Patent Grant
7741434
The present invention relates to the field of CXC chemokine receptor antagonists.
The CXC chemokines that possess the receptor-signaling glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif (e.g., CXCL1/GRO□, CXCL8/IL-8; Baggiolini, M. 1998. Nature. 392:565-568) are important to the influx of inflammatory cells that mediates much of the pathology in multiple settings, including ischemia-reperfusion injury (Sekido, N. et al. 1993. Nature. 365:654-657; Villard, J. et al. 1995. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1549-1554), endotoxemia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; Mukaida, N. et al. 1998. Inflamm. Res. 47 suppl. 3):S151-157), arthritis, and immune complex-type glomerulonephritis (Harada, A. et al. 1996. Inflamm. Res. 2:482-489). For instance, inappropriately released hydrolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species from activated neutrophils initiate and/or perpetuate the pathologic processes. On the other hand, during most bacterial infections this chemokine response represents a critical first line of defense. But even here, ELR+ CXC chemokine responses can, via their abilities to activate inflammatory cells displaying the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, exacerbate the pathology. For example, during experimental ‘cecal puncture and ligation’ sepsis, neutralization of MIP-2 reduces mouse mortality from 85 to 38% (Walley, K. R. et al. 1997. Infect. Immun. 65:3847-3851). And experimental treatments that eliminate circulating neutrophils ameliorate the pathology of pneumonic mannheimiosis (Slocombe, R. et al. 1985. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46:2253), wherein CXCL8 expression in the airways variably affects the neutrophil chemoattraction. Caswell, J. L. et al. 1997. Vet. Pathol. 35:124-131; Caswell, J. L. et al. 2001. Canad. J. Vet. Res. 65:229-232). Despite the critical importance of these chemokine responses in many settings, wayward inflammatory cell responses are sufficiently damaging that the development of therapeutic tools with which we can block ELR+ chemokines has become a research priority (Baggiolini, M., and B. Moser. 1997. J. Exp. Med. 186:1189-1191).
The ‘ELR’ chemokines chemoattract and activate inflammatory cells via their CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors (Baggiolini, 1998; Ahuja, S. K., and P. M. Murphy. 1996. J. Biol. Chem. 271:20545-20550). Most mammals express orthologs (genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation) of the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors and the ‘ELR’ chemokines. Sequence similarity between these homologous (genetically or functionally related) genes is high; higher still when conserved amino acid substitutions are considered. Mouse and rat are exceptions where these species do not have CXCR1 genes and their CXCL8 equivalent is highly divergent from that of other mammals. Interleukin 8 (CXCL8) is not species specific, in that the CXCL8 protein from one species can be functional in another species (Rot, 1991, Cytokine 3: 21-27).
The CXCR1 is specific for CXCL8 and CXCL6/granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2), while the CXCR2 binds CXCL8 with high affinity, but also macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), CXCL1, CXCL5/ENA-78, and CXCL6 with somewhat lower affinities (see, for example, Baggiolini and Moser, 1997). CXCL8 signaling in cell lines transfected with the human CXCR1 or CXCR2 induces equipotent chemotactic responses (Wuyts, A. et al. 1998. Eur. J. Biochem. 255:67-73; Richardson, R. et al. 1998. J. Biol. Chem. 273:23830-23836), and while neutrophil cytosolic free Ca++ changes and cellular degranulation in response to CXCL8 are also mediated by both receptors, the respiratory burst and activation of phospholipase D reportedly depend exclusively on the CXCR1 (Jones, S. A. et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:6682-6686.). On the other hand, it has been reported that a non-peptide antagonist of the CXCR2, but not the CXCR1, antagonizes CXCL8-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis, but not cellular activation (White, J. R. et al. 1998. J. Biol. Chem. 273:10095-10098.). Finally, there is abundant evidence that chemokines are most often redundantly expressed during inflammatory responses (see, for example, Caswell et al., 1997). But, despite active research in the field, no CXC chemokine antagonists are known in the prior art that are effective in suppressing adverse inflammatory cell activity induced by either ELR-CXC chemokine receptor.
Compositions of the present invention include novel ELR-CXC chemokine agonist and antagonist proteins that are capable of binding to CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors in mammalian cells. These include agonists and antagonists that are capable of high-affinity binding, wherein “high-affinity” refers to the agonist's or antagonist's affinity for the receptor being sufficient such that it can block the wild-type chemokine agonist under physiologically relevant concentrations. The novel antagonist proteins also include those that are substantially equivalent (that is, those that contain amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions that do not delete the CXCR1 and CXCR2 binding functions) to a wild-type bovine and/or human CXCL8 protein (illustrated herein as the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO:2) and also bear modified amino-terminal amino acid residues along with substitutions of Lys11 with Arg and Gly31 with Pro (SEQ ID No. 6). Analogues of this bovine CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P are also included, namely CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P/P32G (SEQ ID No. 7) and CXCL8(3-74)K11R/T12S/H13F/G31P (SEQ ID No. 8).
Other compositions of the invention are novel polynucleotides and polypeptides relating to these proteins. In other embodiments, there are provided nucleotide sequences derived from the amino acid sequences. Further, the invention includes vectors comprising the novel polynucleotides, and expression vectors comprising the novel polynucleotides operatively associated with regulatory sequences controlling expression of the polynucleotides. Similarly, gene fusions comprising affinity handles and the novel polynucleotides are included in the invention, as are the resultant vectors and expression vectors containing such gene fusions.
The invention also includes hosts genetically engineered to contain the novel polynucleotides as well as hosts genetically engineered to contain the novel polynucleotides operatively associated with regulatory sequences, that is, associated with regulatory sequences in such a fashion that the regulatory sequences control expression of the novel polynucleotides. Also included are hosts containing gene fusions, either associated with regulatory sequences in such a fashion that the regulatory sequences control the expression of the gene fusions, or in the absence of such regulatory sequences. These hosts may be viruses or cells, wherein the latter include without limitation bacteria, yeast, protozoa, fungi, algae, plant cells, and animal cells and higher organisms derived therefrom.
The invention additionally comprises uses of the novel polypeptides in treating CXC chemokine-mediated pathologies involving the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors in mammals. Likewise, the invention includes methods of treating ELR-CXC chemokine-mediated pathologies involving the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors, comprising administering to the afflicted mammal an effective amount of one of the novel polypeptides. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a biologically-active amount of one of the novel polypeptides are also included in the invention.
