Patent Grant
7654812
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is broadly concerned with improved, high capacity die assemblies for use with single or twin extruders. More particularly, the invention is concerned with such die assemblies, extruders including the die assemblies, and corresponding methods wherein the die assemblies preferably include a tubular section having a progressively diverging bore, an axially rotatable flighted screw section also progressively diverging within the tubular section, and a die unit associated with the head and screw sections. The diverging construction of tubular and screw sections allows the use of larger area dies having a greater number of die openings therein to thus increase extrusion rates.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Extrusion processing of comestible products such as human foods and animal feeds has long been practiced and is a highly developed art. In general terms, food extruders of the single or twin screw variety are employed, having elongated, tubular barrels with inputs adjacent one end thereof and restricted orifice dies at the outlet thereof, and one or two helically flighted, rotatable screws within the barrel. In many instances steam is injected into the barrel during processing. An apertured die plate is operably coupled with the outlet end of the barrel in order to form the product as it emerges from the extruder. Depending upon the selected extrusion conditions, the final products may be fully or partially cooked, and can have varying degrees of expansion.
Many commercial extruders are designed with converging terminal screw sections sometimes referred to as “cone nose” sections. These screw sections are housed within a complementally converging barrel section. These converging extruder end assemblies are provided in order to increase the pressure and shear conditions within the extruder just upstream of the final extrusion die. Typical examples of these designs are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,118,164 (single screw) and 4,875,847 (twin screw).
Referring to
In operation, a comestible material (usually a mixture of ingredients including quantities of protein, starch and fat) is fed into preconditioner 12 where it is initially moisturized by the addition of steam and/or water and heated to partially cook the material. The preconditioned material is then delivered to the extruder 11 where the action of the rotating screws(s) 14 serves to convey the material toward and through die 13. During this conveyance, the material is subjected to increasing levels of temperature, pressure and shear, in order to cook the material to the desired degree. As the material emerges from the die 13, it is formed as a final product and may undergo expansion as a result of flash-off of moisture from the material. The degree of expansion is a controlled phenomenon, and is influenced by the amount of energy imparted to the material within the barrel 12 and the geometry of the final die 13.
These food extruder systems have been used for decades to produce a wide variety of human foods and animal feeds. However, it has been found that the frustoconical end configuration of the terminal barrel and screw sections 17 and 18 may limit the rate of production achievable with such extrusion assemblies. Specifically, owing to the fact that the terminal barrel and screw sections converge, the die 13 necessarily has a reduced surface area, and hence can only have a certain number of restricted die openings therein, Indeed, this limitation on the number of available die openings is the limiting factor in production rates for some products such as small diameter or micro-aquatic feeds.
For example, using a typical Wenger Model X165 single screw extruder for the production of micro-aquatic feeds having a diameter of up to 2 mm., the maximum throughput is on the order of 1-1.5 tons/hr., and this rate limitation is attributable to the presence of only a small number of die holes.
Other conventional extruder designs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,728,053; 3,904,341; 4,346,652; 4,352,650; 4,400,218; 4,422,839; 4,836,460; 5,458,836; 6,074,084; 6,331,069; 6,491,510; 7,101,166; Japanese Patent No. JP 55013147; Non-Patent Literature: Effects of Die Dimensions on Extruder Performance; Sokhey A S; Ali Y; Hanna M A; Foodline; Influence of Extrusion Conditions on Extrusion Speed, Temperature, and Pressure in the Extruder and on Pasta Quality; Abecassis, J.; Abbou, R; Food Sci.&Tech. Abs; and Barrel-Valve Assembly: Its Influence of Residence Time Distribution and Flow Pattern in a Twin-screw Extruder; Liang, M.; Hsieh, F; AGRICOLA.
The present invention overcomes the problems outlined above, and provides high capacity extrusion die assemblies for use with single or twin screw extruders. Generally speaking, the die assemblies include an elongated tubular section having an axial length, a smaller diameter inlet end and a larger diameter outlet end, with an internal bore progressively diverging at an angle of from about 1-11° (more preferably from about 1.5-7° and most preferably from about 2-4°) in a direction from the inlet end towards the outlet end. An elongated, axially rotatable screw section is located within the tubular section and has an axial screw length with a smaller diameter inlet end proximal to the tubular section inlet end and a larger diameter outlet end proximal to the tubular section outlet end. The screw section includes an elongated shaft with outwardly extending helical fighting presenting fighting outer surfaces along the length of the shaft, the fighting outer surfaces progressively diverging at an angle of from about 1-11° (more preferably from about 1.5-7° and most preferably from about)2-4° in a direction from the inlet end toward the outlet end. A die unit associated with the tubular section outlet end and has a plurality of die openings therethrough configured to create a pressure drop across the die openings during extrusion operations.
