groups at D.

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Further modification in the nature of the R¹-D-substitutent can be made by carrying through a protected hydroxylmethyl group through the synthetic sequence as shown in Scheme 18. Lithiation on the 2-position of the imidazole and quenching on DMF introduces a aldehyde group on the imidazole, and this in turn can be reacted with a functionalised organolithium reagent, comprising of the side chain of the inhibitors, to build up the core of the desired molecules. Conversion of the resulting secondary alcohol into the corresponding azide and hydrolysis with PPh₃in a Staudinger reaction liberates an amine which can be coupled to introduce one of the capping groups. This key building block can then be elaborated into a number of different classes of inhibitors as shown above. For instance: deprotection affords a hydroxylmethyl R¹-D-group; whereas removal of the silicon protecting groups and oxidation gives a key aldehyde which in turn can be functionalised by reductive aminations to introduce amines on the R¹-D-sidechain, alternatively the aldehyde can easily be homologated by reactions such as Wittig olefinations to form unsaturated compounds which can be hydrogenated to their saturated counterparts.

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An alternative procedure to scheme 8 is shown above in scheme 19, where a hydrazide bearing the desired R¹-D-group is coupled with an activated amino-acid derivative. Suitable pre-activation strategies include treatment of the amino acid component with EDCI and HOBt for 10 minutes prior to the addition of the hydrazide. The resulting compound can then be readily cyclised under dehydrative conditions, such as the use of tosyl chloride and polymer supported BEMP. Functional group manipulations yield the desired inhibitors.

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A procedure to modify the nature of the R²-group is shown in Scheme 20 whereby a Weinreb amide is treated with an organometallic reagent, typically an organolithium reagent or a Grignard reagent, to give rise to a series of alkyl ketones and functionalised alkyl ketones. A particular example is when the organolithium is generated from chloroiodomethane. In this case, the intermediate thereby formed can be treated with potassium acetate to yield the acetoxymethylketone which upon basic cleavage yields the hydroxymethyl ketone.

A variant of these procedures (not shown) is to use an aldehyde in place of the Weinreb amide. In this case after the addition of the organometallic reagent an oxidation step is required to give the corresponding ketone, this can be achieved with Dess-Martin reagent.

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A modification of Scheme 6 is shown above in Scheme 21 whereby through careful choice of the protecting groups, such as the use of a Cbz-group as the amino protecting group, the tert-butyl ester can be cleaved without touching the amino protecting group. This allows the nature of the R²-group to be varied and then at a final stage the amino protecting group can be removed and a variety of the capping groups introduced.

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The exemplified compounds described herein were tested by the assays described below and were found to have an IC₅₀value of less than 10 μM.

HDAC1 and NE Assays

Assay Description:

The HDAC_NE and HDAC1 assays are used to quantify the histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. The assay is performed in 96 well microtiter plates by pre-incubating serial dilutions of compounds with a fixed concentration of HeLa nuclear extract or purified HDAC1 and then adding an acetylated lysine-containing substrate/developer that fluoresces upon deacetylation. The deacetylase reaction is performed at 37° C. for 60 min, terminated by addition of the developer solution, and then fluorescence (ex 360 nM, em 460 nM) is measured using a plate reader.

HDAC Substrate Buffer System

Reagents of the HDAC Fluorescent Activity Assay are purchased from BioMol Research Laboratories (Plymouth Meeting, Pa.) and feature the Fluor-de-Lys™ Substrate/Developer System. The reagents include the proprietary fluorescent substrate as a 50 mM stock solution (KI-104), and the Developer Concentrate (KI-105). Deacetylation of the lysine residue of the Fluor-de-Lys substrate is quantified by measuring the fluorescence (ex 360 nM, em 460 nM) after addition of the proprietary Developer.

Working Reagents:

TSA Stock: TSA is provided as a 10 mM stock solution in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).

Assay Buffer: 25 mM Tris/HCl pH8, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mg/ml BSA

Diluted Substrate Solution: The commercial 50 mM Fluor-de-Lys substrate (KI-104) is diluted to 150 uM with HDAC Assay Buffer prior to each use. The final concentration in the assay is 30 uM.

Diluted Developer Solution: The commercial 20X Developer Concentrate (KI-105) is diluted 1:167 into HDAC Assay Buffer. 2 uM [final] TSA to this solution increases its ability to stop the reaction.

HDAC_NE Working Solution: The HeLa nuclear extract is diluted in assay buffer prior to each use from a fresh aliquot. The final concentration in the assay is 20 ug/ml.

HDAC1 Working Solution: The HDAC1 enzyme is diluted in assay buffer prior to each use from a fresh aliquot of enzyme. The final concentration in the assay is 1-2 nM.

Compounds: Test compounds should be prepared as a 10×5% DMSO solution in assay buffer. The final DMSO concentration in the reaction is 0.5%.

Experimental Design:

The reaction is performed in 96-well microplate in a final volume of 50 ul/well, as following:

- Add 5 ul of DMSO/compound solution
- Add 35 ul of HeLa NE or HDAC1 in assay buffer (or 35 ul assay buffer in the negative controls)
- Incubate 10′ at room temperature
- Start the reaction by adding 10 ul of the 150 uM Substrate Solution
- Incubate 1 h at 37° C.
- Stop by adding 50 ul of Developer/4 uM TSA solution
- Incubate 10 min at room temperature
- Measure the fluorescence at Ex.360 nM and Em.460 nM
  
  Protocol for Nuclei Extraction from HeLa Cells (Adherent or in Suspension)

For a protocol on Nuclei extraction from HeLa S3 cells (adherent or in suspension) refer to Nare et al. 1999 Anal. Biochem., 267: 390-396.

Nuclei preparation for adherent HeLa S3 cells (0.5-1×109 cells) is as follows: wash cells twice with 1×PBS, scrape cells into 1×PBS, wash plates with 1×PBS, pool and spin cells at 800×g 10 minutes at 4° C., wash cell pellets with 1×PBS (count cells), spin cells at 800×g 10 minutes at 4° C., freeze cell pellets in liquid nitrogen and store −80° C.

Nuclei preparation for HeLa S3 cells in suspension (0.5-1×109 cells) is as follows: collect cells by centrifugation at 800×g 10 minutes at 4° C., wash cell pellets with 1×PBS, spin cells at 800×g 10 minutes at 4° C., repeat wash step twice (count cells), freeze cell pellet in liquid nitrogen and store at −80° C.

Resuspend cell pellets in lysis buffer (5 ml/1×108 cells; buffer contains: 0.25M sucrose, 0.45% NP40, 10 mM Tris-HCl (7.5), 10 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM PMSF, COMPLETE protease inhibitor mix), vortex 10 sec and leave on ice for 15 minutes, spin through cushion (25 ml of lysate/5 ml cushion; cushion contains: 30% sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl (7.5), 10 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl₂), spin through cushion at 1,300×g 10 minutes at 4° C., remove super/cushion, resuspend in lysis buffer as above and re-spin through cushion as above, remove super/cushion.

For nuclear extraction, resuspend nuclear pellets in nuclei extraction buffer (13.5 ml/5 ml nuclear pellet; nuclei extraction buffer contains: 50 mM Hepes pH 7.4, sonicate into suspension on ice (1 min, output control between 4 and 5), leave on ice 30 min., centrifuge 100,000×g for 1 hr at 4° C., keep super on ice, repeat sonication/ice/centrifuge steps two more times, pool three supernatants and dialyze in 50 mM Hepes pH 7.4/10% glycerol and Snap-freeze suitable aliquots in liquid nitrogen and store −80° C.

Extraction and Purification Protocol for Flag-Tagged HDAC1 Expressed in HeLa Cells

HeLa cells transiently transfected with pCDNA3-HDAC1-FLAG are grown to 80% confluence on 10 cm culture dishes in DMEM, 10% Fetal bovine serum supplemented with antibiotics and glutamine. Cells are washed with 10 ml cold PBS and scraped into 2 ml of PBS. Cells are centrifuged for 5 minutes at 800×g at 4° C., washed with 30 ml PBS and resuspended in 10 ml PBS, counted, re-centrifuged and frozen at −80° C.

The frozen cell pellet is re-suspended in 1 ml of hypotonic lysis buffer (LB: 20 mM Hepes pH7.9, 0.25 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol) containing COMPLETE protease inhibitor and incubated on ice for 15 minutes, followed by homogenization on a 2-ml DounceB homogenizer (25 strokes). 150 mM KCl and 0.5% NP-40 are added to the homogenate and the solution is sonicated twice for 30 seconds (output5/6, duty cycle 90) and incubated for 1 hour at 4° C. After a 30 minutes centrifugation at 12000 rpm and 4° C. the supernatant (soluble extract) is collected and protein concentration is determined using the BIORAD assay.

Anti-FLAG M2 affinity resin (Sigma) is washed three times with TBS and twice with LB. 10 μl of the LB-washed resin/mg of protein (2-3 ug of Flagged-HDAC1) are added to the soluble extract (1 mL) and incubated overnight at 4° C. with gentle mixing. The resin is then collected by centrifugation, washed once with LB, twice with LB+0.1% NP40 and twice with elution buffer (50 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 5% glycerol, 100 mM KCl, 0.01% Triton X-100).

The affinity-purified HDAC is eluted from the resin by addition of a 10-fold excess (with respect to the resin) of elution buffer containing 100 μg/ml 3×FLAG peptide (SIGMA). The concentration of purified HDAC is determined by Western blot analysis.

Other assays are known in the literature and can be readily performed by those skilled in the art.

The following Examples illustrate the present invention.

Example 1
1-Methyl-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (A4)
Step 1: (2S)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxononanoic acid (A1)

(2S)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxononanoic acid methyl ester (1 eq.) was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of THF and water at RT and LiOH hydrate (1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The mixture was partitioned between 0.1M HCl and DCM, separated and the organic phase was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The colourless oil A1 obtained was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₁₄H₂₅NO₅requires: 287, found: 288 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: tert-Butyl[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)octyl]carbamate (A2)

A solution of A1 (1 eq.) and Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq) in EtOH was stirred for 30 min at RT and then concentrated under reduced pressure. 2-Bromoacetophenone (1 eq.) was added to the resulting salt in DMF and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT under N₂. The DMF was removed by azeotroping with xylene. EtOAc was added, the mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. A solution of the resulting oil and ammonium acetate (20 eq.) in xylene was heated at reflux (150° C. bath temperature) for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water (×2), sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and brine. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/petrol ether (1.5:1) to obtain the imidazole A2 as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.50-9.60 (1H, m), 7.82-7.40 (2H, m), 7.38-7.29 (2H, m), 7.22-7.15 (2H, m), 5.13 (1H, br. s), 4.68-4.55 (1H, m), 2.39 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.22-2.06 (4H, m), 1.99-1.80 (1H, m), 1.60-1.50 (2H, m), 1.43 (9H, s), 1.40-1.27 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₂₂H₃₁N₃O₃requires: 385, found: 386 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: 2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (A3)

A2 (1 eq.) was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) at 0° C. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was left under high vacuum for a further 3 h. The crude amine salt A3 was used without further purification. MS (ES) C₁₇H₂₃N₃O requires: 285, found: 286 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 1-Methyl-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (A4)

To a solution of A3 (1 eq.) and Et₃N (2.2 eq.) in DMF was added a solution of EDC.HCl (1.2 eq), HOBt (1.2 eq) and 1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.2 eq) in DMF. The mixture was shaken at RT for 16 h and the desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the imidazole A4 as a colourless oil which solidified upon standing. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.96-8.91 (1H, m), 7.98 (1H, s), 7.78 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.50 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.45-7.32 (1H, m), 5.06-4.90 (1H, m), 3.16-2.67 (8H, m), 2.40 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.05 (3H, s), 2.03-1.16 (12H, m). MS (ES) C₂₄H₃₄N₄O₂requires: 410, found: 411 (M+H)⁺.

Example 2
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (B1)

To a solution of Example 1, A3 and Et₃N (1.1 eq.) in DCM was added 4-methoxybenzene sulfonyl chloride (1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 3 hr and the mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude residue was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound B1 as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 8.87 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 7.60-7.52 (4H, m), 7.51-7.40 (3H, m), 7.31 (1H, s), 6.79-6.63 (2H, m), 4.78-4.65 (1H, m), 3.51 (3H, s), 2.37 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 2.04 (3H, s), 1.89-1.78 (2H, m), 1.51-1.32 (3H, m), 1.31-1.14 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₉N₃O₄S requires: 455, found: 456 (M+H)⁺.

Example 3
2-[(1S)-1-({[[2-(Dimethylammonio)ethyl](methyl)amino]-sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (C2)
Step 1: 2-[(Chlorosulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-N,N-dimethylethanaminium chloride (C1)

To a solution of sulfuryl chloride (1.0 eq.) in CHCl₃at 0° C. was added dropwise trimethylethylenediamine (1.0 eq.) over 15 mins. After the addition, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was left under high vacuum for 4 h. The crude product was obtained as a pale yellow solid and was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.46-3.29 (4H, m), 2.83 (6H, s), 2.60 (3H, s).

Step 2: 2-[(1S)-1-({[[2-(Dimethylammonio)ethyl](methyl)amino]-sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (C2)

To a solution Example 1, A3 and Et₃N (4 eq.) in DCM was added crude C1 (1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hr. The mixture was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound C2 as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.18 (1H, br. s), 7.87 (1H, br. s), 7.83-7.71 (2H, m), 7.58-7.28 (3H, m), 4.64-4.45 (1H, m), 3.41-3.16 (4H, m), 2.79 (6H, s), 2.63 (3H, s), 2.39 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 2.05 (3H, s), 1.98-1.78 (2H, m), 1.53-1.19 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₂₂H₃₅N₅O₃S requires: 449, found: 450 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (D1)

To a solution of Example 1, A3 and Et₃N (1 eq.) in DCM was added a solution of EDC hydrochloride (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) and (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.2 eq.) in DCM. The mixture was shaken at RT for 1.5 hr and then the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound D1 as a white fluffy powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6+TFA) δ: 14.43 (2H, bs), 10.61 (1H, s), 8.59 (1H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 8.05 (1H, s), 7.79-7.73 (2H, m), 7.56-7.48 (2H, m), 7.47-7.41 (1H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.96 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 6.60 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz), 5.06-4.97 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.57 (1H, d, J=15.3 Hz), 3.48 (1H, d, J=15.3 Hz), 2.36-2.27 (5H, m), 2.03 (3H, s), 1.97-1.83 (2H, m), 1.43-1.13 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₄N₄O₃requires: 486, found: 487 (M+H)⁺.

Examples 5-31 were made according to the reaction schemes and the processes given in Examples 1-4.

Procedure from

Example
Name
(M + H)⁺
Example Number

5
1-Methyl-4-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-
426
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)piperazinediium

tris(trifluoroacetate)

6
1-Methyl-2-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
411
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

7
1-(3-Oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
425
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}propyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

8
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpyrrolidinium-3-
397
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

9
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
411
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

10
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(2-
396
1

thienylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

11
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-
397
1

ylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

12
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-
412
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

13
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-
484
2

ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

14
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
487
4

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

15
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]
451
2

amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-

ium trifluoroacetate

16
2-{(1S)-1-[(2-Naphthylsulfonyl)
476
2

amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-

ium trifluoroacetate

17
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-
461
2

yl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

18
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-Benzothien-3-ylsulfonyl)amino]-
482
2

7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

19
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]
460
2

amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-

ium trifluoroacetate

20
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-Methoxyphenyl)
456
2

sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

21
1,2-Dimethyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1-
444
2

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)-

1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

22
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,5-Dimethylisoxazol-4-
445
2

yl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

23
4-[({1-[5-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
441
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

24
4-[({1-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
441
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

25
4-[({1-[5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
429
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

26
4-[({1-[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
445
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

27
4-[({1-[5-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
489
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

28
4-[({1-[5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
445
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

29
4-[({1-[5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-
479
1

1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

30
4-[({1-[5-(4-Cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
436
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

31
4-[({1-[5-(3-Cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
436
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

ExampleS 32 and 33
4-({[(1S)-1-(4,5-Diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium trifluoroacetate (E2a) and 4-({[(1S)-1-(4,5-Diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (E2b)
Step 1: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]carbamate (E1a) and tert-butyl [(1S)-1-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]carbamate (E1b)

A solution of Example 1, Al and Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq) in EtOH was stirred at RT for 30 min and was then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. To the resulting salt dissolved in DMF was added 2-bromo-1,2-diphenylethanone (1 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hr at RT and then the DMF was removed under reduced pressure. EtOAc was added and the mixture was filtered and the filter was washed with further EtOAc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. A solution of the resulting oil and NH₄OAc (20 eq.) in xylene was heated at reflux (150° C. bath temperature) for 90 min and was then cooled to RT and diluted with EtOAc. The solution was washed with H₂O (2×), sat. aq. NaHCO₃, and brine, then dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting brown oil was used in the next step without further purification.

tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]carbamate: MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₄N₂O₄requires: 462, found: 463 (M+H)⁺.

tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]carbamates: MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₅N₃O₃requires: 461, found: 462 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 4-({[(1S)-1-(4,5-Diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}-carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium trifluoroacetate (E2a) and 4-({[(1S)-1-(4,5-Diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (E2b)

The mixture of carbamates from the previous step (E1a and E1b) was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) and the mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT. The solvents were removed under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃and DCM. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the obtained residue was added a solution of EDC.HCl (1.2 eq), HOBt (1.2 eq) and 4-carboxy-1-methylpiperidinium chloride (1.2 eq) in DMF, followed by Et₃N (1.2 eq). The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 hr. The products were isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18), to yield first the imidazole E2a and then the oxazole E2b. The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compounds as colourless oils.

Eluted first: (4-({[(1S)-1-(4,5-Diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-methyl piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate): MS (ES) C₃₀H₃₈N₄O₂requires: 486, found: 487 (M+H)⁺.

Eluted second: 4-({[(1S)-1-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}-carbonyl)-1-methylpiperidinium trifluoroacetate: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.50-9.13 (1H, m), 8.63 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.65-7.30 (10H, m), 5.01 (1H, m), 3.51-3.24 (2H, m), 3.22-2.84 (2H, m), 2.82-2.70 (3H, m), 2.55-2-45 (1H, m), 2.41 (2H, t, J=3.6 Hz), 2.05 (3H, s), 2.02-1.64 (6H, m), 1.54-1.19 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₀H₃₇N₃O₃requires: 487, found: 488 (M+H)⁺.

Examples 34-86 were made according to the reaction schemes and the processes given in Examples 14, 32 and 33.

Procedure

from Example

Example
Name
(M + H)⁺
Number

34
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
487
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-

1-ium chloride

35
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
411
1

1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

dichloride

36
1-Methyl-4-[4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
488
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)phenyl]piperazinediium

tris(trifluoroacetate)

37
3-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
474
1

yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

38
3-(2-Oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
466
1

1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-

[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

39
2-(3-Oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
437
1

1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}propyl)-2-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane bis(trifluoroacetate)

40
4-(2-Oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
490
1

1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}-1-pyridinium-3-

ylethyl)morpholin-4-ium tris(trifluoroacetate)

41
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-1-(4-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-
425
32

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)-7-

oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

42
4-({[(1S)-1-(5-Biphenyl-4-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
487
1

yl)-7-oxooctyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

43
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
461
1

1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

44
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
445
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

45
4-{[((1S)-1-{5-[3,5-bis(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-
547
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl}-7-oxooctyl)amino]carbonyl}-

1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

46
1-Methyl-4-{[((1S)-7-oxo-1-{5-[3-
479
1

(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl}octyl)amino]carbonyl}piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

47
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
451
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

48
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]octyl}-5-
426
2

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

49
4-Methyl-7-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
497
2

1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-

1,4-benzoxazin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

50
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-(Acetylamino)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-
504
2

5-yl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

51
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Chloro-2-thienyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
466
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

52
1,3,5-Trimethyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
458
2

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)-1H-

pyrazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

53
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-(2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-
529
2

thienyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

54
2-{(1S)-1-[({5-[1-Methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-
580
2

pyrazol-5-yl]-2-thienyl}sulfonyl)amino]-7-

oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

55
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Isoxazol-3-yl-2-
499
2

thienyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

56
1-Methyl-4-{[((1S)-7-oxo-1-{5-[4-
479
1

(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl}octyl)amino]carbonyl}piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

57
4-{[((1S)-1-{5-[4-(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-
477
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl}-7-oxooctyl)amino]carbonyl}-

1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

58
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
447
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

59
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
471
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

60
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
471
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

61
2-[(1S)-1-({[4-
483
2

(Acetylamino)phenyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-

5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

62
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
451
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

63
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Chloro-4-
485
2

cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

64
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-Fluoro-4-
489
2

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

65
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-
490
2

thienyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

66
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-
486
2

7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

67
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-Fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
444
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

68
2-((1S)-1-{[(3-Cyano-4-
469
2

fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

69
2-[(1S)-1-({[4-
492
2

(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-

oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

70
2-[(1S)-1-({[3-
492
2

(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}amino)-7-

oxooctyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

71
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,1,3-Benzothiadiazol-5-
484
2

ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

72
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-
468
2

ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

73
2-Morpholin-4-yl-5-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
512
2

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)pyridinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

74
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,1,3-Benzoxadiazol-4-
468
2

ylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

75
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
444
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

76
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
471
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

77
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
444
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

78
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-
486
2

7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

79
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,4-Difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
462
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

80
5-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
477
2

yl)octyl]amino}sulfonyl)isoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

81
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Carboxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
470
2

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

82
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-7-oxo-1-[5-(3-thienyl)-1H-
417
1

imidazol-3-ium-2-

yl]octyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

83
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-
412
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-

5-yl]pyridinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

84
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(5-Chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothien-2-
515
1

yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

85
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-7-oxo-1-[5-(3-phenylisoxazol-5-
478
1

yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-

yl]octyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

86
1-Methyl-4-{[((1S)-1-{5-[6-methyl-2-
540
1

(trifluoromethyl)[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-5-

yl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl}-7-

oxooctyl)amino]carbonyl}piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

Example 87
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[1-methyl-4-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (F3)
Step 1: 2-(2-Naphthyl)-2-oxoethyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxo nonanoate (F1)

A solution of Example 1, Al and Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq) in EtOH was stirred for 30 min at RT and was then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. To the resulting salt in DMF was added 2-bromo-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone (1 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 1 hr at RT and the DMF was removed under reduced pressure. EtOAc was added, the mixture was filtered and the filter was washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. The colourless oil obtained was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₃NO₆requires: 455, found: 456 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 2-{(1S)-1-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-1-methyl-4-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (F2)

To a solution of F1 in xylene was added NH₄OAc (10 eq.) and MeNH₃OAc (10 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux (150° C. bath temperature) for 90 min. After cooling to RT, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and the desired product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using water (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the product as colourless oil. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₅N₃O₃requires: 449, found: 450 (M+H)+

Step 3: 1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[1-methyl-4-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (F3)

F2 was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) and the mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃and DCM. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure.

