Patent Application
20240077246
The present invention pertains to methods and apparatus for increasing cooling capacity and efficiency of cryocoolers by means of improvements in cold finger structures.
Cryocoolers are often used to cool various types of equipment to cryogenic temperatures to permit the cooled equipment to function properly. An example of such a cryocooler is disclosed in US 2014/0202172 (Kim), the entire disclosure in which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, many infrared camera or sensor assemblies operate most efficiently and reliably when cooled to cryogenic temperatures, such as approximately the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, 77° K, and are typically operated in a vacuum to provide thermal insulation and avoid condensation on the sensor. Cryocoolers typically deliver the required low temperature by means of a cold finger comprising a generally cylindrical thin-walled tubular housing of material with low thermal conductivity such as titanium or stainless steel having a warm proximal end and a cold distal tip. The cooled distal tip is configured to be placed in contact with equipment to be cooled. A displacer is caused to oscillate back and forth within the tube, thermodynamically cycling a working gas (e.g., helium) between the warm and cold ends in alternating states of compression and expansion such that the expansion causes the cooled gas to cool the cold finger end cap. Examples of cold fingers may be seen in the aforementioned US 2014/0202172 (Kim) document, as well as in the following patent documents, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties: U.S. Pat. No. 7,137,259 (O'Baid et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,312 Unger); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,164,077 (Feger).
As more complex and higher performance equipment is developed (e.g., improved infrared cameras or sensors), greater cooling capacity is often required of cryocoolers. A limiting aspect of conventional cryocoolors resides in the cold finger assemblies which are typically made from materials that have low thermal conductivity. More particularly, most cold finger tubes are made from a metal having a low thermal conductivity to prevent thermal losses along the axial length of the tube.
The cold finger end cap is typically formed integrally with, and from the same low thermal conductivity material as, the tube, thus limiting the effectiveness of the end cap in transferring cold temperatures to the equipment to be cooled. Alternatively, the end cap may be made as a separate piece that is welded or brazed to the tube; however, in order to avoid the problems associated with joining dissimilar metals, the end cap material is typically made from the same or similar material as the tube. In either case, the low thermal conductivity of the end cap material seriously limits the capacity and efficiency of transferring the cold temperatures to the equipment to be cooled.
Presented herein is a disclosure of a cold finger of simple design that provides a multifold increase in the efficiency and capacity of transferring cold temperatures from the cold finger to equipment to be cooled.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
The embodiments of the present disclosure each take advantage of the fact that the distal end of a cold finger, proximate the end cap, is where the internal working gas is coldest. Accordingly, the embodiments focus on modifications to the material and/or structure of prior end caps that permit increased transfer of the cold temperature to the cold finger load. More specifically, the embodiments involve a focused approach to dissimilar material joining, material selection, and cold tip configuration to provide an improved cold finger.
In one embodiment a high thermal conductivity material is used for the end cap, placed adjacent the end cap, or both. In other embodiments the actual or effective surface area contacted by the working gas proximate the endcap is increased, thereby increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient between the working gas and the end cap. These embodiments may be used individually or in combination to increase the efficiency of the transfer of the cold temperature energy to the cold finger load. Functionally, these embodiments permit the cooler gas expansion space to be provided within the highly thermally conductive end cap, unlike many conventional designs in which a low thermally conductive metal forms the expansion space side walls and the high thermally conductive material forms only the axially facing outer surface in contact with the equipment to be cooled. Having the expansion space built into the high thermally conductive end cap reduces the temperature drop between the load to be cooled and the gas (e.g., helium), thus increasing the thermodynamic cycle efficiency. This is especially important and critical when high cooling capacity is required, for example, for large format detectors.
In one embodiment the end cap material is Aluminum Nitride (AlN), particularly but not necessarily in wurtzite phase, which is a ceramic material of sufficiently high thermal conductivity to efficiently transfer the cold energy from the working gas to the load. It is to be understood that such Aluminum Nitride ceramic is merely one example of a material with sufficiently high thermal conductivity for the purposes described herein. A few others of the many examples are, without limitation, or alumina (Al2O3), Molybdenum and alloys thereof and Beryllium Oxide (BeO).
A key hurdle preventing use of high thermal conductivity material in prior art cold finger cold tips or end caps is the dissimilarity between such materials (e.g., AN) and the Titanium, Inconel 718, stainless steel, or other low thermal conductivity material of the cold finger tube; that is, attempts to join these materials of dissimilar coefficients of thermal expansion result in unreliable joints or junctions between the materials, particularly for use under extreme temperature conditions. The graded seal approach used in some of the embodiments of the present disclosure overcomes these material joining issues.
Another feature of this disclosure is an increase of the surface area of the high thermal conductivity end cap material by, for example, extending it coaxially along the distal end of the cold finger tube interior surface. This increased surface area extends along the coldest portion of the tube and thereby provides greater cold temperature transfer capacity for the cold finger. Thus, in addition to axially extending the tube sidewall with the higher thermal conductivity end cap, the interior surface of the end cap may be machined or otherwise contoured to provide greater surface area for contact with the working gas. To achieve even greater cooling capacity, a mesh porous high thermal conductivity material, (e.g., AlN ceramic, alumina, BeO, etc.) may be provided in contact with the end cap interior surface, for example by being sintered in place inside the non-porous end cap. The mesh or porous high thermal conductivity material increases the effective convective heat transfer coefficient between the working gas (e.g., helium) and the porous walls of the expansion space.