Thus, in preferred forms the mating tubular and screw sections define an outwardly diverging flow path having the aforementioned divergence angle which is generally frustoconical in overall shape. Consequently, the die unit can have a larger overall area as compared with the prior art, so that more die openings can be provided to increase extruder capacity.
Although the tubular and screw sections are preferably formed with gradually and progressively diverging defining surfaces throughout the entire axial lengths thereof, in certain instances the divergence need not be throughout the entirety of these sections. More generally, the tubular and screw sections should have diverging surfaces over at least about 50% of the lengths thereof, and more preferably at least about 75% of the lengths thereof. Additionally, while in certain embodiments the divergence angles of the tubular and screw sections are the same, in other cases these angles may be different. Also, respective portions of the tubular and screw sections may be of different divergence angles. For example, a given portion of the die assembly may have a relatively small divergence angle while a downstream portion of the die assembly may be configured with a larger divergence angle.
In preferred forms, the tubular section of the die assembly is made up of a cylindrical body with a replaceable internal sleeve having a desired diverging surface, so that the body and sleeve cooperatively define the overall head section. In other cases, however, a unitary tubular section can be used.
Where the die assemblies of the invention are used for the production of low density products such as floating micro-aquatic feeds, the die unit comprises a die plate which is located in close proximity to the end of the screw section. This is to avoid a situation where the material being processed is allowed to densify prior to passage through the die plate.
On the other hand, where the die assemblies are employed in the production of high density products such as sinking aquatic feeds, the die plate is spaced a significant distance from the terminal end of the screw section. Advantageously, in such dies a plurality of obliquely oriented, structurally distinct and separate material flow tubes are positioned at the outlet of the screw section, and a die plate is mounted at the other end of the flow tubes. Indeed, with the use of such oblique flow tubes, adequate divergence can be obtained without the use of the upstream diverging tubular and screw sections, or for that matter even without the use of a final screw section. Thus, such high product density die assemblies preferably include an elongated tubular section presenting a longitudinal axis and having an axial length and a bore with an inlet end and an outlet end, with a manifold operably coupled with the tubular section outlet end in order to receive material from the outlet end. A plurality of tubular extensions are secured to a manifold and are configured to receive material from the manifold, each of the extensions being oriented at an oblique angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the tubular section. A die is operably coupled with each of the extensions adjacent the ends thereof remote from the manifold and including a plurality of die openings oriented to create a pressure drop across the die openings during extrusion operations. Each of the extensions is independently oriented at an angle of from about 2-12°, more preferably from about 4-10° relative to the longitudinal axis of the tubular section.
In preferred practice however, the upstream tubular section adjacent the manifold is equipped with an axially rotatable screw section, and the upstream tubular and screw sections are as described above, i.e., these have a diverging construction to present a generally frustoconical flow path through these sections.
The die assemblies create methods of extruding materials from an extruder barrel comprising the steps of moving material under pressure along a progressively diverging, generally frustoconical path of travel defined between a stationary tubular section having an axial length with an internal bore presenting a smaller diameter inlet end and a larger diameter outlet end, and an axially rotating, helically flighted screw section within the bore. The path of divergence corresponds with the divergence angle of the tubular and screw sections, and is generally from about 1-11° (more preferably from about 1.5-7° and most preferably from about)2-4° in a direction from the inlet end toward the outlet end. The path of travel may progressively diverge over substantially the entirety of the bore axial length, but in any event should progressively diverge over at least about 50% of such axial length. After traveling along the flow path the material passes through a plurality of restricted orifice die openings so as to create a pressure drop across the die openings.
As noted previously, where the die assemblies are designed for production of low density products, the die is closely adjacent the terminal end of the screw section. Where high density products are desired and use is made of the diverging flow tubes, the material is forced through these tubes by the action of the extruder in order to allow the material to cool and densify in the tubes prior to extrusion.