To the resulting residue was added a solution of EDC.HCl (1.2 eq), HOBt (1.2 eq) and 4-carboxy-1-methylpiperidinium chloride (1.2 eq) in DMF, followed by DIPEA (1.2 eq.). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hr and then the product F3 was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using water (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the final product as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.62-9.20 (1H, m), 8.69 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, s), 8.01-7.81 (5H, m), 7.59-7.44 (2H, m), 5.05 (1H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.50-3.22 (2H, m), 3.20-2.82 (2H, m), 2.81-2.70 (3H, m), 2.55-2.45 (1H, m), 2.41 (2H, t, J=3.6 Hz), 2.06 (3H, s), 2.02-1.64 (6H, m), 1.54-1.19 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₈N₄O₂requires: 474, found: 475 (M+H)⁺.

Example 88
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (G5)
Step 1: Methyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-hydroxydecanoate (G1)

To a solution of (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid in anhydrous THF at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere was added slowly a solution of BH₃.Me₂S in THF (2 M, 2 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 5 min at 0° C. and 3 hr at 55° C. The reaction was quenched with MeOH and partitioned between EtOAc and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained product was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₁₆H₃₁NO₅requires: 317, found: 318 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (2S)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-hydroxydecanohydrazide (G2)

G1 was dissolved in ⁱPrOH and NH₂NH₂.H₂O (3 eq.) was added, the mixture was then heated at 80° C. for 16 hr. The mixture was cooled to RT and partitioned between DCM and H₂O. The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₁₅H₃₁N₃O₄requires: 317, found: 318 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl {(1S)-7-Hydroxy-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]nonyl}carbamate (G3)

To a solution of the 2-naphthonitrile in anhydrous MeOH was added dropwise a solution of NaOMe in MeOH (31%, 1 eq.). The mixture was warmed to 40° C. for 5 min and then left to stir at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was left standing at 5° C. overnight and then neutralized with AcOH and added to G2. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hr at RT. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was suspended in anhydrous toluene and was heated to 110° C. for 2.5 hr. After cooling to RT, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica using 50% EtOAc/petroleum ether as eluent to give the desired product was obtained as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₆N₄O₃requires: 452, found: 453 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[3-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}carbamate (G4)

To a solution of G3 in anhydrous DCM was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.5 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 2 hr at RT and then a sat. aq. NaHCO₃(containing Na₂S₂O₃(6 eq.)) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. The phases were separated and the H₂O phase was washed with DCM. The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained product was used in the next step without further purification. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₄N₄O₃requires: 450, found: 451 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (G5)

G4 was dissolved in a mixture of DCM and TFA (1:1) and stirred at RT. After 20 min, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure.

To the residue was added a solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.3 eq.), HOBt (1.3 eq.) and EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.) in DMF (premixed for 3 min), followed by DIPEA (1.3 eq.). The mixture was left stirring at room temperature for 3 hr. The product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using water (0.1% TFA) and acetonitrile (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18), the desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the final product as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.57 (1H, s), 8.52 (1H, s), 8.39 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 8.18-7.18 (4H, m), 7.65-7.49 (2H, m), 7.16-6.98 (2H, m), 6.64-6.54 (1H, m), 5.00 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.60-3.40 (2H, m), 2.40-2.23 (7H, m), 1.98-1.72 (2H, m), 1.45-1.11 (6H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₇N₅O₃requires: 551, found: 552 (M+H)⁺.

Example 89
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)nonyl]acetamide (H4)
Step 1: 6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)hexan-1-ol (H1)

To a stirred mixture of Mg (2.5 eq.) in anhydrous THF under Ar was added 12 (>5 mol %) and the mixture heated at reflux until the solution became colourless. Then 2-(5-bromopentyl)-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane (2.2 eq.) [Sanghee, K. et al Synthesis 2003, 14, 2194-2198] was added dropwise, upon complete addition the mixture was heated at reflux for 2.5 hr. The resulting Grignard reagent obtained was used immediately for the next step.

The resulting Grignard solution was added to a solution of 4-phenylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde (1 eq.) in THF at 0° C. under Ar and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of sat. NH₄Cl solution and the desired product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography eluting with 90% Petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the desired alcohol H1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 7.60-7.50 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.42-7.32 (3H, m), 7.33-7.27 (2H, m), 5.05-4.89 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 4.88-4.83 (1H, s), 3.94-3.89 (4H, s), 1.89-1.78 (2H, m), 1.65-1.55 (4H, m), 1.40-1.25 (6H, m), 0.90-0.80 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₁H₂₈O₃S requires: 360, found: 361 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 2-[6-Azido-6-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)hexyl]-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane (H2)

The alcohol H1 was dissolved in toluene, to give a solution of 0.5 M, together with diphenylphosphorazide (DPPA, 1.2 eq.) and then DBU (1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture was heated with stirring at 50° C. overnight. After cooling to RT, EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with H₂O and then with 5% HCl solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 50% Petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford H2. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.62-7.55 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 7.45-7.20 (5H, m), 4.65 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.95 (4H, s), 1.89-1.78 (2H, m), 1.65-1.55 (4H, m), 1.45-1.25 (6H, m), 0.9-0.8 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₁H₂₇N₃O₂S requires: 385, found: 386 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: [6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)hexyl]amine (H3)

The azide H2 was dissolved in MeOH and stirred in the presence of 10% Pd/C under an H2 atmosphere for 1 hr. The H2 atmosphere removed and N₂introduced. The reaction mixture was filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH and the filtrates concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 30% Petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the amine H3. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.54 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.45-7.35 (3H, m), 7.33-7.28 (2H, m), 4.67 (1H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.90 (4H, s), 1.89-1.78 (2H, m), 1.65-1.55 (4H, m), 1.45-1.25 (6H, m), 0.90-0.80 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₁H₂₉NO₂S requires: 359, found: 360 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)nonyl]acetamide (H4)

To a stirred solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) and EDCI (1.2 eq.) in DCM was added H3. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hr. The reaction mixture was washed successively with 0.25 M HCl solution, 0.25 M NaOH solution and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting N-[6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(4-phenyl-2-thienyl)hexyl]-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide taken up in 1M HCl solution (4 eq.) and THF and was stirred at RT for 4 hr. The mixture neutralized with 1 M NaOH and the ketone was extracted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound H4 as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 9.00-8.90 (1H, br. s), 7.52 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.43-7.34 (3H, m), 7.32-7.22 (1H, m), 7.18 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.10 (1H, s), 6.97 (1H, s), 6.69 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 2.0 Hz), 6.60 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 5.17 (1H, q, J=6.0 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.56-3.50 (2H, br. s), 2.45-2.30 (7H, m), 1.90-1.20 (8H, m), 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₃S requires: 516, found: 517

Procedure from

Example
Name
(M + H)⁺
Example Number

90
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1-Benzothien-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-
467
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

91
2-{(1S)-1-[(3,4-Difluorobenzoyl)amino]-7-
426
1

oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

92
2-((1S)-1-{[4-(Acetylamino)benzoyl]amino}-7-
447
1

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

93
2-((1S)-1-{[4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoyl]amino}-7-
469
1

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

94
4-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
391
1

yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)pyridinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

95
3-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
391
1

yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)pyridinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

96
2-((1S)-1-{[(3,5-Dimethylisoxazol-4-
409
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

97
2-{(1S)-1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-
448
1

ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

98
2-{(1S)-1-[(3-Nitrobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-
435
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

99
2-{(1S)-1-[(3-Cyanobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-
415
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

100
2-{(1S)-1-[(4-Cyanobenzoyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-
415
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

101
1-Methyl-4-({[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-
441
89

thienyl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

trifluoroacetate

102
4-[({(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
463
107

1-ium-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

103
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(3-
523
326

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

104
4-[({(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-
443
107

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

105
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
519
107

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(3-

methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

106
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(3-
503
107

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(3-

methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

Example 107
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (I6)
Step 1: tert-Butyl 6-[(2S,5R)-5-isopropyl-3,6-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydropyrazin-2-yl]hexanoate (I1)

To a stirred solution of (2R)-2-isopropyl-3,6-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydropyrazine (1.0 eq.) in THF at −78° C., was added dropwise over 10 min a solution of BuLi (1.6 N in hexane, 1.0 eq.) and stirring was continued at −78° C. for 45 min. A pre-cooled solution of tert-butyl 6-iodohexanoate (1.0 eq.) in THF was then added by cannula over 5 min and the reaction stirred overnight, slowly warming to RT. The reaction was then left to stir at RT for a further hour and was quenched by the addition of aqueous NH₄Cl solution. The THF layer was decanted off and concentrated under reduced pressure, meanwhile and the aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The EtOAc extracts were used to redissolve the oily THF residue and this solution was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was used directly in the next step without further purification (I1).

Step 2: 8-tert-Butyl 1-methyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]octanedioate (I2)

I1 was dissolved in THF (0.12 M solution) and cooled at 0° C. with an ice-bath; 1M HCl (4 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred 20 min at the same temperature. 1M NaOH was added (4 eq), the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and the collected organic phases were treated with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), then solvent removed under reduced pressure. The pale yellow oil obtained was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane/water (1:1, 0.09M solution) then NaHCO₃(4 eq.) and Boc₂O (2 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The dioxane was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The collected organic phases were washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The amber oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/petroleum ether (4:1) to obtain the title compound as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 5.00 (1H, br. s), 4.30 (1H, br. s), 3.75 (3H, s), 2.21 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.70-1.80 (1H, m), 1.70-1.50 (3H, m), 1.45 (18H, s), 1.40-1.27 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₁₈H₃₃NO₆requires: 359, found: 360 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (2S)-8-tert-Butoxy-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxooctanoic acid (I3)

I2 was dissolved in a mixture of THF and H₂O (4:1, 0.35M solution) at RT and LiOH.H₂O (1.1 eq.) was added and the mixture was then stirred for 1.5 hr. 1M HCl was added until pH 4-5, then the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×); the collected organic phases were washed with brine and then dried (Na₂SO₄). After removal of the solvent the title compound was obtained as a colorless oil which solidified upon standing, this was used in the next step without purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 5.23 (1H, br. s), 4.13 (1H, br. s), 2.21 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.90 (1H, m), 1.70-1.50 (3H, m), 1.45 (9H, s), 1.44 (9H, s), 1.50-1.25 (4H, m) MS (ES) C₁₇H₃₁NO₆requires: 345, found: 346 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: tert-Butyl (7S)-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanoate (I4)

A solution of I3 and Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq) in EtOH (0.47M solution) was stirred for 30 min at RT and then concentrated under reduced pressure. 2-Bromo-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone (1 eq.) was added to the resulting salt in DMF (0.27M solution) and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 hr at RT under N₂. The DMF removed under reduced pressure, azeotroping with toluene. EtOAc was added, the mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. A solution of the resulting oil and NH₄OAc (20 eq.) in xylene was heated at reflux (150° C. bath temperature) for 2 hr. Excess NH₄OAc and H₂O were removed using a Dean-Stark trap. The mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water (×2), sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, water (×2) and brine. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/petroleum ether (9:1 to 1:1) to obtain the title compound as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 11.83 (1H, s), 8.24 (1H, s), 8.00-7.75 (4H, m), 7.62 (1H, s), 7.53-7.35 (2H, m), 7.08 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 4.55-4.70 (1H, m), 2.16 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.95-1.65 (2H, m), 1.60-1.15 (6H, m), 1.40 (9H, s), 1.38 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₉N₃O₄requires: 493, found: 494 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-6-carboxyhexyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (I5)

The foregoing compound I4 was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) (0.2M solution) at 0° C. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was concentrated under reduced pressure, azeotroping with toluene. The crude amino acid salt was used without further purification. MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₃N₃O₂requires: 337, found: 338 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: 2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (I6)

A solution of EDC.HCl (1 eq.), HOBt (1 eq.) and (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1 eq.) in DMF was premixed at RT for 1 hr, and then this was added to a solution of 15 and ⁱPrNEt₂(3 eq.) in DMF. The mixture was stirred for 3 hr at RT and after this time the crude was directly purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white fluffy powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 14.56 (1H, br. s), 12.00 (1H, br. s), 10.62 (1H, s), 8.65 (1H, s), 8.33 (1H, s), 8.20-7.80 (6H, m), 7.59 (2H, s), 7.10 (1H, d, J=7.68 Hz), 6.97 (1H, s), 6.60 (1H, s), 5.10-5.00 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.65-3.40 (2H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.16 (2H, br. s), 2.05-1.95 (2H, m), 1.50-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₂H₃₄N₄O₄requires: 538, found: 539 (M+H)⁺.

Example 108
2-((1S)-7-(Hydroxyamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (J1)

2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazole was prepared as described in Example 107 step 6, Once the coupling was completed, to the coupling reaction solution were added EDC.HCl (1.5 eq.) and HOBt (1.5 eq.) and after 1 h at RT hydroxylamine.HCl (1.5 eq) and DIPEA (1.5 eq.) were added. The mixture was stirred for overnight, then the crude was directly purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 14.44 (1H, br. s), 10.62 (1H, br. s), 10.31 (1H, s), 8.61 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 8.33 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, s), 8.06 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.01-7.86 (3H, m), 7.61 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.96 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz), 6.59 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 2.2 Hz), 5.03 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.65-3.40 (2H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.03-1.85 (2H, m), 1.91 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.50-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₂H₃₅N₅O₄requires: 553, found: 554 (M+H)⁺.

Procedure from

Example
Name
(M + H)⁺
Example Number

109
2-{(1S)-1-[(3-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzoyl)amino]-7-
453
1

oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

110
2-Cyano-5-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
416
1

1-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)pyridinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

111
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
501
2

oxooctyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

112
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(3-
522
2

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

113
2-[(1S)-1-({[[2-
500
3

(Dimethylammonio)ethyl](methyl)amino]sulfonyl}amino)-

7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-

ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

114
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-
447
1

ylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

115
5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(4-
485
2

cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

116
5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(3-
507
2

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

117
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
481
2

oxooctyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

118
5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(3-
501
2

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

119
5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-
427
1

5-ylcarbonyl)amino]octyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

120
2-((1S)-7-[(2-Aminophenyl)amino]-1-{[(5-methoxy-
630
108

2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

121
5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3S)-1-
427
1

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-

oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

122
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-
441
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-

1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

123
(3S)-1-Isopropyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-
469
1

1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

124
5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3R)-1-
431
1

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-

oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

125
2-[(1S)-1-({[(3R)-1-Methylpyrrolidinium-3-
447
1

yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

126
4-Methyl-2-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
463
1

1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]morpholin-

4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

127
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
473
1

yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate)

128
4-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-
461
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)-1-methyl-2-

oxoethyl]morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

129
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
552
108

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-

(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

130
5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3R)-1-
427
1

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-

oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

131
(3R)-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-
441
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxooctyl}amino)carbonyl]-

1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

132
5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-[(1S)-1-({[(3S)-1-
431
1

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-

oxooctyl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

133
2-[(1S)-1-({[(3S)-1-Methylpyrrolidinium-3-
447
1

yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

134
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
501
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

135
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
425
1

1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

Example 136
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (K5)
Step 1: N′-(2S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino]-8-hydroxydecanoyl-2-naphthohydrazide (K1)

Naphthyl-2-carboxylic acid, HOBt (1 eq.) and EDC.HCl (1 eq.) were stirred in DCM for 3 h, then (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-hydroxydecanohydrazide (G2, Example 88, step 2) was added and the mixture was left stirring at RT for 16 h. The mixture was partitioned between DCM and 0.1 M HCl. The organic phase separated, washed with sat aq. NaHCO₃solution, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used without purification in the next step. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₇N₃O₅requires: 471, found: 472 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: N′-(2S)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoyl-2-naphthohydrazide (K2)

The crude hydrazide (K1) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM and Dess-Martin periodinane (1.5 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. Sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and 1M Na₂S₂O₃aq. solution (6 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 15 min. The phases were separated and the water phase was extracted with DCM. The combined DCM phases were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative TLC using (SiO₂, EtOAc/Petroleum ether (2:1) as eluent) to yield the product as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₅N₃O₅requires: 469, found: 470 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-carbamate (K3)

A mixture of the hydrazide (K2), 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethyl-perhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine bound on polystyrene (2.3 mmol/g, 5 eq.) and TsCl (1.2 eq.) was suspended in anhydrous THF. The suspension was gently stirred and heated at 65° C. for 4 h. The mixture was filtered, and the resin was washed with THF. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₃N₃O₄requires: 451, found: 452 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: (9S)-9-Amino-9-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]nonan-3-one (K4)

To a solution of the oxadiazole (K3) in DCM at 0° C. was added the same volume TFA. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was used as such in the next step. MS (ES) C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₂requires: 351, found: 352 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (K5)

To the crude amine (K4) was added a solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.3 eq.), HOBt (1.3 eq.) and EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.) in DMF (premixed for 3 min), followed by DIPEA (1.3 eq.). The mixture was left stirring at RT for 3 h. The product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure from the desired fractions and the remaining water phase was partitioned between sat aq. NaHCO₃solution and DCM. The DCM phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then lyophilized from MeCN/H₂O to obtained the desired product as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.60 (1H, s), 8.71 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.12-7.85 (4H, m), 7.65-7.45 (2H, m), 7.12-6.96 (2H, m), 6.62-6.50 (1H, m), 5.22-5.07 (1H, m), 3.65 (3H, s), 3.52 (2H, s), 2.42-2.23 (7H, m), 2.05-1.75 (2H, m), 1.47-1.15 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₄requires: 552, found: 553 (M+H)⁺. [α]_D=−13°, c=0.163 (EtOH)

Example 137
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (L5)
Step 1: 2-Azido-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone (L1)

To 2-bromo-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone in acetone was added NaN₃(1 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h. EtOAc was added (10 vol.) and the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica eluting with 10% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to obtain the product as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.39 (1H, s), 8.02-7.82 (4H, m), 7.69-7.50 (2H, m), 4.68 (2H, s). MS (ES) C₁₂H₉N₃O requires: 211, found: 212 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 2-Amino-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone.HCl (L2)

A solution of the azide (L1) in MeOH, was added 1 M HCl (1 eq.) and Pd on carbon (10% wt) and the mixture was stirred at RT under a H2 atmosphere for 3.5 h. The catalyst was filtered off and washed with MeOH. The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude material was used without purification in the next step. MS (ES) C₁₂H₁₁NO requires: 185, found: 186 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-({[2-oxo-(2-naphthyl)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)-7-oxononyl]-carbamate (L3)

A solution of (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid, EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.) and HOBt (1.3 eq.) in DMF was shaken for 5 min. To the mixture was added a solution of crude amine (L2) (1 eq.) and DIPEA (1 eq.) in DMF. The mixture was left to stir for 1 h. It was partitioned between DMF and 1 M NaOH. The DCM phase was washed sequentially with 1 M NaOH, 1 M HCl and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using 50% EtOAc/Petroleum ether as eluent to yield the product was obtained as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₅requires: 468, found: 469 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-carbamate (L4)

PPh₃and C₂Cl₆(1 eq.) were dissolved in DCM at RT and Et₃N (2 eq.) was added, followed after 5 min. of stirring by dropwise addition of a solution of the amide (L3) (0.5 eq.) in DCM. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at RT and was then poured into H₂O. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica using 30% EtOAc/Petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a white solid. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₄requires: 450, found: 451 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (L5)

The oxazoles (L4) (1 eq.) was dissolved in a mixture of DCM and TFA (1:1) and stirred at RT for 30 min, after which the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The DCM phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added a solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.3 eq.), HOBt (1.3 eq.) and EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.) in DMF (premixed for 3 min), followed by DIPEA (1.3 eq.). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h and then the desired product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using water (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The pooled product fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure and the product was obtained as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.58 (1H, s), 8.58 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.05-7.85 (3H, m), 7.85-7.72 (1H, m), 7.71 (1H, s), 7.60-7.44 (2H, m), 7.13-7.01 (2H, m), 6.62-6.54 (1H, m), 5.10-4.93 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.51 (2H, s), 2.42-2.20 (7H, m), 2.05-1.77 (2H, m), 1.47-1.15 (6H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₄H₃₇N₃O₄requires: 551, found: 552 (M+H)⁺.

