Patent Application
20240212879
This invention relates generally to shielded electrical ribbon cables suitable for data transmission and associated articles, systems, and methods, with particular application to ribbon cables that can be mass-terminated and provide high speed electrical properties.
Electrical cables for transmission of electrical signals are known. One common type of electrical cable is a coaxial cable. Coaxial cables generally include an electrically conductive wire surrounded by an insulator. The wire and insulator are surrounded by a shield, and the wire, insulator, and shield are surrounded by a jacket. Another common type of electrical cable is a shielded electrical cable comprising one or more insulated signal conductors surrounded by a shielding layer formed, for example, by a metal foil. To facilitate electrical connection of the shielding layer, a further un-insulated conductor is sometimes provided between the shielding layer and the insulation of the signal conductor or conductors. Both these common types of electrical cable normally require the use of specifically designed connectors for termination and are often not suitable for the use of mass-termination techniques, i.e., the simultaneous connection of a plurality of conductors to individual contact elements, such as, e.g., electrical contacts of an electrical connector or contact elements on a printed circuit board. Although electrical cables have been developed to facilitate these mass-termination techniques, these cables often have limitations in the ability to mass-produce them, in the ability to prepare their termination ends, in their flexibility, and in their electrical performance. In view of the advancements in high speed electrical and electronic components, a continuing need exists for electrical cables that are capable of transmitting high speed signals, facilitate mass-termination techniques, are cost-effective, and can be used in a large number of applications.
We have developed shielded electrical cables suitable for high speed data transmission that have unique and beneficial properties and characteristics, as well as systems utilizing such cables, and methods relating to such cables and systems. The cables are typically in a generally planar or ribbon format, with multiple channels or conductor sets extending along a length dimension of the cable and spaced apart from each other along a width dimension of the cable.
Some cables provide high packing density in a limited cable width, preferably while maintaining adequate high frequency electrical isolation and/or low crosstalk between different channels or conductor sets of the cable. Some cables provide an on-demand or localized drain wire feature. Some cables provide multiple drain wires, and attach the drain wires differently to different termination components on opposite ends of the cable. Some cables provide mixed conductor sets, e.g., one or more conductor sets adapted for high speed data transmission, and one or more conductor sets adapted for lower speed data transmission or power transmission. Some cables may provide only one of these beneficial design features, while others may provide combinations of some or all of these features.
The present application therefore discloses, inter alia , a shielded electrical ribbon cable that may include conductor sets each including one or more insulated conductors, and a first and second shielding film on opposite sides of the cable. In transverse cross section, cover portions of the shielding films may substantially surround each conductor set, and pinched portions of the films may form pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set. Dense packing can be achieved while maintaining high frequency electrical isolation between conductor sets. When the cable is laid flat, a quantity S/Dmin may be in a range from 1.7 to 2, where S is a center-to-center spacing between nearest insulated conductors of two adjacent conductor sets, and Dmin is the lesser of the outer dimensions of such nearest insulated conductors. Alternatively, a first and second conductor set each having only one pair of insulated conductors can satisfy a condition that Σ/σ is in a range from 2.5 to 3, where Σ is a center-to-center spacing of the conductor sets, and σ is a center-to-center spacing of the pair of insulated conductors of one of the conductor sets.
In some cases, each pair of adjacent conductor sets in the plurality of conductor sets may have a quantity corresponding to S/Dmin in the range from 1.7 to 2. In some cases, each of the conductor sets may have only one pair of insulated conductors, and a quantity Σavg/σavg may be in a range from 2.5 to 3, where σavg is an average center-to-center spacing of the pair of insulated conductors for the various conductor sets, and Σavg is an average center-to-center spacing between adjacent conductor sets. In some cases, cover portions of the first and second shielding films in combination substantially surround each conductor set by encompassing at least 75% of a periphery of each conductor set. In some cases, the first conductor set may have a high frequency isolation between adjacent insulated conductors characterized by a crosstalk C1 at a specified frequency in a range from 3-15 GHz and for a 1 meter cable length, and a high frequency isolation between the first and second conductor sets may be characterized by a crosstalk C2 at the specified frequency, and C2 may be at least 10 dB lower than C1. In some cases, one or both shielding films may include a conductive layer disposed on a dielectric substrate. In some cases, the cable may include a first drain wire in electrical contact with at least one of the first and second shielding films. Second cover portions of the first and second shielding films may substantially surround the first drain wire in transverse cross section. The first drain wire may be characterized by a drain wire distance σ1 to a nearest insulated wire of a nearest conductor set, and the nearest conductor set may be characterized by a center-to-center spacing of insulated conductors of σ2, and σ1/σ2 may be greater than 0.7.
The cable may also include at least eight conductor sets, each conductor set having only one pair of insulated conductors, and the width of the cable may be no greater than 16 mm when laid flat, even in cases where the cable includes at least one or two drain wires. This compact width dimension can allow the flat cable to connect to one end of a standard 4channel or 4 lane mini-SAS paddle card, whose approximate width is 15.6 mm. With such a configuration, 4 high speed shielded transmit pairs and 4 high speed shielded receive pairs can be accommodated in a mini-SAS paddle card using only one ribbon cable, rather than having to connect multiple ribbon cables to such paddle card. Attaching only one ribbon cable to the paddle card increases fabrication speed and reduces complexity, and allows for increased flexibility and reduced bending radius since one ribbon cable bends more readily than two ribbon cables stacked atop each other.
The cables may be combined with a paddle card or other substrate having a plurality of conductive paths thereon each extending from a first end to a second end of the substrate. Individual conductors of the insulated conductors of the cable may attach to corresponding ones of the conductive paths at the first end of the substrate. In some cases, all of the corresponding conductive paths may be disposed on one major surface of the substrate. In some cases, at least one of the corresponding conductive paths may be disposed on one major surface of the substrate, and at least another of the corresponding conductive paths may be disposed on an opposed major surface of the substrate. In some cases, at least one of the conductive paths may have a first portion on a first major surface of the substrate at the first end, and a second portion on an opposed second major surface of the substrate at the second end. In some cases, alternating ones of the conductor sets may attach to conductive paths on opposite major surfaces of the substrate.
The present application also discloses shielded electrical cable that includes a plurality of conductor sets, a first shielding film, and a first drain wire. The plurality of conductor sets extend along a length of the cable and are spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors. The first shielding film may include cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set. The first drain wire may be in electrical contact with the first shielding film and may also extend along the length of the cable. Electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film may be localized at at least a first treated area.
The electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film at the first treated area may be characterized by a DC resistance of less than 2 ohms. The first shielding film may cover the first drain wire at the first treated area and at a second area, the second area being at least as long as the first treated area, and a DC resistance between the first drain wire and the first shielding film may be greater than 100 ohms at the second area. In some cases, a dielectric material may separate the first drain wire from the first shielding film at the second area, and at the first treated area there may be little or no separation of the first drain wire from the first shielding film by the dielectric material.
In a related method, a cable may be provided that includes a plurality of conductor sets, a first shielding film, and a drain wire. The first shielding film may include cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set. The first drain wire may extend along the length of the cable. The method may further include selectively treating the cable at a first treated area to locally increase or establish electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film in the first treated area.
A DC resistance between the first drain wire and the first shielding film at the first treated area may be greater than 100 ohms before the selectively treating step, and less than 2 ohms after the selectively treating step. The selectively treating may include selectively applying force to the cable at the first treated area. The selectively treating may also include selectively heating the cable at the first treated area. The cable may also include a second drain wire extending along the length of the cable but spaced apart from the first drain wire, and the selectively treating may not substantially increase or establish electrical contact of the second drain wire to the first shielding film. In some cases, the cable may further include a second shielding film, and the selectively treating may also locally increase or establish electrical contact of the first drain wire to the second shielding film in the first treated area.
The present application also discloses shielded electrical cable that includes a plurality of conductor sets, a first shielding film, and first and second drain wires. The plurality of conductor sets may extend along a length of the cable and be spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors. The first shielding film may include cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set. The first and second drain wires may extend along the length of the cable, and may be electrically connected to each other at least as a result of both of them being in electrical contact with the first shielding film. For example, a DC resistance between the first shielding film and the first drain wire may be less than 10 ohms, or less than 2 ohms. This cable may be combined with one or more first termination components at a first end of the cable and one or more second termination components at a second end of the cable.
In such combination, the first and second drain wires may be members of a plurality of drain wires extending along the length of the cable, and a number n1 of the drain wires may connect to the one or more first termination components, and a number n2 of the drain wires may connect to the one or more second termination components. The number n1 may not be equal to n2. Furthermore, the one or more first termination components may collectively have a number m1 of first termination components, and the one or more second termination components may collectively have a number m2 of second termination components. In some cases, n2>n1, and m2>m1. In some cases, m1=1. In some cases, m1=m2. In some cases, m1<m2. In some cases, m1>1 and m2>1.
In some cases, the first drain wire may electrically connect to the one or more first termination components but may not electrically connect to the one or more second termination components. In some cases, the second drain wire may electrically connect to the one or more second termination components but may not electrically connect to the one or more first termination components.
The present application also discloses shielded electrical cable that includes a plurality of conductor sets and a first shielding film. The plurality of conductor sets may extend along a length of the cable and be spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors. The first shielding film may include cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set. Advantageously, the plurality of conductor sets may include one or more first conductor sets adapted for high speed data transmission and one or more second conductor sets adapted for power transmission or low speed data transmission.
The electrical cable may also include a second shielding film disposed on an opposite side of the cable from the first shielding film. In some cases, the cable may include a first drain wire in electrical contact with the first shielding film and also extending along the length of the cable. A DC resistance between the first shielding film and the first drain wire may be less than 10 ohms, or less than 2 ohms, for example. The one or more first conductor sets may include a first conductor set comprising a plurality of first insulated conductors having a center-to-center spacing of σ1, and the one or more second conductor sets may include a second conductor set comprising a plurality of second insulated conductors having a center-to-center spacing of σ2, and σ1 may be greater than σ2. The insulated conductors of the one or more first conductor sets may all be arranged in a single plane when the cable is laid flat. Furthermore, the one or more second conductor sets may include a second conductor set having a plurality of the insulated conductors in a stacked arrangement when the cable is laid flat. The one or more first conductor sets may be adapted for maximum data transmission rates of at least 1 Gbps (i.e., 1 giga-bit per second, or about 0.5 GHz), up to e.g. 25 Gbps (about 12.5 GHz) or more, or for a maximum signal frequency of at least 1 GHz, for example, and the one or more second conductor sets may be adapted for maximum data transmission rates that are less than 1 Gbps (about 0.5 GHz) or less than 0.5 Gbps (about 250 MHz), for example, or for a maximum signal frequency of less than 1 GHz or 0.5 GHz, for example. The one or more first conductor sets may be adapted for maximum data transmission rates of at least 3 Gbps (about 1.5 GHz).
Such an electrical cable may be combined with a first termination component disposed at a first end of the cable. The first termination component may include a substrate and a plurality of conductive paths thereon, the plurality of conductive paths having respective first termination pads arranged on a first end of the first termination component. The shielded conductors of the first and second conductor sets may connect to respective ones of the first termination pads at the first end of the first termination component in an ordered arrangement that matches an arrangement of the shielded conductors in the cable. The plurality of conductive paths may have respective second termination pads arranged on a second end of the first termination component that are in a different arrangement than that of the first termination pads on the first end.
Related methods, systems, and articles are also discussed.
These and other aspects of the present application will be apparent from the detailed description below. In no event, however, should the above summaries be construed as limitations on the claimed subject matter, which subject matter is defined solely by the attached claims, as may be amended during prosecution.
The resulting cable made by this process was photographed and is shown in top view in
In the figures, like reference numerals designate like elements.
