This disclosure relates generally to electrical interconnection systems and more specifically to improved signal integrity in interconnection systems, particularly in high speed electrical connectors.
Electrical connectors are used in many electronic systems. It is generally easier and more cost effective to manufacture a system on several printed circuit boards (“PCBs”) that are connected to one another by electrical connectors than to manufacture a system as a single assembly. A traditional arrangement for interconnecting several PCBs is to have one PCB serve as a backplane. Other PCBs, which are called daughter boards or daughter cards, are then connected through the backplane by electrical connectors.
Electronic systems have generally become smaller, faster, and functionally more complex. These changes mean that the number of circuits in a given area of an electronic system, along with the frequencies at which the circuits operate, have increased significantly in recent years. Current systems pass more data between printed circuit boards and require electrical connectors that are electrically capable of handling more data at higher speeds than connectors of even a few years ago.
One of the difficulties in making a high density, high speed connector is that electrical conductors in the connector can be so close that there can be electrical interference between adjacent signal conductors. To reduce interference, and to otherwise provide desirable electrical properties, shield members are often placed between or around adjacent signal conductors. The shields prevent signals carried on one conductor from creating “crosstalk” on another conductor. The shield also impacts the impedance of each conductor, which can further contribute to desirable electrical properties. Shields can be in the form of grounded metal structures or may be in the form of electrically lossy material.
Other techniques may be used to control the performance of a connector. Transmitting signals differentially can also reduce crosstalk. Differential signals are carried on a pair of conducting paths, called a “differential pair.” The voltage difference between the conductive paths represents the signal. In general, a differential pair is designed with preferential coupling between the conducting paths of the pair. For example, the two conducting paths of a differential pair may be arranged to run closer to each other than to adjacent signal paths in the connector. No shielding is desired between the conducting paths of the pair, but shielding may be used between differential pairs. Electrical connectors can be designed for differential signals as well as for single-ended signals.
Differential connectors are generally regarded as “edge coupled” or “broadside coupled.” In both types of connectors the conductive members that carry signals are generally rectangular in cross section. Two opposing sides of the rectangle are wider than the other sides, forming the broad sides of the conductive member. When pairs of conductive members are positioned with broad sides of the members of the pair closer to each other than to adjacent conductive members, the connector is regarded as being broadside coupled. Conversely, if pairs of conductive members are positioned with the narrower edges joining the broad sides closer to each other than to adjacent conductive members, the connector is regarded as being edge coupled.
Maintaining signal integrity can be a particular challenge in the mating interface of the connector. At the mating interface, force must be generated to press conductive elements from the separable connectors together so that a reliable electrical connection is made between the two conductive elements. Frequently, this force is generated by spring characteristics of the mating contact portions in one of the connectors. For example, the mating contact portions of one connector may contain one or more members shaped as beams. As the connectors are pressed together, each beam is deflected by a mating contact, shaped as a post or pin, in the other connector. The spring force generated by the beam as it is deflected provides a contact force.
For mechanical reliability, contacts may have multiple beams. In some implementations, the beams are opposing, pressing on opposite sides of a mating contact portion of a conductive element from another connector. In some alternative implementations, the beams may be parallel, pressing on the same side of a mating contact portion.
Regardless of the specific contact structure, the need to generate mechanical force imposes requirements on the shape of the mating contact portions. For example, the mating contact portions must be large enough to generate sufficient force to make a reliable electrical connection. These mechanical requirements may preclude the use of shielding, or may dictate the use of conductive material in places that alters the impedance of the conductive elements in the vicinity of the mating interface. Because abrupt changes in impedance may alter the signal integrity of a signal conductor, mating contact portions are often accepted as being noisier portions of a connector.
Aspects of the present disclosure relate to improved high speed, high density interconnection systems. The inventors have recognized and appreciated techniques for configuring connector mating interfaces and other connector components to improve signal integrity. These techniques may be used together, separately, or in any suitable combination.