Methods of producing and purifying the novel polypeptides are also included in the invention.
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a purified or isolated peptide having or comprising an amino acid sequence of:
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided an isolated or purified peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of:
wherein X1, X2, X3 and X4 are independently 0-10 amino acid residues.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided an isolated or purified peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of:
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated peptide consisting essentially of an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of the following:
(The following abbreviations are used throughout this disclosure: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(s); BHR, Bolton-Hunter Reagent; CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCL8 receptors A, B, respectively; ELR, glutamic acid-lysine-arginine motif; CXCL1, growth-related oncogenealpha; CXCL4, platelet factor-4; CXCL5, epithelial-derived neutrophil activator-78; CXCL6, granulocyte chemotactic protein-2; CXCL8, interleukin-8; fMLP, formyl methionyl-leucylproline bacterial tripeptide; IPTG, isopropyl-thio-D-galactopyranoside; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-2; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; TMB, tetramethylbenzidine.)
As used herein, ‘an agonist’ refers to an agent that causes a cell to become activated.
As used herein, ‘an antagonist’ refers to an agent that prevents the cell from being activated in the presence or absence of the agonist,
As used herein, “purified” does not require absolute purity but is instead intended as a relative definition. For example, purification of starting material or natural material to at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders of magnitude is expressly contemplated as falling within the definition of “purified”.
As used herein, the term “isolated” requires that the material be removed from its original environment.
As used herein, the term “treating” in its various grammatical forms refers to preventing, curing, reversing, attenuating, alleviating, minimizing, suppressing or halting the deleterious effects of a disease state, disease progression, disease causitive agent other abnormal condition.
When amino terminal truncation of bovine CXCL8 is combined with a lysine to arginine substitution at amino acid 11 (i.e., CXCL8(3-74)K11R), dramatic increases in CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor affinity are evident, such that CXCL8(3-74)K11R competitively inhibits the binding of multiple ligands to both receptors (Li, F., and J. R. Gordon. 2001. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 286:595-600., hereby incorporated by reference). Further truncation into the receptor-signaling ELR motif (e.g., amino acids 4-6 of human CXCL8) of some CXC chemokines can transform them into mild (CXCL8(6-72)) to moderate (CXCL1(8-73)) receptor antagonists (McColl and Clark Lewis 1999; Moser, B. et al. 1993. J. Biol. Chem. 268:7125-7128). As disclosed herein, the introduction into bovine CXCL8(3-74)K11R of a second amino acid substitution, glycine 31 to a proline residue (i.e., CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P), renders this CXCL8 analogue a very high affinity antagonist of bovine and human ELR-CXC chemokine responses. It fully antagonizes the entire array of ELR-CXC chemokines expressed within bacterial or endotoxin-induced inflammatory foci and blocks endotoxin-induced inflammation in vivo.
Although the following discussion deals primarily with bovine neutrophils, other mammalian (including human) inflammatory cells also display CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors (see, for example, Benson, M. et al. 1999. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 10:178-185) and so are vulnerable to inhibition by CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P. Accordingly, the present invention has broad applicability to mammalian ELR-CXC chemokine-mediated pathologies.
As will be understood by one of skill in the art, in the nomenclature used herein, ‘3-74’ refers to the fact that the native CXCL8 peptide is 74 amino acids long (‘74’) and the first two amino acids have been cleaved, meaning that the peptide sequence ‘starts’ at amino acid #3 of the native sequence. For consistency of nomenclature, the amino acids are referred to by number based on the wild type sequence and as such ‘G31P’ refers to the substitution of glycine at amino acid #31 of the wild type sequence with proline. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, with reference to SEQ ID No. 1, proline is in fact the 29th amino acid in view of the deletion of the first two amino acids.
In other embodiments of the invention, there are provided ELR-CXC chemokine antagonist proteins that are capable of binding to CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors in mammalian inflammatory cells. In a preferred embodiment, these peptides are substantially equivalent to a peptide having a sequence of SEQ ID No. 1, wherein, as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, substantially equivalent means that these peptides have an amino acid sequence that is at least 60% identical, or at least 65% identical, or at least 70% identical, or at least 71%, or at least 72% identical, or at least 73% identical, or at least 74% identical, or at least 75% identical, or at least 76% identical, or at least 77% identical, or at least 78% identical, or at least 79% identical, or at least 80% identical, or at least 81% identical, or at least 82% identical, or at least 83% identical, or at least 84% identical or at least 85% identical, or at least 86% identical, or at least 87% identical or at least 88% identical or at least 89% identical or at least 90% identical or at least 91% identical or at least 92% identical or at least 93% identical or at least 94% identical or at least 95% identical to a wild-type CXCL8 protein (illustrated herein as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2) and also have a truncation of the first two amino acid residues along with substitutions of Lys11 with Arg and Gly31 with Pro. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, in many embodiments, these peptides will be approximately 69, 70 or 72 amino acids long, as discussed below. However, in other embodiments, the peptides as described above may include deletions and/or insertions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more amino acids. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, regions of a peptide which may tolerate an insertion or deletion can be predicted from the three dimensional structure of a peptide or by comparison of sequences from related organisms.
For example, with reference to Table 1 which shows the peptide alignment of wild type CXCL8 sequences from a number of species, including bovine, human, rhesus monkey, sheep, dog and pigs, one of the pig sequences includes an additional amino acid inserted between what corresponds to amino acids 60 and 61 of the wild type bovine sequence, indicating that this is a site that is likely to tolerate insertions of one or more amino acids in other species. Similarly, in the human and pig sequences, 2 and 3 amino acids respectively are deleted at the C-terminus relative the bovine sequence, suggesting that deletion of at least 2-3 amino acids from the C-terminus is likely to be tolerated in other species as well. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, this also indicates that addition or substitution of amino acids at the C-terminal end of these peptides is likely to be tolerated, that is, would not have a significantly negative effect on the desired biological activity of the peptide.