As outlined above, we describe herein, among other things, shielded ribbon cables, methods involving shielded ribbon cables, and combinations and systems employing shielded ribbon cables. Before discussing some aspects of the high density shielded cables, we provide a general description of exemplary shielded cables in a section entitled “Shielded Electrical Cable Discussion”. Thereafter, we describe aspects of the high density shielded cables in a section entitled “High Density Shielded Cables”. We also describe aspects of other unique shielded cables, systems, and methods, which may incorporate high density features if desired. Thus, we describe aspects of shielded cables that have an on-demand drain wire in a section entitled “Shielded Cables With On-Demand Drain Wire Feature”. We describe aspects of shielded cables and cable assemblies having multiple drain wires in a section entitled “Shielded Cables With Multiple Drain Wires”. We also describe aspects of shielded cables that incorporate mixed conductor sets in a section entitled “Shielded Cables With Mixed Conductor Sets”.
The reader is cautioned that the various sections and section headings are provided for improved organization and convenience, and are not to be construed in a limiting way. For example, the sections and section headings are not to be construed to mean that techniques, methods, features, or components of one section cannot be used with techniques, methods, features, or components of a different section. On the contrary, we intend for any information from any given section or sections to also be applicable to information in any other section or sections, unless otherwise clearly indicated to the contrary. Thus, for example, aspects of high density shielded cables can be found not only in the section entitled “High Density Shielded Cables”, but in the other sections as well. Similarly, aspects of shielded cables with on-demand drain wires can be found not only in the section entitled “Shielded Cables With On-Demand Drain Wire Feature”, but in the other sections as well, and so forth.
As the number and speed of interconnected devices increases, electrical cables that carry signals between such devices need to be smaller and capable of carrying higher speed signals without unacceptable interference or crosstalk. Shielding is used in some electrical cables to reduce interactions between signals carried by neighboring conductors. Many of the cables described herein have a generally flat configuration, and include conductor sets that extend along a length of the cable, as well as electrical shielding films disposed on opposite sides of the cable. Pinched portions of the shielding films between adjacent conductor sets help to electrically isolate the conductor sets from each other. Many of the cables also include drain wires that electrically connect to the shields, and extend along the length of the cable. The cable configurations described herein can help to simplify connections to the conductor sets and drain wires, reduce the size of the cable connection sites, and/or provide opportunities for mass termination of the cable.
The first and second shielding films 8 are arranged so that, in transverse cross section, cable 2 includes cover regions 14 and pinched regions 18. In the cover regions 14 of the cable 2, cover portions 7 of the first and second shielding films 8 in transverse cross section substantially surround each conductor set 4. For example, cover portions of the shielding films may collectively encompass at least 75%, or at least 80, 85, or 90% of the perimeter of any given conductor set. Pinched portions 9 of the first and second shielding films form the pinched regions 18 of cable 2 on each side of each conductor set 4. In the pinched regions 18 of the cable 2, one or both of the shielding films 8 are deflected, bringing the pinched portions 9 of the shielding films 8 into closer proximity. In some configurations, as illustrated in
The cable 2 may also include an adhesive layer 10 disposed between shielding films 8 at least between the pinched portions 9. The adhesive layer 10 bonds the pinched portions 9 of the shielding films 8 to each other in the pinched regions 18 of the cable 2. The adhesive layer 10 may or may not be present in the cover region 14 of the cable 2.
In some cases, conductor sets 4 have a substantially curvilinearly-shaped envelope or perimeter in transverse cross-section, and shielding films 8 are disposed around conductor sets 4 such as to substantially conform to and maintain the cross-sectional shape along at least part of, and preferably along substantially all of, the length L of the cable 6. Maintaining the cross-sectional shape maintains the electrical characteristics of conductor sets 4 as intended in the design of conductor sets 4. This is an advantage over some conventional shielded electrical cables where disposing a conductive shield around a conductor set changes the cross-sectional shape of the conductor set.
Although in the embodiment illustrated in
In the embodiment illustrated in
The cross-sectional views of
An optional adhesive layer 110 may be disposed between shielding films 108. Shielded electrical cable 102a further includes optional ground conductors 112. Ground conductors 112 are spaced apart from and extend in substantially the same direction as insulated conductor 106. Conductor set 104 and ground conductors 112 can be arranged so that they lie generally in a plane as illustrated in
Second cover portions 113 of shielding films 108 are disposed around, and cover, the ground conductors 112. The adhesive layer 110 may bond the shielding films 108 to each other on both sides of ground conductors 112. Ground conductors 112 may electrically contact at least one of shielding films 108. In
As illustrated in the transverse cross sectional view of
Shielded cable 102b of
Referring to
Two shielding films 108c are disposed on opposite sides of conductor set 104c. The cable 102c includes a cover region 114c and pinched regions 118c. In the cover region 114c of the cable 102c, the shielding films 108c include cover portions 107c that cover the conductor set 104c . In transverse cross section, the cover portions 107c , in combination, substantially surround the conductor set 104c. In the pinched regions 118c of the cable 102c , the shielding films 108c include pinched portions 109c on each side of the conductor set 104c.
An optional adhesive layer 110c may be disposed between shielding films 108c. Shielded electrical cable 102c further includes optional ground conductors 112c similar to ground conductors 112 discussed previously. Ground conductors 112c are spaced apart from, and extend in substantially the same direction as, insulated conductors 106c. Conductor set 104c and ground conductors 112c can be arranged so that they lie generally in a plane as illustrated in
As illustrated in the cross section of
Shielded cable 102d of
Referring now to
Insulated conductors 106f are arranged effectively in a quad cable arrangement, whereby insulated conductors 106f may or may not twist around each other as insulated conductors 106f extend along a length of the cable 102f.
Referring back to
Referring to
First and second shielding films 208 are disposed on opposite sides of the cable 102g and are arranged so that, in transverse cross section, the cable 102g includes cover regions 224 and pinched regions 228. In the cover regions 224 of the cable, cover portions 217 of the first and second shielding films 208 in transverse cross section substantially surround each conductor set 104, 104c. Pinched portions 219 of the first and second shielding films 208 form the pinched regions 218 on two sides of each conductor set 104, 104c.
The shielding films 208 are disposed around ground conductors 112. An optional adhesive layer 210 is disposed between shielding films 208 and bonds the pinched portions 219 of the shielding films 208 to each other in the pinched regions 228 on both sides of each conductor set 104, 104c. Shielded electrical cable 102g includes a combination of coaxial cable arrangements (conductor sets 104) and a twinaxial cable arrangement (conductor set 104c) and may therefore be referred to as a hybrid cable arrangement.
One, two, or more of the shielded electrical cables may be terminated to a termination component such as a printed circuit board, paddle card, or the like. Because the insulated conductors and ground conductors can be arranged generally in a single plane, the disclosed shielded electrical cables are well suited for mass-stripping, i.e., the simultaneous stripping of the shielding films and insulation from the insulated conductors, and mass-termination, i.e., the simultaneous terminating of the stripped ends of the insulated conductors and ground conductors, which allows a more automated cable assembly process. This is an advantage of at least some of the disclosed shielded electrical cables. The stripped ends of insulated conductors and ground conductors may, for example, be terminated to contact conductive paths or other elements on a printed circuit board, for example. In other cases, the stripped ends of insulated conductors and ground conductors may be terminated to any suitable individual contact elements of any suitable termination device, such as, e.g., electrical contacts of an electrical connector.
In the step illustrated in
In some cases, the disclosed shielded cables can be made to include one or more longitudinal slits or other splits disposed between conductor sets. The splits may be used to separate individual conductor sets at least along a portion of the length of shielded cable, thereby increasing at least the lateral flexibility of the cable. This may allow, for example, the shielded cable to be placed more easily into a curvilinear outer jacket. In other embodiments, splits may be placed so as to separate individual or multiple conductor sets and ground conductors. To maintain the spacing of conductor sets and ground conductors, splits may be discontinuous along the length of shielded electrical cable. To maintain the spacing of conductor sets and ground conductors in at least one end portion of a shielded electrical cable so as to maintain mass-termination capability, the splits may not extend into one or both end portions of the cable. The splits may be formed in the shielded electrical cable using any suitable method, such as, e.g., laser cutting or punching. Instead of or in combination with longitudinal splits, other suitable shapes of openings may be formed in the disclosed shielded electrical cables, such as, e.g., holes, e.g., to increase at least the lateral flexibility of the cable.
The shielding films used in the disclosed shielded cables can have a variety of configurations and be made in a variety of ways. In some cases, one or more shielding films may include a conductive layer and a non-conductive polymeric layer. The conductive layer may include any suitable conductive material, including but not limited to copper, silver, aluminum, gold, and alloys thereof. The non-conductive polymeric layer may include any suitable polymeric material, including but not limited to polyester, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, silicone rubber, ethylene propylene diene rubber, polyurethane, acrylates, silicones, natural rubber, epoxies, and synthetic rubber adhesive. The non-conductive polymeric layer may include one or more additives and/or fillers to provide properties suitable for the intended application. In some cases, at least one of the shielding films may include a laminating adhesive layer disposed between the conductive layer and the non-conductive polymeric layer. For shielding films that have a conductive layer disposed on a non-conductive layer, or that otherwise have one major exterior surface that is electrically conductive and an opposite major exterior surface that is substantially non-conductive, the shielding film may be incorporated into the shielded cable in several different orientations as desired. In some cases, for example, the conductive surface may face the conductor sets of insulated wires and ground wires, and in some cases the non-conductive surface may face those components. In cases where two shielding films are used on opposite sides of the cable, the films may be oriented such that their conductive surfaces face each other and each face the conductor sets and ground wires, or they may be oriented such that their non- conductive surfaces face each other and each face the conductor sets and ground wires, or they may be oriented such that the conductive surface of one shielding film faces the conductor sets and ground wires, while the non-conductive surface of the other shielding film faces conductor sets and ground wires from the other side of the cable.
In some cases, at least one of the shielding films may be or include a stand-alone conductive film, such as a compliant or flexible metal foil. The construction of the shielding films may be selected based on a number of design parameters suitable for the intended application, such as, e.g., flexibility, electrical performance, and configuration of the shielded electrical cable (such as, e.g., presence and location of ground conductors). In some cases, the shielding films may have an integrally formed construction. In some cases, the shielding films may have a thickness in the range of 0.01 mm to 0.05 mm. The shielding films desirably provide isolation, shielding, and precise spacing between the conductor sets, and allow for a more automated and lower cost cable manufacturing process. In addition, the shielding films prevent a phenomenon known as “signal suck-out” or resonance, whereby high signal attenuation occurs at a particular frequency range. This phenomenon typically occurs in conventional shielded electrical cables where a conductive shield is wrapped around a conductor set.
As discussed elsewhere herein, adhesive material may be used in the cable construction to bond one or two shielding films to one, some, or all of the conductor sets at cover regions of the cable, and/or adhesive material may be used to bond two shielding films together at pinched regions of the cable. A layer of adhesive material may be disposed on at least one shielding film, and in cases where two shielding films are used on opposite sides of the cable, a layer of adhesive material may be disposed on both shielding films. In the latter cases, the adhesive used on one shielding film is preferably the same as, but may if desired be different from, the adhesive used on the other shielding film. A given adhesive layer may include an electrically insulative adhesive, and may provide an insulative bond between two shielding films. Furthermore, a given adhesive layer may provide an insulative bond between at least one of shielding films and insulated conductors of one, some, or all of the conductor sets, and between at least one of shielding films and one, some, or all of the ground conductors (if any). Alternatively, a given adhesive layer may include an electrically conductive adhesive, and may provide a conductive bond between two shielding films. Furthermore, a given adhesive layer may provide a conductive bond between at least one of shielding films and one, some, or all of the ground conductors (if any). Suitable conductive adhesives include conductive particles to provide the flow of electrical current. The conductive particles can be any of the types of particles currently used, such as spheres, flakes, rods, cubes, amorphous, or other particle shapes. They may be solid or substantially solid particles such as carbon black, carbon fibers, nickel spheres, nickel coated copper spheres, metal-coated oxides, metal-coated polymer fibers, or other similar conductive particles. These conductive particles can be made from electrically insulating materials that are plated or coated with a conductive material such as silver, aluminum, nickel, or indium tin-oxide. The metal-coated insulating material can be substantially hollow particles such as hollow glass spheres, or may comprise solid materials such as glass beads or metal oxides. The conductive particles may be on the order of several tens of microns to nanometer sized materials such as carbon nanotubes. Suitable conductive adhesives may also include a conductive polymeric matrix.