In some embodiments, relate to providing mating contact structures that support multiple points of contact distributed along an elongated dimension of a conductive elements of a connector. Different contact structures may be used for signal conductors and ground conductors, but, in some embodiments, multiple points of contact may be provided for each.
Accordingly, in some aspects, the invention may be embodied as an electrical connector comprising a plurality of conductive elements disposed in a column, each of the plurality of conductive members comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion and the contact tail. The electrical connector may be a first electrical connector. A first mating contact portion of a first conductive element of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise a first beam, a second beam and a third beam, the first beam being shorter than the second beam and the third beam. The first beam of the first mating contact portion may comprise a first contact region adapted to make electrical contact with a second mating contact portion of a second conductive element of a second electrical connector at a first point of contact. The second beam of the first mating contact portion may comprise a second contact region adapted to make electrical contact with the second mating contact portion of the second conductive element of the second electrical connector at a second point of contact, the second point of contact being farther from a distal end of the second mating contact portion than the first point of contact. The third beam of the first mating contact portion may comprise a third contact region adapted to make electrical contact with the second mating contact portion of the second conductive element of the second electrical connector at a third point of contact, the third point of contact being farther away from a distal end of the second mating contact portion than the first point of contact.
In some embodiments, the conductive elements may be ground conductors, which may separate signal conductors within the column.
In some embodiments, the first beam may be disposed between the second beam and the third beam.
In some embodiments, the first contact region may comprise a first protruding portion, and the second contact region may comprise a second protruding portion that protrudes to a greater extent than the first protruding portion.
In some embodiments, the first mating contact portion of the first conductive element may be adapted to apply a spring force to the second mating contact portion of the second conductive element when the first electrical connector is mated with the second electrical connector. In some embodiments, the first mating contact portion of the first conductive element may be adapted to be deflected by the second mating contact portion of the second conductive element by about 1/1000 inch when the first electrical connector is mated with the second electrical connector.
In some embodiments, the second beam may be about twice as long as the first beam.
In some embodiments, the plurality of conductive elements may comprise a third conductive element disposed adjacent to the first conductive element, and a third mating contact portion of the third conductive element may comprise a fourth beam and a fifth beam, the fourth and fifth beams being roughly equal in length. In some embodiments, a first combined width of the first, second, and third beams may be greater than a second combined width of the fourth and fifth beams. In some embodiments, the fourth beam of the third mating contact portion may comprise a fourth contact region adapted to make electrical contact with a fourth mating contact portion of a fourth conductive element of the second electrical connector, and the fifth beam of the third mating contact portion may comprise a fifth contact region adapted to make electrical contact with the fourth mating contact portion of the fourth conductive element of the second electrical connector. In some embodiments, the fourth beam of the third mating contact portion may be disposed closer to the first mating contact portion than the fifth beam of the third mating contact portion, and the fourth beam may further comprise a sixth contact region adapted to make electrical contact with the fourth mating contact portion of the fourth conductive element of the second electrical connector, the sixth contact region being farther away from a distal end of the fourth mating contact portion than the fourth contact region.
In another aspect, an electrical connector may comprise a plurality of conductive elements disposed in a column of conductive elements. Each of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise at least one beam. The plurality of conductive elements may be arranged in a plurality of pairs of conductive elements, each of the conductive elements in each pair having a first width. The plurality of conductive elements may comprise a plurality of wide conductive elements, each of the wide conductive elements being disposed between adjacent pairs of the plurality of pairs. Each of the wide conductive elements may comprise a plurality of beams, the plurality of beams comprising at least one longer beam and at least one shorter beam, the shorter beam being disposed separate from the longer beam and positioned such that when the electrical connector is mated to a mating electrical connector and the wide conductive element makes contact with a corresponding conductive element in mating connector, the shorter beam terminates a stub of the corresponding conductive element comprising a wipe region for the longer beam on the corresponding conductive element.
In some embodiments, the plurality of conductive elements disposed on the column may form a plurality of coplanar waveguides, each of the coplanar waveguides comprising a pair or the plurality of pairs and at least one adjacent wide conductive element of the plurality of wide conductive elements.