In another aspect of the invention, improved extruders are provided having alternating diverging and converging sections along the length thereof. Such an extruder includes an elongated tubular barrel presenting an inlet end and an outlet end, and an elongated, axially rotatable, helically flighted screw within the barrel and operable to move the material from the inlet toward and through the outlet under pressure. A die assembly is coupled to the outlet end of the barrel and presents a plurality of die holes therethrough configured to create a pressure drop across the die openings during passage of the material through the openings. The extruder barrel has first and second sections along the length thereof, wherein the first section having a first generally frustoconical bore with the large end thereof proximal to the inlet end and the small end thereof proximal to the outlet end. The second section has a second generally frustoconical bore with the large end thereof proximal to the outlet end and the small end thereof proximal to the inlet end. The screw assembly also has first and second sections along the length thereof and correspondingly received within the first and second tubular sections. The first screw section is of generally frustoconical configuration and in alignment with the first tubular section, and the second screw section of generally frustoconical configuration in alignment with the second tubular section. Accordingly, the first tubular section and the first screw section cooperatively defining a converging material flow path along the length thereof and towards the outlet end, and the second tubular section and the second screw section cooperatively defining a diverging material flow path along the length thereof and towards the outlet end. The alternating converging and diverging extruder sections may be spaced apart along the length of the barrel, but are preferably adjacent one another.
A conventional die plate may be used with the extruders of the invention. However, to obtain the maximum benefit of the invention, the improved die assemblies hereof are used with the extruders.
Turning now to
The die assembly 20 is mounted on final head 24 and includes a tubular section 44 having a heat exchange jacket 46. The tubular section44 also has an internal, helically ribbed sleeve 48 which defines an internal frustoconical bore 50 in communication with bore 39. It will be observed that the bore 50 has an inlet end 52 of relatively small diameter and an outlet end 54 of relatively large diameter, and a gradually and progressively diverging bore-defining wall surface 55 extending from inlet end 52 to outlet end 54. The length/diameter (L/D) ratio of tubular section44, namely the ratio of the axial length of the tubular section44 divided by the inner diameter of the small inlet end 52, is about 2.03. In general, with the die assemblies of this embodiment the L/D ratio should be from about 1.5-4, more preferably from about 2-3.
The die assembly 20 also has a screw section 56 within tubular section44 and secured to a reduced diameter drive shaft extension 58 by means of bolt 60. The screw section 56 includes a shaft 62 and outwardly extending helical fighting 64. The screw section 56 also presents an inlet end 66 adjacent final screw section 30 and an opposed outlet end 68. The shaft 62 has an outer defining surface 70 which diverges from inlet end 66 to outlet end 68. Similarly, the fighting 64 presents fighting outer surfaces 72 which also diverge in the same fashion as surface 70. In this embodiment, the surfaces 55, 70 and 72 diverge at a constant angle of 3°, and cooperatively define a generally frustoconical flow path 75 from the inlet ends 52 and 66 to the outlet ends 54 and 68. In practice, divergence angles of from about 1.5-7°, and more preferably from about 2-6°, have been found to be suitable.
The die assembly 20 also has a die unit 74 in the form of a die plate 76 secured to tubular section44 by means of bolts 78. The die plate 76 has a plurality of restricted orifice die openings 80 arranged in a generally circular pattern so as to be in direct communication with the outlet end of flow path 75, and to create a pressure drop across the openings 80 during extrusion. The die plate 76 is also equipped with a central stub shaft 82 to facilitate mounting of a rotatable knife (not shown) adjacent the outlet face of the die plate 76. In this embodiment, the die plate 76 is closely adjacent the outlet end 68 of screw section 56 which is significant in the production of low density extrudates. Generally, the die plate 76 should be positioned at a distance of from about 0.5-2 inches from the outlet end 68, or more generally at a distance less than the diameter of die plate 76.