When used in a given cable construction, an adhesive layer is preferably substantially conformable in shape relative to other elements of the cable, and conformable with regard to bending motions of the cable. In some cases, a given adhesive layer may be substantially continuous, e.g., extending along substantially the entire length and width of a given major surface of a given shielding film. In some cases, the adhesive layer may include be substantially discontinuous. For example, the adhesive layer may be present only in some portions along the length or width of a given shielding film. A discontinuous adhesive layer may for example include a plurality of longitudinal adhesive stripes that are disposed, e.g., between the pinched portions of the shielding films on both sides of each conductor set and between the shielding films beside the ground conductors (if any). A given adhesive material may be or include at least one of a pressure sensitive adhesive, a hot melt adhesive, a thermoset adhesive, and a curable adhesive. An adhesive layer may be configured to provide a bond between shielding films that is substantially stronger than a bond between one or more insulated conductor and the shielding films. This may be achieved, e.g., by appropriate selection of the adhesive formulation. An advantage of this adhesive configuration is to allow the shielding films to be readily strippable from the insulation of insulated conductors. In other cases, an adhesive layer may be configured to provide a bond between shielding films and a bond between one or more insulated conductor and the shielding films that are substantially equally strong. An advantage of this adhesive configuration is that the insulated conductors are anchored between the shielding films. When a shielded electrical cable having this construction is bent, this allows for little relative movement and therefore reduces the likelihood of buckling of the shielding films. Suitable bond strengths may be chosen based on the intended application. In some cases, a conformable adhesive layer may be used that has a thickness of less than about 0.13 mm. In exemplary embodiments, the adhesive layer has a thickness of less than about 0.05 mm.
A given adhesive layer may conform to achieve desired mechanical and electrical performance characteristics of the shielded electrical cable. For example, the adhesive layer may conform to be thinner between the shielding films in areas between conductor sets, which increases at least the lateral flexibility of the shielded cable. This may allow the shielded cable to be placed more easily into a curvilinear outer jacket. In some cases, an adhesive layer may conform to be thicker in areas immediately adjacent the conductor sets and substantially conform to the conductor sets. This may increase the mechanical strength and enable forming a curvilinear shape of shielding films in these areas, which may increase the durability of the shielded cable, for example, during flexing of the cable. In addition, this may help to maintain the position and spacing of the insulated conductors relative to the shielding films along the length of the shielded cable, which may result in more uniform impedance and superior signal integrity of the shielded cable.
A given adhesive layer may conform to effectively be partially or completely removed between the shielding films in areas between conductor sets, e.g., in pinched regions of the cable. As a result, the shielding films may electrically contact each other in these areas, which may increase the electrical performance of the cable. In some cases, an adhesive layer may conform to effectively be partially or completely removed between at least one of the shielding films and the ground conductors. As a result, the ground conductors may electrically contact at least one of shielding films in these areas, which may increase the electrical performance of the cable. Even in cases where a thin layer of adhesive remains between at least one of shielding films and a given ground conductor, asperities on the ground conductor may break through the thin adhesive layer to establish electrical contact as intended.
Referring to
Referring to
The disclosed shielded cables can, if desired, be connected to a circuit board or other termination component using one or more electrically conductive cable clips. For example, a shielded electrical cable may include a plurality of spaced apart conductor sets arranged generally in a single plane, and each conductor set may include two insulated conductors that extend along a length of the cable. Two shielding films may be disposed on opposite sides of the cable and, in transverse cross section, substantially surround each of the conductor sets. A cable clip may be clamped or otherwise attached to an end portion of the shielded electrical cable such that at least one of shielding films electrically contacts the cable clip. The cable clip may be configured for termination to a ground reference, such as, e.g., a conductive trace or other contact element on a printed circuit board, to establish a ground connection between shielded electrical cable and the ground reference. The cable clip may be terminated to the ground reference using any suitable method, including soldering, welding, crimping, mechanical clamping, and adhesively bonding, to name a few. When terminated, the cable clip may facilitate termination of end portions of the conductors of the insulated conductors of the shielded electrical cable to contact elements of a termination point, such as, e.g., contact elements on printed circuit board. The shielded electrical cable may include one or more ground conductors as described herein that may electrically contact the cable clip in addition to or instead of at least one of the shielding films.
In the step illustrated in
In the step illustrated in
In the step illustrated in
In subsequent fabrication operations, longitudinal splits may if desired be formed between the conductor sets. Such splits may be formed in the shielded cable using any suitable method, such as, e.g., laser cutting or punching. In another optional fabrication operation, the shielded electrical cable may be folded lengthwise along the pinched regions multiple times into a bundle, and an outer conductive shield may be provided around the folded bundle using any suitable method. An outer jacket may also be provided around the outer conductive shield using any suitable method, such as, e.g., extrusion. In other embodiments, the outer conductive shield may be omitted and the outer jacket may be provided by itself around the folded shielded cable.
In the step illustrated in
As illustrated in
In exemplary embodiments, the cover regions of the shielded electrical cable include concentric regions and transition regions positioned on one or both sides of a given conductor set. Portions of a given shielding film in the concentric regions are referred to as concentric portions of the shielding film, and portions of the shielding film in the transition regions are referred to as transition portions of the shielding film. The transition regions can be configured to provide high manufacturability and strain and stress relief of the shielded electrical cable. Maintaining the transition regions at a substantially constant configuration (including aspects such as, e.g., size, shape, content, and radius of curvature) along the length of the shielded electrical cable may help the shielded electrical cable to have substantially uniform electrical properties, such as, e.g., high frequency isolation, impedance, skew, insertion loss, reflection, mode conversion, eye opening, and jitter.
Additionally, in certain embodiments, such as, e.g., embodiments wherein the conductor set includes two insulated conductors that extend along a length of the cable that are arranged generally in a single and effectively as a twinaxial cable that can be connected in a differential pair circuit arrangement, maintaining the transition portion at a substantially constant configuration along the length of the shielded electrical cable can beneficially provide substantially the same electromagnetic field deviation from an ideal concentric case for both conductors in the conductor set. Thus, careful control of the configuration of this transition portion along the length of the shielded electrical cable can contribute to the advantageous electrical performance and characteristics of the cable.
The shielded electrical cable 802, which is shown in cross section in
The insulated conductor of a conductor set that is positioned nearest to a pinched region of the cable is considered to be an end conductor of the conductor set. The conductor set 804, as shown, has a single insulated conductor 806, and it is also an end conductor since it is positioned nearest to the pinched region 818 of the shielded electrical cable 802.
First and second shielding films 808 are disposed on opposite sides of the cable and include cover portions 807. In transverse cross section, the cover portions 807 substantially surround conductor set 804. An optional adhesive layer 810 is disposed between the pinched portions 809 of the shielding films 808, and bonds shielding films 808 to each other in the pinched regions 818 of the cable 802 on both sides of conductor set 804. The optional adhesive layer 810 may extend partially or fully across the cover portion 807 of the shielding films 808, e.g., from the pinched portion 809 of the shielding film 808 on one side of the conductor set 804 to the pinched portion 809 of the shielding film 808 on the other side of the conductor set 804.
Insulated conductor 806 is effectively arranged as a coaxial cable which may be used in a single ended circuit arrangement. Shielding films 808 may include a conductive layer 808a and a non-conductive polymeric layer 808b. In some embodiments, as illustrated by
Shielding films 808 include a concentric portion that is substantially concentric with the end conductor 806 of the conductor set 804. The shielded electrical cable 802 includes transition regions 836. Portions of the shielding film 808 in the transition region 836 of the cable 802 are transition portions 834 of the shielding films 808. In some embodiments, shielded electrical cable 802 includes a transition region 836 positioned on both sides of the conductor set 804, and in some embodiments a transition region 836 may be positioned on only one side of conductor set 804.
Transition regions 836 are defined by shielding films 808 and conductor set 804. The transition portions 834 of the shielding films 808 in the transition regions 836 provide a gradual transition between concentric portions 811 and pinched portions 809 of the shielding films 808. As opposed to a sharp transition, such as, e.g., a right-angle transition or a transition point (as opposed to a transition portion), a gradual or smooth transition, such as, e.g., a substantially sigmoidal transition, provides strain and stress relief for shielding films 808 in transition regions 836 and prevents damage to shielding films 808 when shielded electrical cable 802 is in use, e.g., when laterally or axially bending shielded electrical cable 802. This damage may include, e.g., fractures in conductive layer 808a and/or debonding between conductive layer 808a and non-conductive polymeric layer 808b. In addition, a gradual transition prevents damage to shielding films 808 in manufacturing of shielded electrical cable 802, which may include, e.g., cracking or shearing of conductive layer 808a and/or non-conductive polymeric layer 808b. Use of the disclosed transition regions on one or both sides of one, some, or all of the conductor sets in a shielded electrical ribbon cable represents a departure from conventional cable configurations, such as, e.g., a typical coaxial cable, wherein a shield is generally continuously disposed around a single insulated conductor, or a typical conventional twinaxial cable in which a shield is continuously disposed around a pair of insulated conductors. Although these conventional shielding configurations may provide model electromagnetic profiles, such profiles may not be necessary to achieve acceptable electrical properties in a given application.
According to one aspect of at least some of the disclosed shielded electrical cables, acceptable electrical properties can be achieved by reducing the electrical impact of the transition region, e.g., by reducing the size of the transition region and/or carefully controlling the configuration of the transition region along the length of the shielded electrical cable. Reducing the size of the transition region reduces the capacitance deviation and reduces the required space between multiple conductor sets, thereby reducing the conductor set pitch and/or increasing the electrical isolation between conductor sets. Careful control of the configuration of the transition region along the length of the shielded electrical cable contributes to obtaining predictable electrical behavior and consistency, which provides for high speed transmission lines so that electrical data can be more reliably transmitted. Careful control of the configuration of the transition region along the length of the shielded electrical cable is a factor as the size of the transition portion approaches a lower size limit.
An electrical characteristic that is often considered is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Any impedance changes along the length of a transmission line may cause power to be reflected back to the source instead of being transmitted to the target. Ideally, the transmission line will have no impedance variation along its length, but, depending on the intended application, variations up to 5-10% may be acceptable. Another electrical characteristic that is often considered in twinaxial cables (differentially driven) is skew or unequal transmission speeds of two transmission lines of a pair along at least a portion of their length. Skew produces conversion of the differential signal to a common mode signal that can be reflected back to the source, reduces the transmitted signal strength, creates electromagnetic radiation, and can dramatically increase the bit error rate, in particular jitter. Ideally, a pair of transmission lines will have no skew, but, depending on the intended application, a differential S-parameter SCD21 or SCD12 value (representing the differential-to common mode conversion from one end of the transmission line to the other) of less than −25 to −30 dB up to a frequency of interest, such as, e.g., 6 GHz, may be acceptable. Alternatively, skew can be measured in the time domain and compared to a required specification. Depending on the intended application, values of less than about 20 picoseconds/meter (ps/m) and preferably less than about 10 ps/m may be acceptable.
Referring again to
The transition points 834′ occur where the shielding films deviate from being substantially concentric with the end insulated conductor 806 of the conductor set 804. The transition points 834′ are the points of inflection of the shielding films 808 at which the curvature of the shielding films 808 changes sign. For example, with reference to
In addition, each transition area 836a may include a void area 836b. Void areas 836b on either side of the conductor set 804 may be substantially the same. Further, adhesive layer 810 may have a thickness Tac at the concentric portion 811 of the shielding film 808, and a thickness at the transition portion 834 of the shielding film 808 that is greater than thickness Tac. Similarly, adhesive layer 810 may have a thickness Tap between the pinched portions 809 of the shielding films 808, and a thickness at the transition portion 834 of the shielding film 808 that is greater than thickness Tap . Adhesive layer 810 may represent at least 25% of cross-sectional transition area 836a. The presence of adhesive layer 810 in transition area 836a, in particular at a thickness that is greater than thickness Tac or thickness Tap , contributes to the strength of the cable 802 in the transition region 836.