In some embodiments, the electrical connector may comprise a wafer, the wafer comprising a housing, the plurality of conductive elements being at least partially enclosed in the housing. In some embodiments, the housing may comprise insulative material and lossy material.
In some embodiments, each beam of the plurality of beams may comprise a contact region on a distal portion of the beam, and the contact regions of the beams of each pair of the plurality of pairs and the contact regions of each longer beam of the wide conductive elements may be disposed in a line adjacent a mating face of the connector.
In some embodiments, the plurality of beams for each of the wide conductive elements may comprise two longer beams and one shorter beam disposed between the two longer beams, the two longer beams being disposed along adjacent edges of the wide conductive elements. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of conductive elements in each of the plurality of pairs may comprise two beams. In some embodiments, the electrical connector may comprise a housing, each of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise an intermediate portion within the housing and a contact portion extending from the housing, the contact portion comprising a corresponding beam, the intermediate portions of the plurality of conductive elements may be configured with a first spacing between an edge of a wide conductive element and an edge of a conductive element of an adjacent pair of conductive elements, and the beams of the plurality of conductive elements may be configured such that the beams of conductive elements of the pairs have first regions and second regions, the first regions providing a spacing between a conductive element of a pair and an adjacent wide conductive element that approximates the first spacing and the second regions providing a spacing between the conductive element of the pair and the adjacent wide conductive element that is greater than the first spacing. In some embodiments, the spacing that is greater than the first spacing may provide a uniform spacing of contact regions along a mating interface of the connector. In some embodiments, each of the at least one beams of each of the pairs may comprise two beams.
In other aspects, the conductive elements in the connector may be shaped to provide desirable electrical and mechanical properties. Accordingly, in some embodiments, an electrical connector may comprise a housing and a plurality of conductive elements disposed in a column. Each of the plurality of conductive members may comprise a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion and the contact tail. The intermediate portions of the plurality of conductive elements may be disposed within the housing and the mating contact portions of the plurality of conductive elements may extend from the housing. The plurality of conductive elements may comprise a first conductive element and a second conductive element disposed adjacent the first conductive element. A first proximal end of a first mating contact portion of the first conductive element may be spaced apart from a second proximal end of a second mating contact portion of the second conductive element by a first distance. A first distal end of the first mating contact portion of the first conductive element may be spaced apart from a second distal end of the second mating contact portion of the second conductive element by a second distance that is greater than the first distance.
In some embodiments, the first and second conductive elements may form an edge-coupled pair of conductive elements adapted to carry a differential signal.
In some embodiments, the electrical connector may be a first electrical connector, the first mating contact portion may comprise a first contact region adapted to make electrical contact with a third mating contact portion of a third conductive element of a second electrical connector at a first point of contact, and the first mating contact portion may further comprise a second contact region adapted to make electrical contact with the third mating contact portion of the third conductive element of the second electrical connector at a second point of contact, the second point of contact being closer to a third distal end of the third mating contact portion than the first point of contact. In some embodiments, the first contact region may be near the first distal end of the first mating contact portion, and the second contact region may be near a midpoint between the first proximal end and the first distal end of the first mating contact portion.
In some embodiments, the first mating contact portion of the first conductive element may comprise a first beam and a second beam, and the second mating contact portion of the second conductive element may comprise a third beam and a fourth beam. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth beams may be disposed adjacent to each other in a sequence, the first beam may comprise a first contact region near the first distal end, the second beam may comprise a second contact region near the first distal end, the third beam may comprise a third contact region near the second distal end, the fourth beam may comprise a fourth contact region near the second distal end, the first beam may further comprise a fifth contact region that is farther away from the first distal end than the first contact region, the fourth beam may further comprise a sixth contact region that is farther away from the second distal end than the fourth contact region, and each mating contact portion may comprise two beams.