It is of note that it is well known in the art that some modifications and changes can be made in the structure of a polypeptide without substantially altering the biological function of that peptide, to obtain a biologically equivalent polypeptide. In one aspect of the invention, the above-described peptides may include peptides that differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. The peptides of the present invention also extend to biologically equivalent peptides that differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. As used herein, the term “conserved amino acid substitutions” refers to the substitution of one amino acid for another at a given location in the peptide, where the substitution can be made without substantial loss of the relevant function, in this case, the folding of the epitope. In making such changes, substitutions of like amino acid residues can be made on the basis of relative similarity of side-chain substituents, for example, their size, charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and the like, and such substitutions may be assayed for their effect on the function of the peptide by routine testing. In these embodiments, function refers to CXCL8 chemokine antagonist activity.
In some embodiments, conserved amino acid substitutions may be made where an amino acid residue is substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value (e.g., within a value of plus or minus 2.0), where the following may be an amino acid having a hydropathic index of about −1.6 such as Tyr (−1.3) or Pro (−1.6) are assigned to amino acid residues (as detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated herein by reference): Arg (+3.0); Lys (+3.0); Asp (+3.0); Glu (+3.0); Ser (+0.3); Asn (+0.2); Gln (+0.2); Gly (0); Pro (−0.5); Thr (−0.4); Ala (−0.5); His (−0.5); Cys (−1.0); Met (−1.3); Val (−1.5); Leu (−1.8); Ile (−1.8); Tyr (−2.3); Phe (−2.5); and Trp (−3.4).
In alternative embodiments, conserved amino acid substitutions may be made where an amino acid residue is substituted for another having a similar hydropathic index (e.g., within a value of plus or minus 2.0). In such embodiments, each amino acid residue may be assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics, as follows: Ile (+4.5); Val (+4.2); Len (+3.8); Phe (+2.8); Cys (+2.5); Met (+1.9); Ala (+1.8); Gly (−0.4); Thr (−0.7); Ser (−0.8); Trp (−0.9); Tyr (−1.3); Pro (−1.6); His (−3.2); Glu (−3.5); Gln (−3.5); Asp (−3.5); Asn (−3.5); Lys (−3.9); and Arg (−4.5).
In alternative embodiments, conserved amino acid substitutions may be made where an amino acid residue is substituted for another in the same class, where the amino acids are divided into non-polar, acidic, basic and neutral classes, as follows: non-polar: Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp, Pro, Met; acidic: Asp, Glu; basic: Lys, Arg, H is; neutral: Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Asn, Gln, Tyr.
In yet other embodiments, substitutions may be made wherein any known amino acid is substituted at a given position. In some embodiments, evolutionarily non-conserved or weakly conserved amino acids may be substituted with any for example, an amino acids of similar size but different hydrophobicity, similar charge but different size or other similar types of substitutions which will be understood by one of skill in the art.
Thus, analogues of CXCL8(3-74)K11RG31P can be constructed wherein the desired biological function is retained by insertion, deletion and substitution of the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 6, as discussed herein. It is further noted that exemplary analogues are shown in SEQ ID Nos. 7-41.
In a preferred embodiment, substantially equivalent analogues of CXCL8(3-74)G31P are prepared using comparisons of related sequences from several species, for example, as shown in Table 1. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, substitution at highly variable amino acid locations is more likely to be tolerated than substitution at highly conserved amino acids.
For example, comparison of the sequences shown in Table 1, followed by deletion of the two N-terminal amino acids and substitution of glycine31 with proline and lysine 11 with arginine provides a sequence of:
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided an isolated or purified peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of:
wherein X1, X2, X3 and X4 are independently 0-10 amino acid residues. That is, X1 may be for example 6 random amino acids long whereas X2, X3 and X4 may all be 0 amino acids long, that is, may be deleted. In other embodiments, X1 may be 2 non-native amino acids, that is, not MS (bovine) or SA (human) but any other 2 amino acids, X2 may be S or Q and X3 and X4 may be deleted.
Alternatively, X1 may be 0-9 amino acids, 0-8 amino acids, 0-7 amino acids or 0-6 amino acids or 0-5 amino acids, or 0-4 amino acids, or 0-3 amino acids, or 0-2 amino acids, or X1 may be selected from the group consisting of GSK, GST, S, A, T, K, GSMGGSK, and GSMGGST or X1 may be deleted.
It is of note that in some embodiments there is provided the proviso that the peptide does not have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 6, 7, 8 or 9.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided an isolated or purified peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of:
Alternatively, X1 may be 0-9 amino acids, 0-8 amino acids, 0-7 amino acids or 0-6 amino acids or 0-5 amino acids, or 0-4 amino acids, or 0-3 amino acids, or 0-2 amino acids, or X1 may be selected from the group consisting of GSK, GST, S, A, T, K, GSMGGSK, and GSMGGST or X1 may be deleted.
In other embodiments, there is provided an isolated or purified peptide having or comprising or consisting essentially of an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID No. 6-41 or SEQ ID No. 10-41. For reference, these amino acid sequences are as follows:
As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, ‘consisting essentially of’ as used in regard the above defined peptides refers to the fact that the peptides may include for example N-terminal and/or C-terminal deletions which do not materially affect the activity, that is, the ELR-CXC chemokine agonist or antagonist activity of the peptide in question.
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, it is envisioned that compounds having the same three dimensional structure at the binding site may be used as antagonists. Three dimensional analysis of chemical structure is used to determine the structure of active sites, including binding sites for chemokines. Chemical leads with high throughput screening have been used to generate and chemically optimize a selective antagonist of the CXCR2 (J Biol Chem, 1998, 273:10095, herein incorporated by reference). A similar approach was also used to generate a CCR3 antagonist (J Biol Chem, 2000, 275:36626, herein incorporated by reference).
Wells et al (J Leuk Biol, 1996, 59:53, herein incorporated by reference), has employed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to detail the three dimensional structure of ligands for CXCR, including both ELR and non-ELR CXC chemokines. With their NMR information, Wells et al generated multiple substitutions within the receptor binding sites of multiple chemokines, such that they could substantially alter the ligands' receptor specificities.
