High affinity ligands for nociceptin receptor ORL-1

BACKGROUND

The nociceptin receptor ORL-1 has been shown to be involved with modulation of pain in animal models. ORL-1 (the nociceptin receptor) was discovered as an “orphan opioid-like receptor” i.e. a receptor whose ligand was unknown. The nociceptin receptor is a G protein coupled receptor. While highly related in structure to the three classical opioid receptors, i.e. the targets for traditional opioid analgesics, it is not activated by endogenous opioids. Similarly, endogenous opioids fail to activate the nociceptin receptor. Like the classical opioid receptors, the nociceptin receptor has a broad distribution in the central nervous system.

In late 1995, nociceptin was discovered and shown to be an endogenous peptide ligand that activates the nociceptin receptor. Data included in the initial publications suggested that nociceptin and its receptor are part of a newly discovered pathway involved in the perception of painful stimuli. Subsequent work from a number of laboratories has shown that nociceptin, when administered intraspinally to rodents, is an analgesic. The efficacy of nociceptin is similar to that of endogenous opioid peptides. Recent data has shown that nociceptin acts as an axiolytic when administered directly into the brain of rodents. When tested in standard animals models of anxiety, the efficacy of nociceptin is similar to that seen with classical benzodiazapine anxiolytics. These data suggest that a small molecule agonist of the nociceptin receptor could have significant analgesic or anxiolytic activity.

Additional recent data (Rizzi, et al,

Life Sci.,

64, (1999), p. 157-163) has shown that the activation of nociceptin receptors in isolated guinea pig bronchus inhibits tachykinergic non adrenergic-non cholinergic contraction, indicating that nociceptin receptor agonists could be useful in the treatment of asthma. Also, it has been reported (Ciccocioppo et al,

Physchpharmacology,

141 (1999), p. 220-224) nociceptin reduces the rewarding properties of ethanol in msP alcohol preferring rats, suggesting that intervention of nociceptin could be useful in the treatment of alcohol abuse. In EP 856,514, 8-substituted 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decan-4-on derivatives were disclosed as agonists and/or antagonists of orphanin FQ (i.e., nociceptin) useful in the treatment of various disorders, including depression; 2-oxoimidazole derivatives disclosed in WO98/54168 were described as having similar utility. Earlier, benzimidazolyl piperidines were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,318,900 as having analgesic activity.

Potent analgesic agents such as traditional opioids, e.g. morphine, carry with them significant side-effects. Clinically relevant side-effects include tolerance, physical dependence, respiratory depression and a decrease in gastrointestinal motility. For many patients, particularly those subjected to chronic opioid therapy, i.e. cancer patients, these side effects limit the dose of opioid that can be administered. Clinical data suggests that more than one-third of cancer patients have pain which is poorly controlled by present agents. Data obtained with nociceptin suggest the potential for advantages over opioids. When administered chronically to rodents, nociceptin, in contrast to morphine, showed no addiction liability. Additionally, chronic morphine treatment did not lead to a “cross-tolerance” to nociceptin, suggesting that these agents act via distinct pathways.

In view of the current interest in pain relief, a welcome contribution to the art would be additional compounds useful for modifying the effect of nociceptin, a natural ligand to ORL-1 and therefore useful in the management of pain and anxiety. Such a contribution is provided by this invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compounds of the present invention are represented by formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

the dotted line represents an optional double bond;

X

1

is R

5

—(C

1

-C

12

)alkyl, R

6

—(C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, R

7

-aryl, R

8

-heteroaryl or R

10

—(C

3

-C

7

)heterocycloalkyl;

X

2

is —CHO, —CN, —NHC(═NR

26

)NHR

26

, —CH(═NOR

26

), —NHOR

26

, R

7

-aryl, R

7

-aryl(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl(C

1

-C

6

)-alkenyl, R

7

-aryl(C

1

-C

6

)-alkynyl, (CH

2

)

v

OR

13

, —(CH

2

)

v

COOR

27

, —(CH

2

)

v

CONR

14

R

15

, —(CH

2

)

v

NR

21

R

22

or —(CH

2

)

v

NHC(O)R

21

, wherein v is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and wherein q is 1 to 3 and a is 1 or 2;

or X

1

is

and

X

2

is hydrogen;

or X

1

and X

2

together form a spiro group of the formula

m is 1 or 2;

n is 1, 2 or 3, provided that when n is 1, one of R

16

and R

17

is —C(O)R

28

;

p is 0 or 1;

Q is —CH

2

—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO

2

— or —NR

17

—;

R

1

, R

2

, R

3

and R

4

are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, or (R

1

and R

4

) or (R

2

and R

3

) or (R

1

and R

3

) or (R

2

and R

4

) together can form an alkylene bridge of 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

R

5

is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, R

7

-aryl, R

6

—(C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, R

8

-heteroaryl, R

10

—(C

3

-C

7

)heterocycloalkyl, —NR

19

R

20

, —OR

13

and —S(O)

0-2

R

13

;

R

6

is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl, —NR

19

R

20

, —OR

13

and —SR

13

;

R

7

is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

25

-aryl, (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, —CN, —CF

3

, —OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, —OCF

3

, —NR

19

R

20

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

, NHSO

2

R

19

, SO

2

N(R

26

)

2

, —SO

2

R

19

, —SOR

19

, —SR

19

, —NO

2

, —CONR

19

R

20

, —NR

20

COR

19

, —COR

19

, —COCF

3

, —OCOR

19

, —OCO

2

R

19

, —COOR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NHCOOC(CH

3

)

3

, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NHCOCF

3

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NHSO

2

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NHCONH—(C

1

-C

6

)-alkyl or

wherein f is 0 to 6; or R

7

substituents on adjacent ring carbon atoms may together form a methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy ring;

R

8

is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

25

-aryl, (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, —CN, —CF

3

, —OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, —OCF

3

, NR

19

R

20

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

, —NHSO

2

R

19

, —SO

2

N(R

26

)

2

, —NO

2

, —CONR

19

R

20

, NR

20

COR

19

, —COR

19

, —OCOR

19

, —OCO

2

R

19

and —COOR

19

;

R

9

is hydrogen, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, halo, —OR

19

, —NR

19

R

20

, —NHCN, —SR

19

or (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

;

R

10

is H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, —OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, —NR

19

R

20

or —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

;

R

11

is independently selected from the group consisting of H, R

5

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

6

—(C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl(C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

and

wherein q and a are as defined above;

R

12

is H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, halo, —NO

2

, —CF

3

, —OCF

3

, —OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, —NR

19

R

20

or —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

;

R

13

is H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

; —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-SR

19

; or aryl (C

1

-C

6

) alkyl;

R

14

and R

15

are independently selected from the group consisting of H, R

5

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl and

wherein q and a are as defined above;

R

16

and R

17

are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R

5

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl, (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, R

8

-heteroaryl, R

8

-heteroaryl(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, C(O)R

28

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl(C

3

-C

7

)-heterocycloalkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

and —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-SR

19

;

R

19

and R

20

are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, aryl and aryl(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl;

R

21

and R

22

are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, (C

3

-C

7

)heterocycloalkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl(C

3

-C

7

)heterocycloalkyl, R

7

-aryl, R

7

-aryl(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

8

-heteroaryl(C

1

-C

12

)alkyl, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-SR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

18

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-O—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl and —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

18

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

18

—(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl;

R

18

is hydrogen or (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl;

Z

1

is R

5

—(C

1

-C

12

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl, R

8

-heteroaryl, R

6

—(C

3

-C

12

)cyclo-alkyl, R

10

—(C

3

-C

7

)heterocycloalkyl, —CO

2

(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, CN or —C(O)NR

19

R

20

; Z

2

is hydrogen or Z

1

; Z

3

is hydrogen or (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl; or Z

1

, Z

2

and Z

3

, together with the carbon to which they are attached, form the group

wherein r is 0 to 3; w and u are each 0-3, provided that the sum of w and u is 1-3; c and d are independently 1 or 2; s is 1 to 5; and ring A is a fused R

7

-phenyl or R

8

-heteroaryl ring;

R

23

is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, —OR

19

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

, -NR

19

R

20

and —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

;

R

24

is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of R

23

, —CF

3

, —OCF

3

, NO

2

or halo, or R

24

substituents on adjacent ring carbon atoms may together form a methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy ring;

R

25

is 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, (C

1

-C

6

)alkoxy and halo;

R

26

is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl and R

25

—C

6

H

4

—CH

2

—;

R

27

is H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

7

-aryl(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, or (C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl;

R

28

is (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl(C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, R

7

-aryl, R

7

-aryl-(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, R

8

-heteroaryl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

or —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-SR

19

;

provided that when X

1

is

or X

1

and X

2

together are

and Z

1

is R

7

-phenyl, Z

2

is not hydrogen or (C

1

-C

3

)alkyl;

provided that when Z

1

, Z

2

and Z

3

, together with the carbon to which they are attached, form

and X

1

and X

2

together are

R

11

is not H, (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, (C

1

-C

6

)alkoxy(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl or (C

1

-C

6

)hydroxyalkyl;

provided that when R

2

and R

4

form an alkylene bridge, Z

1

, Z

2

and Z

3

, together with the carbon to which they are attached, are not

provide that when X

1

is

provided that when X

1

is

and Z

1

is R

6

—(C

3

-C

12

)-cycloalkyl, Z

2

is not H.

Preferred compounds of the invention are those wherein Z

1

and Z

2

are each R

7

-aryl, particularly R

7

-phenyl. Preferred R

7

substituents are (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl and halo, with ortho-substitution being more preferred.

Compounds wherein R

1

, R

2

, R

3

and R

4

are each hydrogen are preferred, as well as compounds wherein R

1

and R

3

are each hydrogen and R

2

and R

4

are an alkylene bridge of 2 or 3 carbons.

Preferred are compounds wherein X

1

is R

7

-aryl, for example R

7

-phenyl, and X

2

is OH (i.e., X

2

is —(CH

2

)

v

OR

13

, wherein v is 0 and R

13

is H) or —NC(O)R

28

, compounds wherein X

1

is

wherein R

12

is hydrogen and R

11

is (C

1

-C

6

)alkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

) alkyl(C

3

-C

12

)cycloalkyl, —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

or —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

20

; and compounds wherein X

1

and X

2

together form the spirocyclic group

wherein m is 1, R

17

is phenyl and R

11

is —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-OR

19

or —(C

1

-C

6

)alkyl-NR

19

R

2

, or

In another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The compounds of the present invention are agonists and/or antagonists of the ORL-1 receptor, and therefore, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating pain, anxiety, cough, asthma, alcohol abuse or depression, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula I.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating cough, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment: (a) an effective amount of a nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist; and (b) an effective amount of a second agent for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptoms selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H

3

inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, α-adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK

1

, NK

2

and NK

3

tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA

B

agonists.

In still another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist and a second agent selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H

3

inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, α-adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK

1

, NK

2

and NK

3

tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA

B

agonists.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a novel compound not included in the structure of formula I, said compound being:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

illustrates the effect in guinea pigs of Compounds A and B (see Example 12) compared to baclofen on capsaicin-induced cough.