In another aspect, an electrical connector may comprise a housing and a plurality of conductive elements disposed in a plurality of columns, each of the plurality of conductive members comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion and the contact tail. The intermediate portions of the plurality of conductive elements may be disposed within the housing and the mating contact portions of the plurality of conductive elements may extend from the housing. Within each of the plurality of columns the intermediate portions of the conductive elements may comprise a plurality of pairs of conductive elements, the conductive elements of the pairs having a first width. The intermediate portions may also comprise a plurality of wider conductive elements, the wider conductive elements having a second width, wider than the first width. Adjacent pairs of the plurality of pairs may be separated by a wider conductive element. Each of the pairs may have a first edge-to-edge spacing from an adjacent wider conductor. The mating contact portions of the conductive elements of each of the pairs may be jogged to provide the first edge-to-edge spacing from the adjacent wider conductor adjacent the housing and a second edge-to-edge spacing at the distal ends of the mating contact portions.
In some embodiments, the plurality of pairs of conductive elements may comprise differential signal pairs and the plurality of wider conductive elements may comprise ground conductors.
In some embodiments, the mating contact portions of the conductive elements of each pair may comprise at least one first beam and at least one second beam; and the at least one first beam and the at least one second beam may both jog away from a center line between the at least one first beam and the at least one second beam. In some embodiments, the at least one first beam may comprise two beams and the at least one second beam may comprise two beams.
In some aspects, an improved ground structure maybe provided. The structure may include features that controls the electromagnetic energy within and/or radiating from a connector.
In some embodiments, an electrical connector may comprise a plurality of conductive elements disposed in a plurality of parallel columns, each of the plurality of conductive members comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion and the contact tail. The plurality of conductive elements may comprise at least a first conductive element and a second conductive element. The connector may also comprise a conductive insert adapted to make electrical connection with at least the first conductive element and second conductive element when the conductive insert is disposed in a plane that is transverse to a direction along which each of the first and second conductive elements is elongated. Such an insert may be integrated into the connector at any suitable time, including as a separable member added after the connector is manufactured as a retrofit for improved performance or as an integral portion of another component formed during connector manufacture.
In some embodiments, the first and second conductive elements may be adapted to be ground conductors, the plurality of conductive elements may further comprise at least one third conductive element that is adapted to be a signal conductor, and the conductive insert may be adapted to avoid making an electrical connection with the third conductive element when the conductive insert is disposed in the plane transverse to the direction along which each of the first and second conductive elements is elongated. In some embodiments, the conductive insert may comprise a sheet of conductive material having at least one cutout such that the third conductive element extends through the at least one cutout without making electrical contact with the conductive insert when the conductive insert is disposed in the plane transverse to the direction along which each of the first and second conductive elements is elongated.
In some embodiments, the first and second conductive elements may have a first width, the plurality of conductive elements may further comprise at least one third conductive element having a second width that is less than the first width, and the conductive insert may comprise an opening providing a clearance around the third conductive element when the conductive insert is disposed in the plane transverse to the direction along which each of the first and second conductive elements is elongated.
In some embodiments, the electrical connector may be a first electrical connector, and the conductive insert may be disposed at a mating interface between the first electrical connector and a second electrical connector and may be in physical contact with mating contact portions of the first and second conductive elements.
In some embodiments, the electrical connector may further comprise a conductive support member, the first conductive element may be disposed in a first wafer of the electrical connector and may comprise a first engaging feature extending from the first wafer in a position to engage the conductive support member, the second conductive element may be disposed in a second wafer of the electrical connector and may comprise a second engaging feature extending from the second wafer in a position to engage the conductive support member, and when the first and second engaging features engage the conductive support member, the first and second conductive elements may be electrically connected to each other via the conductive support member.
In yet other aspects, the positioning of conductive elements within different columns may be different.