In the production of low density extrudates using die assembly 20, a starting mixture is passed into and through the extruder barre and ultimately through die assembly 20. During such passage, the screw assembly and die screw section 56 are rotated by shaft 36. If desired, steam and/or water may be injected into the barrel 26 via ports 40, and further temperature control may be achieved by passing cold water or steam through the jackets 42. This has the effect of subjecting the starting mixture to increasing levels of temperature, pressure and shear in order to cook the mixture to the desired extent. The material passing from barrel 26 is conveyed along the diverging, generally frustoconical flow path 75 towards and through the die openings 80. The extrusion parameters (e.g., SME, STE, and extruder configuration) are maintained so as to impart significant energy to the material in order to increase the degree of expansion of the product as it emerges from the die openings 80.
A variety of low density extrudates can be produced using the die assembly 20. A prime example of such a product is floating fish feeds designed to largely float at or near the surface of water. In the production of such feeds, the starting mixtures would typically contain one or more grains (e.g., corn, wheat, oat, milo, soy) as well as proteinaceous materials such as fish meal. The starting mixture would normally be initially processed and moisturized in a preconditioner such as a Wenger DDC preconditioner or a preconditioner as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,448,795. In the extruder, the following conditions are typical: residence time of the material being processed within the extruder barrel of from about 3-20 seconds, more preferably from about 4-10 seconds; extruder screw speeds of from about 250-900 rpm, more preferably from about 400-800 rpm; maximum temperature of material being processed within the barrel, 100-150° C., more preferably from about 110-125° C.; maximum pressure within the barrel of from about 100-2000 psi, more preferably from about 400-800 psi. In such processing the material may be cooked (as measured by extent of gelatinization of starch-bearing ingredients) to any desired level, but usually cook levels of at least about 75%, more preferably from about 75-98% are achieved. The floating fish feeds usually contain from about 18-36% by weight protein, from about 2-5% by weight fat, and from about 20-50% by weight starch, and have as-extruded moisture levels of from about 21-23% by weight, and wet product densities of from about 410-460 g/l.
It has been found that use of die assembly 20 overcomes the limitation on production experienced with conventional extrusions systems, in that the die plate 76 has a much larger number of die openings 80 as compared with the typical smaller die plates 13. Indeed, production rates are very significantly enhanced, often by a factor of three or more, without any loss in product quality.
The overall die assembly 90 has, in addition to the previously noted tubular section44 and screw section 56, a manifold 92, oblique extension tubes 94, and a final die unit 96. The manifold 92 is secured to the butt end of tubular section44 by means of bolts 98 and includes a main body 100 having a rear wall 102, forwardly extending annular wall 104 and outer wall 106. As best seen in
The die unit 96 is secured to the tubes 94 adjacent the ends thereof remote from body 100. In particular, the die unit 96 includes a main body 114 having three equally circumferentially spaced, frustoconical bores 116 therethrough. As best seen in
In preferred forms, the tubes 94 are circular in cross section and are arranged in a substantially circular array. However, the invention is not so limited and the tubes can have different cross sectional shapes and can be arrayed differently. Where the term “diameter” is used with respect to the tubes 94, this is intended to denote the largest cross section dimension where non-circular tubes are employed. In addition, it is preferred that the tubes 94 be static, i.e., they do not include any moveable components along the lengths thereof, and have a constant shape and diameter along these lengths. Preferably, the length/diameter (L/D) ratio for the tubes 94 is from about 2-8, more preferably about 3-5, and most preferably about 3.75. It is also preferred that the tubes be separate and out of communication with each other at the ends thereof adjacent the outer apertured die sections 122. This is to be contrasted with a situation where separate flow paths are provided in which the material from the respective flow paths is recombined prior to extrusion thereof.
During extrusion using die assembly 90, the preconditioned material fed into the extruder barrel is subjected to increasing levels of shear, temperature, and pressure, and passes from the extruder barrel into manifold 92 where the material is separated into three streams owing to the presence of the diverter 110. These individual streams are then forced through the separate, structurally distinct tubes 94 towards and through die sections 122 of die plate 118. As such, the material passes through fully separate, mutually diverging paths of travel. During the travel through the tubes 94, the material is densified and cooled so that the final extrudates have a relatively high density. Moreover, the tubes 94 result in longer retention times and thus more cook for the product, as compared with conventional dies. The use of the manifold 92 and the separate tubes 94 in place of a single, large tube or extension having the same total cross sectional area results in a higher pressure drop across the dies, thus creating a denser product. Of course, the operating conditions of the extruder are maintained so that excess expansion upon extrusion is avoided. In general, the conditions specified above for the first embodiment may be followed with die assembly 90.