Example 138
5-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-2-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (M7)
Step 1: 2,5-Dibromo-1-{[2-(dimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole (M1)

To a stirred solution of 2,5-dibromo-1H-imidazole (1 eq.) in DMF at 0° C. under Ar was added NaH (1.2 eq.) and the mixture stirred for 30 min at 0° C. Then SEM-Cl (1.1 eq.) was added dropwise, and the mixture stirred 16 h warming to RT. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of H₂O and the desired product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 7.10 (1H, s), 5.21 (2H, s), 3.53 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 0.90 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 0.10 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₉H₁₆Br₂N₂OSi requires: 354:356:358 [1:2:1], found: 355:357:359 [1:2:1] (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 5-Bromo-2-(2-naphthyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole (M2)

To a stirred mixture of the imidazole (M1) (1 eq.) in toluene, 2 M Na₂CO₃aq. solution (2 eq.) and 2-naphthylboronic acid (1 eq.) under Ar was added Pd(PPh₃)₄(5 mol %) and the mixture heated at reflux 16 h. After cooling to RT, EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with 2M NaOH. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the bromoimidazole. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 8.28 (1H, s), 7.95-7.80 (4H, m), 7.58-7.48 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, s), 5.20 (2H, s), 3.58-3.48 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 0.95-0.85 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 0.10 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₁₉H₂₃BrN₂OSi requires: 402:404 [1:1], found: 403:405 [1:1] (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: 5-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexanal (M3)

To a stirred mixture of 5-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-pentanamide (1 eq.) [Prepared by coupling 7-oxononanoic acid with N, O-dimethylhydroxylamine and subsequent ketal protection] in anhydrous THF at −78° C. was added a 1 M LiAlH₄solution in THF (1.6 eq.) slowly over 5 min. After 45 min the reaction was quenched by addition of Et₂O and then aq. Rochelle's salt solution (10% w/v). The mixture was warmed to RT with a vigourous stirring. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired aldehyde. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 9.77 (1H, s), 4.00 (4H, s), 2.44 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.75-1.48 (6H, m), 1.46-1.25 (4H, m), 1.00-0.80 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz).

Step 4: 6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(2-(2-naphthyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl)hexan-1-ol (M4)

To a stirred mixture of the bromoimidazole (M2) (1 eq.) in THF at −78° C. under Ar was added dropwise n-BuLi (1.2 eq., 1.6M solution in pentane). After 15 min a pre-cooled solution of the aldehyde (M3) (1.6 eq.) in THF was added and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for a further 60 min. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and the desired product was then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired alcohol. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 8.30 (1H, s), 7.95-7.80 (4H, m), 7.58-7.48 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, s), 5.30 (2H, s), 4.80-4.65 (1H, m), 3.91 (4H, s), 2.52-2.35 (2H, m), 1.75-1.48 (6H, m), 1.46-1.25 (4H, m), 1.10-0.80 (5H, m), 0.20-0.00 (9H, m). MS (ES) C₃₀H₄N₂O₄Si requires: 524, found: 525 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 5-[1-Azido-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexyl]-2-(2-naphthyl)-1-{[2-(trimethyl silyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole (M5)

The alcohol (M4) (1 eq.) was dissolved in toluene and DPPA (1.2 eq.) and then DBU (1.2 eq.) were added and the mixture was heated with stirring at 50° C. overnight. After cooling to RT, EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with H₂O and then with 5% HCl solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 50% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired azide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.30 (1H, s), 7.95-7.80 (4H, m), 7.58-7.48 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, s), 5.32 (2H, s), 4.70-4.58 (1H, m), 3.90 (4H, s), 3.69-3.59 (2H, m), 2.52-2.35 (2H, m), 1.75-1.48 (6H, m), 1.46-1.25 (4H, m), 1.00-0.80 (5H, m), 0.10 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₃Si requires: 549, found: 550 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: [6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(2-(2-naphthyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl)hexyl]amine (M6)

The azide (M5) (1 eq.) was dissolved in EtOAc and stirred in the presence of 10% Pd/C under an H2 atmosphere for 1 hr. The H2 atmosphere removed and N₂introduced. The reaction mixture was filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH and the filtrates concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 70% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the amine.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: δ: 8.42-8.35 (1H, s), 7.97-7.87 (2H, m), 7.85-7.70 (2H, m), 7.58-7.45 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, s), 5.37-5.25 (2H, s), 4.70-4.58 (1H, m), 3.94-3.89 (4H, s), 3.69-3.59 (2H, m), 2.52-2.35 (2H, m), 1.75-1.48 (6H, m), 1.46-1.25 (4H, m), 1.00-0.80 (5H, m), 0.10 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₃₀H₄₅N₃O₃Si requires: 523, found: 524 (M+H)⁺.

Step 7: 5-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-2-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (M7)

To a stirred solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) and EDCI (1.2 eq.) in DCM was added the amine (M6). The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hr. The reaction mixture was washed successively with 0.25 M HCl solution, 0.25 M NaOH solution and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting amide was taken up in THF and a 1 M solution of TBAF (2 eq.) in THF was added and the mixture was heated at reflux for 6 h. After cooling to RT, EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with H₂O and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The deprotected imidazole was then taken up in THF and 1 M HCl solution (4 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 4 hr. The mixture neutralized with 1 M NaOH and the ketone was extracted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 10.70-10.60 (1H, s) 8.65-8.53 (1H, s), 8.45-8.33 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.25-8.12 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.10-7.90 (3H, br, s), 7.75-7.65 (2H, m), 7.55 (1H, s), 7.23-7.13 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.06 (1H, s), 6.65 (1H, s), 5.05-4.95 (1H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.53 (2H, s), 2.45-2.30 (7H, m), 1.90-1.20 (8H, m), 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₃S requires: 550, found: 551.

Example 139
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)nonyl]acetamide (N4)
Step 1: 6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)hexan-1-one (N1)

To a stirred mixture of 2-(5-bromopentyl)-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane (1.6 eq.) in anhydrous THF at −78° C. under Ar in the was added dropwise a 1.6 M solution t-BuLi (3.2 eq.) in pentane. After 30 min a precooled solution of N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide (1 eq., WO 2001052846) in THF was added and the mixture was stirred for 60 min. at −78° C. and was then quenched by slow addition of sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and the desired product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired alcohol. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 8.76 (1H, s), 8.15-8.05 (2H, m), 7.70-7.52 (3H, m), 3.94-3.89 (4H, m), 3.02-2.91 (2H, t, J=8.0 Hz), 1.75-1.65 (4H, m), 1.60-1.50 (4H, m), 1.45-1.30 (2H, m), 1.00-0.80 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₅NO₃S requires: 359, found: 360 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)hexan-1-ol (N2)

To a stirred solution of the ketone (N1) in anhydrous EtOH at RT was added NaBH₄(1 eq.) and the mixture stirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and the desired product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired alcohol. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 7.95 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.65-7.45 (1H, s), 7.45-7.35 (3H, m), 5.05-4.95 (1H, m), 3.94-3.89 (4H, m), 1.75-1.55 (6H, m), 1.45-1.25 (6H, m), 1.00-0.80 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₇NO₃S requires: 361, found: 362 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: [6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)hexyl]amine (N3)

5-[1-azido-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexyl]-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole from alcohol (N2) was prepared according to the procedure used in Example 89 Step 2. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.00-7.90 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.45-7.35 (3H, m), 5.10 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.95 (4H, s), 1.89-1.78 (2H, m), 1.65-1.55 (4H, m), 1.45-1.25 (6H, m), 0.90-0.80 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₆N₄O₂S requires: 386, found: 387 (M+H)⁺. The azide was then reduced according to the Example 89 Step 3 to afford the desired amine (N3). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.95 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.45-7.35 (3H, m), 4.95 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.95 (4H, s), 1.89-1.78 (2H, m), 1.65-1.55 (4H, m), 1.45-1.25 (6H, m), 0.90-0.80 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₈N₂O₂S requires: 360, found: 361 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-1-(2-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)nonyl]acetamide (N4)

This was prepared from amine (N3) according to the Example 89 Step 4. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, (CD₃)SO) δ: 10.65 (1H, s), 8.60-8.40 (1H, d, J=5 Hz), 7.92-7.82 (2H, m) 7.66 (1H, s), 7.55-7.44 (3H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.05 (1H, s), 6.60 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 5.17 (1H, app. q, J=6.0 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.56-3.50 (2H, br. s), 2.45-2.30 (7H, m), 1.90-1.20 (8H, m), 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₀H₃₅N₃O₃S requires: 517, found: 518.

Example 140
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (O4)
Step 1: N-[(1E)-6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfin amide (O1)

A solution of 6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexanal (M3) (1.1 eq.), (R)-(+)-tert-butanesulfinamide (1.0 eq.) and anhydrous copper sulfate (2.2 eq.) in DCM was stirred for 70 h at RT. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with hexane/ethyl acetate mixture as eluent to yield the desired product as an oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.05 (1H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 3.91 (4H, s), 2.60-2.40 (2H, m), 1.70-1.50 (6H, m), 1.47-1.28 (4H, m), 1.18 (9H, s), 0.88 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.6, 111.9, 65.0, 56.5, 36.5, 36.0, 29.8, 29.5, 25.5, 23.5, 22.3, 8.1. MS (ES) C₁₅H₂₉NO₃S requires: 303, found: 304 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: N-[(1S)-6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(4-phenylpyridin-2-yl)hexyl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (O2)

A solution of 2-bromo-4-phenylpyridine (1 eq.) in THF was cooled to −78° C. and treated dropwise with n-BuLi (1.1 eq.). After 30 min, a solution of the imine (O1) (1.2 eq.) in THF was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at −78° C. and than slowly warmed to RT. The reaction was quenched with H₂O and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude amine was used without further purification; LC-MS analysis shows two diastereomers 4.3:1. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₈N₂O₃S requires: 459, found: 460 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (1S)-7-Oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridin-2-yl)nonan-1-aminium trifluoroacetate (O3)

The disubstituted pyridine (O2) (1 eq.) was dissolved in 1.25 N HCl in MeOH and was stirred for 30 min at RT. The reaction was quenched with 1N NaOH solution and was extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude amine was used without further purification. A small portion was purified by RP-HPLC and showed: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 8.68 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 8.41 (3H, br. s), 7.87-7.74 (5H, m), 7.57-7.49 (2H, m), 4.43 (1H, m), 2.39-2.31 (4H, m), 1.95-1.80 (2H, m), 1.45-1.13 (6H, m), 0.86 (3H, t, J=4.6 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₆N₂O requires: 310, found: 311 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (O4)

To a solution of the amine (O3) (1 eq.) and DIPEA (2.2 eq.) in DMF was added a solution of EDC.HCl (1.3 eq), HOBt (1.3 eq) and 1-methylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid (1.2 eq) in DMF. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h and the desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the imidazole as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.22 (1H, bs), 8.65 (1H, s), 8.05 (1H, s), 7.93-7.71 (4H, m), 7.66-7.53 (3H, m), 5.17 (1H, m), 3.60 (1H, m), 3.44-3.13 (1H, m), 2.85-2.63 (5H, m), 2.60-2.46 (1H, m), 2.43-2.33 (4H, m), 2.24-1.82 (6H, m), 1.61-1.25 (6H, m), 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₇N₃O₂requires: 436, found: 437 (M+H)⁺.

Example 141
(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid (P4)
Step 1: N′-(2)-8-tert-Butoxy-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxooctanyl-2-naphtho hydrazide (P1)

A solution of EDC.HCl (1.5 eq.), HOBt (1.5 eq.) and (2S)-8-tert-Butoxy-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxooctanoic acid (13, Example 107 Step 3) (1 eq.) in DMF (0.1 M) was premixed at RT for 1 hr, and then 2-naphthohydrazide was added. The mixture was stirred for 16 hr at RT and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM, washed with 1 M HCl solution and brine. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 30% EtOAc/petroleum to obtain the hydrazide as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 300 K) custom character 9.36 (1H, broad s), 9.12 (1H, broad s), 8.36 (1H, s), 7.90-7.80 (4H, m), 7.61-7.49 (2H, m), 5.15 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 4.38-4.24 (1H, m), 2.20 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.98-1.85 (1H, m), 1.76-1.64 (1H, m), 1.64-1.52 (2H, m), 1.50-1.30 (22H, m). MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₉N₃O₆requires: 513, found: 514 (M+H⁺).

Step 2: tert-Butyl (7S)-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoate (P2)

The desired compound was prepared as a yellow solid from the hydrazide (P1) as described in Example 136 step 3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO, 325 K) δ 8.57 (1H, s), 8.19-8.11 (2H, m), 8.09-8.00 (2H, m), 7.72-7.60 (2H, m), 7.58 (1H, broad s), 4.92-4.80 (1H, m), 2.18 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.00-1.80 (2H, m), 1.55-1.25 (24H, m). MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₇N₃O₅requires: 495, found: 496 (M+H⁺).

Step 3: (1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]hexan-1-aminium trifluoroacetate (P3)

The desired compound was prepared as a yellow solid from the carbamate (P2) as described in Example 136 step 4, however without the basic work up. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 300 K) custom character 12.0 (1H, broad s), 8.84 (3H, broad s), 8.65 (1H, s), 8.25-8.00 (4H, m), 7.76-7.62 (2H, m), 4.94-4.84 (1H, m), 2.21 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.15-1.95 (2H, m), 1.60-1.25 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₁₉H₂₁N₃O₃requires: 339, found: 340 (M+H⁺).

Step 4: (7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid (P4)

The titled compound (P4) was obtained from the amine (P3) as described in Example 136 step 5 to yield a white powder. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 300 K) δ 11.95 (1H, broad s), 10.59 (1H, broad s), 8.71 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.46 (1H, s), 8.14-7.90 (4H, m), 7.72-7.62 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.04 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 6.58 (1H, dd, J=8 Hz, J=2 Hz), 5.22-5.10 (1H, m), 3.64 (3H, s), 3.52 (2H, s), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.17 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.05-1.85 (2H, m), 1.50-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₂N₄O₅requires: 540, found: 541 (M+H⁺).

Example 142
(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanamide (O1)

(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid was obtained as described in Example 141 step 4. Once the coupling was complete, to the reaction mixture were added HATU (1.3 eq) and after 30 min a solution of NH₃in 1,4-dioxane (10 eq). The mixture was stirred for overnight, then the crude was directly purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford Q1 as a white powder. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 300 K) δ 10.59 (1H, broad s), 8.71 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.46 (1H, s), 8.15-7.90 (4H, m), 7.72-7.60 (2H, m), 7.18 (1H, broad s), 7.09 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.03 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 6.65 (1H, broad s), 6.58 (1H, dd, J=8 Hz, J=2 Hz), 5.20-5.10 (1H, m), 3.64 (3H, s), 3.52 (2H, s), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.00 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.10-1.85 (2H, m), 1.50-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₃N₅O₄requires: 539, found: 540 (M+H⁺).

Example 143
(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanoic acid (R4)
Step 1: (2S)-8-tert-Butoxy-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxooctanohydrazide (R1)

The hydrazide (R1) was obtained as pale yellow oil from 8-tert-butyl 1-methyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]octanedioate (12, Example 107 Step 2) as described in Example 88 step 2. MS (ES) C₁₇H₃₃N₃O₅requires: 359, found: 360 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: tert-butyl (7S)-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanoate (R2)

The Desired Triazole was Prepared from the Hydrazide (R1) and 2-Naphthonitrile as Described in Example 88 step 3 to yield a pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 340 K) custom character 15.5 (1H, broad s), 8.82 (1H, s), 8.82 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.05-7.84 (4H, m), 7.58-7.48 (2H, m), 5.55-5.40 (1H, m), 2.50-2.32 (1H, m), 2.28 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.32-2.12 (1H, m), 1.80-1.30 (24H, m). MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₈N₄O₄requires: 494, found: 495 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]hexan-1-aminium trifluoroacetate (R3)

The desired compound was prepared as a brown oil from the carbamate (R2) as described in Example 136 step 4, however without the basic work up. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 300 K) custom character 14.78 (1H, broad s), 11.98 (1H, broad s), 8.58 (1H, s), 8.48 (3H, broad s), 8.18-7.95 (4H, m), 7.68-7.55 (2H, m), 4.55-4.40 (1H, m), 2.20 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.06-1.86 (2H, m), 1.60-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₁₉H₂₂N₄O₂requires: 338, found: 339 (M+H⁺).

Step 4: (7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanoic acid (R4)

The titled compound (R4) was obtained from the amine (R3) as described in Example 88 step 5 to yield a white powder. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 300 K) δ 10.57 (1H, broad s), 8.52 (1H, s), 8.39 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.15-7.90 (4H, m), 7.62-7.52 (2H, m), 7.09 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.03 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 6.59 (1H, dd, J=9 Hz, J=2 Hz), 5.07-4.95 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.60-3.40 (2H, m), 2.32 (3H, s), 2.14 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.97-1.77 (2H, m), 1.50-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₃N₅O₄requires: 539, found: 540 (M+H⁺).

Example 144
(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanamide (S1)

The titled compound (S1) was obtained from the amine (R3) as described in Example 142 step 1 to yield a white powder. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO, 300 K) δ 10.57 (1H, broad s), 8.52 (1H, s), 8.39 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.14-7.91 (4H, m), 7.61-7.53 (2H, m), 7.17 (1H, broad s), 7.09 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.02 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 6.65 (1H, broad s), 6.59 (1H, dd, J=8 Hz, J=2 Hz), 5.07-4.95 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.60-3.40 (2H, m), 2.32 (3H, s), 1.98 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.94-1.78 (2H, m), 1.50-1.20 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₄N₆O₃requires: 538, found: 539 (M+H⁺).

Example 145
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (T7)
Step 1: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-7-oxononyl]carbamate (T1)

To a solution of (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid in dioxane were added Py (1 eq.), Boc₂O (1.3 eq) and ammonium bicarbonate (1.26 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 72 hours and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O, 1 N HCl and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a white powder which was as such in the next step. MS (ES) C₁₅H₂₈N₂O₄requires: 300, found: 301 (M+H⁺).

Step 2: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-cyano-7-oxononyl]carbamate (T2)

To a solution of the amide (T1) (1 eq.) and Et₃N (2.2 eq) in DCM at 0° C., TFAA (2 eq) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, and then washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, H₂O, brine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure affording a yellow oil compound used as such in the next step. MS (ES) C₁₅H₂₆N₂O₃requires: 282, found: 305 (M+Na⁺).

Step 3: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-cyano-7-hydroxynonyl]carbamate (T3)

A solution of the nitrile (T2) (1 eq.) in MeOH was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH₄(4 eq.) was added portionwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for further 15 min and then at RT for 1 h. Then reaction was quenched with water, the methanol was evaporated and the residue extracted with Et₂O (3×). The organic phases were collected, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was used directly in the next step. MS (ES) C₁₅H₂₈N₂O₃requires: 284, found: 307 (M+Na⁺).

Step 4: tert-Butyl {(1S)-7-hydroxy-1-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]nonyl}carbamate (T4)

A solution of NH₂OH.HCl (1.5 eq) in MeOH was added to a solution of KOH (1.5 eq) in MeOH. The mixture was stirred for 20 min, then the solid was filtered off and the resulting solution was added to the nitrile (T3) (1 eq.). The mixture was then heated at refluxed, and after 16 hours the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting crude was used as such in the next step. MS (ES) C₁₅H₃₁N₃O₄requires: 317, found: 318 (M+H⁺).