In some embodiments, an electrical connector may comprise: a plurality of wafers comprising a housing having first edge and a second edge. The wafers may also comprise a plurality of conductive elements, each of the conductive elements comprising a contact tail extending through the first edge and a mating contact portion extending through the second edge and an intermediate portion joining the contact tail and the mating contact portion. The conductive elements may be arranged in an order such that the contact tails extend from the first edge at a distance from a first end of the first edge that increases in accordance with the order and the mating contact portions extend from the second edge at a distance from a first end of the second edge that increases in accordance with the order. The plurality of wafers may comprise wafers of a first type and wafers of a second type arranged in an alternating pattern of a wafer of the first type and a wafer of the second type. The plurality of conductive elements in each of the plurality of wafers of the first type may be arranged to form at least one pair. The plurality of conductive elements in each of the plurality of wafers of the second type also may be arranged to form at least one pair, corresponding to the at least one pair of wafers of the first type. The contact tails of each pair of the first type wafer may be closer to the first end of the first edge than the contact tails of the corresponding pair of the second type wafer; and the mating contact portions of each pair of the first type wafer may be further from the first end of the second edge than the mating contact portions of the corresponding pair of the second type wafer.
In some embodiments, the plurality of conductive elements in each of the plurality of wafers of the first type may be arranged to form a plurality of pairs, and the plurality of conductive elements in each of the plurality of wafers of the first type may further comprise ground conductors disposed between adjacent pairs of the plurality of pairs.
In some embodiments, the second edge may be perpendicular to the first edge.
In some embodiments, the plurality of conductive elements comprise a first plurality of conductive elements, the connector may further comprise a second plurality of conductive elements, and conductive elements of the second plurality of conductive elements may be wider than the conductive elements of the first plurality of conductive elements.
In some embodiments, the plurality of conductive elements may comprise a first plurality of conductive elements, the connector may further comprise a second plurality of conductive elements. In some embodiments, for each of the at least one pair, the conductive elements of the pair may be separated by a first distance, and a conductive element of the pair may be adjacent a conductive element of the second plurality of conductive elements and separated from the conductive element of the second plurality of conductive elements by a second distance that is greater than a first distance.
In yet other embodiments, an electrical connector may comprise a plurality of conductive elements, the plurality of conductive elements being disposed in at least a first column and a second column parallel to the first column. Each of the first column and the second column may comprise at least one pair comprising a first conductive element and a second conductive element. Each of the plurality of conductive elements may have a first end and a second end. The plurality of conductive elements may be configured such that at the first end, a first conductive element of each pair of the at least one pair in the first column electrically couples more strongly to the first conductive element of a corresponding pair of the at least one pair in the second column, and at the second end, a second conductive element of each pair of the at least one pair in the first column electrically couples more strongly to the second conductive element of the corresponding pair of the at least one pair in the second column.
In some embodiments, the first end of each of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise a contact tail, and the second end of each of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise a mating contact portion.
In some embodiments, each of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise an intermediate portion between the contact tail and the mating contact portion, and for each of the at least one pair in each of the first column and the second column, the first conductive element and the second conductive elements of the pair may be uniformly spaced over the intermediate portions of the first conductive element and the second conductive element.
In some embodiments, an electrical connector may comprise a plurality of conductive elements disposed in a column, each of the plurality of conductive members comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion and the contact tail, wherein the mating contact portion of at least a portion of the plurality of conductive elements may comprise a beam, the beam comprising a first contact region and a second contact region, the first contact region may comprise a first curved portion of a first depth, the second contact region may comprise a second curved portion of a second depth, and the first depth may be greater than the second depth.
In some embodiments, for each mating contact portion of the at least the portion of the plurality of conductive elements, the beam may comprise a first beam, and the mating contact portion may further comprise a second beam. In some embodiments, each second beam may comprise a single contact region.
In some embodiments, the first curved portion may have a shape providing a contact resistance of less than 1 Ohm, and the second curved portion may have a shape providing a contact resistance in excess of 1 Ohm.
In some embodiments, the plurality of conductive elements may comprise first-type conductive elements, and the column may further comprise second-type conductive elements, the first-type conductive elements being disposed in pairs with a second-type conductive element between each pair. In some embodiments, the first-type conductive elements may be signal conductors and the second type conductive elements may be ground conductors.
Other advantages and novel features will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures and from the claims.