FIGS. 2A and 2B

show changes in Tidal Volume after administration of Compound A or baclofen, and

FIG. 2C

shows changes in frequency of breaths after administration of Compound A or baclofen.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the following terms are used as defined below unless otherwise indicated:

M

+

represents the molecular ion of the molecule in the mass spectrum and MH

+

represents the molecular ion plus hydrogen of the molecule in the mass spectrum;

Bu is butyl; Et is ethyl; Me is methyl; and Ph is phenyl;

alkyl (including the alkyl portions of alkoxy, alkylamino and dialkylamino) represents straight and branched carbon chains containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or 1 to 6 carbon atoms; for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl and the like;

alkenyl represents an alkyl chain of 2 to 6 carbon atoms comprising one or two double bonds in the chain, e.g., vinyl, propenyl or butenyl;

alkynyl represents an alkyl chain of 2 to 6 carbon atoms comprising one triple bond in the chain, e.g., ethynyl or propynyl;

alkoxy represents an alkyl moiety covalently bonded to an adjacent structural element through an oxygen atom, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy and the like; p

1

aryl (including the aryl portion of arylalkyl) represents a carbocyclic group containing from 6 to 15 carbon atoms and having at least one aromatic ring (e.g., aryl is phenyl), wherein said aryl group optionally can be fused with aryl, (C

3

-C

7

)cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or hetero(C

3

-C

7

)cycloalkyl rings; and wherein R

7

-aryl means that any of the available substitutable carbon and nitrogen atoms in said aryl group and/or said fused ring(s) is optionally and independently substituted, and wherein the aryl ring is substituted with 1-3 R

7

groups. Examples of aryl groups are phenyl, naphthyl and anthryl;

arylalkyl represents an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl moiety have been substituted with one to three aryl groups; wherein aryl is as defined above;

aryloxy represents an aryl group, as defined above, wherein said aryl group is covalently bonded to an adjacent structural element through an oxygen atom, for example, phenoxy;

cycloalkyl represents saturated carbocyclic rings of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 7 carbon atoms; wherein R

6−

cycloalkyl means that any of the available substitutable carbon atoms in said cycloalkyl group is optionally and independently substituted, and wherein the cycloalkyl ring is substituted with 1-3 R

6

groups;

cycloalkylalkyl represents an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl moiety have been substituted with one to three cycloalkyl groups, wherein cycloalkyl is as defined above;

halo represents fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo;

heteroaryl represents cyclic groups having one to three heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, said heteroatom(s) interrupting a carbocyclic ring structure and having a sufficient number of delocalized pi electrons to provide aromatic character, with the aromatic heterocyclic groups containing from 5 to 14 carbon atoms, wherein said heteroaryl group optionally can be fused with one or more aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl rings; and wherein any of the available substitutable carbon or nitrogen atoms in said heteroaryl group and/or said fused ring(s) may be optionally and independently substituted, and wherein the heteroaryl ring can be substituted with 1-3 R

8

groups; representative heteroaryl groups can include, for example, furanyl, thienyl, imidazoyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl or 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl N-oxide wherein pyridyl N-oxide can be represented as:

heteroarylalkyl represents an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by one or more heteroaryl groups, as defined above;

heterocycloalkyl represents a saturated ring containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, interrupted by 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from —O—, —S— and —NR

21

—, wherein R

21

is as defined above, and wherein optionally, said ring may contain one or two unsaturated bonds which do not impart aromatic character to the ring;

and wherein any of the available substitutable carbon atoms in the ring may substituted, and wherein the heterocycloalkyl ring can be substituted with 1-3 R

10

groups; representative heterocycloalkyl groups include 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrothienyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-piperidinyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-piperizinyl, 2- or 4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl,

wherein R

17

is as defined above and t is 0, 1 or 2.

When the optional double bond in the piperidinyl ring of formula I is present, one of X

1

and X

2

forms the bond with the 3-position carbon and the remaining X

1

or X

2

is not hydrogen.

When X

1

and X

2

form a spiro group as defined above, the wavy lines in the structures shown in the definition indicate the points of attachment to to the 4-position carbon of the piperidinyl ring, e.g., compounds of the following formulas are formed:

Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different stereoisomeric forms (e.g., enantiomers, diastereoisomers and atropisomers). The invention contemplates all such stereoisomers both in pure form and in mixture, including racemic mixtures.

Certain compounds will be acidic in nature, e.g. those compounds which possess a carboxyl or phenolic hydroxyl group. These compounds may form pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Examples of such salts may include sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, gold and silver salts. Also contemplated are salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, N-methylglucamine and the like.

Certain basic compounds also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g., acid addition salts. For example, pyridonitrogen atoms may form salts with strong acid, while compounds having basic substituents such as amino groups also form salts with weaker acids. Examples of suitable acids for salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art. The salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt in the conventional manner. The free base forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous NaOH, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate. The free base forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the acid and base salts are otherwise equivalent to their respective free base forms for purposes of the invention.

All such acid and base salts are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the invention and all acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purpopses of the invention.

Compounds of the invention can be prepared by known methods from starting materials either known in the art or prepared by methods known in the art. Examples of general procedures and specific preparative examples are given below.

Typically, X

1

,X

2

-substituted piperidines are alkylated with Z

1

,Z

2

,Z

3

-substituted halomethanes in the presence of excess bases such as K

2

CO

3

and Et

3

N, in solvents such as DMF, THF or CH

3

CN, at room temperature or at elevated temperatures.

X

1

,X

2

-substituted piperidines are either commercially available or made by known procedures. For example, 4-hydroxy4-phenylpiperidine can be converted to a 4-tBoc-amino4-phenylpiperidine according to the following reaction scheme, wherein Bn is benzyl, Ph is phenyl and tBoc is t-butoxycarbonyl:

Commercially availble 4-phenyl4-piperidinol is protected with a benzyl group and the resulting intermediate is then treated with Me

3

SiCN. The resultant amide is hydrolyzed with aqueous HCl in CH

3

OH to produce the 4-amino compound. The amino group is protected with tBoc and the N-benzyl group is removed by hydrogenolysis to produce the desired 4-amino-piperidine derivative.

The 4-(protected)amino-piperidine then can be reacted with a Z

1

,Z

2

,Z

3

-halomethane and the protecting group removed. The amine (i.e., X

2

is NH

2

) can undergo various standard conversions to obtain amine derivatives. For example, the amine of formula I can be reacted with a R

22

-carboxaldehyde in the presence of a mild reducing agent such as Na(OAc)

3

BH or with a compound of the formula R

22

-L, wherein L is a leaving group such as Cl or Br, in the presence of a base such as Et

3

N.

An alternative method for preparing compounds of formula I wherein X

1

is R

7

-aryl and X

2

is OH involves alkylating a 4-piperidone hydrochloride with a Z

1

,Z

2

,Z

3

halomethane, then reacting the ketone with an appropriately substituted R

7

-phenylmagnesium bromide or with a compound of the formula X

1

-L

1

, wherein L

1

is Br or I, and n-butyllithium.

X

1

,X

2

-substituted compounds of formula I can be converted into other compounds of formula I by performing reactions well known in the art on the X

1

and/or X

2

-substituents. For example, a carboxaldehyde-substituted piperidine (i.e., X

2

is —CHO) can be converted to a substituted piperidine wherein X

2

is R

13

—O—CH

2

—, as shown in the following procedure for a compound of formula I wherein X

1

is phenyl, Z

1

and Z

2

are each phenyl, and R

1

, R

2

, R

3

and R

4

, and Z

3

are H:

A cyano-substituted piperidine (i.e., X

2

is —CN) can be converted to a substituted piperidine wherein X

2

is R

21

R

22

N—CH

2

—or X

2

is R

28

C(O)NH—CH

2

—, as shown in the following procedure for a compound of formula I wherein X

1

is phenyl, R

21

, R

1

, R

2

, R

3

and R

4

, and Z

3

are H, and L is a leaving group such as Cl or Br:

Compounds of formula I wherein X

1

is a benzofused nitrogen containing heterocycle having an R

11

-substituent other than hydrogen are prepared by reacting the corresponding compounds wherein R

11

is hydrogen with a compound of the formula R

11

L (R

11

is not H, and L is as defined above).

Alternatively, X

1

,X

2

-substituted piperidine starting materials can be converted into other X

1

,X

2

-substituted piperidines by similar procedures before reacting with the Z

1

,Z

2

,Z

3

-substituted halomethane.

For compounds of formula I wherein R

1

, R

2

, R

3

and R

4

variously form alkylene bridges, commercially available N-protected 4-piperidones are treated with phenyl lithium and resulting intermediate is deprotected to produce the desired compounds, for example:

wherein Pr is a N-protecting group, Ph is phenyl and z is 1-2.

The Z

1

,Z

2

,Z

3

halomethyl derivatives wherein Z

1

and Z

2

are R

7

-phenyl are either commercially available or can be prepared using the procedure shown in the following reaction scheme:

Similar procedures, or others known in the art, can be used to prepare compounds wherein the Z substituents are other than phenyl.

Compounds of the present invention and preparative starting materials thereof, are exemplified by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure.

The following solvents and reagents are referred to herein by the abbreviations indicated: tetrahydrofuran (THF); ethanol (EtOH); methanol (MeOH); acetic acid (HOAc or AcOH); ethyl acetate (EtOAc); N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); and diethyl ether (Et

2

O). Room temperature is abbreviated as rt.

EXAMPLE 1

A mixture of 4-hydroxy4-phenyl piperidine (1.5 g, 8.47 mmol) and K

2

CO

3

(3.0 g, 21.73 mmol) in CH

3

CN was stirred at rt. To this was added α-bromo-diphenylmethane (2.5 g, 10.12 mmol) and the reaction was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated, redissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

,washed with water, dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated. Chromatography (SiO

2

, 9:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave the title compound (2.6 g, 90%).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

): δ1.80 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 2.42 (m, 2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 4.40 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.6 (m, 15H).

EXAMPLE 2

Step 1: A solution of 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (5 g, 32.6 mmol) in CH

3

CN was alkylated using the procedure described in Example 1. Chromatography of the residue on silica (95:5 hexane/EtOAc) gave the desired compound.

Step 2: 4-Methylphenylmagnesium bromide (0.5 M in THF, 1.75 ml, 0.87 mmol) was added to a solution of product of Step 1 (191 mg, 0.72 mmol) in THF dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° for 2 h, quenched with ice-H

2

O, extracted with EtOAc, washed with H

2

O and brine, dried, and concentrated. Chromatography of the residue on silica (95:5 hexane/EtOAc, 93:7 hexane/EtOAc) gave the title compound (0.091 g, 30%).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ7.5 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.3 (t, 4H, ArH), 7.2 (t, 4H, ArH), 4.35 (s, 1H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 2.4 (m, 5H), 2.2 (td, 2H), 1.75 (d, 2H); MS (Cl) 358 (M+1); Elemental analysis for C

25

H

27

NO.1.2 H

2

O: calcd: C, 79.2, H, 7.82; N, 3.69; observed: C, 78.90, H, 8.02, N, 3.85.