Step 5: tert-Butyl {(1S)-7-hydroxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]nonyl}carbamate (T5)

A mixture of 2-naphthoic acid (0.9 eq), TBTU (1 eq), HOBt (0.2 eq) and DIPEA (5 eq) in DMF was stirred at RT for 5 min; then added the aldoxime (T4) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT. The mixture was then warmed to 110° C. for 4 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting crude used as such in the next step. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₅N₃O₄requires: 453, found: 454 (M+H⁺).

Step 6: tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}carbamate (T6)

To a solution of the oxadiazole (1 eq.) in DCM was added the Dess-Martin periodinane (1.1 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 2 hr at RT and then a sat. aq. NaHCO₃(containing Na₂S₂O₃(6 eq.)) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. The phases were separated and the H₂O phase was extracted with DCM. The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained product was used in the next step without further purification. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₃N₃O₄requires: 451, found: 452 (M+H⁺).

Step 7: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (T7)

The ketone (T6) (1 eq.) was dissolved in a mixture of DCM and TFA (1:1) and stirred at RT. After 20 min, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure.

To the residue was added a solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.05 eq.), HOBt (1.05 eq.) and EDC.HCl (1.05 eq.) in DCM (premixed for 3 min), followed by DIPEA (1.05 eq.). The mixture was left stirring at room temperature for 4 hr. The product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using water (0.1% TFA) and acetonitrile (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18), the desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the final product as a white fluffy compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 10.57 (1H, s), 8.75 (1H, s), 8.60 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.18-7.18 (4H, m), 7.65-7.49 (2H, m), 7.16-6.98 (2H, m), 6.63-6.54 (1H, m), 5.11-4.98 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.58-3.42 (2H, m), 2.42-2.22 (7H, m), 1.97-1.75 (2H, m), 1.50-1.12 (6H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₄requires: 552, found: 553 (M+H⁺).

Example 146
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (U2)
Step 1: tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}carbamate (U1)

A mixture of (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid (1 eq), TBTU (1.2 eq), HOBt (0.2 eq) and DIPEA (5 eq) in DMF was stirred at RT for 5 min; then added N-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboximidamide was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 20 min, after which time the mixture was warmed to 110° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting crude used as such in the next step. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₃N₃O₄requires: 451, found: 452 (M+H⁺).

Step 2: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide (U2)

The oxadiazole was converted into titled compound by deprotection and coupling as described in Example 145 step 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 10.60 (1H, s), 8.80 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 8.58 (1H, s), 8.16-7.98 (4H, m), 7.68-7.60 (2H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.05 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 6.60 (1H, dd, J₁=8.6 Hz, J₂=2.5 Hz), 5.18-5.10 (1H, m), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.58-3.47 (2H, m), 2.41-2.30 (7H, m), 2.02-1.86 (2H, m), 1.46-1.17 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₄requires: 552, found: 553 (M+H⁺).

Example 147
2-{(1S)-1-[(Methoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (V3)
Step 1: tert-Butyl[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]carbamate (V1)

The product was obtained as a pale yellow solid from (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid and 2-bromo-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone following the procedure described for tert-butyl [(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)octyl]carbamate from Example 1, Step 2. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 12.30-11.70 (1H, m), 8.30-8.07 (1H, m), 7.95-7.72 (4H, m), 7.62 (1H, s), 7.50-7.31 (2H, m), 7.12-6.90 (1H, m), 4.70-4.50 (1H, m), 2.245-2.30 (4H, m), 1.92-1.65 (2H, m), 1.55-1.15 (15H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₅N₃O₃requires: 449, found: 450 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (9S)-9-Amino-9-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]nonan-3-one (V2)

The carbamate (V1) (1 eq.) was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) at 0° C. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the remaining oil was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The obtained crude product was used without purification in the next step. MS (ES) C₂₂H₂₇N₃O requires: 349, found: 350 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: 2-{(1S)-1-[(Methoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (V3)

To a solution of the amine (V2) and Et₃N (2.2 eq.) in DCM was added methyl chloridocarbonate (2.2 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT until consumption of the starting material. The product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as colourless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 8.37 (1H, s), 8.03 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.00-7.95 (2H, m), 7.81 (1H, dd, J₁=8.7 Hz, J₂=1.8 Hz), 7.72-7.65 (2H, m), 7.64-7.58 (2H, m), 5.14-5.05 (1H, m), 3.66 (3H, s), 2.46-2.38 (4H, m), 2.07-1.99 (2H, m), 1.59-1.28 (6H, m), 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₉N₃O₃requires: 407, found: 408 (M+H⁺).

Example 148
2-((1S)-1-{[(Dimethylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (W1)

To a solution of the amine (V2) and Et₃N (2.2 eq.) in DCM was added dimethylcarbamyl chloride (2.2 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT until consumption of the starting material. The product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 7.80-7.65 (5H, m), 7.56-7.44 (2H, m), 7.42-7.35 (2H, m), 7.33 (1H, s), 5.37-5.24 (1H, m), 3.01 (6H, s), 2.46-2.32 (4H, m), 2.24-2.01 (2H, m), 1.61-1.24 (6H, m), 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₅H₃₂N₄O₂requires: 407, found: 421 (M+H⁺).

Example 149
3-Nitro-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-furyl)octyl]benzenesulfonamide (X5)
Step 1: 1-(4-Phenyl-2-furyl)oct-7-en-1-ol (X1)

To a stirred mixture of Mg (2.5 eq.) in anhydrous THF under Ar was added 12 (>5 mol %) and the mixture heated at reflux until the solution became colourless. Then 7-bromohept-1-ene (2.2 eq.) was added dropwise, and upon complete addition the mixture was heated at reflux for 2.5 hr. The resulting Grignard reagent obtained was used immediately for the next step.

The resulting Grignard solution was added to a solution of 4-phenyl-2-furaldehyde (1 eq.) in THF at 0° C. under Ar and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and the desired product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the desired alcohol. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃Cl3) δ: 7.65 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.42 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 7.25-7.15 (1H, m), 6.60 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 5.87-5.75 (1H, m), 5.05-4.89 (2H, m), 4.75-4.65 (1H, m), 2.15-2.05 (2H, m), 1.87-1.75 (2H, m), 1.45-1.35 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₁₈H₂₂O₂requires: 270 found: 271 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 1-(4-Phenyl-2-furyl)oct-7-en-1-yl azide (X2)

The alcohol (X1) (1 eq.) was dissolved in toluene, to give a solution of 0.5 M, together with DPPA (1.2 eq.) and then DBU (1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture was heated with stirring at 50° C. overnight. After cooling to RT, EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with H₂O and then with 5% HCl solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the azide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃Cl3) δ: 7.65 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.42 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 7.25-7.15 (1H, m), 6.60 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 5.87-5.75 (1H, m), 5.05-4.89 (2H, m), 4.45-4.35 (1H, m), 2.15-2.05 (2H, m), 1.87-1.75 (2H, m), 1.45-1.35 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₁₈H₂₁N₃O requires: 295 found: 296 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: [1-(4-Phenyl-2-furyl)oct-7-en-1-yl]amine (X3)

The azide (X2) was dissolved in THF under Ar and PPh₃(1.2 eq.) was added and the solution was stirred overnight at RT. Water was added and the mixture was stirred other 24 hours, and then the solution concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude purified by SCX cartridge, washing first with MeOH and then eluting the desired amine with methanolic ammonia solution, the desired fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃Cl3) δ: 7.65 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.42 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 7.25-7.15 (1H, m), 6.60 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 5.87-5.75 (1H, m), 5.05-4.89 (2H, m), 3.95-3.85 (1H, m), 2.15-2.05 (2H, m), 1.87-1.75 (2H, m), 1.45-1.35 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₁₈H₂₃NO requires: 269 found: 270 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 3-Nitro-N-[1-(4-phenyl-2-furyl)oct-7-en-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide (X4)

To a stirred solution of the amine (X3) (1 eq.) in DCM was added 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.2 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was washed successively with 0.25 M HCl solution, 0.25 M NaOH solution and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by column chromatography eluting with 50% EtOAc/Petroleum ether to afford the sulfonamide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ: 8.70 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 8.40 (1H, s) 8.15-8.05 (2H, m), 7.60 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 7.45-7.25 (4H, m), 6.60 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 5.87-5.75 (1H, br, m), 5.05-4.89 (2H, t, J=8.3 Hz), 4.45-4.35 (1H, m), 2.15-2.05 (2H, m), 1.87-1.75 (2H, m), 1.45-1.35 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₅S requires: 454 found: 455 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 3-Nitro-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-2-furyl)octyl]benzenesulfonamide (X5)

To a stirred mixture of DMF-H₂O (5:1) were added CuCl (1 eq.) and PdCl₂(0.1 eq.) under the mixture was stirred under an O₂atmosphere for 1 hour and then the sulfonamide (X3) (1 eq.) was added. The final solution was left stirring under an O₂atmosphere at RT for 18 h. The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue taken up in DCM, washed with sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and brine. The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, 6-DMSO) δ: 8.70 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 8.40 (1H, s) 8.15-8.05 (2H, m), 7.65-7.55 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 7.45-7.25 (4H, m), 6.60 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 4.45-4.35 (1H, m), 2.40 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.15-2.05 (3H, s), 1.87-1.75 (2H, m), 1.45-1.45 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₆S requires: 470 found: 471 (M+H)⁺.

Example 150
2-((1M)-7-[(Ethylsulfonyl)amino]-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (Y1)

To a solution of (7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid (Free base of Example 107) (1 eq.) in DCM (0.2 M solution) was added EDCI (1.5 eq.), DMAP (1.5 eq.) and, after one hour under stirring at RT, ethanesulfonamide (1.5 eq.). The mixture was stirred overnight then the solvent removed under reduced pressure and crude purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ: 14.44 (1H, br. s), 11.51 (1H, s), 10.62 (1H, s), 8.60 (1H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 8.32 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, s), 8.06 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.00-7.92 (2H, m), 7.88 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz) 7.66-7.54 (2H, m), 7.09 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.96 (1H, s), 6.59 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 5.08-5.00 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.54 (2H, app. quart.), 3.33 (2H, q, J=7.4 Hz), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.24 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 2.03-1.83 (2H, m), 1.53-1.12 (6H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₄H₃₉N₅O₅S requires: 629, found: 630 (M+H)⁺.

Example 151
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-((1S)-8,8,8-trifluoro-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (Z1)

To a solution of (7S)-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid (Free base of Example 107) (1 eq.) in EtOH (0.5 M solution) was added Na₂CO₃(1 eq.). The heterogeneous mixture was stirred 40 min at RT then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. DCM was added (0.14 M solution), the mixture was cooled at 0° C. with an ice-bath then TFAA (6 eq.) was added followed by pyridine (8 eq.). After 40 min at the same temperature some water was added and the product extracted with DCM. The collected organic phase were treated with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄) and after removing the solvent under reduced pressure the crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white powder as a mixture of the ketone and hydrated form ¹H NMR (500 MHz, pyridine) δ: 11.65-11.55 (0.5H, m), 11.50-11.38 (0.5H, m), 9.21-9.12 (0.5H, m), 8.71-8.63 (2H, m), 8.30-8.10 (1.5H, m), 8.00-7.79 (4.5H, m), 7.56-7.30 (4H, m), 7.09-6.97 (1H, m), 5.76-5.62 (1H, m), 4.11-3.96 (1.5, m), 3.85-3.71 (2.5H, m) 2.71-2.58 (1H, m), 2.55-2.41 (3.5H, m), 2.40-2.23 (2H, m), 2.21-2.03 (2H, m), 2.10-1.79 (1.5H, m), 1.70-1.00 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₃F₃N₄O₃requires: 590, found: 609 (M+H₂O+H)⁺.

Examples 152-298 were made according to the reaction schemes and the processes given in Example 14, 32, 33, 87-89, 107, 108 and 136 to 151.

Procedure from

Example
Name
(M + H)⁺
Example Number

152
3-Nitro-N-[7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-
488
149

yl)octyl]benzenesulfonamide

153
2-((1S)-7-Amino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
538
325

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

154
2-((1S)-7-(Dimethylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
566
108

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

155
2-((1S)-7-(Isopropylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
580
108

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

156
2-((1S)-7-Anilino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
614
108

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

157
2-((1S)-7-(Benzylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
628
108

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

158
2-{(1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
616
108

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-7-

oxoheptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

159
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-
476
88

triazol-3-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

trifluoroacetate

160
(3S)-1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-
462
88

1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]pyrrolidinium

trifluoroacetate

161
(3S)-1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-
476
88

1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

trifluoroacetate

162
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-
462
88

7-oxononyl}-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide

163
4-Cyano-N-{(1S)-1-[3-(2-naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-
516
88

triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}benzenesulfonamide

164
2-((1S)-7-[Methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-{[(5-
582
108

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

165
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-
476
108

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

166
4-[({(1S)-7-(Hydroxyamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
478
108

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

167
2-{(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-
449
107

ylcarbonyl)amino]hexyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

168
4-[({(1S)-7-[(2-Aminophenyl)amino]-1-[5-(2-
553
108

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

169
2-[(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-({[(3R)-1-
449
107

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)hexyl]-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

170
2-[(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-({[(3S)-1-
449
107

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)hexyl]-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

171
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-
445
326

{[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

172
4-[({(1S)-7-[Methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-[5-(2-
506
108

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

173
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
670
150

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxo-7-

{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

174
2-((1S)-7-(Ethylamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-
566
108

1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

175
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-
480
88

triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate

176
4-[({(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-
506
88

triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate

177
N-{(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-
570
88

triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononyl}-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-

1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide

178
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-
532
88

[3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-7-

oxononyl}acetamide

179
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-
504
149

1-(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)octyl]acetamide

180
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
551
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

181
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-
507
1

oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

182
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Methyl-1H-indol-3-
521
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

183
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-
537
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

184
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Bromo-1H-indol-3-
587
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

185
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Fluoro-1H-indol-3-
525
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

186
1-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-
508
1

2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-

benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

187
2-((1S)-1-{[(7-Methoxy-1-benzofuran-2-
524
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

188
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-2-
523
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

189
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Fluoro-1H-indol-2-
511
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

190
6-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-
510
1

2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-

oxoethyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-4-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

191
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(4-phenyl-1,3-
551
1

thiazol-2-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-1H-imidazol-3-

ium trifluoroacetate

192
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Chloro-1-benzothien-3-
558
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

193
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Chloro-1H-indol-3-
541
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

194
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,3-
525
1

benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

195
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-
553
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

196
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-Methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-
553
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

197
2-Ethyl-1-[3-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
550
1

3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]-1H-

benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

198
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(1-
518
1

naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-

3-ium trifluoroacetate

199
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(2-
518
1

naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-

3-ium trifluoroacetate

200
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-
536
1

oxoquinazolin-1(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

201
2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Methyl-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-
550
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

202
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-
468
1

[(phenylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

203
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-
536
1

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

204
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-
536
1

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

205
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-Fluoro-6-
554
1

(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl}amino)-7-

oxononyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

206
2-[(1S)-1-({[2-Fluoro-3-
554
1

(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl}amino)-7-

oxononyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

207
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
621
150

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxo-7-(1,3-thiazol-2-

ylamino)heptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

208
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
622
150

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxo-7-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-

ylamino)heptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

209
2-Methyl-1-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
522
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-

oxoethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

210
1-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-
576
1

2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-2-

(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

211
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-Indazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-7-
508
1

oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

212
3-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-
519
1

2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]quinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

213
2-((1S)-1-{[(Dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-
449
1

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

214
2-{(1S)-1-[(1,2-Benzisoxazol-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-
509
1

oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

215
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Methyl-1H-indol-1-
521
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

216
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazol-1-
509
1

ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

217
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Cyano-1H-indol-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-
532
1

7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

218
2-((1S)-1-{[(Dimethylammonio)acetyl]amino}-7-
436
1

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

219
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
475
1

1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

220
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-
487
1

yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate)

221
(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
553
144

yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-

1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]heptanamide

222
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-
489
136

7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate

223
2-Ethyl-1-[3-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
552
136

oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]-

1H-benzimidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

224
6-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-
512
136

yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-

oxoethyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

225
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
477
136

oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

trifluoroacetate

226
(3R)-1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
463
136

oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]pyrrolidinium

trifluoroacetate

227
(4R)-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-
548
1

ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-2,3,4,9-

tetrahydro-1H-beta-carbolin-2-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

228
(7S)-7-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
554
142

yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-

oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanamide

229
4-[({(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
465
141

oxadiazol-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium trifluoroacetate

230
(7S)-7-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-
451
141

[(1,3-thiazol-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]heptanoic acid

231
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-
483
1

1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

232
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-{(1S)-1-
552
33

[4-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}acetamide

233
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(1-pyridin-2-
539
327

ylpiperidin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

234
2-[2-({(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-
510
327

1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)-2-

oxoethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindolium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

235
2-{(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(piperidin-1-
476
327

ylacetyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

236
4-[({(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
488
327

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoroacetate)

237
5-[({(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
511
327

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-

naphthyridin-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

238
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(5-pyrrolidin-
530
327

1-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)acetyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

239
2-{(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(1,3-thiazol-5-
462
327

ylcarbonyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

240
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-{[(4-methyl-1,2,3-
477
327

thiadiazol-5-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

241
2-{(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-[(pyridin-3-
456
327

ylcarbonyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

242
2-{(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-
469
327

[(phenylacetyl)amino]heptyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

243
(7S)-7-({[(3S)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-3-
451
141

yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-

oxadiazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid

244
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-
450
143

1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate

245
(3S)-3-[({(1S)-7-amino-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-4H-
449
144

1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate

246
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-
483
304

1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-methylpiperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

247
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)-1H-
482
304

imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-

1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

248
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1-Benzothien-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-
481
304

ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

249
2-[(1S)-1-{[(Benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-
484
328

(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

250
2-[(1S)-1-({[(4-
500
328

Methoxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl}amino)-7-

(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

251
2-[(1S)-1-{[(Cyclopentylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-
462
328

(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

252
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-{[(3-
536
328

nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

253
2-[(1S)-1-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
516
328

(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

254
2-[(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-({[(3S)-1-
462
328

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-

oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

255
2-[(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-({[(3R)-1-
462
328

methylpyrrolidinium-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-

oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

256
2-[(1S)-1-{[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-
485
328

(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

257
1-Methyl-4-[({(1R)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
475
1

1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

258
(3R)-3-[({(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
451
141

oxadiazol-2-yl]hexyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylpyrrolidinium trifluoroacetate

259
5-Methoxy-N-{(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-
526
142

naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}-1H-

indole-2-carboxamide

260
(7S)-7-{[(Benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-N-
486
142

methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-

yl]heptanamide

261
2-((1R)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
551
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

262
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-
506
1

imidazol-3-ium-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-

1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

263
3-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-
476
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-

ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

264
6-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-
476
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-

ium-5-yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

265
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-quinolin-2-yl-1H-
476
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

266
4-({[(1S)-1-(5-Isoquinolin-3-yl-1H-imidazol-1-
476
1

ium-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

267
1-Methyl-N-{1-[2-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]-
475
138

7-oxononyl}piperidine-4-carboxamide

268
1-Methyl-N-[7-oxo-1-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-
425
89

yl)nonyl]piperidine-4-carboxamide

269
2-[(1S)-1-(Acetylamino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(2-
392
1

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

270
2-((1S)-1-{[(1,3-Dimethylpyrrolidinium-3-
475
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-

1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

271
4-[3-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-
539
1

2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-3-

oxopropyl]thiomorpholin-4-ium 1,1-dioxide

bis(trifluoroacetate)

272
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-
446
302

[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

273
2-((1S)-1-{[2-(Dimethylammonio)-2-
463
1

methylpropanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

274
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylazetidinium-3-
447
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-

1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

275
2-[(1S)-1-{[3-(2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-
551
327

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-

oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

276
6-[2-({(1S)-7-(Methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-
511
327

1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}amino)-2-

oxoethyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

277
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-
537
327

oxoquinazolin-1(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

278
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,3-
526
327

benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

279
1-ethyl-3-[({(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-
490
327

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoheptyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

280
2-((1S)-1-{[Methoxy(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-
436
147

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

281
2-((1S)-1-{[2-Methyl-2-
449
1

(methylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

282
2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[7-oxo-
501
89

1-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)nonyl]acetamide

283
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-quinolin-2-yl-1H-
476
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium dichloride

284
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-
504
1

1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)(oxo)acetyl]piperazin-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

285
2-((1S)-1-{[Morpholin-4-yl(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-
491
301

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

286
2-((1S)-1-{[Amino(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-
421
1

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

287
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(Diethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-
477
1

7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

288
2-((1S)-1-{[3-
449
1

(Dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

289
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Cyano-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-
468
1

7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

290
2-{(1S)-1-[(Carboxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-
422
300

5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

291
2-{(1S)-1-[(Methylsulfonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-
428
2

(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

292
2-((1S)-1-{[(Dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}-7-
457
3

oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

293
5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-
512
140

phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-

indolium bis(trifluoroacetate)

294
2-ethyl-1-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-
511
140

phenylpyridinium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-1H-

3,1-benzimidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

295
1-Methyl-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
477
308

oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}piperidine-4-

carboxamide

296
6-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-
476
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-

ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride

297
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-
489
308

oxononyl}quinuclidine-4-carboxamide

298
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylpiperidinium-
506
1

4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-

ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride

Particular intermediates of the present invention are given in Example 299.