In the drawings:
The inventors have recognized and appreciated that various techniques may be used, either separately or in any suitable combination, to improve the performance of a high speed interconnection system.
One such technique for improving performance of a high speed electrical connector may entail configuring mating contact portions of a first connector in such a manner that, when the first connector is mated with a second connector, a first mating contact portion of the first connector is in electrical contact with an intended contact region of a second mating contact portion of the second connector, where the intended contact region is at least a certain distance away from a distal end of the second mating contact portion. The portion of the second mating contact portion between the distal end and the intended contact region is sometimes referred to as a “wipe” region. Providing sufficient wipe may help to ensure that adequate electrical connection is made between the mating contact portions even if the first mating contact portion does not reach the intended contact region of the second mating contact portion due to manufacturing or assembly variances.
However, the inventors have also recognized and appreciated that a wipe region may form an unterminated stub when electrical currents flow between mating contact portions of two mated connectors. The presence of such an unterminated stub may lead to unwanted resonances, which may lower the quality of the signals carried through the mated connectors. Therefore, it may be desirable to provide a simple, yet reliable, structure to reduce such an unterminated stub while still providing sufficient wipe to ensure adequate electrical connection.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, multiple contact regions may be provided on a first mating contact portion in a first connector so that the first mating contact portion may have at least an larger contact region and a smaller contact region, with the larger contact region being closer to a distal end of the first mating contact portion than the smaller contact region. The larger region may be adapted to reach an intended contact region on a second mating contact portion of a second connector. The smaller contact region may be adapted to make electrical contact with the second mating contact portion at a location between the intended contact region and a distal end of the second mating contact portion. In this manner, a stub length is reduced when the first and second connectors are mated with each other, for example, to include only the portion of the second mating contact portion between the distal end and the location in electrical contact with the upper contact region of the first mating contact portion. However, the smaller contact region may entail a relatively low risk of separating the larger contact region from the mating contact, which could create an unintended stub.
In some embodiments, contact regions of a first mating contact portion of a first connector may each be provided by a protruding portion, such as a “ripple” formed in the first mating contact portion. The inventors have recognized and appreciated that the dimensions and/or locations of such ripples may affect whether adequate electrical connection is made when the first connector is mating with a second connector. The inventors also have recognized and appreciated that it may simplify manufacture, and/or more increase reliability, if the contact regions are designed to have different sizes and/or contact resistances. For example, if a proximal ripple (e.g. a ripple located farther away from a distal end of the first mating contact portion) is too large relative to a distal ripple (e.g. a ripple located closer to the distal end of the first mating contact portion), the distal ripple may not make sufficient electrical contact with a second mating contact portion of the second connector because the proximal ripple may, when pressed against the second mating contract portion, cause excessive deflection of the first mating contract portion, which may lift the distal ripple away from the second mating contact portion.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, contact regions of a mating contact portion of a first connector may be configured such that a distal contact region (e.g., a contact region closer to a distal end of the mating contact portion) may protrude to a greater extent than an proximal contact region (e.g., a contact region farther away from the distal end of the mating contact portion). The difference in the extents of protrusion may depend on a distance between the distal and proximal contact regions and a desired angle of deflection of the mating contact portion when the first connector is mated with a second connector.
The inventors have further recognized and appreciated that, in a connector with one or more conductive elements adapted to be ground conductors the performance of an electrical connector system may be impacted by connections to ground conductors in the connector. Such connections may shape the electromagnetic fields inside or outside, but in the vicinity of, the electrical connector, which may in turn improve performance.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, a feature is provided to short together one or more conductive elements adapted to be ground conductors in a connector. In one implementation, such a feature comprises a conductive insert made by forming one or more cutouts in a sheet of conductive material. The cutouts may be arranged such that, when the conductive insert is disposed across a mating interface of the connector, the conductive insert is in electrical contact with at least some of the ground conductors, but not with any signal conductor. For example, the cutouts may be aligned with the signal conductors at the mating interface so that each signal conductor extends through a corresponding cutout without making electrical contact with the conductive insert. Though, alternatively or additionally, such an insert may be integrated into the connector near the contact tails.