Material and Methods
Reagents & supplies. The following reagents were purchased commercially: glutathione-Sepharose, the expression vector pGEX-2T, Sephadex G-25 (Amersham-Pharmacia-Biotech, Baie d'Urf, PQ), Bolton-Hunter reagent, a protein biotinylation kit (Pierce Scientific, Rockford, Ill.), the sequencing vector pBluescript II KS, Pfu Turbo™ DNA polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), a site-directed mutagenesis kit (QuickChange™; Boerhinger-Mannheim Canada, Laval, PQ), aprotinin, benzene, calcium ionophore A23187, chloramine T, cytochalasin B, dimethylformamide, endotoxin (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, serotype 0127B8), isopropyl-thio-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG), leupeptin, p-nitrophenyl-D-glucuronide, mineral oil, silicon oil, tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), phorbol-12,13-myristate acetate (PMA), and Triton X-100 (Sigma Chemical Co, Mississauga, ON), a Diff-Quick staining kit (American Scientific Products, McGaw Pk, Ill.), human CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL8 (R & D Systems Inc, Minneapolis, Minn.), horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig (Zymed, South San Francisco, Calif.), DMEM, HBSS (Gibco, Grand Island, N.Y.), HRP-streptavidin (Vector Labs, Burlingame, Calif.), ABTS enzyme substrate (Kirkegaard & Perry Labs, Gaithersburg, Md.), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and Lymphocyte Separation Medium (ICN Pharmaceuticals, Aurora, Ill.).
Generation of CXCL8.sub.(3-74)K11R analogues. The high affinity CXCR1/CXCR2 ligand CXCL8.sub.(3-74)K11R, and its T12S/H13F analogue were generated in accordance with the methods described in Li and Gordon (2001, supra). The Gly31Pro (G31P), Pro32Gly (P32G), and G31P/P32G analogues of these proteins were similarly generated by site-directed mutagenesis using PCR with the appropriate forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers (Table 1). The products from each reaction were digested with DpnI, ligated into the vector pGEX-2T, transfected into HB101 cells, and their sequences verified commercially (Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon). Briefly, the recombinant bacteria were lysed in the presence of a protease inhibitor cocktail (2 mM PMSF, 2 μg/ml aprotinin, and 2 μg/ml leupeptin) and the recombinant fusion proteins in the supernatants purified by affinity chromatography, using glutathione-Sepharose beads in accordance with the methods of Caswell et al. (Caswell, J. L., D. M. Middleton, and J. R. Gordon. 1998. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 67:327-340.). The CXCL8(3-74)K11R analogues were cleaved from the GST fusion proteins by thrombin digestion, dialysed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS), run through commercial endotoxin-removal columns, and then characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blotting with a goat anti-bovine CXCL8 antibody (provided by Dr. M. Morsey). Each purified analogue had a molecular mass of 8 kDa, was specifically recognized by the anti-CXCL8 antibody in the Western blotting, and had a relative purity of 96%, as determined by densitometric analysis of the PAGE gels.
Labeling of the recombinant proteins. We used biotCXCL8 for the initial surveys of analogue binding to neutrophils and 125I-CXCL8 for the later stage assays of relative receptor affinity. CXCL8 was biotinylated and the levels of biotin substitution determined using a commercial kit, as noted in Li and Gordon (2001, supra). The biotCXCL8 was substituted with 2.15 moles of biotin per mole of CXCL8. CXCL8 was radiolabeled with 125 using the Bolton-Hunter Reagent (BHR) method, as noted in detail (Li and Gordon 2001, supra). The labeled protein was separated from the unincorporated 125I-BHR by chromatography on Sephadex G50, and the labeled CXCL8 characterized for its relative affinity for neutrophils and the time required to achieve binding equilibrium, as noted in Li and Gordon (2001, supra).
CXCL8(3-74)K11R analogue binding assays. Cells (85-93% neutrophils) were purified from the blood of cattle in accordance with the Caswell method (Caswell, J. L. et al. 1998. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 67:327-340). In preliminary experiments, we determined that none of our analogues affected the viability of neutrophils, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion. For the broad analogue surveys, neutrophils in HBSS/0.5% BSA were incubated for 2 h at 4° C. with the analogue, washed in cold DMEM, and then incubated for another 2 h at 4° C. with biotCXCL8 (1000 ng/ml). The cell-associated biotin was detected by incubating the washed cells with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin (1:700 dilution) and then with ABTS enzyme substrate. The OD405 of the samples was determined using an ELISA plate reader. Medium-treated neutrophils routinely bound sufficient sup.biotCXCL8 to generate an OD405 of 0.5-0.6.
For the in-depth studies with CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P, we used 125I-CXCL8 in binding inhibition assays with unlabeled CXCL8 or CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P. In preliminary experiments we determined that the binding equilibrium time of neutrophils for 125I-CXCL8 was 45 min and that 20 pM 125I-CXCL8 just saturated the cell's high affinity receptors. Thus, in our assays, 106 purified neutrophils were incubated for 45 min on ice with 20 pM 125I-CXCL8 and varying concentrations of unlabeled competitor ligand. The cells were then sedimented through 6% mineral oil in silicon oil and the levels of cell-associated radio-ligand determined using a counter. The non-specific binding of 125ICXCL8 to the cells was assessed in each assay by including a 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled ligand in a set of samples. This value was used to calculate the percent specific binding (Coligan, J., A. Kruisbeek, D. Margulies, E. Shevach, and W. Strober. 1994. Current Protocols in Immunology. John Wiley & Sons, New York).
Neutrophil-glucuronidase release assay. The neutrophil-glucuronidase assay has been reported in detail (Li and Gordon 2001, supra). Briefly, cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils were incubated for 30 min with the CXCL8 analogues, then their secretion products assayed calorimetrically for the enzyme. -Glucuronidase release was expressed as the percent of the total cellular content, determined by lysing medium-treated cells with 0.2% (v/v) Triton X-100. Neutrophil challenge with the positive control stimulus PMA (50 ng/ml) and A23187 (1 μg/ml) induced 42+/−6% release of the total cellular-glucuronidase stores.
Samples from inflammatory lesions. We obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from the lungs of cattle (n=4) with diagnosed clinical fibrinopurulent pneumonic mannheimiosis (Caswell et al., 1997), as well as teat cistern wash fluids from cattle (n=4) with experimental endotoxin-induced mastitis (Waller, K. P. 1997. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 57:239-251). In preliminary dose-response experiments we determined that 5 μg of endotoxin induced a strong (70-80% maximal) mammary neutrophil response. Thus, in the reported experiments mastitis was induced by infusion of 5 μg of endotoxin or carrier medium alone (saline; 3 ml volumes) into the teat cisterns of non-lactating Holstein dairy cows, and 15 h later the infiltrates were recovered-from the cisterns by lavage with 30 ml HBSS. The cells from the BALF and teat cistern wash fluids were sedimented by centrifugation and differential counts performed. Untreated and CXCL8-depleted (below) wash fluids were assessed for their chemokine content by ELISA (CXCL8 only) and chemotaxis assays.
