The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to solar thermal energy, and more particularly to a receiver for harnessing solar thermal energy.
Solar thermal power systems use reflected sunlight as a heat source to drive electric generation. One way to convert solar energy into a usable form of energy is through concentrating solar power systems. Concentrating solar power systems generally rely upon reflective surfaces to reflect the sun's rays to a common, focal, heat absorbing zone, i.e. a central receiver. The central receiver is a target for the reflected sun's rays, which are highly concentrated at the central receiver and may be collected at high temperatures in excess of 500 degrees Centigrade. The heat generated at the central receiver may subsequently be used with existing power or heat generation systems, such as steam-turbine driven electrical generating plants, to produce electricity or otherwise to provide thermal energy for other systems.
To generate heat on the surface of the solar thermal receiver it is desirable to absorb as much of the solar spectrum incident at the surface of the earth as possible. However, significant losses of heat occur due to convection because of the exposure of the high temperature receiver surface to the ambient air. Additionally, heat losses occur due to the re-radiation of electromagnetic energy into space. Minimizing these sources of heat loss would improve the efficiency of solar thermal receivers.
In a first embodiment, a receiver panel is provided. The receiver panel includes multiple thermally conductive nanostructures and a substrate wherein the substrate supports the multiple thermally conductive nanostructures.
In a second embodiment, a solar power plant is provided. The solar power plant includes a tower and a receiver secured to the tower. The receiver includes at least one receiver panel that includes multiple heat absorbent nanostructures and a heat absorbent metal substrate. The metal substrate supports the multiple heat absorbent nanostructures. The solar power plant also includes one or more reflective structures configured to reflect incident energy on the receiver.
In a third embodiment, a receiver panel is provided. The receiver panel includes multiple metallic nanowires and a metal substrate. The multiple metallic nanowires are substantially orthogonal with respect to the metal substrate. The receiver panel also includes a semi-transparent or transparent dielectric medium forming an enclosure or coating to maintain a non-oxidative environment for the multiple metallic nanowires. The receiver panel further includes an anti-reflective coating configured to increase transmittance of wavelengths ranging from about 330 nm to about 2500 nm through the dielectric medium and a low emittance coating configured to reflect wavelengths of at least about 3000 nm back to the multiple metallic nanowires.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Any examples of operating parameters and/or environmental conditions are not exclusive of other parameters/conditions of the disclosed embodiments.
Turning now to the drawings and referring first to
Embodiments of the receiver panels 30 may include heat extraction piping attached to the back surface of the receiver panel 30. Heat may be transferred from the substrate 32 to the piping. Alternatively, the receiver panels 30 may include thin walled pipes within the receiver panels 30. These pipes may be coated with a plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 to maximize the transfer of heat. Thus, the heat may be transferred from the nanostructures 34 thru the thin walls of the piping to the heat transfer fluid flowing through the pipes. In one embodiment, the walls of the piping may range from about 2 mm to about 25 mm thick.
As for the nanostructures 34, using a nanopatterned surface on the substrate 32 reduces the scattering and diffraction of light, and thus loss of solar thermal energy. In one embodiment, the thermally conductive nanostructures 34 are substantially vertically aligned with respect to the substrate 32 (i.e., orthogonal). In alternative embodiments, the plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may vary in their alignment with respect to the substrate 32. The thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may vary in cross-section and may, for example, have a tubular, circular, square, rectangular, triangular, or any other suitable polygonal cross-section. The thicknesses or diameters 36 of the thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may range from about 5 nm to about 1000 nm in one embodiment. The height 38 of the thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may range from about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm in one such embodiment. The separation distance 40 between each of the plurality of nanostructures 34 may range from about 50 nm to about 3 μm in certain embodiments. The size, shape, and distribution of the thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may be determined and/or configured to allow the receiver panel 30 to more efficiently absorb a particular spectral region of interest.