EXAMPLE 3

Add n-BuLi (2.5 M, 0.38 ml. 0.95 mmol) to a solution of 3-bromo -thiophene (0.15 g, 0.95 mmol) in Et

2

O dropwise at −70° C. and stir for 2h. Add a solution of the product of Step 1 of Example 2 (230 mg, 0.87 mmol) in Et

2

O (4 ml) to the reaction mixture, slowly warm to rt over a period of 3 h, quench with ice-cooled NH

4

Cl (aq), extract with Et

2

O, wash with H

2

O and brine, dry, and concentrate. Chromatograph the residue (95:5 hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound (90 mg).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ7.5 (d, 2H), 7.35 (bt, 4H), 7.25 (m, 3H), 7.2 (m, 2H), 4.4 (s,1H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 2.5 (t, 2H), 2.3 (dt, 2H), 2.0 (d, 2H); MS (Cl) 350 (M+1); Elemental analysis for C

22

H

22

NOS.1.1 HCl.0.9 H

2

O: calcd: C, 65.11; H, 6.43; N, 3.54; S, 7.8; Cl, 9.61; observed: C, 65.27; H, 6.54; N, 3.45; S, 7.30; Cl 9.43.

EXAMPLE 4

Step 1: 4-Phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxaldehyde (1.0 g, 5.29 mM) was alkylated using the procedure of Example 1, Step 1, to obtain the desired product (1.69 g, 90%).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

): δ2.40 (m, 4H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 4.25 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.50 (m, 15H), 9.42 (s,1 H).

Step 2: A solution of the product from Step 1 (3.0 g, 8.45 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with NaBH

4

(1.0 g, 26.32 mmol). After 0.5 h, reaction mixture was treated with 1N HCl and concentrated. The residue was extracted with CH

2

Cl

2

, dried (MgSO

4

) and evaporated. Column chromatography on the residue (4:1 hexane:EtOAc) produced desired primary alcohol.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

): δ2.00 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 4H), 2.65 (m, 2H), 3.65 (d, 2H), 4.20 (s, 1H), 4.25 (d, 1H), 7.2-7.6 (m, 15H).

Step 3: The product of Step 2 was treated with NaH in DMF at 0° C. for 0.5h. CH

3

l was added and reaction was warmed up to rt. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was poured on ice, extracted with Et

2

O, dried (MgSO

4

) and evaporated. Column chromatography on the residue produced the title compound.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

): δ2.10 (m, 4H), 2.40 (m, 2H), 2.78 (m, 2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 3.00(s, 3H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.52 (m, 15H).

EXAMPLE 5

Step 1: A solution of 4-cyano4-phenylpiperidine hydrochloride (5.0 g, 22.4 mM) in DMF (30 ml) was treated with Et

3

N (7.20 ml, 47 mM) and bromodiphenylmethane (6.38 g, 25.80 mM) and stirred at rt under N

2

for 20 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between EtOAc and H

2

O. The organic layer was washed with twice with water, then brine, and dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. Chromatography (SiO

2

, 19:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave 6.0 g (76%) of the desired product.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

): δ2.21 (m, 4H), 2.49 (t, J=12.3Hz, 2H), 3.11 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (s, 1H), 7.45 (m, 15H).

Step 2: A solution of the product (6.0 g, 17 mM) of Step 1 in Et

2

O (40 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a 1M solution of of LAH (34.10 ml, 34 mM), dropwise, under N

2

, over 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and then refluxed for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and treated with water (8 eq.). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was stirred for 1 h. The resultant solid was filtered off and rinsed with Et

2

O, and the filtrate was concentrated to yield 5.45 g (90%) of desired product.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): 81.84 (m, 2H), 2.16 (m, 4H), 2.56 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 4.07 (s, 1H), 7.25 (m, 15H).

Step 3: A solution of the product (0.2 g, 0.56 mM) of Step 2 in CH

2

Cl

2

(3 ml) was treated with benzoyl chloride (0.078 ml, 0.673 mM) and pyridine (0.045 g, 0.568 mM) at rt for 18 h under N

2

. The reaction mixture was concentrated, then partitioned between H

2

O and CH

2

Cl

2

. The organic layer was washed with water (2×) and brine, then dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. Chromatography (SiO

2

, 3:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave 0.2 g (77%) of the desired product.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ2.13 (m, 6H), 2.66 (m, 4H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 1H), 7.11-7.65 (m, 20H).

Step 4: A solution of the product (0.075 g, 0.16 mM) of Step 3 in THF (3 ml) was cooled to 0° C. with stirring. LAH (solid, 0.025 g, 0.65 mM) was added under N

2

and stirring was continued for 0.25 h. The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 5 h, then stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with water (8 eq). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was stirred for 1 h. The resultant solid was filtered off and rinsed with Et

2

O, the filtrate was dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated. Chromatography (neutral Al

2

O

3

, CH

2

Cl

2

, then 3:1 CH

2

Cl

2

:EtOAc) gave 0.014 g (20%) of the title compound.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ1.90 (m, 2H), 2.15 (m, 4H), 2.48 (m, 2H), 2.68 (s, 2H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 1H), 7.01-7.38 (m, 20H).

EXAMPLE 6

The product of Example 5, Step 2 (0.2 g, 0.561 mM), acetic anhydride (3 ml) and Et

3

N (0.096 ml, 0.67 mM) were combined and stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and partitioned between H

2

O and CH

2

Cl

2

. The organic layer was washed with water (2×), brine, then dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated to give 0.214 g (95%) of the title compound.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ1.87 (m, 5H), 2.16 (m, 4H), 2.61 (m, 2H), 3.31 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 1H), 7.12-7.40 (m, 20H).

EXAMPLE 7

Step 1: A solution of 4-phenyl-4-hydroxy piperidine (10.0 g, 56.4 mM) in DMF (60 ml) was treated with Et

3

N (8.28 ml, 59.2 mM) and benzyl bromide (7.37 ml, 62.10 mM) and stirred at rt under N

2

for 20 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, basified to pH 8 with saturated NaHCO

3

and partitioned between EtOAc and H

2

O. The organic layer was washed twice with water, then brine, and dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. Chromatography (neutral Al

2

O

3

, hexane, then 1:1 hexane:EtOAc) gave 11.95 g (80%) of the desired product.

Step 2: To a mixture of the product (30.0 g, 0.112 mol) of Step 1 and (CH

3

)

3

SiCN (59.94 ml, 0.448 mol), cooled to −15° C. in an ethylene glycol/CO

2

bath, under N

2

, is added glacial AcOH (47 ml) dropwise, while maintaining an internal temperature of −15° C. Concentrated H

2

SO

4

(47 ml, 0.34 M) is added dropwise, with vigorous stirring, while maintaining an internal temperature of −15° C. The cooling bath was then removed and reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was poured on ice and adjusted to pH 7 with a 50% NaOH solution while maintaining a temperature of 25° C. The reaction mixture was then extracted with CH

2

Cl

2

, and the organic layer was washed with water (2×), then brine, and dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. Recrystalization with EtOAc/hexane (1:10) gave 22.35 g (68%) of desired compound.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ2.10 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, 4H), 2.82 (d, J=11.50 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 7.20-7.43 (m, 1OH), 8.05 (s, 1H).

Step 3: The product of Step 2 (20 g, 67.9 mM) and 5% (w/w) concentrated HCl (aq)/CH

3

OH (350 ml) were stirred under N

2

for 48 h. The mixture was concentrated to yield a foam which was suspended in Et

2

O and concentrated to remove excess HCl. The resultant solid was resuspended in Et

2

O, collected by vacuum filtration, washed with Et

2

O and dried under vacuum to give (23 g, 100%) of desired product.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD) of di-HCl salt; δ2.59 (t, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (t, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (d, J=13.50 HZ, 2H), 3.58 (d, J=13 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 7.56 (m, 10H).

Step 4: The product of Step 3 (24.10 g, 71 mM), CH

2

Cl

2

(900 ml), (tBoc)

2

O (17.0 g, 78.1 mM) and Et

3

N (14.37 g, 0.142 M) were combined and stirred under N

2

, at rt, for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and H

2

O, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH

2

Cl

2

. The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×), then brine, and dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. The resulting solid was suspended in Et

2

O and sonicated, filtered and dried to produce the desired compound (21.98 g, 90%).

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ1.09 (bs, 2H), 1.39 (s, 1H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 2.34 (m, 4H), 2.65 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 7.18-7.40 (m, 10H).

Step 5: The product of Step 4 (5.22 g, 14.2 mM), CH

3

OH (430 ml). Pd(OH)

2

/C (3.0 g) and NH

4

COOH (18.86 g, 0.298 M) were combined and refluxed under N

2

for 8 h. The reaction mixture was filtered using celite, washing with CH

3

OH. The combined filtrates were concentrated to produce (3.90 g, 97%) of the desired product.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ1.10 (bs, 2H), 1.39 (s, 7H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 2.26 (m, 4H), 2.92 (m, 4H), 7.17-7.41 (m, 5H).

Step 6: The product of Step 5 (2.74 g, 9.91 mM), CH

3

CN (85 ml), Et

3

N (1.75 ml, 12.40 mM) and bromodiphenylmethane (2.70 g, 10.9 mM) were combined and stirred at rt under N

2

for 18 hrs. The mixture was concentrated and the resultant residue was partitioned between H

2

O and EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water (2×), brine, then dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. Chromatography (neutral Al

2

O

3

, hexane, then 4:1 hexane:EtOAc) gave 2.85 g (65%) of the desired product.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ1.07 (bs, 2H), 1.37 (s, 7H), 2.23 (m, 2H), 2.24 (m, 4H), 2.74 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.47 (m, 15H).

Step 7: The product of Step 6 (4.6 g, 10 mM), 1,4dioxane (38 ml) and 4 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (25 ml, 101 mM) were combined and stirred at rt under N

2

for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was suspended in Et

2

O and reconcentrated. The resultant solid was resuspended in Et

2

O, sonicated and the product was collected by vacuum filtration and dried to give 3.27 g (80% of the desired product.

1

H NMR (CD

3

OD) of di-HCl salt: δ2.91 (m, 8H), 5.34 (s, 1 H), 7.37-7.77 (m, 15H).

Step 8: To a suspension of the product of Step 7 (0.3 g, 0.722 mM) in CH

2

Cl

2

(3 ml), under N

2

at rt, was added 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (0.133 ml, 1.44 mM). The pH of the reaction was adjusted to 6 with Et

3

N and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. Na(OAc)

3

BH (0.230 g, 1.08 mM) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt under N

2

for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO

3

(aq) and partitioned between Et

2

O and H

2

O. The organic layer was washed with H

2

O (2×), brine, dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated. Chromatography (SiO

2

, toluene, then 1:19 EtOAc: toluene) gave 0.158 g (50%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD

3

OD): δ1.96 (m, 2H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 2.52 (m, 4H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.50 (m, 16H).

EXAMPLE 8

Step 1: Alkylate a solution of 4-(2-oxo-1-benzimidazolyl)piperidine in CH

3

CN using the procedure described in Step 1 of Example 1 to produce the desired compound.

Step 2: Add NaH to a solution of 3-[1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazo-1-one (2.5 g, 6.6 mmol) in DMF (25 ml) and stir at rt for 1 h. Add n-butyl iodide to the mixture at rt and stir overnight. Quench with ice-H

2

O, extract with EtOAc, wash with H

2

O and brine, dry (MgSO

4

) and concentrate. Chromatograph the residue on silica (1:9 EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compound (2.35 g). Dissolve the title compound in Et

2

O, add HCl in Et

2

O (8 ml, 1 M), stir for 1 h and filter to give the HCl salt.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ7.55 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.35 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.25 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.15 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.1 (m, 1H, ArH), 4.4 (m, 2H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 3.15 (d, 2H), 2.6 (dq, 2H), 2.1 (t, 2H, 1.8, m, 4H), 1.5 (m, 2H). 1.0 (t, 3H); ESI-MS 440 (M+1); Elemental analysis for C

29

H

33

N

3

O.HCl.H

2

O: calcd: C, 70.5; H, 7.3; N, 8.5; Cl, 7.18; observed: C, 70.48; H, 7.28; N 8.49; Cl, 7.49).