Careful control of the manufacturing process and the material characteristics of the various elements of shielded electrical cable 802 may reduce variations in void area 836b and the thickness of conformable adhesive layer 810 in transition region 836, which may in turn reduce variations in the capacitance of cross-sectional transition area 836a. Shielded electrical cable 802 may include transition region 836 positioned on one or both sides of conductor set 804 that includes a cross-sectional transition area 836a that is substantially equal to or smaller than a cross-sectional area 806a of conductor 806. Shielded electrical cable 802 may include a transition region 836 positioned on one or both sides of conductor set 804 that includes a cross-sectional transition area 836a that is substantially the same along the length of conductor 806. For example, cross-sectional transition area 836a may vary less than 50% over a length of 1 meter. Shielded electrical cable 802 may include transition regions 836 positioned on both sides of conductor set 804 that each include a cross-sectional transition area, wherein the sum of cross-sectional areas 834a is substantially the same along the length of conductor 806. For example, the sum of cross-sectional areas 834a may vary less than 50% over a length of 1 m. Shielded electrical cable 802 may include transition regions 836 positioned on both sides of conductor set 804 that each include a cross-sectional transition area 836a, wherein the cross-sectional transition areas 836a are substantially the same. Shielded electrical cable 802 may include transition regions 836 positioned on both sides of conductor set 804, wherein the transition regions 836 are substantially identical. Insulated conductor 806 has an insulation thickness Ti, and transition region 836 may have a lateral length Lt that is less than insulation thickness Ti. The central conductor of insulated conductor 806 has a diameter Dc, and transition region 836 may have a lateral length Lt that is less than the diameter Dc. The various configurations described above may provide a characteristic impedance that remains within a desired range, such as, e.g., within 5-10% of a target impedance value, such as, e.g., 50 ohms, over a given length, such as, e.g., 1 meter.
Factors that can influence the configuration of transition region 836 along the length of shielded electrical cable 802 include the manufacturing process, the thickness of conductive layers 808a and non-conductive polymeric layers 808b, adhesive layer 810, and the bond strength between insulated conductor 806 and shielding films 808 , to name a few.
In one aspect, conductor set 804, shielding films 808 , and transition region 836 may be cooperatively configured in an impedance controlling relationship. An impedance controlling relationship means that conductor set 804, shielding films 808, and transition region 836 are cooperatively configured to control the characteristic impedance of the shielded electrical cable.
In addition, the two cross-sectional transition areas 934a may be substantially the same and/or substantially identical. This configuration of transition regions contributes to a characteristic impedance for each conductor 906 (single-ended) and a differential impedance that both remain within a desired range, such as, e.g., within 5-10% of a target impedance value over a given length, such as, e.g., 1 m. In addition, this configuration of the transition regions may minimize skew of the two conductors 906 along at least a portion of their length.
When the cable is in an unfolded, planar configuration, each of the shielding films may be characterizable in transverse cross section by a radius of curvature that changes across across a width of the cable 902. The maximum radius of curvature of the shielding film 908 may occur, for example, at the pinched portion 909 of the cable 902, or near the center point of the cover portion 907 of the multi-conductor cable set 904 illustrated in
In an unfolded, planar configuration, shielding films that include a concentric portion and a transition portion are characterizable by a radius of curvature of the concentric portion, R1, and/or a radius of curvature of the transition portion r1. These parameters are illustrated in
with respect to a vertical plane between the conductors 1006), and that the configuration of transition regions 1036 is carefully controlled along the length of shielded electrical cable 1002, the shielded electrical cable 1002 can be configured to still provide acceptable electrical properties.
As illustrated in the cross section of
An optional adhesive layer may be included as shown between the pinched portions 1109 of the shielding films 1108. The adhesive layer may be continuous or discontinuous. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer may extend fully or partially in the cover region 1114 of the cable 1102, e.g., between the cover portion 1107 of the shielding films 1108 and the insulated conductors 1106a, 1106b. The adhesive layer may be disposed on the cover portion 1107 of the shielding film 1108 and may extend fully or partially from the pinched portion 1109 of the shielding film 1108 on one side of a conductor set 1104a, 1104b to the pinched portion 1109 of the shielding film 1108 on the other side of the conductor set 1104a, 1104b.
The shielding films 1108 can be characterized by a radius of curvature, R, across a width of the cable 1102 and/or by a radius of curvature, r1, of the transition portion 1112 of the shielding film and/or by a radius of curvature, r2, of the concentric portion 1111 of the shielding film.
In the transition region 1136, the transition portion 1112 of the shielding film 1108 can be arranged to provide a gradual transition between the concentric portion 1111 of the shielding film 1108 and the pinched portion 1109 of the shielding film 1108. The transition portion 1112 of the shielding film 1108 extends from a first transition point 1121, which is the inflection point of the shielding film 1108 and marks the end of the concentric portion 1111, to a second transition point 1122 where the separation between the shielding films exceeds the minimum separation, d1, of the pinched portions 1109 by a predetermined factor.
In some embodiments, the cable 1102 includes at least one shielding film that has a radius of curvature, R, across the width of the cable that is at least about 50 micrometers and/or the minimum radius of curvature, r1, of the transition portion 1112 of the shielding film 1102 is at least about 50 micrometers. In some embodiments, the ratio of the minimum radius of curvature of the concentric portion to the minimum radius of curvature of the transition portion, r2/r1 is in a range of 2 to 15.
As shown in the figure, the cable 1202 can be characterized by a maximum separation, D , between the cover portions 1207 of the shielding films 1208, and a minimum separation, d1, between the pinched portions 1209 of the shielding films 1208. In exemplary embodiments, d1/D is less than 0.25, or less than 0.1.
An optional adhesive layer may be disposed as shown between the pinched portions 1209 of the shielding films 1208. The adhesive layer may be continuous or discontinuous. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer may extend fully or partially in the cover region 1214 of the cable, e.g., between the cover portions 1207 of the shielding films 1208 and the insulated conductors 1206. The adhesive layer may be disposed on the cover portions 1207 of the shielding films 1208 and may extend fully or partially from the pinched portions 1209 of the shielding films 1208 on one side of a conductor set 1204 to the pinched portions 1209 of the shielding films 1208 on the other side of the conductor set 1204.
The shielding films 1208 can be characterized by a radius of curvature, R, across a width of the cable 1202 and/or by a minimum radius of curvature, r1, in the transition portion 1212 of the shielding film 1208 and/or by a minimum radius of curvature, r2, of the concentric portion 1211 of the shielding film 1208. In the transition regions 1236 of the cable 1202, transition portions 1212 of the shielding films 1202 can be configured to provide a gradual transition between the concentric portions 1211 of the shielding films 1208 and the pinched portions 1209 of the shielding films 1208. The transition portion 1212 of the shielding film 1208 extends from a first transition point 1221, which is the inflection point of the shielding film 1208 and marks the end of the concentric portion 1211, to a second transition point 1222 where the separation between the shielding films exceeds the minimum separation, d1, of the pinched portions 1209 by a predetermined factor.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature, R, of the shielding film across the width of the cable is at least about 50 micrometers and/or the minimum radius of curvature in the transition portion of the shielding film is at least 50 micrometers.
In some cases, the pinched regions of any of the described shielded cables can be configured to be laterally bent at an angle α of at least 30°, for example. This lateral flexibility of the pinched regions can enable the shielded cable to be folded in any suitable configuration, such as, e.g., a configuration that can be used in a round cable. In some cases, the lateral flexibility of the pinched regions is enabled by shielding films that include two or more relatively thin individual layers. To warrant the integrity of these individual layers in particular under bending conditions, it is preferred that the bonds between them remain intact. The pinched regions may for example have a minimum thickness of less than about 0.13 mm, and the bond strength between individual layers may be at least 17.86 g/mm (1 lbs/inch) after thermal exposures during processing or use.
It may be beneficial to the electrical performance of any of the disclosed shielded electrical cables for the pinched regions of the cable to have approximately the same size and shape on both sides of a given conductor set. Any dimensional changes or imbalances may produce imbalances in capacitance and inductance along the length of the pinched region. This in turn may cause impedance differences along the length of the pinched region and impedance imbalances between adjacent conductor sets. At least for these reasons, control of the spacing between the shielding films may be desired. In some cases, the pinched portions of the shielding films in the pinched regions of the cable (on each side of a conductor set) may be separated from each other by no more than about 0.05 mm.
In exemplary embodiments described above, the shielded electrical cable includes two shielding films disposed on opposite sides of the cable such that, in transverse cross section, cover portions of the shielding films in combination substantially surround a given conductor set, and surround each of the spaced apart conductor sets individually. In some embodiments, however, the shielded electrical cable may contain only one shielding film, which is disposed on only one side of the cable. Advantages of including only a single shielding film in the shielded cable, compared to shielded cables having two shielding films, include a decrease in material cost and an increase in mechanical flexibility, manufacturability, and ease of stripping and termination. A single shielding film may provide an acceptable level of electromagnetic interference (EMI) isolation for a given application, and may reduce the proximity effect thereby decreasing signal attenuation.
In addition to signal wires, drain wires, and ground wires, any of the disclosed cables can also include one or more individual wires, which are typically insulated, for any purpose defined by a user. These additional wires, which may for example be adequate for power transmission or low speed communications (e.g. less than 1 or 0.5 Gbps, or less than 1 or 0.5 GHz, or in some cases less than 1 MHz) but not for high speed communications (e.g. greater than 1 Gpbs or 1 GHz), can be referred to collectively as a sideband. Sideband wires may be used to transmit power signals, reference signals or any other signal of interest. The wires in a sideband are typically not in direct or indirect electrical contact with each other, but in at least some cases they may not be shielded from each other. A sideband can include any number of wires such as 2 or more, or 3 or more, or 5 or more.
Further information relating to exemplary shielded electrical cables and other information can be found in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/378,877, “Connector Arrangements for Shielded Electrical Cable” (Attorney Docket 66887US002), filed on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference.
We now provide further details regarding shielded ribbon cables that can employ high packing density of mutually shielded conductor sets. The design features of the disclosed cables allow them to be manufactured in a format that allows very high density of signal lines in a single ribbon cable. This can enable a high density mating interface and ultra thin connector, and/or can enable crosstalk isolation with standard connector interfaces. In addition, high density cable can reduce the manufacturing cost per signal pair, reduce the bending stiffness of the assembly of pairs (for example, in general, one ribbon of high density bends more easily than two stacked ribbons of lower density), and reduce the total thickness since one ribbon is generally thinner than two stacked ribbons.
One potential application for at least some of the disclosed shielded cables is in high speed (I/O) data transfer between components or devices of a computer system or other electronic system. A protocol known as SAS (Serial Attached SCSI), which is maintained by the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS), is a computer bus protocol involving the movement of data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives. SAS uses the standard SCSI command set and involves a point-to-point serial protocol. A convention known as mini-SAS has been developed for certain types of connectors within the SAS specification.
Conventional twinaxial (twinax) cable assemblies for internal applications, such as mini-SAS cable assemblies, utilize individual twinax pairs, each pair having its own accompanying drain wire, and in some cases two drain wires. When terminating such a cable, not only must each insulated conductor of each twinax pair be managed, but each drain wire (or both drain wires) for each twinax pair must also be managed. These conventional twinax pairs are typically arranged in a loose bundle that is placed within a loose outer braid that contains the pairs so that they can be routed together. In contrast, the shielded ribbon cables described herein can if desired be used in configurations where, for example, a first four-pair ribbon cable is mated to one major surface of the paddle card (see e.g.