In some connector systems, “wafers” or other subassemblies of a connector may be held together with a conductive member, sometimes called a “stiffener.” In some embodiments, a lead frame used in forming the wafers may be formed with a conductive portion extending outside of the wafer in a position in which it will contact the stiffener when the wafer is attached to the stiffener. That portion may be shaped as a compliant member such that electrical contact is formed between the conductive member and the stiffener. In some embodiments, the conductive element with the projecting portion may be designed for use as a ground conductor such that the stiffener is grounded. Such a configuration may also tie together some ground conductors in different wafers, such that performance of the connector is improved.
The inventors have also recognized and appreciated that incorporating jogs into the beams of the mating contact portions of conductive elements may also lead to desirable electrical and mechanical properties of the connector system. Such a configuration may allow close spacing between signal conductors within a subassembly, with a desirable impact on performance parameters of the connector, such as crosstalk or impedance, while providing desired mechanical properties, such as mating contact portions on a small pitch, which in some embodiments may be uniform.
Such techniques may be used alone or in any suitable combination, examples of which are provided in the exemplary embodiments described below.
In the example shown in
Similarly, conductive elements in the backplane connector 150 may be coupled to traces (of which trace 162 is numbered), ground planes, and/or other conductive elements within the backplane 160. When the daughter card connector 120 and the backplane connector 150 mate, the conductive elements in the two connectors complete electrically conducting paths between the conductive elements within the backplane 160 and the daughter card 140.
In the example of
The portions of the conductive elements that extend below the floor 514 form contact tails, shown collectively as contact tails 156, which are adapted to be attached to backplane 160. In the example shown in
In the embodiment illustrated in
As explained in greater detail below in connection with
The signal conductors may be shaped and positioned to carry high speed signals. The signal conductors may have characteristics over the frequency range of the high speed signals to be carried by the conductor. For example, some high speed signals may include frequency components of up to 12.5 GHz, and a signal conductor designed for such signals may present a substantially uniform impedance of 50 Ohms+/−10% at frequencies up to 12.5 GHz. Though, it should be appreciated that these values are illustrative rather than limiting. In some embodiments, signal conductors may have an impedance of 85 Ohms or 100 Ohms. Also, it should be appreciated that other electrical parameters may impact signal integrity for high speed signals. For example, uniformity of insertion loss over the same frequency ranges may also be desirable for signal conductors.
The different performance requirements may result in different shapes of the signal and ground conductors. In some embodiments, ground conductors may be wider than signal conductors. In some embodiments, a ground conductor may be coupled to one or more other ground conductors while each signal conductor may be electrically insulated from other signal conductors and the ground conductors. Also, in some embodiments, the signal conductors may be positioned in pairs to carry differential signals whereas the ground conductors may be positioned to separate adjacent pairs.
In the illustrated embodiment, the daughter card connector 120 is a right angle connector and has conductive elements that traverse a right angle. As a result, opposing ends of the conductive elements extend from perpendicular edges of the wafers 1221, 1221, . . . 1226. For example, contact tails of the conductive elements of the wafers 1221, 1221, . . . 1226, shown collectively as contact tails 126, extend from side edges of the wafers 1221, 1221, . . . 1226 and are adapted to be connected to the daughter card 140. Opposite from the contact tails 126, mating contacts of the conductive elements, shown collectively as mating contact portions 124, extend from bottom edges of the wafers 1221, 1221, . . . 1226 and are adapted to be connected corresponding conductive elements in the backplane connector 150. Each conductive element also has an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion and the contact tail, which may be enclosed by, embedded within or otherwise held by the housing of the wafer (e.g., the housing 1231 of the wafer 1221).