In one embodiment, the plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may consist of heat absorbent or thermally conductive metal to more effectively absorb light and heat. Light incident on the plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may be absorbed or reflected within the plurality of nanostructures 34. When the incident light is partially reflected within the plurality of nanostructures 34, the light will be further absorbed and partially reflected until substantially all of the energy is absorbed. For example, nanostructures with a tubular shape may consist of a high efficiency absorber, such as carbon. Nanostructures, with alternative shapes such as a wire shape (nanowires), may consist of nickel, silver, copper, cobalt, or other suitable metals, and/or the respective oxides of these metals. These metals are highly absorbing over the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectral range. In addition, in another embodiment, nanostructures may consist of semiconductor materials such as indium antimonide or indium arsenide. Besides highly absorbent nanostructures, the plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may include metal oxides with a low emissivity over the spectral range of about 300 nm to about 3 μm, such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, or indium oxide. The composition of the thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may also be determined so as to allow the receiver panel 30 to more efficiently absorb a particular spectral region of interest.
The plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may be fabricated in a variety of ways. One embodiment of a receiver panel 30 consists of directly wet etching the plurality of nanostructures 34 out of the substrate 32 where the substrate 32 consists of a heat absorbent or thermally conductive metal such as INCONEL®. An alternative embodiment consists of depositing an aluminum film on the substrate 32 and producing a nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide template on the substrate 32 by acidic anodization. The plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34 may then be electroplated into the nanopores with a vertical alignment with respect to the substrate 32. Additional methods may be employed to fabricate the nanostructures 34 such as using a photomask patterned on a substrate followed by chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition at glancing angles (sputtering and evaporation), direct chemical synthesis, plasma or liquid etching, or nucleation of nanostructures 34 onto the exposed areas of the substrate 32. Formation of metallic or dielectric nanomasks in combination with dry etching techniques such as reactive ion etching (RIE) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching may also be used to fabricate the nanostructures 34.
The atmosphere around the receiver panel 30 may be heated to temperatures of at least 500 degrees Centigrade. Exposure of the plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures to such temperatures while exposed to the atmosphere may result in the oxidation of the nanostructures 34 or may significantly degrade the absorptivity of the nanostructures 34. Additionally, the exposure of the high temperature atmosphere around the receiver panel 30 to ambient air temperatures of 25 to 50 degrees Centigrade may result in the transfer of heat to the ambient air via convection.
In view of these considerations,
An alternative embodiment of the covering 44 is illustrated in
Besides convection, a significant amount of heat is also lost due to the re-radiation of electromagnetic energy into space.
The anti-reflective coating 58 is configured to withstand the high temperatures at the surface of the receiver panel 30. In addition, in one embodiment the anti-reflective coating is configured to maximize the transmittance of light within the wavelengths of about 330 nm to about 2500 nm to the plurality of thermally conductive nanostructures 34. The anti-reflective coating 58 may consist of a multi-layered dielectric material. In one embodiment, the thickness 62 of the anti-reflective coating 58 may range from about 0.1 μm to about 2 μm. The anti-reflective coating 58 may be disposed above or below the low emittance coating 56 or on or beneath the transparent or semitransparent covering 44. In one embodiment, a quartz window without the anti-reflective coating 58 and provided as part of a covering 44 transmits 93% of the incident radiation, but the same quartz window with the anti-reflective coating 58 may transmit 99% of the incident radiation.
In an alternative embodiment, transparent nanostructures (e.g., nanorods) may be fabricated on the surface of the encapsulant or covering 44 by a direct solution deposition process of wide bandgap nanowires (e.g., ZnO, SnO2, etc.) after first vacuum or solution depositing a thin buffer layer. Alternatively, the transparent nanostructures may be formed on the covering 44 by first depositing a thin index matched dielectric layer and then dry etching nanostructures into the layer using an array of metallic nanomasks (e.g., nickel) formed by photolithography or random breakup of metallic thin films into nano-islands upon annealing (e.g., nanosphere lithography). These structures form an omnidirectional anti-reflective coating. These nanostructures break up the continuous smooth surface and cause scattering and forward propagation into the surface, leading to enhanced broadband transmission of light to the substrate below at normal incidence and up to high input angles.
As seen in
Technical effects of the above embodiments include increasing the heat captured by a solar receiver. In addition, another technical effect is that thermal losses of heat due to convection and re-radiation are significantly reduced. This allows more electricity to be created by solar thermal generating equipment from the incident light on the surface of the earth. A further technical effect is the use of nano-scale structures to improve the capture and/or transmission of thermal energy.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.