These and other advantages and features will become evident in view of the drawings and detailed description.
The above and still further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the definitions, descriptions and descriptive figures of specific embodiments thereof set forth herein. In the detailed description below, like reference numerals in the various figures are utilized to designate like components and elements, and like terms are used to refer to similar or corresponding elements in the several embodiments. While these descriptions go into specific details of the invention, it is understood that variations may and do exist and would be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the following description.
By way of example, specific illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The present systems and methods are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which several exemplary embodiments are shown. It will be readily understood that the components of the embodiments as generally described herein and illustrated in the appended drawings may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of various embodiments, as represented in the drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure but is merely representative of various embodiments. While the various aspects of the embodiments are presented in the drawings, the drawings are not drawn to scale unless specifically indicated.
The subject matter disclosed herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics; that is, the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention(s) is/are, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by this detailed description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all the features and advantages that may be realized with the disclosed apparatus, system and method should be or are in any single embodiment. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, discussions of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.
Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosed systems may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, in light of the description herein, that the embodiments can be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the indicated embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
For purposes of the disclosure and claims herein, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated immediately below.
Referring specifically to
When considering thermal conductivity for purposes of this disclosure, it is to be noted that thermal conductivity varies as a function of temperature, and it is important that the material chosen for the end cap has a high thermal conductivity at cryogenic temperatures. For example, it is preferred that the end cap material have a thermal conductivity equal to or greater than 80 W/m-K (Watts per meter-Kelvin) at a temperature of 77.36K. As a practical matter, the end cap material(s) should have a thermal conductivity at cryogenic temperatures that is not significantly lower, and preferably equal to or higher, than that of Molybdenum which has a thermal conductivity on the order of more than five times that of titanium, the low thermally conductive material of tube 101.
As best viewed in
Collar 120 has an open distal end and a cylindrical inner surface substantially abutting and surrounding the outer surface of cylinder portion 106 of the endcap. The proximal end of the collar is defined by an annular lip 124 projecting a short distance radially inward. Lip 124 has a proximally facing flat annular end surface that abuts a distally facing and radially extending flat surface of a thin ring 119 that coaxially surrounds and contacts the outer surface of the stub end portion of tube 101. The proximally facing surface of ring 119 abuts the distally facing surface of the support flange. Thusly located, ring 119 is positioned between and axially separates collar 120 and tube flange 122.
Ring 119 may be formed of the same material as tube 101, e.g., titanium, or other suitable material such as Inconel 718. INVAR is particularly suitable for the collar material because its coefficient of thermal expansion closely matches that of the of end cap material (e.g., Aluminum Nitride) and therefore facilitates joining (e.g., by brazing, welding, soldering, etc.) of the end cap and collar.
In manufacturing the cold finger of
During operation, the volume defined interiorly of end cap cylinder portion 106 and platform portion 103 constitutes the coldest region of the cold finger, and its highly thermally conductive material efficiently transfers cold temperatures from the end cap 104 to the equipment being cooled. Stated otherwise, cylindrical portion 106 longitudinally extends the inside of tube 101 with highly thermally conductive material in the coldest region of the cold finger to thereby capture the highest energy available and enhance the thermal energy transfer capacity of cold finger 100.
In the embodiment shown in
The mesh or porous ceramic material increases the convective heat transfer coefficient between the working gas (e.g., helium) and the expansion space porous walls. The increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient is achieved by increasing the gas velocity of gas flowing around the media particles. More specifically, the working gas flows in and out of the porous ring, thus transferring thermal energy from the walls when pressure is low and inserting the colder gas (at lower thermal energy) into the porous walls. In addition to the increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient, the structure surface area increases as well by as much as ten times, which reduces the total thermal impedance between the gas and the thermal load.
In the embodiment of
Referring to
It should be noted that whether or not the end cap 104 is made high thermally conductive material, the addition of the interior layers/linings of porous AlN material, and/or the machining or otherwise configuring the surfaces exposed to the working gas proximate the distal end of the cold finger tube, significantly increases the capacity of cool temperature transfer from the cold finger. Accordingly, providing those features independently of a high thermal conductivity end cap material constitutes an aspect of the invention disclosed herein.
Thus, in one sense, the principles of this disclosure comprise providing a high thermal conductivity material at the distal of cold finger to enhance the transfer of cold temperature from the working gas to the equipment being cooled at the cold finger end cap. The high thermal conductivity material may be the material of the end cap extended to form the distal end of the cold finger tube, and/or a porous layer of such material secured to the inner surface of the tube or end cap. In preferred embodiments the high thermal conductivity material is aluminum nitride. The principles also comprise machining or otherwise configuring surfaces to increase their area in order to more effectively transfer cold temperature energy from the working gas to the cold finger load.
Although only a number of examples have been disclosed herein, other alternatives, modifications, uses and/or equivalents thereof are possible, and the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by the particular examples disclosed herein.
The above description is intended by way of example only. Although the techniques are illustrated and described herein as embodied in one or more specific examples, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.
This application is a non-provisional application claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/403,913 entitled “High Efficiency Cold Finger”, and filed Sep. 6, 2022, the entire disclosure in which is incorporated in its entirety herein by this reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63403913 | Sep 2022 | US |