Neutrophil chemotaxis assays. Microchemotaxis assays were run in duplicate modified Boyden microchemotaxis chambers using polyvinylpyrrolidone-free 5 μm pore-size polycarbonate filters, in accordance with known methods (Caswell et al., 1998; Cairns, C. M. et al. 2001. J. Immunol. 167:57-65). For each sample, the numbers of cells that had migrated into the membranes over 20-30 min were enumerated by direct counting of at least nine 40.times. objective fields, and the results expressed as the mean number of cells/40× field (+/−SEM). The chemoattractants included bovine or human CXCL8, human CXCL5 and CXCL1, pneumonic mannheimiosis BALF and mastitis lavage fluids (diluted 1:10-1:80 in HBSS), while the antagonists comprised mouse anti-ovine CXCL8 antibody 8M6 (generously provided by Dr. P. Wood, CSIRO, Australia) or the CXCL8(3-74)K11R analogues. In some assays we preincubated the samples with the antibodies (5 μg/ml) for 60 min on ice (Gordon, J. R. 2000. Cell Immunol. 201:42-49). In others we generated CXCL8-specific immunoaffinity matrices with the 8M6 antibodies and protein-A-Sepharose beads and used these in excess to absorb the samples (Caswell et al., 1997; Gordon, J. R., and S. J. Galli. 1994. J. Exp. Med. 180:2027-2037); the extent of CXCL8 depletion was confirmed by ELISA of the treated samples. For assays with the recombinant antagonists, the inhibitors were mixed directly with the samples immediately prior to testing.
CXCL8 ELISA. For our ELISA, MAb 8M6 was used as the capture antibody, rabbit antiovine CXCL8 antiserum (also from P. Wood, CSIRO) as the secondary antibody, and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig, and TMB as the detection system, as noted in Caswell et al. (1997). Serial dilutions of each sample were assayed in triplicate, and each assay included a recombinant bovine CXCL8 standard curve.
CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P blockade of endotoxin responses in vivo. We used a sequential series of 15 h skin tests to test the ability of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P to block endotoxin induced inflammatory responses in vivo. For each test, we challenged 2 week-old healthy Holstein cows intradermally with 1 μg endotoxin in 100 μl saline, then 15 h later took 6 mm punch biopsies under local anaesthesia (lidocaine) and processed these for histopathology (Gordon and Galli, 1994). Following the first (internal positive control) test, we injected each animal subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously with CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P (75 μg/kg) in saline, then challenged them again with endotoxin, as above. The animals were challenged a total of 4 times with endotoxin, such that 15 h reaction site biopsies were obtained at 0, 16, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. The biopsies were processed by routine methods to 6.mu.m paraffin sections, stained with Giemsa solution, and examined in a blinded fashion at 400-magnification (Gordon and Galli, 1994; Gordon, J. R. 2000. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106:110-116). The mean numbers of neutrophils per 40× objective microscope field were determined at three different depths within the skin, the papillary (superficial), intermediate, and reticular (deep) dermis.
Statistical analyses. Multi-group data were analyzed by ANOVA and post-hoc Fisher protected Least Significant Difference (PLSD) testing, while two-group comparisons were made using the students t-test (two-tailed). The results are expressed as the mean+/−SEM.
Results
1. Bovine G31P
CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P competitively inhibits CXCL8 binding to neutrophils. We surveyed the ability of each CXCL8(3-74)K11R analogue to bind to the CXCL8 receptors on neutrophils, and thereby compete with CXCL8 as a ligand. In our initial surveys, we employed biotCXCL8 binding inhibition assays, incubating the cells with the analogues (10 ng/ml) for 2 h at 4° C. prior to exposure to biotCXCL8 (1 μg/ml). This level of CXCL8 approximates those found in the lung tissues of sheep with experimental pneumonic mannheimiosis (Caswell, J. L. 1998. The role of interleukin-8 as a neutrophil chemoattractant in bovine bronchopn-eumonia. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan). We found that CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P was a potent antagonist of CXCL8 binding in this assay (
In order to more finely map the ability of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31 to inhibit the binding of CXCL8, in our next set of experiments we simultaneously exposed the cells to 125I-CXCL8 and varying doses of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P or unlabeled CXCL8. We found that CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P was about two orders of magnitude more effective than wildtype CXCL8 in inhibiting the binding of 20 pM 125I-CXCL8 to the cells (
CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P does not display neutrophil agonist activities. While CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P was certainly a high affinity ligand for the neutrophil CXCL8 receptors, it would equally well do so as an agonist or an antagonist. Thus our next experiments addressed the potential agonist activities of the CXCL8(3-74)K11R analogues we generated, as measured by their abilities to chemo attract these cells or induce release of the neutrophil granule hydrolytic enzyme-glucuronidase in vitro (
CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P blocks neutrophil chemotactic responses to both CXCR1 and CXCR2 ligands. The most pathogenic effect of inappropriate ELR+ chemokine expression is the attraction of inflammatory cells into tissues. Thus, we next assessed the impact of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P on the chemotactic responses of neutrophils to high doses of CXCL8 (
When we tested the efficacy of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P in blocking responses to more subtle bovine CXCL8 challenges, we also extended the study to assess the ability of CXCLS(3-74)K11R/G31P to block neutrophil responses to human CXCL8 as well as to the human CXCR2-specific ligands CXCL1 and CXCL5. Each of these is expressed in the affected tissues of pancreatitis (Hochreiter, W. W. et al. 2000. Urology. 56:1025-1029) or ARDS (Villard et al., 1995) patients at 1-10 ng/ml. We found that bovine neutrophils were responsive to 1 ng/ml hCXCL1 or hCXCL5, and similarly responsive to 10 ng/ml hCXCL8 (
CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P is an effective in vitro antagonist of the neutrophil chemokines expressed in bacterial pneumonia or mastitis lesions. We wished to test the extent to which our antagonist could block the array of neutrophil chemoattractants expressed within complex inflammatory environments in vivo. Thus, we chose two diseases in which chemokine-driven neutrophil activation contributes importantly to the progression of the pathology, mastitis and pneumonic mannheimiosis. We utilized an endotoxin model of mastitis (Persson, K. et al., 1993. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 37:99-112), in which we infused 5 μg of endotoxin/teat cistern and 15 h later lavaged each cistern. Neutrophils comprised 82 and 6%, respectively, of the cells from endotoxin and saline-control cisterns, with the bulk of the remaining cells comprising macrophages. The diluted (1:10) wash fluids induced strong in vitro neutrophil chemotactic responses, and the addition of anti-CXCL8 antibodies to the samples maximally reduced these by 73+/−8% (
Neutrophils also comprised 93+/−12% of the cells recovered from the BALF of cattle with advanced pneumonic mannheimiosis. When tested in vitro, these samples too were strongly chemotactic for neutrophils, and the addition of anti-CXCL8 antibodies maximally reduced their neutrophil chemotactic activities by 73+/−5% (
In order to confirm these observations using an alternate strategy, we next depleted bacterial pneumonia BALF samples of CXCL8 using immunoaffinity matrices, then assessed the efficacy of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P in blocking the residual neutrophil chemotactic activities in the samples (
CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P is highly efficacious in blocking endotoxin-induced neutrophilic inflammation in vivo. In our last experiments, we assessed the ability of CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P to block endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in the skin of cattle, as well as the time-frames over which it was effective. The animals were challenged intradermally with 1 μg bacterial endotoxin 15 h before (internal positive control response), or at three different times after, intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of CXCLS(3-74)K11R/G31P (75 μg/kg). Thus, punch biopsies of 15 h endotoxin reaction sites were taken 15 min before treatment and at 16, 48 and 72 h after injection of the antagonist into each animal, and the numbers of infiltrating neutrophils were determined in a blinded fashion for the papillary (superficial), intermediate and reticular dermis of each biopsy. Prior to the antagonist treatments, strong neutrophilic inflammatory responses were evident at the endotoxin challenge sites in each animal (
We have found that G31 antagonizes also the chemotactic effects of the human ELR-CXC chemokines CXCL8/IL-8 and CXCL5/ENA-78 on human neutrophils. Thus, the chemotactic activities of 0.1 to 500 ng/ml of either CXCL8 (
This data clearly indicates that bovine G31P is an effective antagonist of the bovine ELR-CXC chemokines expressed in vivo in response to endotoxin challenge, but also can fully antagonize neutrophil and eosinophil ELR-CXC chemokine receptor responses to CXCL8 and CXCL5, known ligands for both the CXCR1 and CXCR2.
Humanized bovine G31P.
We generated a bovine-human chaemeric protein, comprising the amino terminal half of bovine G31P and the carboxy terminal half of human CXCL8 (bhG31P) (SEQ ID No. 10), and found that it has strong neutrophil antagonist activity in vitro and in vivo; indeed, bhG31P may have greater activity than bG31P, or the human forms of G31P. We also generated and characterized 5 alternate forms of bhG31P (SEQ ID No. 26-30) in which human amino acids were substituted for the remaining bovine amino acids—none of these augmented the antagonist activity of the analogues, and some evidence suggests that they may reduce the antagonist activity
As one approach in generating a human drug, we undertook the humanization of bG31P. Furthermore, since the amino terminal ‘half’ of CXCL8 is more important for CXCL8's biological activity than the carboxy end, and because the carboxy terminal ‘half’ of CXCL8 contains 10 of the molecule's 15 bovine-human discrepant amino acids, we first examined whether wholesale ligation of the carboxy end of hCXCL8 (i.e., encoding amino acids 45-72) onto the amino half of bG31P (i.e., encoding amino acids 3-44) would affect its activity. Specifically, the amino half of CXCL8 is known to carry the critical receptor recognition and signalling motifs and their associated scaffolding structures.
We thus generated the chaemeric bovine-human G31P protein, bCXCL8(3-44)K11R/G31P-hCXCL8(45-72) (bhG31P) (SEQ ID No. 10), then used the cDNA for this protein as a template for substitution of the remaining bovine-humandiscrepant amino acid residues one-by-one, as discussed above.
We expressed and purified each construct using SOP for enterokinase (bhG31P+0 & bhG31P−1 isoforms only) or thrombin (all other analogues) cleavage, and characterized them by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (
We found that bhG31P (i.e., bCXCL8(3-44)K11R/G31P-hCXCL8(45-72)) retained the ELR-CXC chemokine antagonist activity of bG31P, such that it blocked the chemotactic or reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) release responses of human neutrophils to human CXCL8 (
When we further humanized this bovine-human chaemeric protein by introducing additional human-equivalent amino acids in place of the discrepant residues (i.e., T3K (SEQ ID No. 26), H13Y (SEQ ID No. 27), T15K (SEQ ID No. 28), E35A (SEQ ID No. 29), and S37T (SEQ ID No. 30)), we found that these changes really had no significant effect on the activity of the 50:50 bh chaemera, neither rendering any of the analogues agonistic for neutrophils as assessed in chemotaxis assays (
As noted, we assessed the impact on the activity of bhG31P of varying the amino terminal sequence (i.e., bhG31P+6, bhG31P+2, bhG31P+0, bhG31P−1) (SEQ ID Nos. 14, 13, 11 and 12 respectively), measuring the activity of each in chemotaxis inhibition and reactive oxygen intermediate inhibition assays (
Taken together, this data suggests that multiple bovine-humanchaemeric forms of G31P are serviceable neutrophil antagonists. It should be noted however, that at about the time we were completing the characterization of these chaemeras, we determined that human forms of CXCL8(3-72)K11R/G31P were as effective as bG31P in blocking CXCL8-driven neutrophil responses, and that hG31P was also a highly effective antagonist of bacterial endotoxin-driven neutrophilic inflammation and pathology in vivo. Thus, at this point in time we moved most of our efforts to more fully characterizing our hG31P constructs.