We have found that the disclosed shielded ribbon cables can be made densely enough, i.e., with a small enough wire-to-wire spacing, a small enough conductor set-to-conductor set spacing, and with a small enough number of drain wires and drain wire spacing, and with adequate loss characteristics and crosstalk or shielding characteristics, to allow for a single ribbon cable, or multiple ribbon cables arranged side-by-side rather than in a stacked configuration, to extend along a single plane to mate with a connector. This ribbon cable or cables may contain at least three twinax pairs total, and if multiple cables are used, at least one ribbon may contain at least two twinax pairs. In an exemplary embodiment, a single ribbon cable may be used, and if desired, the signal pairs may be routed to two planes or major surfaces of a connector or other termination component, even though the ribbon cable extends along only one plane. The routing can be achieved in a number of ways, e.g., tips or ends of individual conductors can be bent out of the plane of the ribbon cable to contact one or the other major surface of the termination component, or the termination component may utilize conductive through-holes or vias that connect one conductive pathway portion on one major surface to another conductive pathway portion on the other major surface, for example. Of particular significance to high density cables, the ribbon cable also preferably contains fewer drain wires than conductor sets; in cases where some or all of the conductor sets are twinax pairs, i.e., some or all of the conductor sets each contains only one pair of insulated conductors, the number of drain wires is preferably less than the number of twinax pairs. Reducing the number of drain wires allows the width of the cable to be reduced since drain wires in a given cable are typically spaced apart from each other along the width dimension of the cable. Reducing the number of drain wires also simplifies manufacturing by reducing the number of connections needed between the cable and the termination component, thus also reducing the number of fabrication steps and reducing the time needed for fabrication.
Furthermore, by using fewer drain wires, the drain wire(s) that remain can be positioned farther apart from the nearest signal wire than is normal so as to make the termination process significantly easier with only a slight increase in cable width. For example, a given drain wire may be characterized by a spacing σ1 from a center of the drain wire to a center of a nearest insulated wire of a nearest conductor set, and the nearest conductor set may be characterized by a center-to-center spacing of insulated conductors of σ2, and σ1/σ2 may be greater than 0.7. In contrast, conventional twinax cable has a drain wire spacing of 0.5 times the insulated conductor separation, plus the drain wire diameter.
In exemplary high density embodiments of the disclosed shielded electrical ribbon cables, the center-to-center spacing or pitch between two adjacent twinax pairs (which distance is referred to below in connection with
An alternative way of characterizing the density of a given shielded ribbon cable (regardless of whether any of the conductor sets of the cable have a pair of conductors in a twinax configuration) is by reference to the nearest insulated conductors of two adjacent conductor sets. Thus, when the shielded cable is laid flat, a first insulated conductor of a first conductor set is nearest a second (adjacent) conductor set, and a second insulated conductor of the second conductor set is nearest the first conductor set. The center-to-center separation of the first and second insulated conductors is S. The first insulated conductor has an outer dimension D1, e.g., the diameter of its insulation, and the second insulated conductor has an outer dimension D2, e.g. the diameter if its insulation. In many cases the conductor sets use the same size insulated conductors, in which case D1=D2. In some cases, however, D1 and D2 may be different. A parameter Dmin can be defined as the lesser of D1 and D2. Of course, if D1=D2, then Dmin=D1=D2. Using the design characteristics for shielded electrical ribbon cables discussed herein, we are able to fabricate such cables for which S/Dmin is in a range from 1.7 to 2.
The close packing or high density can be achieved in part by virtue of one or more of the following features of the disclosed cables: the need for a minimum number of drain wires, or, stated differently, the ability to provide adequate shielding for some or all of the connector sets in the cable using fewer than one drain wire per connector set (and in some cases fewer than one drain wire for every two, three, or four or more connector sets, for example, or only one or two drain wires for the entire cable); the high frequency signal isolating structures, e.g., shielding films of suitable geometry, between adjacent conductor sets; the relatively small number and thickness of layers used in the cable construction; and the forming process which ensures proper placement and configuration of the insulated conductors, drain wires, and shielding films, and does so in a way that provides uniformity along the length of the cable. The high density characteristic can advantageously be provided in a cable capable of being mass stripped and mass terminated to a paddle card or other linear array. The mass stripping and termination is facilitated by separating one, some, or all drain wires in the cable from their respective closest signal line, i.e. the closest insulated conductor of the closest conductor set, by a distance greater than one-half the spacing between adjacent insulated conductors in the conductor set, and preferably greater than 0.7 times such spacing.
By electrically connecting the drain wires to the shielding films, and properly forming the shielding films to substantially surround each conductor set, the shield structure alone can provide adequate high frequency crosstalk isolation between adjacent conductor sets, and we can construct shielded ribbon cables with only a minimum number of drain wires. In exemplary embodiments, a given cable may have only two drain wires (one of which may be located at or near each edge of the cable), but only one drain wire is also possible, and more than two drain wires is of course also possible. By using fewer drain wires in the cable construction, fewer termination pads are required on the paddle card or other termination component, and that component can thus be made smaller and/or can support higher signal densities. The cable likewise can be made smaller (narrower) and can have a higher signal density, since fewer drain wires are present to consume less ribbon width. The reduced number of drain wires is a significant factor in allowing the disclosed shielded cables to support higher densities than conventional discrete twinax cables, ribbon cables composed of discrete twinax pairs, and ordinary ribbon cables.
Near-end crosstalk and/or far-end crosstalk can be important measures of signal integrity or shielding in any electrical cable, including the disclosed cables and cable assemblies. Grouping signal lines (e.g. twinax pairs or other conductor sets) closer together in a cable and in a termination area tends to increase undesirable crosstalk, but the cable designs and termination designs disclosed herein can be used to counteract this tendency. The subject of crosstalk in the cable and crosstalk within the connector can be addressed separately, but several of these methods for crosstalk reduction can be used together for enhanced crosstalk reduction. To increase high frequency shielding and reduce crosstalk in the disclosed cables, it is desirable to form as complete a shield surrounding the conductor sets (e.g. twinax pairs) as possible using the two shielding films on opposite sides of the cable. It is thus desirable to form the shielding films such that their cover portions, in combination, substantially surround any given conductor set, e.g., at least 75%, or at least 80, 85, or 90%, of the perimeter of the conductor set. It is also often desirable to minimize (including eliminate) any gaps between the shielding films in the pinched zones of the cable, and/or to use a low impedance or direct electrical contact between the two shielding films such as by direct contact or touching, or electrical contact through one or more drain wires, or using a conductive adhesive between the shielding films. If separate “transmit” and “receive” twinax pairs or conductors are defined or specified for a given cable or system, high frequency shielding may also be enhanced in the cable and/or at the termination component by grouping all such “transmit” conductors physically next to each another, and grouping all such “receive” conductors next to each other but segregated from the transmit pairs, to the extent possible, in the same ribbon cable. The transmit group of conductors may also be separated from the receive group of conductors by one or more drain wires or other isolation structures as described elsewhere herein. In some cases, two separate ribbon cables, one for transmit conductors and one for receive conductors, may be used, but the two (or more) cables are preferably arranged in a side-by-side configuration rather than stacked, so that advantages of a single flexible plane of ribbon cable can be maintained.
The described shielded cables may exhibit a high frequency isolation between adjacent insulated conductors in a given conductor set characterized by a crosstalk C1 at a specified frequency in a range from 3-15 GHz and for a 1 meter cable length, and may exhibit a high frequency isolation between the given conductor set and an adjacent conductor set (separated from the first conductor set by a pinched portion of the cable) characterized by a crosstalk C2 at the specified frequency, and C2 is at least 10 dB lower than C1. Alternatively or in addition, the described shielded cables may satisfy a shielding specification similar to or the same as that used in mini-SAS applications: a signal of a given signal strength is coupled to one of the transmit conductor sets (or one of the receive conductor sets) at one end of the cable, and the cumulative signal strength in all of the receive conductor sets (or in all of the transmit conductor sets), as measured at the same end of the cable, is calculated. The near-end crosstalk, computed as the ratio of the cumulative signal strength to the original signal strength, and expressed in decibels, is preferably less than −26 dB.
If the cable ends are not properly shielded, the crosstalk at the cable end can become significant for a given application. A potential solution with the disclosed cables is to maintain the structure of the shielding films as close as possible to the termination point of the insulated conductors, so as to contain any stray electromagnetic fields within the conductor set. Beyond the cable, design details of the paddle card or other termination component can also be tailored to maintain adequate crosstalk isolation for the system. Strategies include electrically isolating transmit and receive signals from each other to the extent possible, e.g. terminating and routing wires and conductors associated with these two signal types as physically far apart from each other as possible. One option is to terminate such wires and conductors on separate sides (opposed major surfaces) of the paddle card, which can be used to automatically route the signals on different planes or opposite sides of the paddle card. Another option is to terminate such wires and conductors laterally as far apart as possible to laterally separate transmit wires from receive wires. Combinations of these strategies can also be used for further isolation. (Reference in this regard is made to previously cited U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/378,877, “Connector Arrangements for Shielded Electrical Cable” (Attorney Docket 66887US002), filed on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference.) These strategies can be used with the disclosed high density ribbon cables in combination with paddle cards of conventional size or reduced size, as well as with a single plane of ribbon cable, both of which may provide significant system advantages.
The reader is reminded that the above discussion relating to paddle card terminations, and discussion elsewhere herein directed to paddle cards, should also be understood as encompassing any other type of termination. For example, stamped metal connectors may include linear arrays of one or two rows of contacts to connect to a ribbon cable. Such rows may be analogous to those of a paddle card, which may also include two linear arrays of contacts. The same staggered, alternating, and segregated termination strategies for the disclosed cables and termination components can be employed.
Loss or attenuation is another important consideration for many electrical cable applications. One typical loss specification for high speed I/O applications is that the cable have a loss of less than −6 dB at, for example, a frequency of 5 GHz. (In this regard, the reader will understand that, for example, a loss of −5 dB is less than a loss of −6 dB.) Such a specification places a limit on attempting to miniaturize a cable simply by using thinner wires for the insulated conductors of the conductor sets and/or for the drain wires. In general, with other factors being equal, as the wires used in a cable are made thinner, cable loss increases. Although plating of wire, e.g., silver plating, tin plating, or gold plating, can have an impact on cable loss, in many cases, wire sizes smaller than about 32 gauge (32 AWG) or slightly smaller, whether of solid core or stranded wire design, may represent a practical lower size limit for signal wires in some high speed I/O applications. However, smaller wire sizes may be feasible in other high speed applications, and advances in technology can also be expected to render smaller wire sizes acceptable.
Turning now to
The termination component 1420 has a first end 1420a and an opposed second end 1420b, and a first major surface 1420c and an opposed second major surface 1420d. Conductive paths 1421 are provided, e.g. by printing or other conventional deposition process(es) and/or etching process(es), on at least the first major surface 1420c of the component 1420. In this regard, the conductive paths are disposed on a suitable electrically insulating substrate, which is typically stiff or rigid but may in some cases be flexible. Each conductive path typically extends from the first end 1420a to the second end 1420b of the component. In the depicted embodiment, the individual wires and conductors of the cable 1402 are electrically connected to respective ones of the conductive paths 1421.
For simplicity, each path is shown to be straight, extending from one end of the component 1420 or substrate to the other on the same major surface of the component. In some cases, one or more of the conductive paths may extend through a hole or “via” in the substrate so that, for example, one portion and one end of the path resides on one major surface, and another portion and the other end of the path resides on the opposed major surface of the substrate. Also, in some cases, some of the wires and conductors of the cable can attach to conductive paths (e.g. contact pads) on one major surface of the substrate, while others of the wires and conductors can attach to conductive paths (e.g. contact pads) on the opposite major surface of the substrate but at the same end of the component. This may be accomplished by e.g. slightly bending the ends of the wires and conductors upward towards one major surface, or downward towards the other major surface. In some cases, all of the conductive paths corresponding to the signal wires and/or drain wires of the shielded cable may be disposed on one major surface of the substrate. In some cases, at least one of the conductive paths may be disposed on one major surface of the substrate, and at least another of the conductive paths may be disposed on an opposed major surface of the substrate. In some cases, at least one of the conductive paths may have a first portion on a first major surface of the substrate at the first end, and a second portion on an opposed second major surface of the substrate at the second end. In some cases, alternating conductor sets of the shielded cable may attach to conductive paths on opposite major surfaces of the substrate.