Example 299

Intermediate 1
2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-6-carboxyhexyl]-5-
338 (M + H)⁺

(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

Intermediate 2
(1S)-1-[3-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-1,2,4-
351 (M + H)⁺

triazol-5-yl]-7-oxononan-1-aminium

trifluoroacetate

Intermediate 3
tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
448 (M + H)⁺

imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}carbamate

Intermediate 4
(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridin-2-
311 (M + H)⁺

yl)nonan-1-aminium trifluoroacetate

Intermediate 5
2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-
336 (M + H)⁺

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

Intermediate 6
2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-7-oxooctyl]-5-
286 (M + H)⁺

phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

Example 300
2-{(1S)-1-[(Carboxycarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (AA1)

Methyl ({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)(oxo)acetate (Prepared as in example 147) was dissolved in THF and a solution of LiOH.H₂O (1.05 eq.) in H₂O was added and the mixture was then stirred for 1 hr at RT. The reaction was quenched with 1M HCl until pH 5 was reached and then the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (3×); the combined organic phases were washed with brine and then dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.39 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.30 (1H, s), 8.11-7.85 (6H, m), 7.58-7.47 (2H, m), 6.88-6.18 (1H, bs), 5.15-5.02 (1H, m), 2.45-2.36 (4H, m), 2.13-1.87 (2H, m), 1.55-1.41 (2H, m), 1.40-1.20 (4H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₇N₃O₄requires: 421, found: 422 (M+H)⁺.

Example 301
2-((1S)-1-{[Morpholin-4-yl(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (BB1)

A solution of EDC-HCl (1.1 eq.), HOBt (1.1 eq.) and Example 300, AA1 (1 eq.) in DMF was premixed at RT for 1 hr, and then this was added to a solution of morpholine (1 eq.) and ⁱPrNEt₂(1 eq.) in DMF. The mixture was stirred at RT and the crude was directly purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.40 (1H, bs), 8.31 (1H, s), 8.06-7.88 (2H, m), 7.97-7.88 (3H, m), 7.61-7.50 (2H, m), 6.89-6.01 (1H, bs), 5.13-5.04 (1H, m), 3.65-3.58 (4H, m), 3.54-3.48 (4H, m), 2.44-2.36 (4H, m), 2.05-1.89 (2H, m), 1.52-1.41 (2H, m), 1.40-1.21 (4H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₄N₄O₄requires: 490, found: 491 (M+H)⁺.

Example 302
5-(2-Naphthyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (CC1)

To a solution of Example 147, V2 and Et₃N (1 eq.) in DCM at 0° C. was added TFAA (1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure the resulting crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ: 10.67 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.42 (1H, s), 8.07-8.01 (1H, m), 8.00-7.93 (2H, m), 7.88-7.81 (1H, m), 7.74 (1H, s), 7.67-7.58 (2H, m), 5.49-5.39 (1H, m), 2.48-2.37 (4H, m), 2.26-2.18 (2H, m), 1.61-1.42 (3H, m), 1.41-1.29 (3H, m), 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₆F₃N₃O₂requires: 445, found: 446 (M+H)⁺.

Example 303
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride (DD3)
Step 1: tert-Butyl 3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-carbonyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate (DD1)

1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.2 eq.), EDC-HCl (1.45 eq.) and HOBt (1.4 eq.) were stirred for 5 min in DMF. The resulting clear solution was added to Example 147,V2 and left stirring at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 1:1 petroleum ether/EtOAc. The combined product fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure and the title compound was obtained as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₃₁H₄₀N₄O₄requires: 532, found: 533 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}azetidine-3-carboxamide (DD2)

DD1 was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of DCM and TFA. The mixture was stirred at RT for 20 min then diluted with DCM. The mixture was neutralized with 1M NaOH solution, the organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crude title compound was obtained as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₂requires: 432, found: 433 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: 2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride (DD3)

DD2 was dissolved in MeOH and formaldehyde (15 eq., 37% aq. solution) was added and the mixture was stirred for 4 minutes. NaOAc (3.2 eq.) and NaBH₃(CN) (3.2 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred for 25 min at RT. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution (5×) and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were concentrated under the reduced pressure in order to remove the MeCN and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution was added. The solution was extracted with DCM (2×) and the combined organic phases were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was lyophilized from 0.1 M aq. HCl/MeCN to yield the title compound as a pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 15.50-14.20 (2H, br, m), 10.61 (0.6H, br. s), 10.09 (0.4H, br. s), 9.21-9.00 (1H, m), 8.59-8.44 (1H, m), 8.17 (1H, s), 8.10-7.86 (4H, m), 7.68-7.50 (2H, m), 5.40-5.20 (1H, m), 4.40-4.16 (2H, m), 4.15-4.03 (1H, m), 4.01-3.84 (1H, m), 3.78-3.65 (1H, m), 2.86-2.71 (3H, m), 2.45-2.34 (4H, m), 2.11-1.83 (2H, m), 1.56-1.18 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₄N₄O₂requires: 446, found: 447 (M+H)⁺.

Example 304
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (EE7)
Step 1: 2,4-Dibromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole (EE1)

NaH (60%, 1.2 eq) was added portionwise to a solution of 2,4-dibromoimidazole (1 eq.) in THF at 0° C. After 1 hr, SEM-Cl (1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 12 hr. The reaction was carefully quenched with H₂O and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 5-33% EtOAc/pentane yielded the title compound as an oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.09 (1H, s), 5.22 (2H, s), 3.54 (2H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 0.92 (2H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 0.00 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₉H₁₆Br₂N₂OSi requires: 354/356/358, found: 355/357/359 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (−)-(R)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexyl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (EE2)

To solution of EE1 (1 eq) in dry THF at 78° C. under an Ar atmosphere was slowly added a solution of n-BuLi (1.1 eq). After 30 min a solution of Example 140, O1 in THF was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hr at −78° C. and then slowly warmed to RT over 2 hr. The reaction was carefully quenched with H₂O (25 mL) and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The analysis of the crude by LC-MS showed a diastereomeric excess of 77%. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel 1-25% EtOAc/pentane yielded two fractions, the first fraction was a mixture of diastereomers (37% de), while the second fraction was the desired the (R,S)-diastereomer (>95% de). [α]_D^{25° C.}=−19.0 (c=2.05 in DCM). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.88 (1H, s), 5.39 (1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 5.12 (1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 4.49 (1H, m), 3.91 (4H, s), 3.74 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 3.50 (2H, t, J=8.3 Hz), 2.06 (2H, m), 1.65-1.51 (6H, m), 1.36-1.19 (4H, m), 1.15 (9H, s), 0.90 (5H, m), 0.00 (9H, s); MS (ES) C₂₄H₄₅BrN₃O₄SSi requires: 579/581, found: 580/582 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (9S)-9-Amino-9-(4-bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonan-3-one (EE3)

EE2 was dissolved in 1.2 M HCl in MeOH (ca. 12 eq.) and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at RT and then quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The mixture was extracted with DCM (2×) and the combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the crude product as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₁₈H₃₄BrN₃O₂Si requires: 433, found: 434 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: tert-Butyl 5-methoxy-3-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (EE4)

(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid was dissolved in dry MeOH, amberlyst 15 resin (2.8 parts in weight) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was centrifuged, the supernatant was separated and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was dissolved in MeCN and DMAP (0.2 eq.) and Boc₂O (1.2 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₁₈H₂₃NOs requires: 333, found: 334 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: [1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetic acid (EE5)

EE4 was dissolved in THF/water mixture (1:1) and LiOH (3 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hr. The mixture was acidified with 0.1 M HCl and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to yield a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.29 (1H, s), 7.90 (1H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 6.99 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 6.84 (1H, dd, J₁=2.4 Hz, J₂=9.1 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.62 (2H, s), 2.46 (3H, s), 1.62 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₁₇H₂₁NO₅requires: 319, found: 320 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: tert-Butyl 3-(2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]amino}-2-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (EE6)

EE5 (1.2 eq.), EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.) and HOBt (1.3 eq.) in DMF were shaken for 5 min and this mixture and DIPEA (1 eq.) was added to EE3. The mixture was left stirring overnight and was then partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with petroleum ether/EtOAc, 3:1. The combined product fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure and the title compound was obtained as a colourless solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.97 (1H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 6.89-6.80 (2H, m), 6.73 (1H, m), 5.99 (1H, d, J=8.85 Hz), 5.58 (1H, d, J=10.8 Hz), 5.17-4.98 (2H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.58-3.42 (4H, m), 2.46 (3H, s), 2.41-2.21 (4H, m), 1.85-1.69 (2H, m), 1.67 (9H, s), 1.50-1.34 (2H, m), 1.25-1.06 (4H, m), 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 0.94-0.81 (2H, m), −0.02 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₃₅H₅₃BrN₄O₆Si requires: 734, found: 735 (M+H)⁺.

Step 7: 2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (EE7)

EE6, [4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]boronic acid (1.5 eq.), dicyclohexyl-(2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (0.25 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂(0.1 eq.) and K₃PO₄(3 eq.) were placed in a chromacoll tube and suspended in degassed n-BuOH. The air was replaced by an argon atmosphere and the closed tube was stirred and heated to 90° C. for 16 hr. The mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 120 and 1M NaOH, then dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with 0.33 M TBAF in THF (3 eq.) and the mixture was heated at 70° C. for 5 hr. It was diluted with DCM and washed with H₂O (3×). After centrifugation for 3 min at 3000 rpm the water phase was removed and the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in DCM/TFA (1:1) and was stirred for 45 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. After centrifugation for 3 min at 3000 rpm the aqueous phase was removed and the residue was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crude deprotected product was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The pooled product fractions were lyophilized and the title compound was obtained as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 14.23 (1H, br. s), 10.62 (1H, s), 8.59 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz), 8.54 (1H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 8.06-7.94 (3H, m), 7.93-7.84 (2H, m), 7.79 (1H, s), 7.10 (1H, d, J=11.5 Hz), 7.00-6.95 (1H, m), 6.64-6.56 (2H, m), 5.05-4.94 (1H, m), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.57 (1H, d, J=15.0 Hz), 3.48 (1H, d, J=15.0 Hz), 2.42-2.28 (7H, m), 2.01-1.79 (2H, m), 1.47-1.12 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₈N₆O₃requires: 566, found: 567 (M+H)⁺.

Example 305
5-(2-Methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (FF5)
Step 1: tert-Butyl 3-({[(1S)-1-(4-bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]amino}carbonyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate (FF1)

1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.2 eq.), EDC HCl (1.45 eq.) and HOBt (1.4 eq.) were stirred for 5 min in DMF. The clear solution was added to Example 304, EE3 and left stirring for 1 hr at RT. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 55% EtOAc/petroleum ether, to yield the titled compound as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.87 (1H, s), 6.43 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 5.54 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 5.19-5.01 (2H, m), 4.06-3.85 (4H, m), 3.57-3.42 (2H, m), 3.15-3.02 (1H, m), 2.44-2.28 (4H, m), 1.97-1.76 (2H, m), 1.58-1.45 (2H, m), 1.40 (9H, s), 1.33-1.14 (4H, m), 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 0.96-0.81 (2H, m), −0.02 (9H, s). MS (ES) C₂₇H₄₇BrN₄O₅Si requires: 616, found: 617 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: N-[(1S)-1-(4-Bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]azetidine-3-carboxamide (FF2)

The carbamate (FF1) was dissolved in 20% TFA/DCM and after 20 min toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM and the combined organics were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the amine as a colourless oil. MS (ES) C₂₂H₃₉BrN₄O₃Si requires: 516, found: 517 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: N-[(1S)-1-(4-Bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]-1-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide (FF3)

The title compound was prepared according to the procedure in Example 303, step 3 to yield the crude product which was used without purification by preparative RP-HPLC. MS (ES) C₂₃H₄₁BrN₄O₃Si requires: 530, found: 531 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: (2-Methoxyquinolin-3-yl)boronic acid (FF4)

(2-Fluoroquinolin-3-yl)boronic acid was dissolved in 1.25M HCl in MeOH and stirred for 1 hr at RT. The mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and the mixture was extracted with DCM (3×). The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product as a pale yellow solid which was used in the next step without further purification. MS (ES) C₁₀H₁₀BNO₃requires: 203, found: 204 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: 5-(2-Methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (FF5)

A mixture of the bromide (FF3) and the boronic acid (FF4) (1.5 eq.), dicyclohexyl-(2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (0.25 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂(0.1 eq.) and K₃PO₄(3 eq.) in n-BuOH in a chromacoll tube was degassed. The air was replaced by an Ar atmosphere and the closed tube was heated with stirring at 90° C. for 2 hr. The mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM/TFA (1:1) and the mixture was stirred for 5 hr at RT. Toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was diluted with DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM and the organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18) and the desired fractions were lyophilized to yield the title compound was obtained as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 9.78 (1H, br. s), 8.80 (1H, br. s), 8.70 (1H, s), 7.93 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.81 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 7.72-7.64 (1H, m), 7.51-7.44 (1H, m), 5.08-4.98 (1H, m), 4.41-4.27 (1H, m), 4.26-4.17 (1H, m), 4.14 (3H, s), 4.13-4.04 (1H, m), 3.97-3.87 (1H, m), 3.67-3.55 (1H, m), 2.81 (3H, s), 2.43-2.35 (4H, m), 2.03-1.77 (2H, m), 1.52-1.41 (2H, m), 1.40-1.19 (4H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₅N₅O₃requires: 477, found: 478 (M+H)⁺.

Example 306
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(Dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium dichloride (GG1)

A solution of N,N-dimethyl-β-alanine hydrochloride (1.25 eq.), TBTU (1.25 eq.) and DIPEA (2.5 eq.) in DCM was added to Example 147, V2 and was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, the organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was dissolved in THF, polymer-bound tetralkylammonium carbonate (2.5 mmol/g, 10 eq.) was added and the mixture was shaken for 12 hr. After filtration of the polymer and evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure the desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column). The desired fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the MeCN and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution was added. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (2×) and the combined organic phases were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was lyophilized from 0.1 M aq. HCl/MeCN to obtain the desired compound as a pale yellow hydroscopic solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 15.70-14.60 (1H, br. m), 10.53 (1H, br. s), 9.09 (1H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 8.58 (1H, s), 8.19 (1H, s), 8.07-7.90 (4H, m), 7.63-7.54 (2H, m), 5.19-5.10 (1H, m), 3.37-3.26 (2H, m), 2.94-2.73 (3H, m), 2.74 (6H, s), 2.44-2.36 (4H, m), 2.09-1.88 (2H, m), 1.51-1.21 (6H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 211.3, 170.3, 149.5, 133.1, 133.0, 129.2, 128.4, 128.2, 127.5, 127.3, 124.9, 124.7, 123.6, 115.6, 52.8, 46.8, 42.5, 41.7, 35.3, 33.2, 30.1, 28.4, 25.4, 23.4, 8.1. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₆N₄O₂requires: 448, found: 449 (M+H)⁺.

Example 307
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride (HH7)
Step 1: 2-Chloro-1-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)ethanone (HH1)

To a solution of 4-methoxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid and DMF (50 μL) in DCM at 0° C. was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (1.2 eq). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 2 hr at RT, then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in THF/MeCN (1:1) and cooled to 0° C., a pre-cooled solution (0° C.) of TMSCHN₂(1.2 eq) and Et₃N (1.2 eq) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hr at 0° C. An excess of 2M HCl solution in Et₂O was added and the reaction was stirred for further hour at 0° C. and then partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and DCM. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a dark brown solid which was used as such in the next step. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.47 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.09 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.81-7.73 (1H, m), 7.66-7.58 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, s), 5.31 (2H, s), 4.13 (3H, s). MS (ES) Cl₂H₁₀ClNO₂requires: 235, found: 236 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 2-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoate (HH2)

A solution of (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid (1 eq.) and Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq) in EtOH was stirred for 30 min at RT and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was diluted in DMF and HH1 (1 eq.) was slowly added during a period of 15 min. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 80% EtOAc/petroleum ether to obtain the product as orange oil. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₇requires: 500, found: 501 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}carbamate (HH3)

A mixture of the ester (HH2) and NH₄OAc (20 eq) were suspended in xylene and heated in a microwave oven at 160° C. for 180 sec. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 2.5% MeOH/DCM to obtain the imidazole as orange oil. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₆N₄O₄requires: 480, found: 481 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: (9S)-9-Amino-9-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]nonan-3-one (HH4)

The imidazole (HH3) was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) and the mixture was stirred for an hour at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and DCM. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the amine which was used without further purification. MS (ES) C₂₂H₂₈N₄O₂requires: 380, found: 381 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: tert-Butyl 3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate (HH5)

The amine (HH4) (1 eq.) was added to a clear solution of EDC-HCl (1.45 eq), HOBt (1.41 eq) and 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.24 eq) in DMF. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 min and was diluted with DCM and washed with 1N NaOH solution (2×). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting crude was used without further purification. MS (ES) C₃₁H₄₁N₅O₅requires: 563, found: 564 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: N-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}azetidine-3-carboxamide (HH6)

The amide (HH5) was dissolved in a mixture of DCM/TFA (1:1) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr and was then diluted with DCM and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and DCM, then separated and the organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude amine was used without further purification. MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₃N₅O₃requires: 463, found: 464 (M+H)⁺.

Step 7: 4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium trichloride (HH7)

The amine (HH6) was dissolved in MeOH, formaldehyde (15 eq., 37% aq. solution) was added and the mixture was stirred for 4 min. NaOAc (3.2 eq.) and NaBH₃(CN) (3.2 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred for 25 min at RT. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution (5×) and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). After lyophilization of the pooled product fractions, the resulting TFA salt was dissolved in some drops of water and was partitioned between sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and DCM; the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (2×) and the combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then lyophilized from 0.1N HCl (aq.) and MeCN to yield the title compound was as a pale yellow hydroscopic solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ: 8.39 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.28 (1H, s), 8.12-8.01 (2H, m), 7.84-7.77 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, s), 5.14-5.08 (1H, m), 4.68-4.55 (1H, m), 4.54-4.46 (1H, m), 4.37 (3H, s), 4.32-4.20 (1H, m), 4.18-4.09 (1H, m), 3.88-3.78 (1H, m), 3.02-2.98 (3H, m), 2.59-2.50 (4H, m), 2.11-1.97 (2H, m), 1.63-1.53 (2H, m), 1.50-1.28 (4H, m), 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₅N₅O₃requires: 477, found: 478 (M+H)⁺.

Example 308
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5-oxoheptyl}quinuclidine-4-carboxamide (H2)
Step 1: tert-Butyl ((1S)-1-{[2-(2-naphthoyl)hydrazino]carbonyl}-7-oxononyl)carbamate (II1)

A solution of EDC.HCl (1.4 eq.), HOBt (1.4 eq.) and (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid in DMF (0.5 M) was premixed at RT for 10 min, and then a solution of 2-naphthohydrazide (1 eq) in DMF (1 M) was added. The mixture was stirred for 16 hr at RT and then it was diluted in DCM, washed with 0.1 M HCl solution and brine. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 1% MeOH/DCM to obtain the desired hydrazide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, 300 K) custom character 9.64 (1H, broad s), 9.44 (1H, broad s), 8.36 (1H, s), 7.86-7.81 (4H, m), 7.57-7.46 (2H, m), 5.36 (1H, d, J=7 Hz), 4.39-4.36 (1H, m), 2.41-2.32 (4H, m), 1.90-1.84 (1H, m), 1.72-1.66 (1H, m), 1.56-1.28 (15H, m), 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₅N₃O₅required: 469, found: 470 (M+H⁺).

Step 2: N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5-oxoheptyl}quinuclidine-4-carboxamide (II2)

The hydrazide (II1) was converted to the corresponding oxadiazole and the Boc-protecting group removed following procedures in Example 136, steps 3 and 4 then the resulting amine (1 eq) was treated with quinuclidine-4-carboxylic acid (2.7 eq), TBTU (3.2 eq) and DIPEA (6.3 eq) in DMF and was stirred overnight at RT. The product was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were basified with a sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the desired product as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, 300 K) δ: 8.55 (1H, s), 8.16-8.13 (2H, m), 8.04-8.01 (3H, m), 7.69-6.63 (2H, m), 5.21-5.16 (1H, m), 2.76 (6H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 2.43-2.38 (4H, m), 2.05-1.90 (2H, m), 1.63 (6H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.51-1.23 (6H, m), 0.91 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₆N₄O₃required: 488, found: 489 (M+H)⁺.