EXAMPLE 9

Add SOCl

2

(247 mg, 2.07 mmol) to a solution of 2-(chlorophenyl)phenylmethanol (300 mg, 1.38 mmol) in CH

2

Cl

2

at rt, stir at rt for 5 h and concentrate. Dissolve the residue in CH

3

CN, add K

2

CO

3

, 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine and Nal. Stir the solution at reflux overnight, filter and concentrate. Chromatograph the residue on silica (9:1 hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ7.91 (d, 1H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 7.42 (t, 2H), 7.32 (m, 5H), 7.26 (t, 3H) 7.16 (t, 3H), 5.0 (s, 1H), 2.8 (dd, 2H), 2.5 (dq, 2H), 2.2 (dt, 2H), 1.75 (d, 2H). Dissolve the title compound in ether, add HCl/Et

2

O (1 M) to give the HCl salt. MS Cl (378 (M+1); Elemental analysis for C

24

H

24

NOCl.HCl.0.2H

2

O: calcd: C, 68.97, H, 6.13, N, 3.35, Cl, 16.96; observed: C, 68.87, H, 6.04, N, 3.35, Cl, 17.00.

EXAMPLE 10

Step 1: Alkylate a solution of 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (880 mg, 5 mmol) in CH

3

CN with mandelonitrile (1 g, 7.51 mmol) using the procedure described in Example 9. Chromatography of the residue on silica followed by recrystallization (EtOAc) gives the desired compound (630 mg).

Step 2: Add a solution of 2-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide in THF (24 ml, 0.5 M, 11.85 mmol) to a solution of the product of Step 1 (330 mg, 1.185 mmol) in THF at 0° C. Remove the ice-bath and stir the reaction mixture at reflux for 6 h. Quench the reaction with NH

4

Cl (aq), extract with EtOAc, wash with brine, dry and concentrate. Chromatograph the residue (95:5, 9:1 hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound (330 mg).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ7.76 (d, 1H), 7.62 (d, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.45 (t, 1H), 7.34 (m, 3H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.03 (t, 1H), 6.90 (d, 2H), 4.88 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.94 (d, 1H), 2.82 (d, 1H), 2.45 (td, 2H), 2.26 (t, 2H), 1.78 (d, 2H. Dissolve the title compound in Et

2

O, add HCl in Et

2

O, stir for 1 h and filter to give the HCl salt. MS FAB 374.1 (M+1); elemental analysis for C

25

H

27

NO

2

.HCl.0.15H

2

O: calcd: C, 72.77; H, 6.91; N, 3.39; Cl, 8.59; obserbed: C, 72.76; H, 7.02; N, 3.59; Cl, 8.83.

EXAMPLE 11

Step 1: Alkylate a solution of 1phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decan-4-one (0.5g) in CH

3

CN using the procedure described in Step 1 of Example 1 to produce desired compound.

Step 2: Alkylate the product from Step 1, 1-phenyl-8-(diphenylmethyl) -1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decan-4-one (0.4 g) with CH

3

l using the procedure described in Step 2 of Example 1 to produce the title compound (0.25 g).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ1.70 (d, 2H), 2.85 (m, 6H), 3.05(s, 3H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 6.95 (t, 1H), 7.05(d 2H), 7.20-7.60 (m, 12H).

Using the procedures of Examples 1 to 11, employing the appropriate starting material, compounds shown in the following tables are prepared.

TABLE 1

wherein X

1

is as defined below:

X

1

Physical Data

H

C

24

H

25

N

FAB 283.3 (100), 167.2 52)

OMe

C

25

H

27

NO

FAB 358 (80), 167 (70)

OEt

C

26

N

29

NO:HCl

FAB 342 (67) 167 (100)

C

27

H

31

NO ESI 386.1 (79), 167 (100)

C

31

H

31

NO:HCl ESI 434.2 (62), 167 (100)

CN

C

25

H

24

N

2

FAB 353.2 (53), 275.10 (24).

CHO

C

25

H

25

NO

Cl 356 (28), 167 (100)

CH

2

OH

C

25

H

27

NO

Cl 358.1 (37), 167 (100)

C

32

H

33

NO:HCl FAB 448.1 (46), 167.2 (100)

CH

2

OMe

C

25

H

27

NO

FAB 357.10 (10), 167 (100)

CH

2

OEt

C

26

H

29

NO

Cl 373.3 (12), 372 (42), 167 (100)

C

30

H

34

NO Cl 440.25 (33), 439.2 (100), 167.2 (89)

CH

2

NH

2

C

25

H

28

N

2

:2HCl

ESI 357.10 (37), 167 (100)

CH

2

NHCOCH

3

C

27

H

30

N

2

O

ESI 399.1 (53), 167.0 (100)

C

32

H

32

N

2

O FAB 462.1 (15), 461.1 (41), 393 (8)

C

32

H

34

N

2

:HCl ESI 447.1 (100), 281.1 (29)

C

33

H

32

N

2

F

3

:HCl ESI 515 (100), 349.10 (33), 167 (49)

CH

2

NHCH

2

CH

3

C

27

H

32

N

2

:HCl

ESI 385.1 (100), 219.10 (26), 167 (76)

C

29

H

36

N

2

O:HCl Cl 429 (53), 351 (100) 327 (13), 167 (34)

C

28

H

32

N

2

O

2

Cl 429 (100), 351 (9), 261 (11), 167 (81)

C

28

H

34

N

2

O:HCl Cl 415 (100), 327 (33), 167 (65)

C

31

H

39

N

3

O:HCl ESI 470 (100), 304 (51), 259 (16), 167 (46)

C

31

H

41

N

3

:HCl ESI 456 (100), 290 (11), 167 (11)

C

30

H

30

N

2

O

2

ESI 451 (100), 283 (8), 167 (94)

C

34

H

43

N

3

O:HCl ESI 510 (88), 344 (73), 167 (100)

C

32

H

41

N

3

:HCl ESI 468 (98), 302 (22), 167 (100)

C

31

H

31

N

3

O:HCl Cl 462 (100), 384 (4), 167 (45)

C

30

H

32

N

2

O:Cl ESI 437 (100), 271 (11), 167 (41)

C

30

H

32

N

2

O:HCl ESI 437 (87), 271 (7), 167 (100)

C

30

H

32

N

2

S:HCl ESI 453 (92), 167 (100)

C

30

H

32

N

2

S:HCl ESI 453 (100), 287 (6), 167 (78)

C

32

H

36

N

2

S:HCl ESI 481 (69), 340 (5), 167 (100)

C

29

H

36

N

2

S:HCl ESI 445 (100), 399 (3), 279 (11), 167 (84)

C

29

H

33

N

2

F

3

:HCl ESI 467 (69), 167 (100)

CH

2

NMe

2

C

27

H

32

N:HCl

FAB 385.3 (100), 219.2 (6), 162.2 (77)

NH

2

C

24

H

26

N

2

:HCl

ESI 343 (48), 326 (70), 167 (100)

NH(CH

2

)

3

NEt

2

C

31

H

41

N

3

:HCl

ESI 456 (72), 326 (74), 167 (100)

C

29

H

30

N

2

O:HCl Cl 423 (60), 326 (100), 167 (74)

C

31

H

39

N

3

:HCl ESI 454 (76), 326 (60), 167 (100)

C

29

H

30

N

2

S:HCl FAB 439 (90), 326 (25), 167 (100)

NHMe

C

25

H

28

N

2

:HCl

ESI 357 (20), 326 (87), 167 (100)

NMe

2

C

26

H

30

N

2

:HCl

ESI 371 (11), 326 (81), 167 (100)

TABLE 2

wherein X

1

is as defined below

X

1

Physical Data

C

24

H

25

NO FAB 343.1 (13), 342.1 (26)

C

24

H

24

BrNO ESI 424 (20) 422 (18) 167-2 (92)

C

24

H

24

NOCl Cl 363 (43), 362 (22), 167.20 (100)

C

24

H

24

FNO 361 (22), 167.2 (75)

Benzyl

C

25

H

27

NO

Cl 358.1 (62), 167 (78)

n-Propyl-

C

27

H

31

NO:HCl

phenyl

FAB 386.1 (46), 167 (100)

C

25

H

23

NOF

3

Cl EI 369 (3), 368 (14), 167 (100)

C

25

H

24

F

3

NO FAB 413 (31), 412 (57), 167 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO

2

Cl 374.45 (M + 1), 266.30 (39%), 167.25 (100%)

C

26

H

30

N

2

O FAB 387 (86%), 369 (22%)

C

25

H

26

NOF FAB 376.2 (68%), 375.2 (32%), 358.20 (6)

C

25

H

27

NO

2

Cl 374.45 (58%), 375.45 (27), 356.35 (29)

C

24

H

24

ClNO Cl 378.35 (31%), 377.35 (18%), 360.30 (22)

C

25

H

27

NO Cl 358.35 (68), 357.35 (38), 340.35 (47), 167.25 (100)

C

24

H

23

F

2

NO Cl 380.35 (28%), 379.35 (22), 362.35 (23), 167.25 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO Cl 358.35 (63), 357.35 (43), 340.35 (53), 167.25 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO Cl 358.35 (49), 357.35 (41), 340.35 (35), 167.25 (100)

C

24

H

24

FNO Cl 362.35 (41), 361.35 (218), 344.35 (39), 167.25 (100)

C

26

H

25

NO FAB 368 (37), 367 (38), 366 (100), 290 (41)

C

25

H

27

NSO FAB 375 (10), 374.20 (40), 306.7 (13)

C

25

H

27

NSO FAB 390 (22), 389 (27), 388 (100), 312 (48)

C

24

H

23

NOF

2

380.2 (11), 379.2 (16), 378.2 (31)

C

26

H

29

NO Cl 373.45 (22), 372.40 (82), 354.35 (60), 167.25 (100)

C

24

H

31

NO FAB 350.3 (4), 349.3 (7), 348 917)

n Hexyl

C

24

H

33

NO

FAB 352 (85), 274 (189)

n propyl

C

27

H

31

NO

ESI 386 (70), 167 (100)

n butyl

C

28

H

33

NO

ESI 400.1 (68), 167 (100)

C

21

H

25

NO:HCl ESI 308.1 (32), 167.0 (100)

C

22

H

23

NO

2

:HCl Cl 334.25 (34), 333.25 (26), 316.25 (41), 167.25 (100)

C

22

H

23

NOS:HCl Cl 350.25 (32), 349.35 (24), 332.25 (41), 167.25 (100)

C

22

H

23

NOS:HCl Cl 350.25 (27), 349.35 (18), 332.25 (20), 167.25 (100)

C

23

H

24

N

2

O:HCl ESI 345.1 (68), 167 (100)

C

22

H

23

NO

2

Cl 334.25 (37), 333.25 (24), 316.25 (31), 167.25 (100)

C

25

H

24

N

2

O:HCl FAB 369.3 (3), 368.3 (6), 367.3 (13)