A principal use for die assembly 90 is in the production of sinking fish feeds which are designed to descend in water at controlled rates (e.g., slow- and fast-sinking feeds) which are optimum for specific species of fish. Common slow-sinking fish feeds have protein levels of from about 26-45% by weight, fat levels of from about 20-40% by weight, and starch levels of from about 5-15% by weight. Correspondingly, the denser fast-sinking feeds usually have protein levels of from about 26-48% by weight, fat levels of from about 18-26% by weight, and starch levels of from about 10-15% by weight. The as-extruded moisture levels of the slow- and fast-sinking fish feeds are from about 18-22% by weight and 26-28% by weight, respectively. The wet products have densities of from about 510-570 g/1 (slow-sinking) and 600-650 g/l (fast-sinking). Another type of dense aquatic feed which can be produced by die assembly 90 is shrimp feed, which usually has from about 22-32% by weight protein, 2-6% by weight fat, and 12-26% by weight starch. These products have an as-extruded moisture level of from about 27-31% by weight and a wet product density of from about 660-720 g/l.
The die assembly 130 is mounted on final head 24 and includes a tubular section 44 having a heat exchange jacket 46. The tubular section44 also has an internal, helically ribbed sleeve 48a which defines an internal frutoconical bore 50a in communication with bore 39. It will be observed that the bore 50a has an inlet end 52a of relatively small diameter and an outlet end 54a of relatively large diameter, and a gradually and progressively diverging bore-defining wall surface 55a extending from inlet end 52a to outlet end 54a.
The die assembly 130 also has a screw section 56a within tubular section44 and secured to a reduced diameter drive shaft extension 58 by means of bolt 60. The screw section 56a includes a shaft 62a and outwardly extending helical fighting 64a. The screw section 56a also presents an inlet end 66a adjacent final screw section 30 and an opposed outlet end 68a. The shaft 62a has an outer defining surface 70a which diverges from inlet end 66a to outlet end 68a. Similarly, the fighting 64a presents fighting outer surfaces 72a which also diverge. In this embodiment, the surfaces 55a and 72a each diverge at a constant angle of 3°. However, the fighting depth of screw section 56a decreases from the inlet end 66a to the outlet end 68a thereof. “Flighting depth” refers to the distance between the outer fighting surfaces 72a and the defining outer surface of the shaft 62a. A consideration of
The
The second or terminal section 144 also has a tubular section162 equipped with an internal, helically ribbed sleeve 164 presenting an outer surface 166. The section 144 also has an elongated, helically flighted, axially rotatable screw section 168 therein, including a progressively tapered shaft 170 and outwardly extending helical fighting 172 presenting outermost fighting surfaces 174. The tubular section162 (owing to the presence of sleeve 164) and screw section 168 have corresponding, smaller diameter inlet ends 162a, 168a, and larger diameter outlet ends 162b, 168b. Accordingly, the tubular section162 and screw section 168 cooperatively define a generally frustoconical flow path 176 along the length thereof. Both of the surfaces 166 and 174 are oriented at a constant divergence angle of 6°.
Additionally, the die assembly 180 includes a straight section 182 secured to the outlet end of tubular section 44. The section 182 has a tubular section184 with a ribbed internal sleeve 186 having an inner surface 188. In this instance, the inlet and outlet ends 190, 192 of the tubular section 184 are of the same size, and the surface 188 does not diverge. The section 182 also has an elongated, helically flighted, axially rotatable screw section 194 therein, having a shaft 196 and helical fighting 198 presenting fighting outer surfaces 200. It will be seen that the surfaces 188 and 200 are each straight in that they have a zero angle of divergence. A die plate 76 identical to that of
The converging section 214 has tubular head section 232 with an internal, helically ribbed sleeve 234 presenting an innermost surface 236. An elongated, helically flighted, axially rotatable screw section 238 is located within head section 232 and has a central shaft 240 with helical fighting 242 presenting fighting surfaces 244. In this case, however, the inlet ends 232a, 238a of the head section (because of the presence of sleeve 234) and screw section 232, 238 are larger than the corresponding output ends 232b, 238b. Accordingly, the surfaces 236 and 244 cooperatively define a generally frustoconical but converging flow path 246. The components of sections 212 and 214 are designed so that the diverging flow path 230 and converging flow path 246 are each oriented at 3°. As indicated, the die assembly 20 has a diverging 3° flow path 75 as well.