3. Human G31P.
We contracted with Takara Biotechnology Co., Dalian, PRC to synthesize a fill-length human CXCL8 cDNA, which we cloned into pGEX-2T using compatible 5′ (BamH1) and 3′ (EcoR1) ends. This pGEX-hCXCL8 cDNA was used as a template for site-directed mutagenesis to generate pGEX-hCXCL8(3-72)K11R (hK11R) and pGEX-hCXCL8(3-72)K11R/G31P (hG31P), which were expressed as OST fusion proteins and purified by thrombin cleavage using standard operating procedures. As with bhG31P (above), we generated two families of recombinant G31P-related molecules that were preceded by either six (Gly-Ser-Met-Gly-Gly-Ser) or two (Gly-Ser) extraneous amino acids, referred to as hG31P+6 (SEQ ID No. 14) or hG31P+2 (SEQ ID No. 13), but also additional families of constructs with no exogenous amino acids (G31P+0)) (SEQ ID No. 11) or that were further amino terminal-deleted (i.e., G31P−1, G31P−3, or G31P−5). We also introduced into hG31P+6 the bovine equivalent amino acids at amino acid positions 35 (SEQ ID No. 36), 37 (SEQ ID No. 37), 44 (SEQ ID No. 38), 47 (SEQ ID No. 39) and 49 (SEQ ID No. 40). Each protein was expressed, purified and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. As predicted, each comprised a single band of ˜8 kD that was reactive with anti-CXCL8 antibodies.
Biological characterization of the CXCL8 analogues. We used chemotaxis assays with purified human neutrophils to assess the agonist and CXCL8 antagonist activities of each construct (
hCXCL8(3-72)K11R (hK11R)-hK11R had significantly higher specific activity (neutrophil chemotaxis assays) than human CXCL8, such that it represents a much stronger neutrophil agonist than the native human chemokine. Thus, hK11R could be used in clinical situations calling for augmented neutrophil recruitment/activation.
hCXCL8(3-72)K11R/G31P (hG31P)-G31P substitution within hK11R+6 essentially eliminated the agonist activity of this molecule, such that hG31P+6 was at least as effective an antagonist of CXCL8-driven neutrophil chemotaxis as bG31P+6.
The various N-terminal structures of hG31P did affect the biological activity of the analogues, such that hG31P+6 and hG31P+2 appeared to be superior antagonists of CXCL8 chemotaxis, while hG31P+0 and hG31P+2 possessed significantly less chemotaxis antagonist activity relative to bG31P+6 Interestingly, when compared for their abilities to inhibit CXCL1-induced ROI release from human neutrophils, the various N-terminal sequences had much less effect on the analogue's antagonist activities, with each analogue displaying highly significant ROI release antagonist activity. ROI release is dependent on the activity of NADPH oxidase in neutrophils, and it has been reported that NADPH oxidase is under the control of the CXCR2, but not the CXCR1.
The rationale for the different degrees of effectiveness of these various N-terminal substitution analogues may be that the extra two or six residues on hG31P+2 or hG31P+6 may further reduce the potential for the ELR motif (i.e. on G31P) interaction with the CXCR1/CXCR2, perhaps by steric hinderance.
In order to further document the abilities of hG31P to antagonize CXCR2 functions, we assessed its abilities to inhibit CXCL5 (ENA-78)-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis; CXCL5 is a CXCR2-, but not CXCR1-, specific ligand. hG31P+6 antagonized its chemotactic activity in a dose-dependent fashion (
We also assessed whether the various N-terminal analogues of hG31P possessed significant agonist activity, relative to PBS alone in a neutrophil chemotaxis assay. We found no significant responses on the part of the neutrophils to any of the alternate N-terminal analogues.
We next assessed whether additional substitutions within hG31P+6 of the human-bovine discrepant amino acids would augment this hG31P's antagonist activity. We generated and tested hG31P/A35E, hG31P/M49V, hG31P/R47D, hG31P/S44T and hG331P/T37S and found that all were ineffective agonists. Introduction of bovine-equivalent amino acids into positions 35, 37, 44, 47 or 49 differentially reduced the antagonist activity of these analogues, such that the R47D and S44T analogues seemed to augment the activity of CXCL8, rather than inhibiting it, while the A35E, L49V and T37S analogues displayed no significant chemotaxis inhibition activity.
We previously documented that bG31P could antagonize the neutrophil chemotactic activities present in sputum from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients undergoing bacterial exacerbations of pneumonia. Thus, we tested the ability of hG31P to block the neutrophil chemotactic activities present in sputum from patients with mild (n=1), moderate (n=2), severe (n=2), or advanced (n=2) CF, but also from patients with unclassified (n=2; bact), moderate (n=2), or severe (n=2) bronchiectasis. Sputa from patients diagnosed with asthma, COPD, or general sinusitis/bronchitis were also run with or without hG31P+6. With the exception of the one control asthma patient, all others were culture-positive for various bacterial species (e.g., Haemophilus, Pseudonmonas, Staphylococcus). Each sample was titrated in preliminary experiments to determine the optimal dilution for use in the chemotaxis assay. G31P was effective to markedly effective in blocking the neutrophil chemotactic activities present in all samples, except those from the advanced CF patients. This suggests that an alternative etiology may exist for the pathology observed in advanced CF patients.
hG31P Anatgonizes Neutrophil Inflammation In Vivo
We previously documented the ability of bG31P to block endotoxin-induced dermal neutrophilic inflammation and airway endotoxemia pathology. Thus, we next assessed the activity of hG31P in models of airway endotoxemia.
Mouse Model of Airway Endotoxemia
Inasmuch as mice are small animals and this would require substantially less G31P than guinea pigs (our standard model), we first tested the protective effects of hG31P+6 on neutrophilic inflammation in mice. In preliminary tests we determined that a LPS dose of 1.5 mg/kg provided an appropriate challenge dose for BALB/c mice; this is in stark contrast to guinea pigs, wherein 5 μg/kg of LPS induces a strong airway neutrophilia, pyrexia, and a pulmonary pleural hemorrhagic response. In a single mouse experiment (n=5/group), mice were given saline or 100, 250, or 500 μg/kg hG31P+6 s.c., then one hour later they were challenged intranasally, under light isofluorane gas anesthesia, with LPS (1/5 mg/kg). After 16 hours, the animals were euthanized using CO2, then blood, bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissues were taken for analysis. While a previous pilot trial had shown that 150 μg/kg of bG31P had little effect in a LPS peritonitis model, hG31P+6 was highly effective in reducing airway total white blood cell and neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary parenchyymal neutrophilia and, to a lesser and variable extent, also the appearance of red blood cells in the airways (
Guinea Pig Model of Airway Endotoxemia
We also employed a guinea pig model of airway endotoxemia in three experiments. In one, the animals were given a supr-optimal dose of endotoxin (50 μg/kg), while in the second and third they were challenged with the standard LPS dose of 5 μg/kg, but with G31P delivered at varying levels. In each experiment, the animals were challenged intranasally with LPS and treated s.c. at the same time with G31P. Fifteen hours later the animals were sacrificed and their peripheral blood (WBC differentials) and pulmonary response (BAL WBC numbers, differentials, and neutrophil degranulation product levels, and tissue neutrophilia) were assessed, as above.