C

21

H

27

NO:HCl Cl 310.40 (38), 309.40 (25), 292.40 (33), 167.25 (100)

C

24

H

24

NOF:HCl FAB 362.1 (100), 232.1 (11)

C

22

H

29

NO:HCl FAB 324.30 (100)

C

21

H

25

NO:HCl Cl 308.2 (64), 307.2 (30), 290.2 (57), 167.25 (100)

C

23

H

25

NOS:HCl Cl 364.15 (69), 346.15 (71), 167.25 (100)

C

21

H

22

N

2

SO:HCl Cl 351.1 (52), 350.1 (8), 266.15 (12), 167.2 (100)

C

27

H

28

N

2

O:HCl FAB 397.2 (80), 167.2 (100)

C

25

H

28

N

2

O:HCl ESI 373.1 (28), 167 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO

2

:HCl ESI 374.1 (43), 167 (100)

TABLE 3

wherein Z

1

and Z

2

are as defined below:

Z

1

Z

2

Physical Data

C

24

H

24

NOCl Cl 380 (30), 378.1 (100), 201 (100)

C

24

H

23

NOF

2

Cl 380.15 (79), 379.15 (47), 362.05 (100)

C

23

H

24

N

2

O:HCl ESI 345.1 (69), 327.1 (49), 168 (100)

C

23

H

24

N

2

O:HCl ESI 345.1 (58), 168 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO:HCl Cl 358.20 (60), 340.20 (51), 181.25 (100)

C

24

H

24

NOBr:HCl ESI 424.1 (17), 422 (17), 247.1 (100), 245.1 (99)

C

25

H

27

NO:HCl ESI 358.1 (32.70), 181 (100)

C

24

H

24

NOCl:HCl Cl 380.10 (30), 378.15 (100)

C

26

H

29

NO:HCl ESI 372,1 (24), 195.1 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO:HCl ESI 358.1 (48%), 181.1 (100)

C

25

H

24

ONF

3

:HCl ESI 412.1 (56), 235 (100)

C

25

H

24

ONF

3

:HCl ESI 412.1 (73), 235.1 (100)

C

26

H

29

NO:HCl ESI 372.1 (39), 195.1 (100)

C

24

H

24

NOBr:HCl ESI 424.10 (48), 422.1 (47), 245.1 (100)

C

22

H

23

NOS:HCl ESI 350.1 (31), 173 (100)

C

25

H

24

ONF

3

:HCl ESI 412.1 (54), 235.10 (100)

C

24

H

24

NOF:HCl ESI 362.1 (23), 185.1 (100)

C

24

H

23

NOF

2

:HCl Cl 380.15 (100), 362.15 (89), 203.25 (99)

C

24

H

23

NOCl

2

:HCl ESI 416.1 (7), 414 (32), 412 (45), 235.1 (100)

C

25

H

24

N

2

O

2

F

2

:HCl FAB 423.2 (100), 218.0 (18)

C

24

H

23

NOF

2

:HCl Cl 380.15 (79), 379.15 (45), 362.05 (100)

C

26

H

29

NO

2

:HCl FAB 388.3 (100), 266.1 (15)

C

25

H

27

NO

2

:HCl FAB 374.1 (100), 197 (73)

C

24

H

24

NOCl:HCl FAB 380.1 (27), 378.2 (80), 201.0 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO:HCl ESI 358.1 (15), 181.1 (100)

Methyl

C

19

H

23

NO:HCl ESI 282.1 (100), 160.0 (84.5)

Ethyl

C

20

H

25

NO:HCl ESI 296.1 (100), 160.0 (84)

C

21

H

27

NO:HCl ESI 310.1 (100), 160.1 (52)

C

22

H

29

NO:HCl ESI 324.1 (100), 160.1 (52)

C

23

H

31

NO:HCl Cl 338.3 (100), 266.20 (77), 160.35 (17)

C

24

H

33

NO:HCl ESI 352.1 (100), 160.0 (41.83)

C

23

H

29

NO:HCl ESI 336.1 (66.39), 160.0 (63), 159 (100)

C

23

H

30

N

2

O

2

:HCl ESI 367.1 (35), 190 (100)

C

23

H

31

NO:HCl ESI 338.1 (100), 161.0 (36), 160 (70)

TABLE 4

wherein X

1

, X

2

, Z

1

and Z

2

are as defined below

X

1

X

2

Z

1

Z

2

Physical Data

NH

2

C

22

H

30

N2:HCl ESI 323 (71), 306 (100), 160 (31)

C

27

H

34

N

2

S:HCl ESI 419 (23), 306 (100)

CH

2

NH

2

C

23

H

32

N

2

:HCl ESI 337 (96), 174 (100), 160 (19)

C

28

H

36

N

2

S:HCl ESI 433 (100), 320 (65), 174 (58)

NH

2

C

25

H

28

N

2

:HCl Cl 357 (47), 340 (24), 279 (8), 181 (100)

C

28

H

36

N

2

S:HCl ESI 433 (100), 320 (42), 174 (77)

C

30

H

32

N

2

S:HCl ESI 453 (24), 340 (27), 181 (100)

NH

2

C

26

H

30

N

2

:HCl ESI 371 (16) 195 (100)

C

31

H

34

N

2

S:HCl ESI 467 (25), 354 (30), 195 (100)

NH

2

C

24

H

24

N

2

Cl

2

:HCl ESI 413 (18), 411 (26), 396 (39), 394 (51), 237 (69), 235 (100)

C

26

H

28

BrNO:HCl 450 (12), 195.1 (100)

C

26

H

28

FNO:HCl ESI 390.1 (9.6), 195.1 (100)

C

26

H

28

ClNO:HCl 407.1 (5), 195.1 (100) 406.1 (16)

C

31

H

32

N

2

OS ESI 481 (25), 195 (100)

C

28

H

32

N

2

O Cl 413 (31), 354 (8), 195 (100)

C

29

H

28

Cl

2

N

2

S:HCl ESI 509 (10), 507 (14), 396 (56), 394 (77), 237 (68), 235 (100)

C

25

H

26

N

2

OCl

2

:HCl ESI 443 (42), 441 (56), 425 (31), 235 (100)

C

30

H

36

N

2

OS ESI 473 (39), 195 (100)

C

33

H

34

N

2

O ESI 475 (41), 195 (100)

C

29

H

34

N

2

O

2

ESI 443 (31), 195 (100)

C

30

H

34

N

2

O:HCl ESI 439 (17), 195 (100)

C

34

H

42

N

2

O:HCl ESI 495 (30), 195 (100)

C

33

H

36

N

2

:HCl ESI 461 (17), 354 (28), 195 (100)

C

26

H

26

N

2

OCl

2

ESI 455 (57), 453 (75), 396 (7), 394 (10), 237 (73), 235 (100)

C

29

H

31

N

2

O

3

F

3

:HCl FAB 497.2 (507), 195.1 (100)

C

24

H

32

N

2

O:HCl ESI 365 (100), 219 (31), 160 (23)

C

27

H

30

N

2

O:HCl ESI 399 (60), 181 (100)

C

29

H

34

N

2

O:HCl ESI 427 (41), 195 (100)

C

30

H

36

N

2

O:HCl ESI 441 (47), 195 (100)

C

28

H

32

N

3

O:HCl ESI 428 (41), 195 (100)

C

27

H

30

Cl

2

N

2

O FAB 469.2 (30), 235.1 (100)

C

28

H

32

Cl

2

N

2

O

3

S Cl 549.15 (69), 548.15 (37), 547.15 (100)

C

28

H

32

Cl

2

N

2

O

3

S FAB 549 (60), 547.1 (87)

C

27

H

30

Cl

2

N

2

O

3

S FAB FAB 535 (78), 533 (100)

C

26

H

28

Cl

2

N

2

O

3

S FAB 523 (25)

C

30

H

35

Cl

2

N

3

O FAB 524.40 (20), 330.3 (100)

C

36

H

39

Cl

2

N

3

O FAB 600.5 (50), 330.4 (70)

C

25

H

27

BrN

2

O FAB 453.2 (100), 245 (100)

C

25

H

26

N

2

F

2

O FAB 410.2 (25), 409.2 (100), 203.2 (50)

C

27

H

32

N

2

O FAB 401.2 (95), 195 (100)

C

25

H

26

Cl

2

N

2

O 441.1 (40), 235 (42), 157 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO

2

Cl 374.25 (52), 356.2 (100), 178.25 (40), 160.25 (57)

C

25

H

25

NO

3

FAB 388.23 (100), 210.8 (21), 168.28 (20)

—(CH

2

)

4

CH

3

C

24

H

34

N

2

O FAB 368.3 (30), 367.3 (100)

—(CH

2

)

3

CH

3

C

23

H

32

N

2

O GAB 353.3 (100)

C

25

H

26

N

2

F

2

O FAB 410.6 (35), 409.4 (98), 203.1 (65)

C

26

H

28

Cl

2

N

2

O FAB 457.3 (70), 455.3 (100), 237 (30), 235.1 (52)

OH

H

C

19

H

23

N

2

OCl FAB 331.2 (100),

C

27

H

32

N

2

O FAB 402.1 (20.46), 401.1 (44.89), 195.1 (100)

C

25

H

27

ClN

2

O ES 409.2 (55), 408.2 (45), 407.2 (95)

C

26

H

30

N

2

O ES 387 (100)

C

25

H

25

NO

2

Cl 372.15 (100), 354.15 (38), 195.15 (37)

C

26

H

29

NO

3

FAB 404.3 (100), 227.1 (70)

OH

H

C

21

H

34

N

2

O FAB 331.4 (100), 266.2 (20)

OH

CH

3

(CH

2

)

3

—

C

24

H

34

N

2

O FAB 367.2 (100)

C

27

H

32

N

2

O ES 401.1 (46), 195.1 (100)

C

31

H

38

N

2

O

3

ES 487 (100)

C

27

H

29

Cl

2

N

3

O ESI 484.2 (72), 482.2 (100), 237 (60), 235.0 (65)

C

26

H

27

Cl

2

N

3

O ESI 470.1 (80), 468.1 (100), 235 (78)

C

26

H

27

Cl

2

N

3

O ESI 470.2 (78), 468.2 (90), 237.0 (65), 235 (100)

C

29

H

35

N

3

O ESI 442.3 (100)

C

25

H

26

N

2

OBr

2

ESI 533 (55), 531 (100), 324.8 (30)

TABLE 5

wherein R

11

, Z

1

and Z

2

are as defined in the following table, wherein Ac

is acetyl, Me is methyl and Et is ethyl:

R

11

CH(Z

1

)(Z

2

)

Physical Data

H

Benzhydryl

Benzhydryl

C

32

H

37

N

3

O:HCl Cl 480 (100), 167.25 (22)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

31

N

3

O

3

:HCl Cl 470.15 (100), 167.25 (25)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

31

N

3

O:HCl Cl 438.20 (100), 167.25 (29)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

33

N

3

O:HCl FAB 452.3 (100), 167.0 (92)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

33

N

3

O:HCl Cl 440.20 (100), 167.25 (22)

Me

Benzhydryl

C

26

H

27

N

3

O:HCl

Cl 398.15 (100), 167.25 (39)