The preceding embodiments have illustrated the use of die assemblies in accordance with the invention in the context of single screw extruders. However, the invention is not limited in this respect, and die assemblies embodying the principles of the invention can be fabricated for a use with twin screw extruders.
Referring to
The die assembly 252 includes a tubular section 268 which is secured to the butt end of terminal extruder head section 254 and communicates with the tubular extruder barrel. The tubular section 268 is equipped with a specialized sleeve 270 presenting a smooth inner surface 272 with a projection surface 274 on one side section thereof, both at a divergence angle of about 9°. The inlet end 268a of the tubular section268 is larger than the output end 268b thereof.
The assembly 252 also includes a pair of screw sections 276, 278 within tubular section268. The screw section 276 is mounted on drive shaft 260 and has a central shaft 280 with outwardly extending helical fighting 282 presenting outermost fighting surfaces 284. The inlet end 276a of the screw section 276 is smaller than the outlet end 276b thereof. The screw section 278 is mounted on drive shaft 258 and includes a central shaft 286 with outwardly extending helically flighting 288 presenting outer fighting surfaces 290. The inlet end 278a is larger than the outlet 278b. The axial length of screw section 278 is less than that of mating screw section 276. The fighting 282 of screw section 276 is intercalated with the fighting 288 of screw section 278, i.e., the fighting 282 extends past the outer surfaces 290 of the fighting 288, and vice versa. It will be seen that the outer fighting surfaces 284, 290, and the sleeve surface 272 cooperatively define a flow path 291 which diverges along the length of the die assembly 252.
The die assembly 252 includes a final die 292 having a central mounting stub shaft 294 and a series of restricted die openings 296 in communication with flow path 291. That is, material passing through the die assembly 252 diverges along the region between the fighting 282 of screw section 276 and surface 272, and also during passage between the intercalated fighting of screw sections 276, 278. Finally, material passing along the region between fighting 288 of screw section 278 and surfaces 272, 274 is likewise ultimately diverged outwardly by the outer end of projection surface 274. Accordingly, the net effect of die assembly 252 is to provide a desirable divergence of material flow in order to increase throughput through the extruder 250.
The
The back pressure valve assembly 300 includes three interconnected components, namely inlet transition 302, valve unit 304, and outlet transition 306. These components are aligned end-to-end and cooperatively define a passageway 308 throughout the entirety of the assembly 300.
In more detail, the transition 302 is secured to the end of tubular section 44 and has a converging opening 310. The valve unit 304 includes an upright tubular segment 312 generally transverse to the longitudinal axis of passageway 308 and having a laterally extending opening 314; the upper and lower ends of the segment 312 include sealing rings 316 and 318. An elongated valve member 320 is situated and vertically reciprocal within segment 312. The valve member 320 includes a laterally extending through opening 322 as well as a product diversion passageway or channel 324 including an inlet opening 326 and outlet 328. The valve member 320 is selectively moveable within segment 312 by means of piston and cylinder assembly 330. In particular, the assembly 330 is supported by mounting block 332 secured to segment 312. The assembly 330 includes a reciprocal piston rod 334 secured to the upper end of valve member 320. The outlet transition 306 is secured to the outer face of segment 312 and has a diverging opening 336. The die assembly 90 is secured to the outlet face of transition 306 by means of bolts 338.
In operation, the back pressure valve assembly 300 may be operated to vary the pressure and cook conditions developed in the overall extruder/back pressure valve/die assembly. Specifically, the valve member 320 is shifted downwardly until opening 322 comes into registry with passageway 308. During extrusion, the effective cross-sectional area presented by the passageway 308 may be adjusted through appropriate operation of piston and cylinder assembly 330. Of course, the overall extruder and terminal sections 44 and 56 operate as previously described. Similarly, the die assembly 90 also operates as previously discussed.