The termination component 1420 or substrate thereof has a width w2. In exemplary embodiments, the width w1 of the cable is not significantly larger than the width w2 of the component so that, for example, the cable need not be folded over or bunched together at its end in order to make the necessary connections between the wires of the cable and the conductive paths of the component. In some cases w1 may be slightly greater than w2, but still small enough so that the ends of the conductor sets may be bent in the plane of the cable in a funnel-type fashion in order to connect to the associated conductor paths, while still preserving the generally planar configuration of the cable at and near the connection point. In some cases, w1 may be equal to or less than w2. Conventional four channel paddle cards currently have a width of 15.6 millimeters, hence, it is desirable in at least some applications for the shielded cable to have a width of about 16 mm or less, or about 15 mm or less.
In
We also see in
In
In
The termination component 1720 has a first end 1720a and an opposed second end 1720b, and includes a suitable substrate having a first major surface 1720c and an opposed second major surface 1720d. Conductive paths 1721 are provided on at least the first major surface 1720c of the substrate. Each conductive path typically extends from the first end 1720a to the second end 1720b of the component. The conductive paths are shown to include contact pads at both ends of the component, in the figure the individual wires and conductors of the cable 1702 are shown as being electrically connected to respective ones of the conductive paths 1721 at the corresponding contact pad. Note that the variations discussed elsewhere herein regarding placement, configuration, and arrangement of the conductive paths on the substrate, and placement, configuration, and arrangement of the various wires and conductors of the cable and their attached to one or both of the major surfaces of the termination component, are also intended to apply to the system 1701.
A shielded electrical ribbon cable having the general layout of cable 1402 (see
The resulting cable was non-ideal due to lack of concentricity of the solid core in the insulated conductor used for the signal wires. Nevertheless, certain parameters and characteristics of the cable could be measured, taking into account (correcting for) the non-concentricity issue. For example, the dimensions D, d1, d2 (see
From these values we see that: the spacing from the drain wire to the nearest signal wire was about 1.3 times the wire-to-wire spacing within each twinax pair, thus, greater than 0.7 times the wire-to-wire spacing; the cable density parameter Σ/σ was about 2.86, i.e., in the range from 2.5 to 3; the other cable density parameter S/Dmin was about 1.7, i.e., in the range from 1.7 to 2; the ratio d1/D (minimum separation of the pinched portions of the shielding films divided by the maximum separation between the cover portions of the shielding films) was about 0.05, i.e., less than 0.25 and also less than 0.1; the ratio d2/D (minimum separation between the cover portions of the shielding films in a region between insulated conductors divided by the maximum separation between the cover portions of the shielding films) was about 1, i.e., greater than 0.33.
Note also that the width of the cable (i.e., about 16 mm edge-to-edge, and 15.0 mm from drain wire to drain wire) was less than the width of a conventional mini-SAS internal cable outer molding termination (typically 17.1 mm), and about the same as the typical width of a mini-SAS paddle card (15.6 mm). A smaller width than the paddle card allows simple one-to-one routing from the cable to the paddle card with no lateral adjustment of the wire ends needed. Even if the cable were slightly wider than the termination board or housing, the outer wire could be routed or bent laterally to meet the pads on the outside edges of the board. Physically this cable can provide a double density versus other ribbon cables, can be half as thick in an assembly (since one less ribbon is needed), and can allow for a thinner connector than other common cables. The cable ends can be terminated and manipulated in any suitable fashion to connect with a termination component as discussed elsewhere herein.
We now provide further details regarding shielded ribbon cables that can employ an on-demand drain wire feature.
In many of the disclosed shielded electrical cables, a drain wire that makes direct or indirect electrical contact with one or both of the shielding films makes such electrical contact over substantially the entire length of the cable. The drain wire may then be tied to an external ground connection at a termination location to provide a ground reference to the shield so as to reduce (or “drain”) any stray signals that can produce crosstalk and reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this section of the detailed description, we more fully describe constructions and methods that provide electrical contact between a given drain wire and a given shielding film at one or more isolated areas of the cable, rather than along the entire cable length. We sometimes refer to the constructions and methods characterized by the electrical contact at the isolated area(s) as the on-demand technique.
This on-demand technique may utilize the shielded cables described elsewhere herein, wherein the cable is made to include at least one drain wire that has a high DC electrical resistance between the drain wire and at least one shielding film over all of, or at least over a substantial portion of, the length of the drain wire. Such a cable may be referred to, for purposes of describing the on-demand technique, as an untreated cable. The untreated cable can then be treated in at least one specific localized region in order to substantially reduce the DC resistance and provide electrical contact (whether direct or indirect) between the drain wire and the shielding film(s) in the localized region. The DC resistance in the localized region may for example be less than 10 ohms, or less than 2 ohms, or substantially zero ohms.
The untreated cable may include at least one drain wire, at least one shielding film, and at least one conductor set that includes at least one insulated conductor suitable for carrying high speed signals.
To make a localized connection, compressive force and/or heat may be applied within a limited area or zone to force the shielding films 2008 into permanent electrical contact with the drain wire 2012 by effectively forcing the material 2010 out of the way. The electrical contact may be direct or indirect, and may be characterized by a DC resistance in the localized treated region of less than 10 ohms, or less than 2 ohms, or substantially zero ohms. (Untreated portions of the drain wire 2012 continue to be physically separated from the shielding film and would be characterized by a high DC resistance (e.g. >100 ohms), except of course for the fact that the untreated portions of the drain wire electrically connect to the shielding film through the treated portion(s) of the drain wire.) The treatment procedure can be repeated at different isolated areas of the cable in subsequent steps, and/or can be performed at multiple isolated areas of the cable in any given single step. The shielded cable also preferably contains at least one group of one ore more insulated signal wires for high speed data communication. In
The treatment to provide localized electrical contact between the drain wire and one or both shielding films may in some cases utilize compression. The treatment may be carried out at room temperature with high local force that severely deforms the materials and causes contact, or at elevated temperatures at which, for example, a thermoplastic material as discussed above may flow more readily. Treatment may also include delivering ultrasonic energy to the area in order to make the contact. Also, the treatment process may be aided by the use of conductive particles in a dielectric material separating the shielding film and drain wire, and/or with asperities provided on the drain wire and/or shielding film.
Note that in some cases multiple treated areas can be used for a single drain wire for redundancy or for other purposes. In other cases, only a single treated area may be used for a given drain wire. In some cases, a first treated area for a first drain wire may be disposed at a same lengthwise position as a second treated area for a second drain wire—see e.g. areas 2213a, 2213b of
Two examples are presented in this section. First, two substantially identical untreated shielded electrical ribbon cables were made with the same number and configuration of conductor sets and drain wires as the shielded cable shown in
A first one of these untreated cables was initially tested to determine if any of the drain wires were in electrical contact with either of the shielding films. This was done by connecting a micro-ohmmeter at the stripped end of the cable to all 28 possible combinations of two drain wires. These measurements yielded no measurable DC resistance for any of the combinations—i.e., all combinations produced DC resistances well over 100 ohms. Then, two adjacent drain wires, as depicted in
The second one of the untreated cables was also initially tested to determine if any of the drain wires were in electrical contact with either of the shielding films. This was again done by connecting a micro-ohmmeter at the stripped end of the cable to all 28 possible combinations of two drain wires, and the measurements again yielded no measurable DC resistance for any of the combinations—i.e., all combinations produced DC resistances well over 100 ohms. Then, two adjacent drain wires, as depicted in
We now provide further details regarding shielded ribbon cables that can employ multiple drain wires, and unique combinations of such cables with one or more termination components at one or two ends of the cable.
Conventional coaxial or twinax cable uses multiple independent groups of wires, each with their own drain wires to make ground connection between the cable and the termination point. An advantageous aspect of the shielded cables described herein is that they can include drain wires in multiple locations throughout the structure, as was shown e.g. in
We have found that one can use the disclosed shielded cables to advantageously provide a variety of different drain wire configurations that can interconnect electrically through the conductive shield of the shielded ribbon cable. Stated simply, any of the disclosed shielded cables may include at least a first and second drain wire. The first and second drain wires may extend along the length of the cable, and may be electrically connected to each other at least as a result of both of them being in electrical contact with a first shielding film. This cable may be combined with one or more first termination components at a first end of the cable and one or more second termination components at a second end of the cable. In some cases, the first drain wire may electrically connect to the one or more first termination components but may not electrically connect to the one or more second termination components. In some cases, the second drain wire may electrically connect to the one or more second termination components but may not electrically connect to the one or more first termination components.
The first and second drain wires may be members of a plurality of drain wires extending along the length of the cable, and a number n1 of the drain wires may connect to the one or more first termination components, and a number n2 of the drain wires may connect to the one or more second termination components. The number n1 may not be equal to n2. Furthermore, the one or more first termination components may collectively have a number m1 of first termination components, and the one or more second termination components may collectively have a number m2 of second termination components. In some cases, n2>n1, and m2>m1. In some cases, m1=1. In some cases, m1=m2. In some cases, m1<m2. In some cases, m1>1 and m2>1.
Arrangements such as these provides the ability to connect one drain wire to an external connection and have one or more other drain wires be connected only to the common shield, thereby effectively tying all of them to the external ground. Thus, advantageously, not all drain wires in the cable need to connected to the external ground structure, which can be used to simplify the connection by requiring fewer mating connections at the connector. Another potential advantage is that redundant contacts can be made if more than one of the drain wire is connected to the external ground and to the shield. In such cases, one may fail to make contact to the shield or the external ground with one drain wire, but still successfully make electrical contact between the external ground and the shield through the other drain wire. Further, if the cable assembly has a fan-out configuration, wherein one end of the cable is connected to one external connector (m1=1) and common ground, and the other end is tied to multiple connectors (m2>1), then fewer connections (n1) can be made on the common end than are used (n2) for the multiple connector ends. The simplified grounding offered by such configurations may provide benefits in terms of reduced complexity and reduced number of contact pads required at the terminations.
In many of these arrangements, the unique interconnected nature of the drain wires through the shielding film(s), provided of course all of the drain wires at issue are in electrical contact with the shielding film(s), is used to simplify the termination structure and can provide a tighter (narrower) connection pitch. One straightforward embodiment is where a shielded cable that includes high speed conductor sets and multiple drain wires is terminated at both ends to one connector at each end, and fewer than all of the drain wires are terminated at each end, but each drain wire terminated at one end is also terminated at the other end. The drain wires that are not terminated are still maintained at low potential since they are also directly or indirectly tied to ground. In a related embodiment, one of the drain wires may be connected at one end but not connected (either intentionally or in error) at the other end. Again in this situation, the ground structure is maintained as long as one drain wire is connected at each end. In another related embodiment, the drain wire(s) attached at one end are not the same as the drain wire(s) that are attached at the other end. A simple version of this is depicted in
A more complex embodiment demonstrating these techniques is shown in
With regard to the parameters n1, n2, m1, and m2 discussed above, the cable assembly 2601 has n1=2, n2=8, m1=1, and m2=3.
Another fan-out shielded cable assembly 2701 is shown in
With regard to the parameters n1, n2, m1, and m2 discussed above, the cable assembly 2701 has n1=2, n2=6, m1=1, and m2=3.
Many other embodiments are possible, but in general it can be advantageous to utilize the shield of the cable to connect two separate ground connections (conductors) together to ensure that the grounding is complete and at least one ground is connected to each termination location at each end of the cable, and more than two for a fanout cable. This means that each drain wire does not need to be connected to each termination point. If more than one drain wire is connected at any end, then the connection is made redundant and less prone to failure.
We now provide further details regarding shielded ribbon cables that can employ mixed conductor sets, e.g., a conductor set adapted for high speed data transmission and another conductor set adapted for power transmission or low speed data transmission. Conductor sets adapted for power transmission or low speed data transmission can be referred to as a sideband.
Some interconnections and defined standards for high speed signal transmission allow for both high speed signal transmission (provided e.g. by twinax or coax wire arrangements) and low speed or power conductors, both of which require insulation on the conductors. An example of this is the SAS standard which defines high speed pairs and “sidebands” included in its mini-SAS 4i interconnection scheme. While the SAS standard indicates sideband usage is outside its scope and vendor-specific, a common sideband use is a SGPIO (Serial General Purpose Input Output) bus, as described in industry specification SFF-8485. SGPIO has a clock rate of only 100 kHz, and does not require high performance shielded wire.