Example 309
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide (JJ3)
Step 1: 4-Methoxyquinoline-2-carbohydrazide (JJ1)

The methyl 4-methoxyquinoline-2-carboxylate (1 eq) was dissolved in i-PrOH (0.75 M) and then hydrazine monohydrate (10 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude product was used in the next step without purification. MS (ES) C₁₁H₁₁N₃O₂required: 217, found: 218 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (9S)-9-Amino-9-[5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]nonan-3-one (JJ2)

The title compound was prepared as described in Example 308, steps 1 and 2, starting from hydrazide (JJ1) and (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxodecanoic acid and was obtained as brown oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, 300 K) δ: 8.23 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.15 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.77 (1H, t, J=8.4 Hz), 7.68 (1H, s), 7.59 (1H, t, J=8.2 Hz), 4.36 (1H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.15 (3H, s), 2.43-2.36 (6H, m), 2.16-1.88 (2H, m), 1.65-1.32 (6H, m), 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₁H₂₆N₄O₃required: 382, found: 383 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: N-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide (JJ3)

The title compound was prepared as described in Example 303, steps 1-3, from crude amine (JJ2). The after preparative HPLC purification the desired fractions were basified with a sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM, the organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the desired product as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, 300 K) δ: 8.64 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 8.21 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 8.09 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.87 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 7.70 (2H, m), 5.22-5.20 (1H, m), 4.17 (3H, s), 3.50-3.00 (5H, m), 2.43-2.37 (4H, m), 2.17 (3H, s), 2.00-1.80 (2H, m), 1.50-1-20 (6H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₃N₅O₄required: 479, found: 480 (M+H)⁺.

Example 310
5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (KK6)
Step 1: 4-({[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (KK1)

To a stirred solution of 4-({[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazole (See WO03/022274) (1 eq) in THF at 40° C. was added dropwise a solution of BuLi (2 eq.) in hexanes and the mixture was stirred at 40° C. for a further 30 min. DMF (4 eq.) was then added and the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 30 min, after which time it was quenched by addition of a sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution. The organics were extracted with EtOAc (2×), washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with 15% EtOAc/petroleum ether. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.81 (1H, s), 7.30 (1H, s), 5.95 (2H, s), 4.87, (2H, s), 3.58 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 1.05-0.85 (20H, m), 0.05 (6H, s).

Step 2: 1-(4-({[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexan-1-ol (KK2)

To a stirred solution of the 2-ethyl-2-(5-iodopentyl)-1,3-dioxolane (1.5 eq) in Et₂O at −78° C. was added dropwise a solution of tert-BuLi (3 eq.) in hexanes and the mixture was stirred at −40° C. for a further 30 min. A solution of the aldehyde (KK1) (1 eq.) in Et₂O was added in one portion and then after 5 min the cooling bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to warm to RT and stirred at RT for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by addition of a sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×), then the combined organic fractions were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with 50-70% EtOAc/petroleum ether. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.85 (1H, s), 5.45 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 5.38 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 4.82-4.65 (4H, m), 3.98-3.85 (4H, m), 3.55 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 2.00-1.88 (1H, m), 1.70-1.30 (1H, m), 0.97-0.82 (14H, m), 0.10-0.00 (15H, s).

Step 3: 1-(4-({[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexan-1-azide (KK3)

To a stirred solution of the substrate (KK2) (1 eq.) and DBU (1.5 eq) in toluene was added DPPA (1.5 eq) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 18 hours. The mixture was diluted with Et₂O and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and brine, then dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with 25% EtOAc/petroleum ether.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.91 (1H, s), 5.45 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 5.39 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 4.72 (2H, s), 4.39 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 3.95 (4H, app. s), 3.58 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 2.22-2.05 (2H, m), 1.70-1.30 (10H, m), 0.97-0.82 (14H, m), 0.10-0.00 (15H, s).

Step 4: N-[1-(4-({[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexyl]-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide (KK4)

To a solution of the azide (KK3) (1 eq.) in THF was added PPh₃(1.2 eq) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 60 hours, then H₂O (0.25 volumes) was added and the reaction was warmed at 45° C. for 24 hours. The THF was removed under reduced pressure and then the organics were extracted with EtOAc, washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1-(4-({[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)hexan-1-amine, MS (ES) C₂₇H₅₅N₃O₄Si₂required: 541, found: 542 (M+H)⁺.

DMF was added to the crude mixture followed by (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.5 eq.), EDCI (1.5 eq.), HOBt (1.5 eq) and Et₃N (2.5 eq) and the mixture was stirred for 24 hours. Xylene was added to the reaction and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in EtOAc and was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution and brine, then dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with 60-75% EtOAc/petroleum ether to yield the desired amide. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.88 (1H, s), 7.16 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.85 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz), 6.80 (2H, m), 5.60 (1H, d, J=10.4 Hz), 5.32 (1H, d, J=10.4 Hz), 5.24 (1H, q, J=8.8 Hz), 4.69 (1H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 3.98 (4H, app. s), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.66-3.48 (4H, s), 2.31 (3H, s), 1.87-1.48 (8H, m), 1.30-1.10 (6H), 0.97-0.82 (12H), 0.08-0.00 (15H, m). MS (ES) C₃₉H₆₆N₄O₆Si₂required: 742, found: 743 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: N-{6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-[5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]hexyl}-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide (KK5)

The amide (KK4) was dissolved in THF and 1 M TBAF solution in THF (2.5 eq.) was added. The mixture was heated at 65° C. overnight and then was quenched by addition of H₂O and the product extracted in DCM. The organic phase were washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the desired intermediate. MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₈N₄O₅requires: 498, found: 499 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (KK6)

A solution of the alcohol (KK5) in THF was treated with 1M HCl solution (4 eq.) and was stirred at RT for 4 hr. The mixture neutralized with 1 M NaOH and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18) and the desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 9.00-8.90 (1H, s), 8.15-8.00 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.28-7.18 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.15-7.05 (1H, s), 7.00-6.90 (1H, s), 6.70 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 5.16 (1H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.55 (2H, s), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.67 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 3.60 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 2.70-2.20 (7H, m), 1.90-1.20 (8H, m), 1.00-0.75 (3H, t J=7.0 Hz). MS (ES) C₂H₃₄N₄O₄requires: 454, found: 455 (M+H)⁺.

Example 311
4-{[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]methyl}morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (LL2)
Step 1: N-[6-(2-Ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1-(5-formyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)hexyl]-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide (LL1)

To a stirred solution of the alcohol Example 310, KK5 in DCM was added MnO₂(10 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight, then filtered through celite. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain the desired aldehyde. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.85-9.70 (1H, s), 8.05-7.90 (1H, s), 7.65-7.55 (1H, s), 7.15-7.05 (1H, d. J=6.8 Hz), 7.85-7.68 (2H, m), 4.85-4.75 (1H, m), 3.95-3.85 (4H, s), 3.85-3.75 (3H, s), 3.55-3.40 (2H, m), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.90-1.20 (8H, m), 1.00-0.75 (7H, m). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₆N₄O₅requires: 496, found: 497 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 4-{[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]methyl}morpholin-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (LL2)

The aldehyde (LL1) was taken up in MeOH and morpholine (2 eq.) was added followed by AcOH (2 eq.) and NaBH₃(CN) (1 eq) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 4 hr. The reaction was quenched by addition of sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution was added and the product was extracted with EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were collected, then allowed to stand in the acid solution until the ketal protection was removed, finally the solution was lyophilized to afford to the titled compound. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.35 (1H, d, J=3 Hz), 9.03 (1H, s), 7.18 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.03 (1H, s), 6.65 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 5.65-5.55 (1H, br. s), 5.10 (1H, q, J=6.5 Hz), 4.10 (2H, s), 3.95-3.60 (1H, br. m), 2.95-2.60 (2H, m), 2.45-2.30 (7H, m), 2.05-1.90 (1H, m), 1.85-1.65 (1H, m), 1.55-1.15 (6H, m), 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₉H₄₁N₅O₄requires: 523, found: 524 (M+H)⁺.

Example 312
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[(1E)-3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl]-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (MM1)

To a stirred solution of the aldehyde Example 311, LL1 in THF was added Ph₃P═CHCO₂CH₃(6 eq.) portionwise and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of 0.1 M HCl solution and extracted in EtOAc. The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were collected, left to stand in the acid solution in order to remove the ketal protection and then lyophilized to afford to the titled compound. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 9.00-8.90 (2H, m), 7.45-7.35 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.25 (1H, s), 7.12 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 6.95 (1H, s), 6.70-6.55 (2H, m), 5.20 (1H, q, J=6.5 Hz), 3.95-3.65 (6H, m), 3.55-3.40 (2H, m), 2.45-2.20 (7H, m), 1.95-1.80 (2H, m), 1.45-1.00 (6H, m), 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₆N₄O₅requires: 508, found: 509 (M+H)⁺.

Example 313
5-(2-Carboxyethyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (NN1)

The unsaturated ester Example 312, MM1 was dissolved in anhydrous EtOAc and stirred in the presence of 10% Pd/C under an H₂atmosphere for 1 hr. The H₂atmosphere was removed and N₂introduced. The reaction mixture was filtered and the catalyst washed with EtOAc and the filtrates concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were collected and lyophilized to afford the titled compound. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO) δ: 10.65 (1H, s), 8.65 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 7.35 (1H, s), 7.18 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.02 (1H, s), 6.65 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 4.98 (1H, q, J=6.5 Hz), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.70-3.40 (2H, m), 2.90-2.80 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 2.70-2.60 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 2.45-2.20 (7H, m), 1.90-1.75 (2H, m), 1.40-1.10 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₆N₄O₅requires: 496, found: 497 (M+H)⁺.

Example 314
5-Acetyl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (OO1)

To a stirred solution of Example 304, EE6 in DMF under Ar was added tributyl (1-ethoxyvinyl)stannane (2 eq.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄(10 mol %). The temperature was raised to 110° C. and heating was continued for 48 hr. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica using 20% EtOAc/petroleum ether as eluent to give a mixture of the 5-acetyl-(MS (ES) C₃₇H₅₆N₄O₇Si requires: 696, found: 697 (M+H)⁺) and the 5-(1-ethoxyvinyl)-imidazole (MS (ES) C₃₉H₆₀N₄O₇Si requires: 725, found: 726 (M+H)⁺).

The purified mixture was dissolved in THF and a solution of 1 M TBAF in THF (2.5 eq.) was added and the mixture was heated at 65° C. overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of H₂O and the product extracted in DCM. The collected organic phases were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a similar mixture of acetyl- and enol ether: tert-Butyl 3-(2-{[(1S)-1-(5-acetyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]amino}-2-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-carboxylate, MS (ES) C₃₁H₄₂N₄O₇requires: 566, found: 567 (M+H)⁺; tert-butyl 3-[2-({(1S)-1-[5-(1-ethoxyvinyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-oxoethyl]-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-carboxylate, MS (ES) C₃₃H₄₆N₄O₆requires: 594, found: 595 (M+H)⁺.

This material was then dissolved in the minimum amount of DCM/TFA (1:1) mixture and stirred 1 hr. The reaction was quenched by addition of water and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18) and lyophilized to afford the titled compound. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.00 (1H, s), 7.43 (1H, s), 7.08 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 6.80-6.65 (2H, m), 6.35 (1H, br. s), 4.88 (1H, q, J=5.5 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.63 (2H, s), 2.40-2.10 (10H, m), 1.90-1.10 (8H, m), 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₆H₃₄N₄O₄requires: 466, found: 467 (M+H)⁺.

Example 315
5-Cyclohexyl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (PP4)
Step 1: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(4-cyclohex-1-en-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]carbamate (PP1)

The Suzuki coupling was carried out according to Example 304, step 7 using cyclohex-1-en-1-ylboronic acid and tert-butyl [(is)-1-(4-bromo-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]carbamate to yield the desired compound. MS (ES) C₂₉H₅₁N₃O₄Si requires: 533, found: 534 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(5-cyclohexyl-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-oxononyl]carbamate (PP2)

The cyclohexenylimidazole (PP1) was dissolved in EtOAc and stirred in the presence of 10% Pd/C under an H₂atmosphere for 1 hr. The H₂atmosphere removed and N₂introduced. The reaction mixture was filtered and the catalyst washed with EtOAc and the filtrates concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were collected and lyophilized to afford the desired compound. MS (ES) C₂₉H₄₉N₃O₄Si requires: 535, found: 536 (M+H)⁺

Step 3: (9S)-9-Amino-9-(5-cyclohexyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nonan-3-one (PP3)

The carbamate (PP2) was dissolved in the minimum amount of DCM/TFA (1:1) and stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction was quenched by addition of water and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The product was partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the desired amine. MS (ES). C₁₈H₃₁N₃O requires: 305, found: 306 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 5-Cyclohexyl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (PP4)

The amine (PP3) was taken up in DMF and a solution of (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.3 eq.), HOBt (1.3 eq.) and EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.) in DMF (previously premixed for 5 min) was added, followed by DIPEA (1.3 eq.). The mixture was left stirring at RT for 3 hr and was then purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were collected and lyophilized to afford titled compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO) δ: 10.65 (1H, s), 8.68 (1H, d, J=3.5 Hz), 7.35 (1H, s), 7.18 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.00 (1H, s), 6.68 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 4.98 (1H, q, J=5.0 Hz), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.50-3.10 (2H, m), 2.75-2.50 (1H, m), 2.50-2.30 (7H, m), 2.05-1.70 (6H, m), 1.50-1.10 (12H, m), 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₀H₄₂N₄O₃requires: 506, found: 507 (M+H)⁺.

Example 316
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoundecyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (QQ4)
Step 1: tert-Butyl (7S)-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)heptanoate (QQ1)

A solution Example 107, 13 and Cs₂CO₃(0.6 eq) in EtOH was stirred for 30 min at RT and then concentrated under reduced pressure. 2-Bromo-1-phenylethanone (1.2 eq.) was added to the resulting salt in DMF and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at RT under N₂. The DMF was coevaporated with toluene. EtOAc was added, the mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. A solution of the resulting oil and NH₄OAc (20 eq.) in toluene was heated at reflux for 2 hr whilst excess NH₄OAc and H₂O were removed using a Dean-Stark trap. The mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water (×2), sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, water (×2) and brine. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/petroleum ether (9:1 to 3:2) to obtain the title compound as a pale brown foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 11.75 (1H, s), 7.73 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s), 7.31, (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.18-7.11 (1H, m), 7.05 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 4.63-4.51 (1H, m), 2.15 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.87-1.75 (1H, m), 1.75-1.64 (1H, m), 1.52-1.43 (2H, m), 1.38 (18H, s), 1.33-1.18 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₂₅H₃₇N₃O₄requires: 443, found: 444 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: 2-[(1S)-1-Ammonio-6-carboxyhexyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate) (QQ2)

The imidazole (QQ1) (1 eq.) was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) at 0° C., the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. The solvents were then removed under reduced pressure and the crude was used as such without any further purification. MS (ES) C₁₆H₂₁N₃O₂requires: 287, found: 288 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (7S)—N-methoxy-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)heptanamide (QQ3)

A solution of EDC.HCl (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) and (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.2 eq.) in DMF was stirred for 1 hr at RT and was then added to a solution of the amine (QQ2) (1 eq.) and DIPEA (2 eq.) in DMF. The mixture was stirred overnight then more HATU (2 eq.) was added followed after 1 h by CH₃ON(CH₃)H.HCl (2 eq.). After stirring for a further 12 hours the crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white solid. The compound was then extracted from sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution to obtain the free base. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.62 (1H, s), 8.62 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s), 7.77 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.52 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 7.48-7.39 (1H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.96 (1H, s), 6.64-6.56 (2H, m), 5.06-4.96 (1H, m), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.62 (3H, s), 3.60-3.45 (2H, m), 3.06 (3H, s), 2.35-2.26 (2H, m), 2.36-2.26 (5H, m), 1.50-1.18 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₀H₃₇N₅O₄requires: 531, found: 532 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: 2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoundecyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (QQ4)

To a solution of QQ3 in THF (2 mL) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (5 eq.). After 1 hr, the reaction mixture was quenched carefully with H₂O. After warming to RT the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc, the combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column) to yield after lyophilisation the imidazole as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.23 (1H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 8.25 (1H, s), 7.52-7.32 (6H, m), 7.13 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.87 (1H, m), 6.73 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 5.88 (1H, m), 5.44 (1H, m), 3.73 (2H, s), 3.62 (3H, s), 2.35 (6H, m), 2.27 (3H, s), 1.98 (2H, m), 1.60-0.94 (8H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₂H₄₀N₄O₃requires: 529, found: 530 (M+H)⁺.

Example 317
2-((1S)-7-Cyclopropyl-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (RR1)

This material was obtained as described for Example 316 using QQ3 and cyclopropylmagnesium bromide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.32 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.31 (1H, s), 7.52-7.31 (5H, m), 7.12 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.89 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz), 6.73 (1H, dd, J=8.6 Hz, J=1.5 Hz), 5.88 (1H, m), 5.43 (1H, m), 3.73 (2H, s), 3.62 (3H, s), 2.48 (2H, m), 2.27 (3H, s), 2.05-1.86 (4H, m), 1.50 (2H, m), 1.24 (3H, m), 0.98 (3H, m), 0.86 (2H, m). MS (ES) C₃₁H₃₆N₄O₃requires: 513, found: 514 (M+H)⁺.

Example 318
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-9-methyl-7-oxodecyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (SS1)

This material was obtained as described for Example 316 using QQ3 and isobutylmagnesium bromide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.60 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 8.19 (1H, s), 7.53-7.32 (5H, m), 7.14 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.91 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 6.75 (1H, dd, J=8.6 Hz, J=2.0 Hz), 5.75 (1H, br s), 5.46 (1H, m), 3.75 (2H, s), 3.62 (3H, s), 2.37-1.69 (10H, m), 1.46 (2H, m), 1.33-1.00 (5H, m), 0.90 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 0.89 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz). MS (ES) C₃₂H₄₀N₄O₃requires: 529, found: 530 (M+H)⁺.

Example 319
2-((1S)-8-hydroxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (TT1)

To a solution of chloroiodomethane (5.3 eq.) in THF at −78° C. was slowly added a solution of MeLi in Et₂O (5.3 eq.), after 5 min the solution was transferred via cannula to a solution of Example 316 QQ3 (1 eq.) in THF at −78° C. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 2 hr and was then quenched by carefully addition of water. After warning to RT the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

The crude was solved in DMF (3 mL) and treated with potassium acetate (1 eq.) for 2 hr at 60° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine (2×). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The crude acetate was dissolved in MeOH (3 mL) and treated with sodium carbonate (1 eq.) for 30 min at RT. Water was added and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column) to yield the imidazole as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.60 (1H, s), 8.56 (1H, br s), 7.99 (1H, s), 7.75 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.53-7.37 (3H, m), 7.09 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.95 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 6.59 (1H, dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.8 Hz), 4.99 (1H, m), 4.00 (2H, s), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.51 (2H, m), 2.29 (5H, m), 1.88 (2H, m), 1.45-1.12 (8H, m). MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₄N₄O₄requires: 502, found: 503 (M+H)⁺.

Example 320
2-((1S)-7-(2-Furyl)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (UU1)

To a solution of furan (10 eq.) in THF at −78° C. was slowly added a solution of n-BuLi in hexane (10 eq.). The solution was then warmed to 0° C. and stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling to −78° C. it was transferred via cannula to a solution of (7S)—N-methoxy-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanamide (1 eq.) (Prepared in a similar manner to Example 316, QQ3) in THF at −78° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to RT overnight and then was quenched carefully with water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column) to afford the imidazole O1 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ: 10.61 (1H, s), 8.64 (1H, d, J=5.8 Hz), 8.33 (1H, s), 8.14 (1H, s), 8.04 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.99-7.86 (4H, m), 7.58 (2H, m), 7.38 (1H, dd, J=0.7 Hz, J=3.6 Hz), 7.08 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.97 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 6.67 (1H, dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=3.6 Hz), 6.57 (1H, dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.6 Hz), 5.04 (1H, m), 3.65 (3H, s), 3.53 (2H, dt, J=14.7 Hz, J=14 Hz), 2.74 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.94 (2H, m), 1.58-1.17 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₆H₃₆N₄O₄requires: 589, found: 590 (M+H)⁺.