Ethyl

Benzhydryl

C

27

H

29

N

3

O:HCl

Cl 412.15 (100), 167.25 (32)

n propyl

Benzhydryl

C28H31N30:HCl

ESI 426.1 (14), 167 (100)

n butyl

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

33

N

3

O:HCl

ESI 440.10 (100), 167.10 (33)

isopropyl

Benzhydryl

C

28

H

31

N

3

O:HCl

ESI 446.10 (28), 167. (100)

Benzhydryl

C

28

H

31

N

3

O

2

:HCl ESI 442.10 (15), 167. (100)

Benzhydryl

C

27

H

29

N

3

O

2

:HCl FAB 428.3 (65), 232.1 (57)

H

C

23

H

29

N

3

O:HCl ESI 364.1 (58), 218.1 (100)

C

25

H

33

N

3

O

2

:HCl ESI 408.1 (93), 262.1 (100)

n pentyl

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

35

N

3

O:Hcl

ESI 454.1 (46), 167.1 (100)

n hexyl

Benzhydryl

C

31

H

37

N

3

O:HCl

ESI 468.1 (26), 167 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

28

H

31

N

3

O

2

:HCl ESI 442.10 (15), 167 (100)

C

31

H

35

N

3

O:HCl ESI 466.1 (44), 181.1 (100)

C

29

H

33

N

3

O

2

:HCl ESI 456.1 (48), 181.10 (100)

H

C

24

H

31

N

3

O:HCl Cl 378.25 (100), 306.20 (22), 218.20 (24)

H

C

26

H

27

N

3

O:HCl ESI 398.10 (44), 181.1 (100)

C

27

H

33

N

3

O:HCl ESI 416.10 (36), 286.1 (39)

C

30

H

31

N

3

OCl

2

:HCl ESI 522.1 (79), 521.1 (48), 520 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

34

N

2

O:HCl Cl 439.5 (100), 168.30 (20)

H

C

27

H

29

N

3

O:HCl Cl 412.20 (32), 218.20 (42), 195.35 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

31

N

3

O

3

:HCl ESI 470.1 (100), 167.1 (77.40)

H

C

25

H

23

N

3

Cl

2

O:HCl ESI 452.1 (100), 235 (85)

C

30

H

33

N

3

O

2

Cl

2

:HCl ESI 525.1 (39), 524.1 (82), 522 (100)

C

28

H

29

N

3

OCl

2

:HCl ESI 511.1 (46), 510 (100), 514 (20), 513.1 (33.50)

C

32

H

29

N

3

O:HCl ESI 482.1 (48), 195.1 (100)

C

30

H

35

N

3

O

2

:HCl ESI 471.1 (13), 470.1 (30), 195.1 (100)

H

C

25

H

24

N

3

OCl:HCl FAB 420.2 (35), 418.2 (100), 201.0 (75)

H

C

25

H

24

N

3

OF:HCl Elemental Analysis C: 68.12; H: 5.83; N: 9.48; Cl: 8.21; F;: 4.59

Benzhydryl

C

28

H

32

N

4

O:HCl ESI 442.1 (39), 441.1 (92), 167 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

34

N

4

O:HCl ESI 455.1 (100), 290.1 (14), 289.1 (57.88), 167 (94)

Benzhydryl

C

27

H

30

N

4

O:HCl ESI 428.1 (42), 427.1 (97), 167 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

36

N

4

O.HCl ESI 470.1 (48), 469 (100), 303 (93), 167 (82.75)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

34

N

4

O:HCl ESI 457.1 (13), 456 (57), 455.1 (100), 167 (72)

Benzhydryl

C

28

H

29

N

3

O

3

FAB 456.2 (78), 167.0 (100)

C

22

H

23

Cl

2

N

3

O

3

FAB 450.1 (27), 448.0 (100)

H

C

24

H

31

N

3

O FAB 378.4 (100), 218.2 (30)

Benzhydryl

C

31

H

35

N

3

O

3

498.2 (100), 167.1 (90)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

31

N

3

O

3

ESI 470.1 (100), 167.1 (55)

C

23

H

27

Cl

2

N

3

O ESI 434.1 (80), 432.1 (100)

C

22

H

25

Cl

2

N

3

O

2

ESI 436.1 (58), 434.1 (100)

C

23

H

27

Cl

2

N

3

O ESI 434.1 (35), 432.1 (100)

C

24

H

27

Cl

2

N

3

O ESI 446.1 (77)), 444.1 (100)

C

21

H

22

Cl

2

N

4

O

2

FAB 435.1 (78), 433.1 (100)

TABLE 6

wherein

R11

, Z

1

and Z

2

are as defined in the following table:

R

11

CH(Z

1

)(Z

2

)

Physical Data

H

Benzhydryl

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

33

N

3

O ESI: 440 (100) 167 (80)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

31

N

3

O ESI: 438 (100) 167 (99)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

35

N

3

O ESI: 454 (100) 167 (94)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

29

N

3

O ESI: 436 (99) 167 (100)

CH3

Benzhydryl

C

27

H

29

N

3

O

FAB: 412 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

28

H

31

N

3

O FAB: 426 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

33

N

3

O

3

FAB: 484 (7) 261 (14) 167 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

33

N

3

O ESI: 452 (100) 167 (60)

Benzhydryl

C

33

H

39

N

3

O ESI: 494 (100) 167 (30)

Benzhydryl

C

31

H

35

N

3

O.HCl FAB: 466 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

30

H

33

N

3

O

3

.HCl FAB: 484 (100) 167 (41)

Benzhydryl

C

33

H

38

N

4

O

2

.HCl FAB: 523 (100)

H

C

26

H

25

N

3

F

2

O.HCl ESI: 434 (29) 203 (100)

H

C

26

H

25

N

3

F

2

O.HCl Cl: 434 (100)

H

C

26

H

26

N

3

ClO.HCl ESI: 432 (60) 201 (100)

Benzhydryl

C

29

H

33

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 440 (100) 167 (89)

Benzhydryl

C

33

H

37

N

3

O

2

.HCl ESI: 508 (100) 167 (35)

H

C

24

H

30

N

3

ClO.HCl ESI: 412 (100) 232 (92)

H

C

24

H

31

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 378 (100) 232 (82)

H

C

21

H

24

N

3

ClO.HCl ESI: 370 (86) 265 (100)

H

C

24

H

30

N

3

FO.HCl ESI: 396 (31) 232 (100)

H

C

24

H

30

N

3

BrO.HCl ESI: 456 (39) 232 (100)

H

C

25

H

33

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 392 (73) 232 (100)

H

C

25

H

31

N

3

O.HCl FAB: 390 (100)

C

28

H

39

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 434 (68) 288 (100)

C

31

H

43

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 474 (90) 328 (100)

C

27

H

37

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 420 (81) 274 (100)

H

C

27

H

29

N

3

O.HCl FAB: 412 (25) 181 (100)

C

29

H

41

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 448 (97) 288 (100)

C

27

H

37

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 420 (62) 274 (100)

C

28

H

39

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 434 (66) 274 (100)

H

C

25

H

33

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 392 (59), 232 (100)

C

31

H

37

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 468 (100) 322 (92)

C

28

H

39

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 434 (100) 274 (86)

H

C

22

H

25

N

3

O

3

.HCl Cl: 380 (100)

C

32

H

39

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 482 (100) 322 (78)

H

C

21

H

25

N

3

O

2

.HCl FAB: 352 (100)

C

33

H

41

N

3

O.HCl FAB: 496 (100)

H

C

28

H

31

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 426 (19) 195 (100)

H

C

26

H

26

N

3

Cl

2

O.HCl ESI: 466 (79) 235 (100)

H

C

25

H

32

N

4

O

2

.HCl ESI: 421 (40) 190 (100)

H

C

26

H

26

N

3

FO.HCl FAB: 416 (100)

H

C

26

H

25

N

3

Cl

2

O.HCl ESI: 466 (100) 235 (60)

H

C

26

H

26

N

3

ClO.HCl ESI: 432 (48) 201 (100)

H

C

26

H

26

N

3

F

2

O.HCl ESI: 434 (69) 203 (100)

C

29

H

37

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 444 (52) 326 (100)

C

27

H

33

N

3

O.HCl ESI: 416 (33) 300 (100)

C

28

H

29

N

3

Cl

2

O

2

.HCl ESI: 510 (100)

C

31

H

33

N

3

Cl

2

O

2

.HCl ESI: 550 (100)

C

30

H

33

N

3

Cl

2

O.HCl ESI: 522 (100)

C

31

H

35

N

3

Cl

2

O.HCl ESI: 536 (100)

C

29

H

29

N

3

Cl

2

O

3

.HCl FAB: 538 (100)

C

29

H

31

N

3

Cl

2

O

2

.HCl ESI: 524 (100)

C

32

H

36

N

4

Cl

2

O.HCl FAB: 563 (100) 235 (55)

C

27

H

37

N

3

O

2

.HCl FAB: 436 (100)

C

24

H

31

N

3

O

3

.HCl FAB: 410 (100)

C

25

H

33

N

3

O

2

.HCl FAB: 408 (100)

C

26

H

35

N

3

O

2

.HCl FAB: 422 (100)

C

29

H

32

N

4

Cl

2

O.2HCl FAB: 523 (100)

C

31

H

36

N

4

Cl

2

O.2HCl FAB: 551 (100)

C

30

H

34

N

4

Cl

2

O.2HCl FAB: 537 (100)

C

29

H

38

N

4

O.2HCl FAB: 459 (100)

C

33

H

38

N

4

Cl

2

O.2HCl ESI: 577 (56) 343 (100)

C

33

H

38

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 577 (100), 343 (45)

C

34

H

40

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 591 (100), 357 (81)

C

31

H

44

N

4

O ESI 487 (100), 327 (51)

C

33

H

39

Cl

2

N

5

O ESI 592 (100), 358 (71), 235 (64)

C

31

H

34

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 549 (100), 315 (52)

C

31

H

42

N

4

O ESI 487 (100), 329 (85)

C

31

H

44

N

4

O ESI 489 (100), 331 (99)

C

33

H

38

Cl

2

N

4

O

2

ESI 593 (100), 359 (45), 297 (45)

C

34

H

40

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 591 (100), 357 (82), 235 (99)

C

34

H

39

Cl

2

N

5

O

2

ESI 620 (100), 386 (12), 235 (28)

C

32

H

38

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 565 (100), 331 (56), 235 (52)

C

32

H

36

Cl

2

N

4

O

2

ESI 579 (100), 345 (51), 235 (76)

C

33

H

38

Cl

2

N

4

O

2

ESI 593 (100), 359 (63), 235 (90)

C

35

H

42

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 605 (100), 371 (83)

C

37

H

44

Cl

2

N

4

O

3

FAB 663 (100), 234 (42)

C

25

H

32

Cl

2

N

4

O

2

ESI 491 (100), 333 (29)

C

26

H

32

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 487 (100), 319 (31)

C

26

H

34

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 489 (100), 331 (18)

C

32

H

46

N

4

O

2

ESI 519 (91), 361 (100)

C

25

H

32

N

4

Cl

2

O ESI 475 (100), 317 (24), 159 (69)

C

28

H

38

N

4

O FAB 447.3 (100), 289.2 (25), 242.2 (36)

C

29

H

40

N

4

O FAB 461.2 (100), 303.2 (20)

C

31

H

42

N

4

O

2

ESI 503.2 (100), 345.1 (95)