Turning now to
Referring particularly to
It will be observed that the shaft 358 has a smooth, non-splined, relatively long extension 358a within sleeve 366, whereas shaft 359 includes a shorter, smooth, non-splined extension 359a. The extension 359a supports a short, converging screw section 374 within region 373. The extension 358a supports a diverging screw section 376 which extends substantially the entire length of the section 364. The helical fighting of screw sections 374 and 376 are intercalated along the length of the section 374, with the remainder of screw section 376 extending along the ribbed surface 370 of sleeve 366. It will be seen that the screw section 376 diverges in conformance with the surfaces 368 and 370, i.e., the portion of screw section 376 adjacent surface 368 diverges at an angle of 5°, whereas the remainder of the screw section diverges at an angle of 10°. Thus, it will be seen that cooperating screw sections 374 and 376, together with sleeve 366 cooperatively define a generally frustoconical, diverging flow path 377 along the length of the section 364.
In the embodiment of
In the operation of the
The following examples set forth preferred apparatus and methods in accordance with the invention. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are provided by way of illustration only, and nothing therein should be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention.
In this Example, micro-aquatic floating fish feeds were produced using a basic recipe including 50% by weight soybean meal, 22% by weight fish meal, 25% by weight wheat flour, 1% by weight calcium carbonate and 2% by weight salt.
The extrusion equipment included a Model 16 DDC Wenger preconditioner, and a 5-head Model X165 Wenger single screw extruder equipped with the die assembly of
Two separate runs were conducted using this recipe and equipment. In run 1, 1% of Menhaden fish oil was added to the material in the preconditioner. In run 2, there was no oil addition.
The following Table 1 sets forth the results from this series of tests.
1Control/Temperature First Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Second Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Third Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Fourth Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Fifth Head (° C.)
1Temperature control involved injection of cold water or steam into the external jackets of the extruder barrel.
The as-extruded density in runs 1 and 2 was 370 and 430 g/l, respectively. After drying the final product densities were 444 and 488 g/l, respectively. The run 1 product was 85% floating and the run 2 product was 60% floating. Both products exhibited excellent water stability.
In this Example, micro-aquatic sinking fish feeds were produced using the same product recipe and equipment of Example 1, except that the die assembly of
The following Table 2 sets for the results of these runs.
1Control/Temperature First Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Second Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Third Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Fourth Head (° C.)
1Control/Temperature Fifth Head (° C.)
1Temperature control involved injection of cold water or steam into the external jackets of the extruder barrel.
The products from Examples 1 and 2 had densities and water stabilities within industry standards for floating and sinking fish feeds. In terms of production rates, typical feed production rates for micro-aquatic feeds using a Wenger Model X165 extruder are in the range of 1-1.5 tons/hr. However, using the die assemblies of the invention, production rates of 5 tons/hr. or greater were achieved. These levels were achieved, which were the maximum rates possible using the feeder equipment associated with the extrusion systems. Greater throughputs could be achieved with upgraded feeder equipment.
This is a division of identically titled application Ser. No. 12/420,677, filed Apr. 8, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,588,789, incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020843 | Lohner | Nov 1935 | A |
| 3285200 | Slaybaugh et al. | Nov 1966 | A |
| 3664795 | Heinz et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3728053 | Stillhard et al. | Apr 1973 | A |
| 3904341 | Putti | Sep 1975 | A |
| 4118164 | Wenger et al. | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4125635 | de Ruyter | Nov 1978 | A |
| 4173445 | McKelvey et al. | Nov 1979 | A |
| 4206713 | Ryason | Jun 1980 | A |
| 4285271 | Falck et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4346652 | de Ruyter | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4352650 | Marshall | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4384837 | Murai et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4400218 | Koch et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4422839 | Przytulla et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4454804 | McCulloch | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4483257 | den Otter | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4534992 | Taguchi et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4836460 | Akazawa | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4875847 | Wenger et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4928892 | Huebner et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4978077 | Huebner et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5458836 | Rakestraw et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5460506 | Price, IV et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 6074084 | Kolossow | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6103290 | Wenger | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6331069 | Putti | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6491510 | Tieu et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6773739 | Hauck et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 7101166 | Yamaguchi et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7448795 | Wenger et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 20060019009 | Keller et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060280850 | Epstein et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20080111954 | Hashimoto et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 55013147 | Jan 1980 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12420677 | Apr 2009 | US |
| Child | 12503662 | US |