Example 321
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-8-(methylsulfinyl)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (VV1)

To a solution of DMSO (15 eq.) in THF at −78° C. was slowly added n-BuLi solution in hexane (15 eq.), after 30 min the solution was transferred via cannula to a solution of (7S)—N-methoxy-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanamide (1 eq.) (Prepared in a similar manner to Example 316, QQ3) in THF at −78° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to RT overnight and was then quenched by carefully addition of water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc, dried (MgSO₄) and then solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column) and lyophilized to afford the imidazole as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.10 (1H, br s), 8.25 (1H, s), 8.11 (1H, s), 7.88-7.73 (3H, m), 7.58-7.46 (2H, m), 7.43-7.34 (1H, m), 7.15 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.91 (1H, d, J=1.7 Hz), 6.74 (1H, dd, J=1.7 Hz, J=8.6 Hz), 6.11 (1H, d, J=15 Hz), 5.48 (1H, m), 3.77 (4H, s), 3.62 (3H, s), 2.69 (3H, s), 2.47 (2H, m), 2.30 (3H, s), 2.15-1.92 (2H, m), 1.53 (2H, m), 1.37-1.04 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₃₄H₃₉N₄O₄S requires: 599, found: 600 (M+H)⁺.

Example 322
2-[(1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-8-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxooctyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (WW1)

This material was obtained as described for Example 321 using dimethylsulfone. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ: 10.83 (1H, s), 8.84 (1H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 8.54 (1H, s), 8.37 (1H, s), 8.26 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.21-8.06 (4H, m), 7.80 (2H, m), 7.31 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.18 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 6.80 (1H, dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=8.6 Hz), 5.26 (1H, m), 4.64 (2H, s), 3.88 (3H, s), 3.75 (2H, m), 3.26 (3H, s), 2.77 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 2.52 (3H, s), 2.15 (2H, m), 1.70-1.36 (6H, m). MS (ES) C₃₄H₃₈N₄O₅S requires: 615, found: 616 (M+H)⁺.

Example 323
2-((1S)-8-(Aminosulfonyl)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate (XX1)

To a solution of tert-butyl (methylsulfonyl)carbamate (15 eq.) in THF at −78° C. was slowly added a solution of n-BuLi in hexane (30 eq.), after 30 min the solution was transferred via cannula to a solution of (7S)—N-methoxy-7-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanamide (1 eq.) (Prepared in a similar manner to Example 316, QQ3) in THF at −78° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to RT overnight and was then quenched carefully with water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and was dried (MgSO₄) and solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

The crude was resolved in DCM/TFA (3:1) and stirred for 1 h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the desired material was isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (C18 column) to yield the imidazole as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ: 10.61 (1H, s), 8.60 (1H, m), 8.32 (1H, s), 8.13 (1H, s), 8.05 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.99-7.84 (4H, m), 7.58 (2H, m), 7.09 (3H, m), 6.96 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 6.58 (1H, dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.6 Hz), 5.03 (1H, m), 4.15 (2H, s), 3.66 (3H, s), 3.59 (2H, m), 2.60 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.93 (2H, m), 1.48-1.15 (8H, m). MS (ES) C₃₃H₃₇N₅O₅S requires: 616, found: 617 (M+H)⁺.

Example 324
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)-7-pyridin-2-ylheptyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (YY8)
Step 1: tert-Butyl (7S)-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-7-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)heptanoate (YY1)

A solution (0.5 M) of [(2S)-8-tert-butoxy-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-oxooctanoic acid in EtOH was treated with Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 50 min then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and then the resulting salt was dissolved in DMF and was treated with 2-bromo-1-phenylethanone (1.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT then the DMF was coevaporated with toluene. The residue was suspended in EtOAc and filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil that was dissolved in toluene. The resulting solution (0.14 M) was treated with NH₄OAc (20 eq.) and heated at reflux with a Dean Stark trap for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down to RT and diluted with EtOAc and a sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution. The organic layers were washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil which was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 20% EtOAc/petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the title compound as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300 K) δ 11.77 (1H, s), 7.75 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.48 (1H, s), 7.33 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 7.17 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 7.12-7.02 (1H, m), 4.70-4.50 (1H, m), 2.17 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.93-1.63 (2H, m), 1.57-1.15 (24H, m); MS (ES) C₂₅H₃₇N₃O₄requires: 443, found: 444 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (7S)-7-{1-[(Benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]heptanoic acid (YY2)

A solution the imidazole (YY1) in MeCN was treated with [(chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene (1.2 eq.) and stirred at reflux for 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The collected organic layers were washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil residue containing a mixture of the tert-butyl (7S)-7-{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]heptanoate and tert-butyl (7S)-7-amino-7-{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}heptanoate that was used without further purification. MS (ES) C₃₃H₄₅N₃O₅requires: 563, found: 564 (M+H)⁺.

The above mixture in DCM/TFA (4:1) was stirred at 0° C. then the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was coevaporated with toluene to give desired compounds that was used without any further purification. MS (ES) C₂₄H₂₉N₃O₃requires: 407, found: 408 (M+H)⁺.

A solution of the above intermediate in H₂O/MeCN was cooled to 0° C. and treated with NaHCO₃(3.0 eq.) and Boc₂O (1.5 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The CH₃CN was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The pH was adjusted to pH 4-5 with 1N HCl and was extracted again. The collected organic phases were washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield an amber oil which was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 50-60% EtOAc/petroleum ether to afford the title compound (92%) as a pale amber oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300 K) δ 8.11 (1H, s), 7.81 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.50 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 7.41-7.28 (7H, m), 5.81 (1H, d, J=10.2 Hz), 5.64 (1H, d, J=10.2 Hz), 4.96-4.86 (1H, m), 4.69-4.59 (2H, m), 2.17 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.97-1.85 (2H, m), 1.55-1.43 (15H, m); MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₇N₃O₅requires: 507, found: 508 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl ((1S)-1-{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-hydroxyheptyl)carbamate (YY3)

A solution the above acid (YY2) in THF was treated with 4-methylmorpholine (2.0 eq.) and cooled to 0° C. The resulting solution was treated dropwise with isobutyl chloridocarbonate (2.0 eq.) and was then stirred for 15 min at 0° C., during which period a white precipitate formed. The precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate was treated dropwise at 0° C. with NaBH₄(2.5 eq.) in H₂O (0.6 M). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature then it was warmed up to RT and the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The collected organic layers were washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil. The purification by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 30% EtOAc/petroleum ether afforded the title compound as a pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300 K) δ 8.26 (1H, s), 7.83-7.76 (3H, m), 7.57-7.50 (2H, m), 7.49-7.43 (1H, m), 7.38-7.26 (5H, m), 5.86 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz), 5.74 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz), 5.04-4.94 (1H, m), 4.68 (2H, s), 3.36 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 2.05-1.81 (2H, m), 1.47-1.17 (15H, m).

Step 4: tert-Butyl ((1S)-1-{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-oxoheptyl)carbamate (YY4)

A solution the alcohol (YY3) in DCM was treated with pyridine (4.2 eq.) and the Dess-Martin Periodinane (2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hr then the reaction mixture was diluted with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃solution and extracted with DCM. The collected organic phases were washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 300 K) δ 9.71 (1H, s), 7.80 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.43-7.23 (8H, m), 7.20 (1H, s), 5.68 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 5.38-5.24 (1H, bs), 5.28 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 5.00-4.89 (1H, m), 4.54 (2H, s), 2.36 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 2.08-1.89 (2H, m), 1.63-1.53 (2H, m), 1.43 (9H, s), 1.41-1.30 (4H, m); MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₇N₃O₄requires: 491, found: 492 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: tert-Butyl ((1S)-1-{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-hydroxy-7-pyridin-2-ylheptyl)carbamate (YY5)

A solution of 2-bromopyridine (2.05 eq.) in THF was cooled to −78° C. and treated with a 1.6 M solution of n-BuLi in hexanes (2.1 eq.) The resulting orange solution was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min then it was treated with a solution the aldehyde (YY4) in THF. The resulting pale yellow solution was left to reach RT overnight and was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The collected organic phases were washed with brine, dried and evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 30-50% EtOAc/petroleum ether to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300 K) δ 8.46 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.82-7.69 (4H, m), 7.45 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.41-7.26 (8H, m), 7.25-7.16 (2H, m), 5.66 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 5.42 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 5.25 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.80-4.68 (1H, m), 4.60-4.46 (2H, m), 3.36-2.28 (2H, m), 1.92-1.77 (2H, m), 1.76-1.64 (1H, m), 1.63-1.49 (1H, m), 1.35 (9H, s), 1.36-1.22 (4H, m); MS (ES) C₃₄H₄₂N₄O₄requires: 570, found: 571 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: tert-Butyl ((1S)-1-{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-oxo-7-pyridin-2-ylheptyl)carbamate (YY6)

A solution the alcohol (YY5) in DCM was treated with pyridine (4.2 eq.) and the Dess-Martin Periodinane (2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h then the crude material was diluted with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃solution and extracted with DCM. The collected organic phases were washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown oil which was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 20-30% EtOAc/petroleum ether to yield the desired material as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 300 K) δ 8.67 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 8.02 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.99-7.89 (2H, m), 7.83 (1H, td, J=1.3 Hz, J=7.7 Hz), 7.53-7.30 (10H, m), 7.17 (1H, s), 5.96-5.84 (1H, m), 5.49-5.36 (1H, m), 5.13-5.01 (1H, m), 4.74-4.59 (2H, m), 3.19 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.54-2.36 (1H, m), 2.23-2.09 (1H, m), 1.79-1.63 (2H, m), 1.50-1.22 (4H, m), 1.42 (9H, s); MS (ES) C₃₄H₄₀N₄O₄requires: 568, found: 569 (M+H)⁺.

Step 7: N-((1S)-1-{1-[(Benzyloxy)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-7-oxo-7-pyridin-2-ylheptyl)-1-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamide (YY7)

The ketone (YY6) was treated at 0° C. with a mixture TFA/DCM (1:4), then the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was coevaporated with toluene to give a crude material that was used without any further purification. MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₂N₄O₂requires: 468, found: 469 (M+H)⁺.

A solution of 1-methylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid in DMF was treated at 0° C. with EDC hydrochloride (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) and Et₃N (4.2 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then a solution of the above intermediate in DMF was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction mixture was diluted with 2N NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The collected organic phases were washed with brine, dried and evaporated under reduced pressure to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid which was used in the next step without any purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300 K) δ 8.71 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 8.28 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.01 (1H, dt, J=1.5 Hz, J=7.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 7.81-7.72 (3H, m), 7.69-7.62 (1H, m), 7.41-7.24 (7H, m), 7.21 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 5.65 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz), 5.39 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz), 5.12-5.01 (1H, m), 4.56 (1H, d, J=11.6 Hz), 4.51 (1H, d, J=11.6 Hz), 3.12 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.04-2.95 (2H, m), 2.76-2.63 (2H, m), 2.22-2.16 (1H, m), 2.14-2.04 (4H, m), 2.00-1.83 (2H, m), 1.82-1.67 (2H, m), 1.67-1.42 (4H, m), 1.41-1.19 (4H, m); MS (ES) C₃₆H₄₃N₅O₃requires: 593, found: 594 (M+H)⁺.

Step 8: 1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)-7-pyridin-2-ylheptyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium bis(trifluoroacetate) (YY8)

A solution of the amide (YY7) in toluene at 0° C. was treated with BBr₃(3.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight then it was diluted with water and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by RP-HPLC (Waters X-TERRA MS C18, 5 micron, 19×150 mm) using H₂O (+0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents to afford the title compound as an oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300 K) δ 8.80-8.62 (2H, m), 8.08-7.91 (3H, m), 7.79 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.72-7.64 (1H, m), 7.59-7.35 (3H, m), 5.07-4.95 (1H, m), 3.53-3.38 (2H, m), 3.23-3.12 (2H, m), 3.03-2.87 (2H, m), 2.79 (3H, s), 2.53-2.42 (1H, m), 2.09-1.83 (4H, m), 1.81-1.58 (4H, m), 1.48-1.21 (4H, m); MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₅N₂O₂requires: 473, found: 474 (M+H)⁺.

Example 325
2-((1S)-7-Amino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (ZZ7)
Step 1: 8-tert-Butyl 1-methyl (2S)-2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}octanedioate (ZZ1)

Example 107, 11 (1 eq.) was dissolved in THF and cooled at 0° C.; 1M HCl was added (4 eq.) and the mixture was stirred 20 min. 1M NaOH was added (4 eq), the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and the collected organic phases were treated with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The pale yellow oil obtained was dissolved in DCM and Et₃N was added (1.5 eq.). To this mixture a solution of N-(benzyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (1.3 eq) in DCM was added and stirring for a 1 hr at RT the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The yellow oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 5-50% EtOAc/petroleum ether to obtain the title compound as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.42-7.28 (5H, m), 5.24 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 5.11 (2H, s), 4.41-4.32 (1H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 2.19 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.89-1.77 (1H, m), 1.70-1.50 (3H, m), 1.44 (9H, s), 1.38-1.24 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₂₁H₃₁NO₆requires: 393, found: 394 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (2S)-2-{[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-8-tert-butoxy-8-oxooctanoic acid (ZZ2)

The above ester (ZZ1) (1 eq.) was dissolved in a THF/H₂O (4:1) and LiOH.H₂O (1.1 eq.) was added, the mixture was stirred for 1.5 hr. 1M HCl was added until pH 4-5 and the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×); the collected organic phases were washed with brine and then dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent were removed under reduced pressure to yield the title compound was as a colorless oil which solidified upon standing. MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₉NO₆requires: 379, found: 380 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl (7S)-7-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanoate (ZZ3)

A mixture of the acid (ZZ2) (1 eq.) and Cs₂CO₃(0.5 eq) in EtOH was stirred for 30 min at RT and then concentrated under reduced pressure. 2-2-Bromo-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanone (1 eq.) was added to the resulting salt in DMF and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at RT under N₂. The DMF was coevaporated with toluene. EtOAc was added, the mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. A solution of the resulting oil and NH₄OAc (20 eq.) in toluene was heated at reflux for 2 hr while excess NH₄OAc and H₂O were removed using a Dean-Stark trap. The mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water (×2), sat. aq. NaHCO₃solution, water (×2) and brine. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown oil was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/petrol ether to obtain the title compound as a pale brown foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.95-7.70 (5H, m), 7.56-7.41 (3H, m), 7.39-7.30 (5H, m), 5.59 (1H, bs), 5.19-5.10 (2H, m), 4.83-4.72 (1H, m), 2.22 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.09-1.97 (1H, m), 1.82-1.55 (5H, m), 1.45 (9H, s), 1.49-1.38 (2H, m). MS (ES) C₃₂H₃₇N₃O₄requires: 528, found: 529 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4: (7S)-7-{[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanoic acid (ZZ4)

The imidazole (ZZ3) (1 eq.) was dissolved in TFA/DCM (1:1) at 0° C., the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/AcOH (99:1) to obtain the title compound as a pale brown foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 11.99 (1H, bs), 8.34 (1H, s), 8.10-7.98 (3H, m), 7.98-7.76 (3H, m), 7.63-7.50 (2H, m), 7.43-7.28 (4H, m), 5.16-4.98 (2H, m), 4.90-4.80 (1H, m), 2.19 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.00-1.83 (2H, m), 1.56-1.44 (2H, m), 1.42-1.24 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₂₈H₂₉N₃O₄requires: 471, found: 472 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: Benzyl {(1S)-7-amino-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}carbamate (ZZ5)

The acid (ZZ4) (1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF in an ace tube, HATU (2 eq.) and DIPEA (2 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred 1 h at RT. A solution of NH₃in dioxane (0.5 N, 5 eq.) was added and after stirring 3 h at RT solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The crude was used as such in the following reaction. MS (ES) C₂₈H₃₀N₄O₃requires: 470, found: 471 (M+H)⁺.

Step 6: (7S)-7-Amino-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanamide (ZZ6)

A solution of the amide (ZZ5) (1 eq.) in MeOH was cooled at 0° C. under N₂, then Pd/C (10% wt) was added. After two vacuum-H₂cycles the mixture was stirred 2.5 hr under an H₂atmosphere. The catalyst was filtered off and washed with MeOH then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude was used as such in the following reaction. MS (ES) C₂₀H₂₄N₄O requires: 336, found: 337 (M+H)⁺.

Step 7: 2-((1S)-7-Amino-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (ZZ7)

A solution of EDC.HCl (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) and (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1.2 eq.) in DCM was stirred for 1 hr at RT then it was added to a solution of the amine (ZZ6) in DMF. The mixture was stirred overnight at RT then the crude was directly purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 10.62 (1H, s), 8.61 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 8.34 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.01-7.93 (2H, m), 7.90 (1H, dd J=8.6, J₂=1.8 Hz), 7.66-7.55 (2H, m), 7.19 (1H, s), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.97 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 6.67 (1H, s), 6.62 (1H, dd J=8.6, J₂=2.3 Hz), 5.10-5.00 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.64-3.48 (2H, m), 2.32 (3H, s), 2.00 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 2.05-1.87 (2H, m), 1.52-1.32 (3H, m), 1.32-1.20 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₃₂H₃₅N₅O₃requires: 537, found: 538 (M+H)⁺.

Example 326
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]amino}hexyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (AAA1)

A solution of Example 107, 15 (1 eq.), DIPEA (2 eq.) and dimethylsulfamoyl chloride (2 eq.) in DMF was stirred overnight at RT. The crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18) and the desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.04 (1H, bs), 8.33 (1H, s), 8.12 (1H, bs), 8.09-8.00 (2H, m), 7.99-7.87 (3H, m), 7.63-7.52 (2H, m), 4.62-4.51 (1H, m), 2.63 (6H, s), 2.19 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.02-1.84 (2H, m), 1.55-1.44 (2H, m), 1.44-1.35 (1H, m), 1.35-1.16 (3H, m). MS (ES) C₂₂H₂₈N₄O₄S requires: 444, found: 445 (M+H)⁺.

Example 327
2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (BBB1)
Step 1: Benzyl {(1S)-7-(methylamino)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxoheptyl}carbamate (BBB1)

Example 325, ZZ4 (1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF and HATU (2 eq.) and DIPEA (2 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred 1 h at RT. A solution of MeNH₂in THF (2 N, 5 eq.) was added and after stirring 3 h at RT solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The crude was used as such in the following reaction. MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₂N₄O₃requires: 484, found: 485 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (7S)-7-Amino-N-methyl-7-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]heptanamide (BBB2)

A solution of the amide (BBB1) (1 eq.) in MeOH was cooled at 0° C. under N₂, then Pd/C (10% wt) was added. After two vacuum-H₂cycles the mixture was stirred 2.5 hr under an H₂atmosphere. The catalyst was filtered off and washed with MeOH then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude was used as such in the following reaction. MS (ES) C₂₁H₂₆N₄O requires: 350, found: 351 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: 2-((1S)-7-(Methylamino)-7-oxo-1-{[(1-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}heptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (BBB3)

1-Pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.1 eq.) was suspended in DCM and DIPEA (1.1 eq.) and HATU (1.1 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hour. A solution of the above amine (BBB2) in DMF (0.1 M solution) was added and stirred overnight. The crude was directly purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.72-8.64 (1H, m), 8.36 (1H, s), 8.20-8.14 (1H, m), 8.11-8.01 (2H, m), 8.01-7.88 (3H, m), 7.80-7.65 (2H, m), 7.64-7.56 (2H, m), 7.19-7.08 (1H, m), 6.80-6.71 (1H, m), 5.08-4.98 (1H, m), 4.28-4.20 (2H, m), 4.14-4.02 (2H, m), 3.23-2.98 (2H, m), 2.54 (3H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 2.04 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.99-1.88 (2H, m), 1.82-1.60 (2H, m), 1.57-1.44 (3H, m), 1.42-1.21 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₃₂H₃₈N₆O₂requires: 538, found: 538 (M+H)⁺.

Example 328
2-[(1S)-1-{[(Benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-(methylamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate (CCC1)

The amine from Example 327, BB2 (1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM, then DIPEA (1 eq.) and benzyl isocyanate were added. After stirring for 1 hr at RT the solvent were removed under reduced pressure and the crude was purified by preparative RP-HPLC, using H₂O (0.1% TFA) and MeCN (+0.1% TFA) as eluents (column: C18). The desired fractions were lyophilized to afford the titled compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 8.36 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.02-7.93 (2H, m), 7.91 (1H, dd, J=8.6 Hz, J₂=1.5 Hz), 7.71-7.55 (3H, m), 7.35-7.19 (5H, m), 6.75-6.67 (2H, m), 4.97-4.87 (1H, m), 4.30-4.15 (2H, m), 2.53 (3H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 2.04 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.97-1.83 (2H, m), 1.55-1.44 (2H, m), 1.42-1.22 (4H, m). MS (ES) C₂₉H₃₃N₅O₂requires: 483, found: 484 (M+H)⁺.

Example 329
5-(2-Methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-L-tartrate (DDD1)

Example 305 was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃solution. The aqueous phase was further extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining colourless oil was dissolved in a mixture of H₂O and MeCN and L-tartaric acid (1 eq.) was added. The mixture was lyophilized to afford a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.16 (1H, br. s), 8.71 (1H, br. s), 8.52 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.13 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 7.84 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.66-7.54 (2H, m), 7.42 (1H, m), 5.05-4.91 (1H, m), 4.13 (3H, s), 4.04 (2H, s), 3.99-3.85 (2H, m), 3.81-3.65 (2H, m), 3.54-3.37 (1H, m), 2.59 (3H, s), 2.44-2.32 (4H, m), 2.04-1.66 (2H, m), 1.54-1.38 (2H, m), 1.36-1.16 (4H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). MS (ES) C₂₇H₃₅N₅O₃requires: 477, found: 478 (M+H⁺).