C

30

H

42

N

4

O ESI 475.1 (99), 317.1 (100)

C

30

H

42

N

4

O ESI 475.1 (89), 317.1 (100)

C

33

H

48

N

4

O

2

ESI 519.1 (95), 361.1 (100) 256.1 (12)

C

29

H

40

N

4

O

2

ESI 477.1 (100), 319.1 (100)

C

31

H

42

N

4

O ESI 487.10 (100), 329.1 (88)

C

28

H

38

N

4

O FAB 447 (100), 391 (30), 317 (20)

C

29

H

41

N

5

O FAB 476 (100), 346 (40)

C

29

H

40

N

4

O FAB 461 (100), 391 (40), 167 (22)

C

28

H

38

N

4

O FAB 447 (100), 391 (60)

C

31

H

42

N

4

O ESI 487.1 (100), 329.1 (86)

C

30

H

42

N

4

O

2

ESI 491.1 (63), 333.10 (100)

C

34

H

48

N

4

O ESI 529.1 (79), 371.1 (100)

C

31

H

45

N

5

O ESI 504.1 (99), 358.1 (100)

C

32

H

45

N

5

O ESI 516.1 (92), 358.1 (100), 251.1 (28)

C

25

H

32

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 475 (100), 317 (16)

C

24

H

30

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 461 (100), 303 (25)

C

23

H

28

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 447 (100), 224 (64)

C

26

H

34

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 489 (100), 331 (33)

C

27

H

25

F

4

N

3

O ESI 484 (100)

C

26

H

32

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 487 (100), 433 (39)

C

26

H

32

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 487 (100), 433 (46)

C

31

H

44

N

4

O ESI 489.1 (100), 331.1 (68)

C

30

H

40

N

4

O ESI 473.1 (100), 315.1 (55)

C

32

H

46

N

4

O ESI 503.1 (100), 345.1 (834)

C

33

H

46

N

4

O ESI 515.1 (73), 357.1 (100), 258.1 (9)

C

32

H

40

N

4

OS ESI 433.1 (22), 371.1 (83)

C

32

H

44

N

4

O ESI 501.1 (80), 343.1 (100), 251.1 (7), 159.1 (69)

C

32

H

40

N

4

O

2

ESI 513.1 (87), 433.1 (32), 355.1 (100), 275.1 (12)

C

34

H

42

N

4

O ESI 523.1 (91), 365.1 (100)

C

32

H

38

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 565 (100), 331 (56), 235 (52)

H

C

26

H

27

N

3

O ESI 398 (100), 397 (4)

C

26

H

34

FN

4

O ESI 457 (92), 229 (100)

C

29

H

40

N

4

O ESI 461 (99), 231 (100)

C

30

H

42

N

4

O

2

ESI 491.1 (90), 331.1 (65), 61 (100)

C

31

H

43

ClN

4

O ESI 525.1 (42), 524.1 (53), 523.1 (65), 331.1 (60), 193.1 (100)

C

28

H

38

N

4

O

2

ESI 463 (100), 331 (38)

C

29

H

40

N

4

O

3

ESI 494 (100), 247 (95)

C

26

H

34

Cl

2

N

4

O ESI 491 (86) 489 (100), 245 (72)

C

28

H

38

N

4

O ESI 447 (88), 224 (100)

C

26

H

35

ClN

4

O ESI 455 (100), 228 (85)

C

26

H

35

ClN

4

O ESI 455 (100), 228 (60)

C

24

H

31

ClN

4

O ESI 427 (100), 303 (10), 214 (48)

C

23

H

29

BrN

4

O ESI 459 (99), 457 (100), 230 (45)

C

26

H

35

BrN

4

O FAB 501 (99), 499 (100), 235 (40)

C

26

H

35

BrN

4

O FAB 501 (99), 499 (100), 171 (28)

C

26

H

35

BrN

4

O FAB 499 (99), 497 (100), 171 (20)

C

26

H

33

FN

4

O FAB 439 (100), 220 (7)

C

26

H

35

FN

4

O FAB 439 (100), 220 (40)

H

C

21

H

25

N

3

O FAB 336 (100), 171 (100)

C

23

H

29

FN

4

O FAB 397 (100), 242 (100)

C24H31FN4O FAB 411 (100), 242 (90)

H

C

19

H

27

N

3

O FAB 314 (100), 247 (7)

C

29

H

39

FN

4

O ESI 479.1 (100), 424.1 (31), 331.1 (43), 203.1 (61)

C

29

H

39

FN

4

O ESI 479.1 (100), 424.1 (11), 331.1 (39), 203.1 (38)

C

29

H

39

ClN

4

O ESI 495.1 (70), 345.1 (37), 65.0 (100)

H

C

24

H

25

N

3

O ESI 372.1 (100), 200.1 (4)

C

30

H

38

N

4

O ESI 471.1 (100), 331.1 (36)

H

C

20

H

29

N

3

O ESI 328 (100)

H

C

21

H

31

N

3

O ESI 342 (100)

H

C

22

H

33

N

3

O ESI 356.1 (100), 171.1 (5)

C

24

H

37

N

3

O ESI 370.1 (100), 247.1 (20)

TABLE 7

compounds of the formula shown, wherein Ph is phenyl

Compound

Physical Data

C

25

H

27

NO.HCl ESI 358.1 (44.50), 167.0 (100)

C

25

H

27

NO.HCl FAB 358.2 (100), 232.1 (23.70)

C

27

H

29

NO.HCl Cl 348.20 (58), 366.25 (48)

C

26

H

27

NO.HCl FAB 370.1 (100), 167.0 (100)

C

28

H

31

NO.HCl FAB 398.1 (100), 195.1 (98)

C

26

H

25

NOCl

2

.HCl FAB 440.1 (65), 438.0 (100), 236.9 (38), 234.9 (60)

C

25

H

23

NO

2

.HCl FAB 370.2 (100), 292.2 (18)

C

25

H

25

NO.HCl ESI 356.1 (14.77), 168 (20.98), 167 (100)

C

26

H

27

N.HCl ESI 354.1 (55.06), 167.1 (100),

C

26

H

25

N.HCl ESI 352.1 (41.94), 167.1 (100)

C

25

H

25

NO

2

.HCl ESI 372.1 (15.42), 167 (100)

C

26

H

27

NO

2

.HCl Cl 386.10 (73), 354.05 (88), 167.25 (100),

C

25

H

24

N

3

Cl.HCl Cl 402 (55), 366.20 (77), 250.15 (34), 167.25 (100),

C

24

H

27

N

3

O.HCl Cl 398.05 (100), 232.10 (19), 167.25 (74),

C

25

H

26

N

2

Cl 356.2 (26) 355.2 (100), 167 (28)

C

26

H

25

N

3

O

2

:HCl ESI 412 (20), 167.1 (100)

C

26

H

25

F

2

NO ESI 406.1 (100), 203.1 (89.11)

C

26

H

26

ClNO ESI 406.1 (34.35), 404.10 (81.42), 201.10 (100)

C

27

H

29

NO ESI 384.1 (54.52), 181 (100)

C

27

H

28

Cl

2

N

2

O ESI 399.1 (13.87), 398.1 (56.98), 397.1 (100)

C

26

H

26

FNO ESI 388.2 (90), 185.0 (100)

C

29

H

34

N

2

O ESI 429.1 (8.33) 428.10 (36.55), 427.1 (74.28)

C

24

H

31

NO FAB 350.4 (100), 204.3 (18)

C

25

H

33

NO FAB 364.40 (100), 204.3 (20)

C

27

H

28

F

2

N

2

O FAB 435.2 (100), 203.1 (55)

C

26

H

26

BrNO FAB 448.1 (100), 247.0 (58), 166.1 (38)

C

26

H

25

Br

2

NO ESI 528 (100), 325.1 (54.35)

C

27

H

28

Br

2

N

2

O FAB 560 (20), 557 (100), 324.8 (60)

C

27

H

27

NO

3

Cl 414.20 (100), 396.20 (34), 211.15 (47), 186.15 (30)

C

19

H

19

N

3

O ESI 306.1 (100)

C

21

H

29

N

3

O ESI 341.1 (30.27), 340.1 (100)

C

23

H

33

N

3

O ESI 369.1 (39.66), 368.1 (100)

C

28

H

31

NO

3

ESI 430.1 (100), 204.1 (52.46)

C

28

H

27

NO

3

FAB 426.3 (100), 225.0 (18), 195 (18)

C

30

H

35

NO ESI 426.1 (100), 408 (11), 223.0 (43)

C

28

H

31

NO

3

ESI 430.1 (100), 412.1 (11.0) 227.0 (24.2)

C

25

H

33

NO ESI 364.10 (100), 346 (7)

C

21

H

23

NO

3

FAB 338.1 (100)

C

21

H

21

F

4

NO

2

ESI 396.1 (100)

C

22

H

27

NO

3

Cl 354 (100), 336 (78)

C

21

H

21

F

4

NO ESI 380.1 (100)

TABLE 8

wherein Z

1

and Z

2

are as defined in the following table:

Z

1

Z

2

Physical Data

C

25

H

24

N

2

O.HCl FAB 369.2 (75), 167.1 (100)

C

27

H

28

N

2

O.HCl FAB 397.2 (40), 195.1 (100)

C

26

H

26

N

2

O.HCl ESI 383.1 (11.64), 181.1 (100)

C

25

H

24

N

2

Cl

2

O.HCl ESI 441.1 (11.05) 440.1 (15.61), 439.1 (48.02), 438.1 (23.94), 437.1 (64.05), 235.1 (100)

C

25

H

25

N

2

OF

2

.HCl FAB 405.2 (100), 203.1 (76)

C

25

H

23

ClN

2

O:HCl FAB 403.1 (100) 201 (70)

Assays

Nociceptin Binding Assay

CHO cell membrane preparation expressing the ORL-1 receptor (2 mg) was incubated with varying concentrations of [

125

I][Tyr

14

]nociceptin (3-500 pM) in a buffer containing 50 mM HEPES (pH7.4), 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl

2

, 2.5 mM CaCl

2

, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and 0.025% bacitracin. In a number of studies, assays were carried out in buffer 50 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1 mg/ml bovine serum alumbin and 0.025% bacitracin. Samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature (22° C.). Radiolabelled ligand bound to the membrane was harvested over GF/B filters presoaked in 0.1% polyethyleneimine using a Brandell cell harvester and washed five times with 5 ml cold distilled water. Nonspecific binding was determined in parallel by similar assays performed in the presence of 1 μM nociceptin. All assay points were performed in duplicates of total and nonspecific binding.

Calculations of Ki were made using methods well known in the art.

For compounds of this invention, Ki values were determined to be in the range of 0.6 to 3000 nM, with compounds having a Ki value less than 10 nM being preferred. Ki values for representative compounds of the invention are as follows:

Compounds

Ki (nM)

200

0.6

2.3

3,000

Using the procedures described the

European Journal of Pharmacology,

336 (1997), p. 233-242, the agonist activity of compounds of the invention was determined:

% Stimulation

of [

35

S]-GTPγS

binding to hu-

man ORL-1 re-

ceptor @

Compound

100 nM

102

107

120

101

EXAMPLE 12

Cough Studies

The effects of nociceptin agonist Compound A (0.3-10 mg/kg, p.o.) and Compound B (10 mg/kg, p.o.)

were evaluated in capsaicin-induced cough in the guinea pig according to the methods of Bolser et al.