This section therefore focuses on aspects of cables that are tailored to transmit both high speed signals and low speed signals (or power transmission), including cable configuration, termination to a linear contact array, and the termination component (e.g. paddle card) configuration. In general, the shielded electronic ribbon-like cables discussed elsewhere herein can be used with slight modification. Specifically, the disclosed shielded cables can be modified to include insulated wires in the construction that are suitable for low speed signal transmission but not high speed signal transmission, in addition to the conductor sets that are adapted for high speed data transmission, and the drain/ground wires that may also be included. The shielded cable may thus include at least two sets of insulated wires that carry signals whose data rates are significantly different. Of course, in the case of a power conductor, the line does not have a data rate. We also disclose termination components for the combination high speed/low speed shielded cables in which conductive paths for the low speed conductors are re-routed between opposite ends of the termination component, e.g., between the termination end and a connector mating end.
Stated differently, a shielded electrical cable may include a plurality of conductor sets and a first shielding film. The plurality of conductor sets may extend along a length of the cable and be spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors. The first shielding film may include cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set. The plurality of conductor sets may include one or more first conductor sets adapted for high speed data transmission and one or more second conductor sets adapted for power transmission or low speed data transmission.
The electrical cable may also include a second shielding film disposed on an opposite side of the cable from the first shielding film. The cable may include a first drain wire in electrical contact with the first shielding film and also extending along the length of the cable. The one or more first conductor sets may include a first conductor set comprising a plurality of first insulated conductors having a center-to-center spacing of σ1, and the one or more second conductor sets may include a second conductor set comprising a plurality of second insulated conductors having a center-to-center spacing of σ2, and σ1 may be greater than σ2. The insulated conductors of the one or more first conductor sets may all be arranged in a single plane when the cable is laid flat. Furthermore, the one or more second conductor sets may include a second conductor set having a plurality of the insulated conductors in a stacked arrangement when the cable is laid flat. The one or more first conductor sets may be adapted for maximum data transmission rates of at least 1 Gbps (i.e., about 0.5 GHz), up to e.g. 25 Gbps (about 12.5 GHz) or more, or for a maximum signal frequency of at least 1 GHz, for example, and the one or more second conductor sets may be adapted for maximum data transmission rates that are less than 1 Gbps (about 0.5 GHz), or less than 0.5 Gbps (about 250 MHz), for example, or for a maximum signal frequency of less than 1 GHz or 0.5 GHz, for example. The one or more first may be adapted for maximum data transmission rates of at least 3 Gbps (about 1.5 GHz).
Such an electrical cable may be combined with a first termination component disposed at a first end of the cable. The first termination component may include a substrate and a plurality of conductive paths thereon, the plurality of conductive paths having respective first termination pads arranged on a first end of the first termination component. The shielded conductors of the first and second conductor sets may connect to respective ones of the first termination pads at the first end of the first termination component in an ordered arrangement that matches an arrangement of the shielded conductors in the cable. The plurality of conductive paths may have respective second termination pads arranged on a second end of the first termination component that are in a different arrangement than that of the first termination pads on the first end.
The conductor set(s) adapted for power transmission and/or lower speed data transmission may include groups of, or individual, insulated conductors that do not necessarily need to be shielded from one another, do not necessarily require associated ground or drain wires, and may not need to have a specified impedance. The benefit of incorporating them together in a cable having high speed signal pairs is that they can be aligned and terminated in one step. This differs from conventional cables, which require handling several wire groups without the automatic alignment to a paddle card, for example. The simultaneous stripping and termination process (to a linear array on a single paddle card or linear array of contacts) for both the low speed signals and the high speed signals is particularly advantageous, as is the mixed signal wire cable itself.
When grouping the low speed insulated conductors into sets, the conductors need not be disposed in exactly the same geometrical plane in order for the cable to retain a generally planar configuration. Shielded cable 2902 of
Another aspect of mixed signal wire shielded cable relates to termination components used with the cables. In particular, conductor paths on a substrate of the termination component can be configured to re-route low speed signals from one arrangement on one end of the termination component (e.g. a termination end of the cable) to a different arrangement on an opposite end of the component (e.g. a mating end for a connector). The different arrangement may for example comprise a different order of contacts or of conductor paths on one end relative to another end of the termination component. The arrangement on the termination end of the component may be tailored to match the order or arrangement of conductors in the cable, while the arrangement on an opposite end of the component may be tailored to match a circuit board or connector arrangement different from that of the cable.
The re-routing may be accomplished by utilizing any suitable technique, including in exemplary embodiments using one or more vias in combination with a multi-layer circuit board construction to transition a given conductive path from a first layer to at least a second layer in the printed circuit board, and then optionally transitioning back to the first layer. Some examples are shown in the top views of
In
The cable assemblies of
A mixed signal wire shielded electrical cable having the general design of cable 2802a in
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, measurement of properties, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and claims are approximations that can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings of the present application. Not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, to the extent any numerical values are set forth in specific examples described herein, they are reported as precisely as reasonably possible. Any numerical value, however, may well contain errors associated with testing or measurement limitations.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, and it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein. For example, the reader should assume that features of one disclosed embodiment can also be applied to all other disclosed embodiments unless otherwise indicated. It should also be understood that all U.S. patents, patent application publications, and other patent and non-patent documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference, to the extent they do not contradict the foregoing disclosure.
The following items are exemplary embodiments of an electrical cable arrangement according to aspects of the present invention.
Item 1 is a shielded electrical ribbon cable, comprising: a plurality of conductor sets extending lengthwise along the cable and being spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, and each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors, the conductor sets including a first conductor set adjacent a second conductor set; and a first and second shielding film disposed on opposite sides of the cable, the first and second films including cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that, in transverse cross section, the cover portions of the first and second films in combination substantially surround each conductor set, and the pinched portions of the first and second films in combination form pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; wherein, when the cable is laid flat, a first insulated conductor of the first conductor set is nearest the second conductor set, and a second insulated conductor of the second conductor set is nearest the first conductor set, and the first and second insulated conductors have a center-to-center spacing S; and wherein the first insulated conductor has an outer dimension D1 and the second insulated conductor has an outer dimension D2; and wherein S/Dmin is in a range from 1.7 to 2, where Dmin is the lesser of D1 and D2.
Item 2 is the cable of item 1, wherein each pair of adjacent conductor sets in the plurality of conductor sets has a quantity corresponding to S/Dmin in the range from 1.7 to 2.
Item 3 is the cable of item 1, wherein each of the plurality of conductor sets has only one pair of insulated conductors, and wherein a center-to-center spacing of the pair of insulated conductors for the first conductor set is σ1 and a center-to-center spacing of the first and second conductor sets is Σ, and wherein Σ/σ1 is in a range from 2.5 to 3.
Item 4 is a shielded electrical ribbon cable, comprising: a plurality of conductor sets extending lengthwise along the cable and being spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors, the conductor sets including a first conductor set adjacent a second conductor set, the first and second conductor sets each having only one pair of insulated conductors; and a first and second shielding film disposed on opposite sides of the cable, the first and second films including cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that, in transverse cross section, the cover portions of the first and second films in combination substantially surround each conductor set, and the pinched portions of the first and second films in combination form pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; wherein, when the cable is laid flat, a center-to-center spacing of the pair of insulated conductors for the first conductor set is σ1 and a center-to-center spacing of the first and second conductor sets is Σ, and wherein Σ/σ1 is in a range from 2.5 to 3.
Item 5 is the cable of item 4, wherein each of the conductor sets has only one pair of insulated conductors, wherein the conductor sets collectively have an average center-to-center spacing of the pair of insulated conductors of σavg and collectively have an average center-to-center spacing of adjacent conductor sets of Σavg, and wherein Σavg/σavg is in a range from 2.5 to 3.
Item 6 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4, wherein the cover portions of the first and second shielding films in combination substantially surround each conductor set by encompassing at least 75% of a periphery of each conductor set.
Item 7 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4, wherein the first conductor set has a high frequency isolation between adjacent insulated conductors characterized by a crosstalk C1 at a specified frequency in a range from 3-15 GHz and for a 1 meter cable length, wherein a high frequency isolation between the first and second conductor sets is characterized by a crosstalk C2 at the specified frequency, and wherein C2 is at least 10 dB lower than C1.
Item 8 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4, wherein each shielding film includes a conductive layer disposed on a dielectric substrate.
Item 9 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4, further comprising: a first drain wire in electrical contact with at least one of the first and second shielding films.
Item 10 is the cable of item 9, wherein the first drain wire is spaced apart from the plurality of conductor sets along the width of the cable.
Item 11 is the cable of item 9, wherein, in transverse cross section, second cover portions of the first and second shielding films in combination substantially surround the first drain wire.
Item 12 is the cable of item 9, wherein the first drain wire is characterized by a drain wire distance σ1 to a nearest insulated wire of a nearest conductor set, and wherein the nearest conductor set is characterized by a center-to-center spacing of insulated conductors of σ2, and wherein σ1/σ2 is greater than 0.7.
Item 13 is the cable of item 9, wherein the cable includes no drain wire other than the first drain wire.
Item 14 is the cable of item 9, wherein the plurality of conductor sets includes at least eight conductor sets and each conductor set has only one pair of insulated conductors, and wherein the width of the cable is no greater than 16 mm when the cable is laid flat.
Item 15 is the cable of item 9, further comprising: a second drain wire spaced apart from the plurality of differential pairs along the width of the cable such that the plurality of differential pairs are disposed between the first and second drain wires.
Item 16 is the cable of item 15, wherein the cable includes no drain wire other than the first and second drain wires.
Item 17 is the cable of item 15, wherein the plurality of conductor sets includes at least eight conductor sets and each conductor set has only one pair of insulated conductors, and wherein the width of the cable is no greater than 16 mm when the cable is laid flat.
Item 18 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4, wherein, for each conductor set, the cover portions of the first and second films surround the conductor set except for gaps associated with the pinched cable portion on each side of the conductor set.
Item 19 is the cable of item 18, wherein the gaps are filled with a material that bonds the first and second films together at the flattened cable portions.
Item 20 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4, wherein each conductor set includes a first conductor surrounded by a first insulation and a second conductor surrounded by a second insulation, and wherein, for each conductor set, the cover portions of the first shielding film include a first portion concentric with the first conductor and a second portion concentric with the second conductor.
Item 21 is the cable of either item 1 or item 4 in combination with a substrate having a plurality of conductive paths thereon each extending from a first end to a second end of the substrate, wherein individual conductors of the insulated conductors of the cable attach to corresponding ones of the conductive paths at the first end of the substrate.
Item 22 is the combination of item 21, wherein all of the corresponding conductive paths are disposed on one major surface of the substrate.
Item 23 is the combination of item 21, wherein at least one of the corresponding conductive paths is disposed on one major surface of the substrate, and at least another of the corresponding conductive paths is disposed on an opposed major surface of the substrate.
Item 24 is the combination of item 21, wherein at least one of the conductive paths has a first portion on a first major surface of the substrate at the first end, and a second portion on an opposed second major surface of the substrate at the second end.
Item 25 is the combination of item 21, wherein alternating ones of the conductor sets attach to conductive paths on opposite major surfaces of the substrate.
Item 26 is the combination of item 21, wherein the substrate comprises a paddle card.
Item 27 is a shielded electrical cable, comprising: a plurality of conductor sets extending along a length of the cable and being spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors; a first shielding film including cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; and a first drain wire in electrical contact with the first shielding film and also extending along the length of the cable; wherein electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film is localized at at least a first treated area.
Item 28 is the cable of item 27, wherein the electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film at the first treated area is characterized by a DC resistance of less than 2 ohms.
Item 29 is the cable of item 28, wherein the first shielding film covers the first drain wire at the first treated area and at a second area, the second area being at least as long as the first treated area, and wherein a DC resistance between the first drain wire and the first shielding film is greater than 100 ohms at the second area.
Item 30 is the cable of item 29, wherein a dielectric material separates the first drain wire from the first shielding film at the second area, and at the first treated area there is little or no separation of the first drain wire from the first shielding film by the dielectric material.