High (Morbid) Dose LPS Challenge Experiment
At doses of ≧50 μg/kg, LPS causes severe pulmonary damage in guinea pigs, including severe bleeding into the airways, although at these doses neutrophil infiltration of the lungs is blunted, relative to that observed with +/−-5 μg/kg LPS. We found that even with 50 μg/kg LPS challenge, hG31P+6 was very effective in reducing the appearance of red blood cell (RBC) in the airway (
Efficacy of hG31P and hbG31P in Airway Endotoxemia Pathology
We compared the relative therapeutic efficacy of hG31P+0, hG31P−1, hG31P+2, and hG31P+6, as well as the bovine-human chaemera bhG31P+6, which had appeared to be highly effective in vitro against human CXCL8 dependent neutrophil recruitment. Again, we delivered 250 μg/kg of each G31P isoform to groups of guinea pigs (s.c.; n=5), and challenged them via airway with 5 μg/kg E. coli LPS, then 15 h later euthanized the animals and assessed their peripheral blood neutrophilia, and airway neutrophil and red blood cell levels, as well as the levels of two nuetrophil granule markers, lactoferrin (a neutrophil 10 granule-specific marker) and myeloperoxidase (a neutrophil 20 granule-specific marker). At this dose of 250 μg/kg, each of the G31P isoforms tested essentially ablated the infiltration of neutrophils into the airways (BAL neutrophils), and significantly decreased the appearance of RBC, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase in the BAL (
Toxicology Tests.
synopsis: Preliminary testing of bG31P toxicity has been performed. Delivery of bG31P (250 μg/kg) to three guinea pigs in a time-frame designed to optimize immune sensitization (i.e., if the molecule were an immunogen) did not cause any observable fluctuations from normal in the serum levels of a panel of liver and kidney enzymes. No changes in animal behavior or overall health were observed. Furthermore, preliminary histologic assessments of heart, kidney, lung, liver, gut, and from these animals revealed no evidence of inflammatory infiltrates, or local cell apoptosis or proliferation, or histopathologic abnormalities. We are making arrangements for an anatomic pathologist to independently assess these tissues. We were not able to detect discernible levels of anti-bG31P antibody reactivity in the serum of these animals, although the assays employed are not particularly sensitive.
Of importance to the generation of hG31P or bG31P using a prokaryotic (i.e., bacterial) expression system, we found that the preparations are significantly contaminated with bacterial endotoxin. When passed over commercial endotoxin-removal columns to reduce the endotoxin load of the drug, we found that the use of the endotoxin-removal columns resulted in unacceptably high loss of G31P. In vivo, treatment of guinea pigs with the levels of endotoxin found in therapeutic doses of G31P did not mimic the therapeutic activity of G31P.
Efficacy Studies.
In one experiment we employed hG31P+6 at 50 μg/kg (i.e., 20% of the optimal dose for bG31P). Guinea pigs were challenged with 5 μg/kg of LPS and treated with this low dose of hG31P. We found that hG31P+2 and hG31P+6 retained only modest efficacy in terms of reducing neutrophil infiltration, but was still effective in reducing red blood cell migration into the airways (the meaning of this finding is not entirely clear, but they suggest the potential for yet another degree of complexity in the mechanisms by which this drug acts).
In another in vivo approach using the airway endotoxemia model, we challenged guinea pigs with a dose of LPS known to induce severe pulmonary hemorrhage, and treated them with 250 μg/kg hG31P. We knew from previous studies that at this elevated dose of LPS neutrophils are only poorly recruited from the vasculature into the airways . . . .
In one experiment we employed hG31P+6 at 50 μg/kg (i.e., 20% of the optimal dose for bG31P). Guinea pigs were challenged with 5 μg/kg of LPS and treated with this low dose of hG31P. We found that hG31P+2 and hG31P+6 retained only modest efficacy in terms of reducing neutrophil infiltration, but was still effective in reducing red blood cell migration into the airways (the meaning of this finding is not entirely clear, but they suggest the potential for yet another degree of complexity in the mechanisms by which this drug acts).
In another in vivo approach using the airway endotoxemia model, we challenged guinea pigs with 50 μg/kg of LPS, a dose known to induce severe pulmonary hemorrhage, and treated them with 250 μg/kg hG31P (see
Discussion
We demonstrated herein that CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P is a high affinity antagonist of multiple ELR-CXC chemokines. In vitro, this antagonist effectively blocked all of the neutrophil chemotactic activities expressed in mild to intense inflammatory lesions within two mucosal compartments (lungs, mammary glands), and up to 97% blocked endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. We identified CXCL8 as a major chemoattractant in the pneumonia and mastitis samples, but also demonstrated that 35% of the activity in the bacterial pneumonia samples was due to non-CXCL8 chemoattractants that were also effectively antagonized by CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P. Based on studies of inflammatory responses in rodents (Tateda et al., 2001; Tsai et al., 2000), cattle (Caswell et al., 1997), and humans (Villard et al., 1995), it is clear that these samples could contain numerous ELR+ CXC chemokines (e.g., CXCL5, and CXCL8) to which CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P has an antagonistic effect.
This application is divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/434,155, filed May 16, 2006 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/087,273, filed Mar. 1, 2002 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/273,181, filed on Mar. 1, 2001, now abandoned.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5665346 | Clark-Lewis et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090118469 A1 | May 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60273181 | Mar 2001 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11434155 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 12172333 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10087273 | Mar 2002 | US |
| Child | 11434155 | US |