British Journal of Pharmacology

(1995) 114, 735-738. This model is a widely used method to evaluate the activity of potential anti-tussive drugs. Overnight fasted male Hartley guinea pigs (350-450 g, Charles River, Bloomington, Mass., USA) were placed in a 12″×14″ transparent chamber. The animals were exposed to aerosolized capsaicin (300 μM, for 4 min) produced by a jet nebulizer (Puritan Bennett, Lenexa, Kans., USA) to elicit the cough reflex. Each guinea pig was exposed only once to capsaicin. The number of coughs were detected by a microphone placed in the chamber and verified by a trained observer. The signal from the microphone was relayed to a polygraph which provided a record of the number of coughs. Either vehicle (methylcellulose 1 ml/kg, p.o.) or Compound A or Compound B were given 2 hours before aerosolized capsaicin. The anti-tussive activity of baclofen (3 mg/kg, p.o.) was also tested as a positive control. The results are summarized in the bar graph in FIG.

1

.

EXAMPLE 13

Respiratory Measurements

Studies were performed on male Hartley guinea pigs ranging in weight from 450 to 550 g. The animals were fasted overnight but given water and libitum. The guinea pigs were placed in a whole-body, head-out plethysmograph and a rubber collar was placed over the animal's head to provide an airtight seal between the guinea pig and the plethysmograph. Airflow was measured as a differential pressure across a wire mesh screen which covered a 1-in hole in the wall of the plethysmograph. The airflow signal was integrated to a signal proportional to volume using a preamplifier circuit and a pulmonary function computer (Buxco Electronics, Sharon, Conn., model XA). A head chamber was attached to the plethysmograph and air from a compressed gas source (21%O

2

, balance N

2

) was circulated through the head chamber for the duration of study. All respiratory measurements were made while the guinea pigs breathed this circulating air.

The volume signal from each animal was fed into a data acquisition/analysis system (Buxco Electronics, model XA) that calculated tidal volume and respiratory rate on a breath-by-breath basis. These signals were visually displayed on a monitor. Tidal volume and respiratory rate were recorded as an average value every minute.

The guinea pigs were allowed to equilibrate in the plethysmograph for 30 min. Baseline measurements were obtained at the end of this 30 min period. The guinea pigs were then removed from the plethysmograph and orally dosed with Compound A from Example 12 (10 mg/kg, p.o.), baclofen (3 mg/kg, p.o.) or a methylcellulose vehicle placebo (2 ml/kg, p.o.). Immediately after dosing, the guinea pigs were placed into the plethysmograph, the head chamber and circulating air were reconnected and respiratory variables were measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post treatment. This study was performed under ACUC protocol #960103.

Data Analysis

The data for tidal volume (V

T

), respiratory rate (f) and minute volume (MV=V

T

×f) were made for the baseline condition and at each time point after the drug or vehicle. The results are expressed as the mean ±SEM. The results are shown in

FIGS. 2A

,

2

B and

2

C.

FIG. 2A

shows the change in Tidal Volume,

FIG. 2B

shows the change in Tidal Volume and

FIG. 2C

shows the change in frequency of breaths.

We have surprisingly discovered that nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonists exhibit anti-tussive activity, making them useful for suppressing coughing in mammals. Non-limitative examples of nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonists include the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist compounds described herein. For mammals treated for coughing, the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonists may be administered along with one or more additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptoms selected from antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H

3

inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, α-adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK

1

, NK

2

and NK

3

tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA

B

agonists.

Non limitative examples of antihistamines include: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, certirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine (also known as SCH-34117), doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, mizolastine, equitazine, mianserin, noberastine, meclizine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine and triprolidine.

Non-limitative examples of histamine H

3

receptor antagonists include: thioperamide, impromidine, burimamide, clobenpropit, impentamine, mifetidine, S-sopromidine, R-sopromidine, SKF91486, GR

175737,

GT2016, UCL1199 and clozapine. Other compounds can readily be evaluated to determine activity at H

3

receptors by known methods, including the guinea pig brain membrane assay and the guinea pig neuronal ileum contraction assay, both of which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,707. Another useful assay utilizes rat brain membranes and is described by West et al., “Identification of Two-H

3

-Histamine Receptor Subtypes,”

Molecular Pharmacology,

Vol. 38, pages 610-613 (1990).

The term “leukotriene inhibitor” includes any agent or compound that inhibits, restrains, retards or otherwise interacts with the action or activity of leukotrienes. Non-limitative examples of leukotriene inhibitors include montelukast [R(E)]1[[[1-[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)-ethenyl]phenyl]-3[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]propyl]thio]methyl]cyclopropaneacetic acid and its sodium salt, described in EP 0 480 717; 1-(((R)-(3-(2-(6,7-difluoro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-3-(2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)phenyl)thio)methylcyclopropaneacetic acid, and its sodium salt, described in WO 97/28797 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,324; 1-(((1(R)-3(3-(2-(2,3dichlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)-(E)-ethenyl)phenyl)-3-(2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl)propyl)thio)methyl)cyclopropaneacetic acid, and its sodium salt, described in WO 97/28797 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,964; pranlukast, N-[4-oxo-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran-8-yl]-p-(4phenylbutoxy)benzamide) described in WO 97/28797 and EP 173,516; zafirlukast, (cyclopentyl-3-[2-methoxy-4-[(o-tolylsulfonyl)carbamoyl]benzyl]-1-methylindole-5carbamate) described in WO 97/28797 and EP 199,543; and [2-[[2(4-tert-butyl-2-thiazolyl)-5

951

-benzofuranyl]oxymethyl]phenyl]acetic acid, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,495 and Japanese patent JP08325265 A.

The term “5-lipoxygenase inhibitor” or “5-LO inhibitor” includes any agent or compound that inhibits, restrains, retards or otherwise interacts with the enzymatic action of 5-lipoxygenase. Non-limitative examples of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors include zileuton, docebenone, piripost, ICI-D2318, and ABT 761.

Non-limitative examples of β-adrenergic receptor agonists include: albuterol, bitolterol, isoetharine, mataproterenol, perbuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, ephedrine and epinephrine.

A non-limitative example of a xanthine derivative is theophylline.

Non-limitative examples of α-adrenergic receptor agonists include arylalkylamines, (e.g., phenylpropanolamine and pseudephedrine), imidazoles (e.g., naphazoline, oxymetazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and xylometazoline), and cycloalkylamines (e.g., propylhexedrine).

A non-limitative example of a mast cell stabilizer is nedocromil sodium.

Non-limitative examples of anti-tussive agents include codeine, dextromethorphan, benzonatate, chlophedianol, and noscapine.

A non-limitative example of an expectorant is guaifenesin.

Non-limitative examples of NK

1

, NK

2

and NK

3

tachykinin receptor antagonists include CP-99,994 and SR 48968.

Non-limitative examples of GABA

B

agonists include baclofen and 3-aminopropyl-phosphinic acid.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds described by this invention, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. The powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 70 percent active ingredient. Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g. magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection.

Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.

Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.

The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. The transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.

Preferably the compound is administered orally.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in unit dosage form. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg. to 300 mg, according to the particular application.

The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired.

The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of the invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician considering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the symptoms being treated. A typical recommended dosage regimen is oral administration of from 10 mg to 2000 mg/day preferably 10 to 1000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses to provide relief from pain, anxiety, depression, asthma or alcohol abuse. The compounds are non-toxic when administered within this dosage range.

For treating cough, the amount of nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist in a unit dose is preferably from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably, from about 1 mg to 300 mg. A typical recommended dosage regimen is oral administration of from 1 mg to 2000 mg/day, preferably 1 to 1000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses. When treating coughing, the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist may be administered with one or more additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptoms selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H

3

inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, α-adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK

1

, NK

2

and NK

3

tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA

B

agonists. The nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist and the additional agents are preferably administered in a combined dosage form (e.g., a single tablet), although they can be administered separately. The additional agents are administered in amounts effective to provide relief from cough, allergy or asthma symptoms, preferably from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg to 300 mg per unit dose. A typical recommended dosage regimen of the additional agent is from 1 mg to 2000 mg/day, preferably 1 to 1000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

The following are examples of pharmaceutical dosage forms which contain a compound of the invention. The scope of the invention in its pharmaceutical composition aspect is not to be limited by the examples provided.

Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Examples

EXAMPLE A-Tablets

No.

Ingredients

mg/tablet

mg/tablet

1.

Active compound

100

500

2.

Lactose USP

122

113

3.

Corn Starch, Food Grade, as a

30

40

10% paste in Purified Water

4.

Corn Starch, Food Grade

45

40

5.

Magnesium Stearate

3

7

Total

300

700

Method of Manufacture

Mix Item Nos. 1 and 2 in a suitable mixer for 10-15 minutes. Granulate the mixture with Item No. 3. Mill the damp granules through a coarse screen (e.g., ¼″, 0.63 cm) if necessary. Dry the damp granules. Screen the dried granules if necessary and mix with Item No. 4 and mix for 10-15 minutes. Add Item No. 5 and mix for 1-3 minutes. Compress the mixture to appropriate size and weigh on a suitable tablet machine.

EXAMPLE B-Capsules

No.

Ingredient

mg/capsule

mg/capsule

1.

Active compound

100

500

2.

Lactose USP

106

123

3.

Corn Starch, Food Grade

40

70

4.

Magnesium Stearate NF

7

7

Total

253

700

Method of Manufacture

Mix Item Nos. 1, 2 and 3 in a suitable blender for 10-15 minutes. Add Item No. 4 and mix for 1-3 minutes. Fill the mixture into suitable two-piece hard gelatin capsules on a suitable encapsulating machine.

While the present invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
3311624	Ohnacker et al.	Mar 1967	A
3318900	Janssen	May 1967	A
4521537	Kosley et al.	Jun 1985	A
4707487	Arrang et al.	Nov 1987	A
5270324	Zamboni et al.	Dec 1993	A
5296495	Matsuo et al.	Mar 1994	A
5352707	Pompni et al.	Oct 1994	A
5436255	Butler	Jul 1995	A
5472964	Young et al	Dec 1995	A
5489599	Carter et al.	Feb 1996	A
5583000	Ortz de Montellano et al.	Dec 1996	A
5654316	Carruthers et al.	Aug 1997	A
5665719	Bock et al.	Sep 1997	A
5698567	Guillonneau et al.	Dec 1997	A
5710155	Schnorrenberg et al.	Jan 1998	A
5872115	Binet et al.	Feb 1999	A

Number	Date	Country
195 19 245	Oct 1996	DE
0 121 972	Oct 1984	EP
0 173 516	Mar 1986	EP
0 199 543	Oct 1986	EP
0 480 717	Apr 1991	EP
0 709 375	May 1996	EP
0 743 312	Nov 1996	EP
0 856 514	Aug 1998	EP
921 125	Jun 1999	EP
61-225167	Oct 1986	JP
WO 9626196	Aug 1996	WO
WO 9728797	Aug 1997	WO
WO 9852545	Nov 1998	WO
WO 9936421	Jul 1999	WO

High affinity ligands for nociceptin receptor ORL-1

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (16)

Foreign Referenced Citations (14)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (29)

Provisional Applications (1)

Entry
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