Item 31 is the cable of item 27, wherein electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film is also localized at a second treated area spaced apart from the first treated area along the length of the cable.
Item 32 is the cable of item 27, further comprising: a second drain wire in electrical contact with the first shielding film, extending along the length of the cable, and spaced apart from the first drain wire; wherein electrical contact of the second drain wire to the first shielding film is localized at a second treated area.
Item 33 is the cable of item 32, wherein the second treated area is disposed at a different lengthwise position of the cable than the first treated area.
Item 34 is the cable of item 32, wherein the second treated area is disposed at a lengthwise position of the cable at which the first drain wire lacks any localized electrical contact with the first shielding film.
Item 35 is the cable of item 27, further comprising: a second shielding film also including cover portions and pinched portions; wherein the first and second shielding films are disposed on opposite sides of the cable and arranged such that, in transverse cross section, the cover portions of the first and second films in combination substantially surround each conductor set, and the pinched portions of the first and second films in combination form the pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set.
Item 36 is the cable of item 35, wherein the first drain wire is also in electrical contact with the second shielding film in a localized fashion at the first treated area.
Item 37 is the cable of item 35, wherein the cover portions of the first and second shielding films in combination substantially surround each conductor set by encompassing at least 75% of a periphery of each conductor set.
Item 38 is the cable of item 35, wherein, for each conductor set, the cover portions of the first and second shielding films surround the conductor set except for gaps associated with the pinched cable portion on each side of the conductor set.
Item 39 is the cable of item 38, wherein the gaps are filled with a material that bonds the first and second films together at the flattened cable portions.
Item 40 is a method of making a shielded electrical cable, comprising: providing a cable that includes: a plurality of conductor sets extending along a length of the cable and being spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors; and a first shielding film including cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; and a first drain wire extending along the length of the cable; and selectively treating the cable at a first treated area to locally increase or establish electrical contact of the first drain wire to the first shielding film in the first treated area.
Item 41 is the method of item 40, wherein a DC resistance between the first drain wire and the first shielding film at the first treated area is greater than 100 ohms before the selectively treating and is less than 2 ohms after the selectively treating.
Item 42 is the method of item 40, wherein the selectively treating includes selectively applying force to the cable at the first treated area.
Item 43 is the method of item 40, wherein the selectively treating includes selectively heating the cable at the first treated area.
Item 44 is the method of item 40, wherein the cable also includes a second drain wire extending along the length of the cable but spaced apart from the first drain wire, and wherein the selectively treating does not substantially increase or establish electrical contact of the second drain wire to the first shielding film.
Item 45 is the method of item 40, wherein the cable further includes a second shielding film also comprising cover portions and pinched portions, the first and second shielding films being disposed on opposite sides of the cable and arranged such that, in transverse cross section, the cover portions of the first and second films in combination substantially surround each conductor set, and the pinched portions of the first and second films in combination form the pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set, and wherein the first drain wire is disposed between the first and second shielding films.
Item 46 is the method of item 45, wherein the selectively treating also locally increases or establishes electrical contact of the first drain wire to the second shielding film in the first treated area.
Item 47 is a shielded electrical cable, comprising: a plurality of conductor sets extending along a length of the cable and being spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors; a first shielding film including cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; and first and second drain wires extending along the length of the cable, the first and second drain wires being electrically connected to each other at least as a result of both of them being in electrical contact with the first shielding film.
Item 48 is the cable of item 47, further comprising: a second shielding film also including cover portions and pinched portions; wherein the first and second shielding films are disposed on opposite sides of the cable and arranged such that, in transverse cross section, the cover portions of the first and second films in combination substantially surround each conductor set, and the pinched portions of the first and second films in combination form the pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; and wherein the first and second drain wires are also electrically connected with each other at least as a result of both of them being in electrical contact with the second shielding film.
Item 49 is the cable of item 48, wherein a DC resistance between the first shielding film and the first drain wire is less than 10 ohms, and a DC resistance between the second shielding film and the first drain wire is less than 10 ohms.
Item 50 is the cable of item 49, wherein the DC resistance between the first shielding film and the first drain wire is less than 2 ohms, and the DC resistance between the second shielding film and the first drain wire is less than 2 ohms.
Item 51 is the cable of item 47 in combination with one or more first termination components at a first end of the cable and one or more second termination components at a second end of the cable.
Item 52 is the combination of item 51, wherein the first and second drain wires are members of a plurality of drain wires extending along the length of the cable, wherein a number n1 of the drain wires connect to the one or more first termination components, wherein a number n2 of the drain wires connect to the one or more second termination components, and wherein n1≠n2.
Item 53 is the combination of item 52, wherein the one or more first termination components collectively have a number m1 of first termination components, and wherein the one or more second termination components collectively have a number m2 of second termination components.
Item 54 is the combination of item 53, wherein n2>n1, and m2>m1.
Item 55 is the combination of item 54, wherein m1=1.
Item 56 is the combination of item 53, wherein m1=m2.
Item 57 is the combination of item 56, wherein m1=1.
Item 58 is the combination of item 53, wherein m1<m2.
Item 59 is the combination of item 53, wherein m1>1 and m2>1.
Item 60 is the combination of item 51, wherein the first drain wire electrically connects to the one or more first termination components but does not electrically connect to the one or more second termination components.
Item 61 is the combination of item 60, wherein the second drain wire electrically connects to the one or more second termination components but does not electrically connect to the one or more first termination components.
Item 62 is a shielded electrical cable, comprising: a plurality of conductor sets extending along a length of the cable and being spaced apart from each other along a width of the cable, each conductor set including one or more insulated conductors; and a first shielding film including cover portions and pinched portions arranged such that the cover portions cover the conductor sets and the pinched portions are disposed at pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set; wherein the plurality of conductor sets includes one or more first conductor sets adapted for high speed data transmission and one or more second conductor sets adapted for power transmission or low speed data transmission.
Item 63 is the cable of item 62, further comprising: a second shielding film also including cover portions and pinched portions; wherein the first and second shielding films are disposed on opposite sides of the cable and arranged such that, in transverse cross section, the cover portions of the first and second films in combination substantially surround each conductor set, and the pinched portions of the first and second films in combination form the pinched portions of the cable on each side of each conductor set.
Item 64 is the cable of item 62, further comprising: a first drain wire in electrical contact with the first shielding film and also extending along the length of the cable.
Item 65 is the cable of item 64, wherein a DC resistance between the first shielding film and the first drain wire is less than 10 ohms.
Item 66 is the cable of item 65, wherein the DC resistance between the first shielding film and the first drain wire is less than 2 ohms.
Item 67 is the cable of item 62, wherein the one or more first conductor sets includes a first conductor set comprising a plurality of first insulated conductors having a center-to-center spacing of σ1, and wherein the one or more second conductor sets includes a second conductor set comprising a plurality of second insulated conductors having a center-to-center spacing of σ2, and wherein σ1>σ2.
Item 68 is the cable of item 62, wherein the insulated conductors of the one or more first conductor sets are all arranged in a single plane when the cable is laid flat.
Item 69 is the cable of item 68, wherein the one or more second conductor sets includes a second conductor set having a plurality of the insulated conductors in a stacked arrangement when the cable is laid flat.
Item 70 is the cable of item 62, wherein the one or more first conductor sets are adapted for maximum data transmission rates of at least 1 Gbps and the one or more second conductor sets are adapted for maximum data transmission rates that are less than 1 Gbps.
Item 71 is the cable of item 70, wherein the one or more first conductor sets are adapted for maximum data transmission rates of at least 3 Gbps.
Item 72 is the cable of item 62 in combination with a first termination component disposed at a first end of the cable.
Item 73 is the combination of item 72, wherein the first termination component comprises a substrate and a plurality of conductive paths thereon, the plurality of conductive paths having respective first termination pads arranged on a first end of the first termination component, and wherein the shielded conductors of the first and second conductor sets connect to respective ones of the first termination pads at the first end of the first termination component in an ordered arrangement that matches an arrangement of the shielded conductors in the cable.
Item 74 is the combination of item 73, wherein the plurality of conductive paths have respective second termination pads arranged on a second end of the first termination component in a different arrangement than that of the first termination pads on the first end.
Item 75 is the combination of item 72, wherein the first termination component comprises a paddle card.
Item 76 is a method of terminating a shielded cable, comprising: providing the cable of item 62; and simultaneously stripping insulation material away from the insulated conductors of the one or more first and second conductor sets on a first end of the cable.
Item 77 is the method of item 76, further comprising: providing one or more first termination components including one or more first substrates having a plurality of first conductive paths thereon; and attaching the stripped conductors at the first end of the cable to the plurality of first conductive paths.
Item 78 is the method of item 77, wherein the attaching is carried out such that the stripped conductors attach to the plurality of first conductive paths at the first end of the cable in an ordered arrangement that matches an arrangement of the shielded conductors in the cable.
Item 79 is the method of item 77, wherein the one or more first termination components includes a first paddle card.
Item 80 is the method of item 77, further comprising: simultaneously stripping insulation material away from the insulated conductors of the one or more first and second conductor sets on a second end of the cable opposite the first end of the cable.
Item 81 is the method of item 80, further comprising: providing one or more second termination components including one or more second substrates having a plurality of second conductive paths thereon; and attaching the stripped conductors at the second end of the cable to the plurality of second conductive paths.
Item 82 is the method of item 81, wherein the attaching of the stripped conductors at the second end of the cable to the plurality of second conductive paths is carried out such that the stripped conductors attach to the plurality of second conductive paths at the second end of the cable in an ordered arrangement that matches an arrangement of the shielded conductors in the cable.
Item 83 is the method of item 81, wherein the one or more second termination components includes a second paddle card.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of description of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Those with skill in the mechanical, electro-mechanical, and electrical arts will readily appreciate that the present invention may be implemented in a very wide variety of embodiments. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the preferred embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 17/715,342, filed Apr. 7, 2022, now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/247,581, filed Dec. 17, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,699,536, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/815,100, filed Mar. 11, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,896,772, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/424,679, filed may 29, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,629,329, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/042,078, filed Jul. 23, 2018, issued as U.S. Patent No. 10,347,393, which is a continuation of 15/596,262, filed may 16, 2017, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,892,823, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/433,183, filed Feb. 15, 2017, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,056,170, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/427,565, filed Feb. 8, 2017, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,666,332, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/298,369, filed Oct. 20, 2016, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,627,106, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/245,735, filed Aug. 24, 2016, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,595,371, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/235,138, filed Aug. 12, 2016, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,502,154, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 14/822,075, filed Aug. 10, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,449,738, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 14/457,557, filed Aug. 12, 2014, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,443,644, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 13/574,627, filed Jul. 23, 2012, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,841,554 which is a national stage filing under 35 C.F.R. 371 of PCT/US2010/60625, filed Dec. 16, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/378,856, filed Aug. 31, 2010, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61378856 | Aug 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17715342 | Apr 2022 | US |
| Child | 18422353 | US | |
| Parent | 17247581 | Dec 2020 | US |
| Child | 17715342 | US | |
| Parent | 16815100 | Mar 2020 | US |
| Child | 17247581 | US | |
| Parent | 16424679 | May 2019 | US |
| Child | 16815100 | US | |
| Parent | 16042078 | Jul 2018 | US |
| Child | 16424679 | US | |
| Parent | 15596262 | May 2017 | US |
| Child | 16042078 | US | |
| Parent | 15433183 | Feb 2017 | US |
| Child | 15596262 | US | |
| Parent | 15427565 | Feb 2017 | US |
| Child | 15433183 | US | |
| Parent | 15298369 | Oct 2016 | US |
| Child | 15427565 | US | |
| Parent | 15245735 | Aug 2016 | US |
| Child | 15298369 | US | |
| Parent | 15235138 | Aug 2016 | US |
| Child | 15245735 | US | |
| Parent | 14822075 | Aug 2015 | US |
| Child | 15235138 | US | |
| Parent | 14457557 | Aug 2014 | US |
| Child | 14822075 | US | |
| Parent | 13574627 | Jul 2012 | US |
| Child | 14457557 | US |