Procedure

[M + H]⁺
M
from Example

Example
Name
Observed
Expected
Number

330
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-
443
442
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

331
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-
459
458
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

332
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-
461
460
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

333
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
457
456
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

334
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-3-ylacetyl)amino]-7-
443
442
1

oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

335
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]-
429
428
1

7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

336
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-
521
520
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-
523
522

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

337
2-((1S)-1-{[(7-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-1-
460
461
1

benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

338
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-
454
453
1

oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

339
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-
461
460
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

340
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-
477
477
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

341
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-indol-2-
429
428
1

ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

342
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-fluoro-1H-indol-2-
448
446
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

343
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-
473
472
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

344
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-
459
458
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

345
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-
489
488
1

dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

346
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3 -
489
488
1

dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

347
6-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
446
445
1

imidazol-3-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-

a]pyrimidin-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

348
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
515
514
1

3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-3,4-

dihydrospiro[isochromene-1,4′-

piperidinium] bis(trifluoroacetate)

349
4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
515
514
1

3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-3,4-

dihydrospiro[chromene-2,4′-piperidinium]

bis(trifluoroacetate)

350
5-chloro-2-(2-oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-
478
477
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-

yl)octyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-3,1-

benzimidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

351
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxoquinazolin-
472
471
1

1(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}octyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

352
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-
461
460
1

3(2H)-yl)acetyl]amino}octyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

353
2-{(1S)-1-[(2H-indazol-2-ylacetyl)amino]-
444
443
1

7-oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

354
3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
499
498
1

3-ium-2-yl)octyl]amino}carbonyl)-2,3-

dihydrospiro[indene-1,4′-piperidinium]

bis(trifluoroacetate)

355
2-((1S)-7-oxo-1-{[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-
459
458
1

tetrahydroquinolin-4-

yl)carbonyl]amino}octyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

356
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-cyano-1H-indol-1-
468
467
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

357
2-{(1S)-1-[(2-naphthylacetyl)amino]-7-
454
453
1

oxooctyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

358
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1-benzothien-3-
494
494
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

359
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-chloro-1H-indazol-3-
478
477
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxooctyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

360
2-(2-{(1S)-1-[(1-Azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-
518
517
307

4-ylcarbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl)-4-

methoxyquinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

361
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
582
581
307

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-

yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

362
5-Methoxy-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-
524
523
137

oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1H-indole-2-

carboxamide

363
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-
476
475
137

oxazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

trifluoroacetate

364
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-
488
487
137

yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate

365
N,N,2-Trimethyl-1-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-
464
463
137

naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)-1-oxopropan-2-aminium

trifluoroacetate

366
1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-
448
447
137

oxazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium

trifluoroacetate

367
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-
393
392
137

yl]-7-oxononyl}acetamide

368
N,N-Dimethyl-N′-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-
450
449
137

1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}ethanediamide

369
8-[2-(1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-
476
475
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

tris(trifluoroacetate)

370
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidinium-4-
436
435
140

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-6-

phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

371
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-
537
536
137

yl]-7-oxononyl}-2-(2-oxoquinazolin-

1(2H)-yl)acetamide

372
3-(2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-N-
551
550
137

{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-

7-oxononyl}propanamide

373
N,N-Dimethyl-2-({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-
436
435
137

1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-2-

oxoethanaminium trifluoroacetate

374
2-Ethyl-1-(3-oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(6-
511
510
140

phenylpyridinium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-1H-3,1-

benzimidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

375
4-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(6-phenylpyridinium-2-
448
447
140

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

bis(trifluoroacetate)

376
2-((1S)-1-
444
443
140

{[(Benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-6-phenylpyridinium

trifluoroacetate

377
2-((1S)-7-[Methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-
532
531
108

{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

378
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
553
552
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

quinoxalin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

379
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
581
580
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(3-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-

ium trifluoroacetate

380
5-{[Benzyl(methyl)ammonio]methyl}-2-
558
557
311

(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

381
2-{[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
570
569
311

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]methyl}-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydroisoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

382
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
515
514
316

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxodecyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

383
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
531
530
304

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

384
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
531
530
304

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-

methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

385
6-[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-
552
551
304

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

386
5-[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-
566
565
304

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]-2-methylquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

387
5-[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-
552
551
304

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

388
5-[2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-
566
565
304

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]-8-methylquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

389
8-Methoxy-5-[2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
582
581
304

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-

yl]quinolinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

390
5-(1-Benzothien-7-yl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-
557
556
304

2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

391
5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
540
539
304

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

392
5-[3-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-
595
594
304

yl)phenyl]-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-

1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

393
5-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-
477
476
1

methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-

7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

394
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Ethyl-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-
499
498
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

395
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylazetidinium-3-
449
448
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

quinoxalin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

396
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-
499
498
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

397
5-[4-(Dimethylammonio)phenyl]-2--1-
544
543
304

{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

398
5-(2-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-{[(5-
549
548
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

399
5-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-{[(5-
549
548
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

400
5-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-
545
544
304

2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

401
5-Biphenyl-2-yl-2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
577
576
304

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

402
5-Dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl-2-(1-{[(5-
591
590
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

403
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
612
611
304

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-[3-

(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

404
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
553
552
304

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

405
5-[(Dimethylammonio)methyl]-2-(1-{[(5-
482
481
311

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

406
5-(1,4-Dimethoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-
611
610
1

{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

407
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
613
611
108

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-{[2-

(methylthio)ethyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-

(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

408
2-((1S)-7-(Methoxyamino)-1-{[(5-
569
567
108

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxoheptyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

409
2-((1S)-7-(Ethoxyamino)-1-{[(5-methoxy-
583
581
108

2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxoheptyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-1-

ium trifluoroacetate

410
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-indol-3-
516
515
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

411
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
500
499
1

inden-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

412
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-
487
486
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

413
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(5-Methoxy-1H-
502
501
1

benzimidazol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

414
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-Benzothien-3-
474
473
1

ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

415
2-((1S)-1-{[(2,5-Dimethyl-1H-indol-3-
485
484
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

416
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-
472
471
1

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

417
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-
487
486
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

418
2-{(1S)-1-[(1H-Indol-6-ylacetyl)amino]-7-
457
456
1

oxononyl}-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

419
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-5-
489
488
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

420
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(5-Methoxy-2-oxo-1,3-
519
518
1

benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

421
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(7-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-
501
500
1

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

422
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-
489
488
1

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

423
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-
503
502
1

dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

424
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-Methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-
503
502
1

dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

425
2-((1S)-1-
444
443
140

{[(Benzylamino)carbonyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium

trifluoroacetate

426
4-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(4-phenylpyridinium-2-
448
447
140

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

bis(trifluoroacetate)

427
2-((1S)-1-{[2-(Dimethylammonio)-2-
424
423
140

methylpropanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-4-

phenylpyridinium bis(trifluoroacetate)

428
5-(3,5-Dimethoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-((1S)-1-
611
610
1

{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

429
2-((1S)-1-{[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-
445
444
140

7-oxononyl)-4-phenylpyridinium

trifluoroacetate

430
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methyl-1H-indol-3-
471
470
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

431
2-((1S)-1-{[(7-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-
489
488
1

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

432
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Ethyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
499
498
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

433
2-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-
527
526
1

N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-

yl)nonyl]acetamide

434
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Ethoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-
515
514
1

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

435
2-[5-(Benzyloxy)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
577
576
1

yl]-N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-2-yl)nonyl]acetamide

436
3-(1H-Indol-1-yl)-N-[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-
471
470
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-

yl)nonyl]propanamide

437
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-
487
486
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

438
2-((1S)-7-Oxo-1-{[3-(2-oxo-1,3-
505
504
1

benzothiazol-3(2H)-

yl)propanoyl]amino}nonyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

439
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(quinolin-3-
469
468
1

ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

440
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(quinolin-5-
469
468
1

ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

441
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(6-Chloro-1H-benzimidazol-
507
506
1

2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-
509
508

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

442
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(6-Fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-
490
489
1

2-yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

443
N-[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
472
471
1

2-yl)nonyl]-2-(5,6,7,8-

tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)acetamide

444
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
515
514
316

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-8-methyl-7-

oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

445
2-((1S)-6-Carboxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
409
488
107

methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}hexyl)-5-phenyl-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

446
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
507
506
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(2-thienyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

447
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
551
550
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(1-naphthyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

448
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
552
551
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

quinolin-8-yl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

449
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
586
585
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(2-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-

ium trifluoroacetate

450
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
546
545
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

451
3-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
502
501
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]pyridinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

452
5-(3-Cyanophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
526
525
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

453
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
585
584
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

454
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
585
584
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

455
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
569
568
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-

3-ium trifluoroacetate

456
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
569
568
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-

3-ium trifluoroacetate

457
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
569
568
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-

3-ium trifluoroacetate

458
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
519
518
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[2-fluoro-phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

459
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
545
544
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[3-(ethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

460
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
545
544
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[4-(ethoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

461
5-[4-(Acetylamino)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
558
557
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

462
5-[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-
559
558
304

{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

463
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
526
525
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[4-cyano-phenyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

464
2-((1S)-1-{[5-(3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-
530
529
1

tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-

yl)pentanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

465
6-(2-Oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
464
463
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)imidazo[2,1-

b][1,3]thiazol-4-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

466
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-Benzofuran-5-
458
457
1

ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

467
2-{(1S)-1-[(1-Benzothien-2-
474
473
1

ylacetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

468
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-
486
485
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

469
2-(1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
425
424
304

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

then

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

hydrogenated

470
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-
480
479
307

(Dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-

methoxyquinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

471
5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
535
534
1

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
537
536

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-
539
538

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

472
5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
569
568
1

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
571
570

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-
573
572

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

473
5-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
579
578
1

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
581
580

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

474
2-((1S)-7-Methoxy-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
504
503
107

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxoheptyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

475
2-(1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-
529
528
315

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

phenylethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

476
7-(3-Oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
484
483
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-

1,8-naphthyridin-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

477
7-(3-Oxo-3-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
488
487
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}propyl)-

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

478
N³,N³-Dimethyl-N-[{(1S)-1-[5-(2-
451
450
308

naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}-α-alaninamide

479
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-
448
447
1

indazol-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]nonyl}-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

480
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-
464
463
1

benzothien-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]nonyl}-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

481
2-((1S)-7-Oxo-1-{[3-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-
487
486
1

2H-isoindol-2-yl)propanoyl]amino}nonyl)-

5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

482
2-{(1S)-1-[({2-[2-
530
529
1

(Dimethylammonio)ethyl]-3-oxo-2,3-

dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-

yl}carbonyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

483
6-Benzyl-2-oxo-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-
566
565
1

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1,2,5,6,7,8-

hexahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-6-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

484
7-(4-Oxo-4-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
567
566
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}butanoyl)-6,7,8,9-

tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]-1,6-naphthyridin-

1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

485
2-((1S)-1-{[(2-Acetyl-1,2,3,4-
515
514
1

tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)acetyl]amino}-

7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

486
2-Methyl-3-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
473
472
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydroisoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

487
2-(2-Oxo-2-{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
473
472
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-

1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

488
4-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
502
501
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]pyridinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

489
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
546
545
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(2-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

490
5-(3-Ammoniophenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
516
515
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

491
5-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-
559
558
304

((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

492
5-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
561
560
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

493
5-[2-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-
587
586
304

((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

494
5-[3-(Ammoniomethyl)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-
530
529
304

{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

495
5-[2-(Ammoniomethyl)-4-fluorophenyl]-2-
548
547
304

((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

496
5-Biphenyl-3-yl-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-
577
576
304

2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

497
3-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
552
551
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

498
5-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
545
544
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

499
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
569
568
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

[3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-

3-ium trifluoroacetate

500
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
622
621
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

(3-

{[(methylsulfonyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

501
2-((1R)-1-{[(1-Methylazetidinium-3-
447
446
1

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

naphthyl)-1H-imidazo custom character

l-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

502
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(2-tert-Butoxy-2-oxoethyl)-
615
614
1

5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

503
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1-
592
591
1

(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-

yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

504
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-
515
514
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

505
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1-(2-
598
597
1

pyrrolidinium-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-

yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

506
4-{2-[5-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-
614
613
1

{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-

ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-indol-1-

yl]ethyl}morpholin-4-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

507
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-
473
472
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

508
2-[(1S)-1-({[5-(Dimethylammonio)-2-
514
513
1

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-7-

oxononyl]-5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

509
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
503
502
316

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxoundecyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

510
1-Methyl-4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1H-
489
488
316

imidazol-1-ium-2-yl]-7-

oxodecyl}amino)carbonyl]piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

511
N-[1-(5-Acetyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-7-
467
466
314

oxononyl]-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-

indol-3-yl)acetamide

512
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-
480
479
307

(Dimethylammonio)propanoyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-

methoxyquinolinium trichloride

513
2-((1S)-1-{[(6-Methoxy-1-benzofuran-3-
488
487
1

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

514
6-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
455
454
1

1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)quinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

515
6-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-
455
454
1

1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)isoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

516
5-Methyl-6-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
463
462
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-4,5,6,7-

tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-3,5-

diium tris(trifluoroacetate)

517
2-(5-Methyl-1-benzothien-3-yl)-N-[(1S)-7-
488
487
1

oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-

yl)nonyl]acetamide

518
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(Carboxymethyl)-5-
559
558
1

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl]acetyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

519
4-{[5-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-
641
640
1

{[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-

ium-2-yl)nonyl]amino}ethyl)-1H-indol-1-

yl]acetyl}-1-methylpiperazin-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

520
7-Methyl-2-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
463
462
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-5,6,7,8-

tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-4,7-

diium tris(trifluoroacetate)

521
2-{(1S)-1-[({5-
528
527
1

[(Dimethylammonio)methyl]-2-methyl-

1H-indol-3-yl}acetyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-

5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

522
5-Bromo-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-
503
502
304

methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-
505
504

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol custom character

-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

523
5-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
544
544
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

524
5-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
517
516
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

525
5-[2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-
552
551
304

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]isoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

526
5-{4-[(Dimethylammonio)methyl]phenyl}-
558
557
304

2-((1S)-1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

527
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-
478
477
307

methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-

7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-

yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

528
5-(2-Carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(5-
545
544
304

methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

529
5-[4-(Dimethylammonio)phenyl]-2-((1S)-
544
543
304

1-{[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

530
2-((1S)-7-Oxo-1-{[(4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1H-
529
528
1

indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}nonyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

531
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-
489
488
1

3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-phenyl-

1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

532
1-Methyl-N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)-1,3,4-
449
448
308

oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}azetidine-3-

carboxamide

533
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-
458
457
1

b]pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

534
4-({[(1S)-6-Carboxy-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
425
424
107

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)hexyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

bis(trifluoroacetate)

535
4-({[(1S)-7-(Methoxyamino)-7-oxo-1-(5-
454
453
108

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)heptyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

bis(trifluoroacetate)

536
1-Methyl-4-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(4-phenyl-1H-
479
478
320

imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)-7-(2-

thienyl)heptyl]amino}carbonyl)piperidinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

537
2-{(1S)-7-Oxo-1-[(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-
458
457
1

c]pyridin-3-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-5-

phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium trifluoroacetate

538
2-((1S)-1-{[(5-Methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-
488
487
1

c]pyridin-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-

5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

539
5-(2-Fluoroquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-
466
465
305

methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-

7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

540
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylazetidinium-3-
449
448
305

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-3-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

541
8-Methoxy-5-[2-((1S)-1-{[(1-
478
477
305

methylazetidinium-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-

7-oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-5-

yl]quinolinium tris(trifluoroacetate)

542
5-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-((1S)-1-
440
439
305

{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

543
2-Methyl-1-({[(1S)-7-oxo-1-(5-phenyl-1H-
473
472
1

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydroisoquinolinium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

544
5-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-[(2-
453
454
307

thienylcarbonyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

545
4-Methoxy-2-(2-{(1S)-1-[(3-morpholin-4-
521
522
307

ium-4-ylpropanoyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-

1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl)quinolinium

trichloride

546
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-(1H-Imidazol-1-ium-1-
502
503
307

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-

methoxyquinolinium trichloride

547
2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-Acetylpiperazin-1-ium-
548
549
307

1-yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-

methoxyquinolinium trichloride

548
2-[2-((1S)-1-
465
466
307

{[(Dimethylammonio)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]-4-

methoxyquinolinium trichloride

549
4-Methoxy-2-(2-{(1S)-7-oxo-1-
505
506
307

[(piperidinium-1-ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-

1H-imidazol-1-ium-5-yl)quinolinium

trichloride

550
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-
520
521
307

methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-

yl)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

trichloride

551
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-
507
508
307

methylmorpholin-4-ium-2-

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

tris(trifluoroacetate)

552
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[3-(4-
534
535
307

methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

tris(trifluoroacetate)

553
4-Methoxy-2-[2-((1S)-1-{[(4-
534
535
307

methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-

yl)(oxo)acetyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-1-ium-5-yl]quinolinium

tris(trifluoroacetate)

554
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(N,N-
548
549
307

Dimethylglycyl)azetidin-3-

yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(4-

methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

555
2-[(1S)-1-({[1-(2-
521
522
307

Methoxyethyl)azetidinium-3-

yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-oxononyl]-5-(4-

methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

556
1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,8-
450
451
309

naphthyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-

7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium

formate

557
1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,6-
450
451
309

naphthyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-

7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium

formate

558
1-Methyl-3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(1,6-
450
451
309

naphthyridin-8-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-

7-oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]azetidinium

formate

559
3-({(1S)-1-[5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-
481
482
309

1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}amino)-

N,N-dimethyl-3-oxopropan-1-aminium

formate

560
4-[({(1S)-1-[5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-
519
520
309

1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane formate

561
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-
463
464
305

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(2-

oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium bis(trifluoroacetate)

562
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-
540
541
307

1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-2-(1H-

pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl)acetamide

563
5-(4-Methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-2-{(1S)-7-
538
539
307

oxo-1-[(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-

ylacetyl)amino]nonyl}-1H-imidazol-1-ium

trifluoroacetate

564
5-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-2-((1S)-1-{[(1-
468
470
307

methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

565
5-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-1-
470
471
307

[(morpholin-4-ylacetyl)amino]-7-

oxononyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium

trifluoroacetate

566
5-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-2-{(1S)-1-[(N,N-
428
429
307

dimethylglycyl)amino]-7-oxononyl}-1H-

imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

567
2-((1S)-1-{[(1-Methylpiperidin-4-
545
546
307

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-(3-

{[(methylsulfonyl)amino custom character

]carbonyl}phenyl)-

1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate

568
2-((1S)-1-{[3-(3-Methoxyazetidinium-1-
492
493
305

yl)propanoyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-5-

quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-imidazol-1-ium

bis(trifluoroacetate)

569
3-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-
488
489
305

imidazol-3-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

bis(trifluoroacetate)

570
4-({[(1S)-7-Oxo-1-(5-quinoxalin-6-yl-1H-
488
489
305

imidazol-1-ium-2-

yl)nonyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-

azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

bis(trifluoroacetate)

571
5-(2-Methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-2-((1S)-1-
477
478
305

{[(1-methylazetidinium-3-

yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxononyl)-1H-

imidazol-3-ium dichloride

572
2-((1S)-1-
465
466
307

{[(Dimethylammonio)acetyl]amino}-7-

oxononyl)-5-(4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)-

1H-imidazol-1-ium dichloride

573
3-[({(1S)-1-[5-(2-Methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-
477
478
305

1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-

oxononyl}amino)carbonyl]-1-

methylazetidinium chloride

574
N-{(1S)-1-[5-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-
477
478
329

1H-imidazol-2-yl]-7-oxononyl}-1-

methylazetidine-3-carboxamide

575
N-{(1S)-7-[Methoxy(methyl)amino]-1-[5-
508
509
316

(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-

yl]-7-oxoheptyl}-1-methylazetidine-3-

carboxamide

Number	Date	Country
WO 9827108	Jun 1998	WO
WO 9964401	Dec 1999	WO
WO 0210140	Feb 2002	WO
WO 2004072047	Aug 2004	WO
WO 2006005941	Jan 2006	WO
WO 2006005955	Jan 2006	WO
WO2007052073	May 2007	WO
WO2007072080	Jun 2007	WO

Heterocycle derivatives as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors

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Date Filed

Date Issued

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Examiners

Agents

CPC

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US

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Abstract

Description

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Priority Claims (2)

PCT Information

Foreign Referenced Citations (8)

Related Publications (1)

Number	Date	Country	Kind
0427138.3	Dec 2004	GB	national
0516435.5	Aug 2005	GB	national