The contact tails 126 may be adapted to electrically connect the conductive elements within the daughter card connector 120 to conductive elements (e.g., the trace 142) in the daughter card 140. In the embodiment illustrated in
In the example illustrated in
In the example of
While a connector with differential pairs is shown in
In the embodiment illustrated in
In some embodiments, the daughter card connector 120 may include a support member instead of, or in addition to, the front housing 130 to hold the wafers 1221, 1222, . . . 1226. In the embodiment shown in
In some further embodiments, each of the wafers 1221, 1222, . . . 1226 may include one or more features for engaging the stiffener 128. Such features may function to attach the wafers 1221, 1222, . . . 1226 to the stiffener 128, to locate the wafers with respect to one another, and/or to prevent rotation of the wafers. For instance, a wafer may include an attachment feature in the form of a protruding portion adapted to be inserted into a corresponding slot, hole, or groove formed in the stiffener 128. Other types of attachment features may also be suitable, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited in this regard.
In some embodiments, stiffener 128 may, instead of or in addition to providing mechanical support, may be used to alter the electrical performance of a connector. For example, a feature of a wafer may also be adapted to make an electrical connection with the stiffener 128. Examples of such connection are discussed in greater detail below in connection with
Such a connection may impact the signal integrity of the connector by changing a resonant frequency of the connector. A resonant frequency may be increased, for example, such that it occurs at a frequency outside of a desired operating range of the connector. As an example, coupling between ground conductors and the stiffener 128 may, alone or in combination with other design features, raise the frequency of a resonance to be in excess of 12.5 GHz, 15 GHz or some other frequency selected based on the desired speed of signals to pass through the connector.
Any suitable features may be used instead of or in addition to connecting ground conductors to the stiffener 128. As an example, in the embodiment shown in
While examples of specific arrangements and configurations are shown in
Any suitable lossy material may be used. Materials that conduct, but with some loss, over the frequency range of interest are referred to herein generally as “lossy” materials. Electrically lossy materials can be formed from lossy dielectric and/or lossy conductive materials. The frequency range of interest depends on the operating parameters of the system in which such a connector is used, but will generally have an upper limit between about 1 GHz and 25 GHz, though higher frequencies or lower frequencies may be of interest in some applications. Some connector designs may have frequency ranges of interest that span only a portion of this range, such as 1 to 10 GHz or 3 to 15 GHz or 3 to 6 GHz.
Electrically lossy material can be formed from material traditionally regarded as dielectric materials, such as those that have an electric loss tangent greater than approximately 0.003 in the frequency range of interest. The “electric loss tangent” is the ratio of the imaginary part to the real part of the complex electrical permittivity of the material. Electrically lossy materials can also be formed from materials that are generally thought of as conductors, but are either relatively poor conductors over the frequency range of interest, contain particles or regions that are sufficiently dispersed that they do not provide high conductivity or otherwise are prepared with properties that lead to a relatively weak bulk conductivity over the frequency range of interest. Electrically lossy materials typically have a conductivity of about 1 siemens/meter to about 6.1×107 siemens/meter, preferably about 1 siemens/meter to about 1×107 siemens/meter and most preferably about 1 siemens/meter to about 30,000 siemens/meter. In some embodiments material with a bulk conductivity of between about 10 siemens/meter and about 100 siemens/meter may be used. As a specific example, material with a conductivity of about 50 siemens/meter may be used. Though, it should be appreciated that the conductivity of the material may be selected empirically or through electrical simulation using known simulation tools to determine a suitable conductivity that provides both a suitably low cross talk with a suitably low insertion loss.
Electrically lossy materials may be partially conductive materials, such as those that have a surface resistivity between 1 Ω/square and 106 Ω/square. In some embodiments, the electrically lossy material has a surface resistivity between 1 Ω/square and 103 Ω/square. In some embodiments, the electrically lossy material has a surface resistivity between 10 Ω/square and 100 Ω/square. As a specific example, the material may have a surface resistivity of between about 20 Ω/square and 40 Ω/square.
In some embodiments, electrically lossy material is formed by adding to a binder a filler that contains conductive particles. In such an embodiment, a lossy member may be formed by molding or otherwise shaping the binder into a desired form. Examples of conductive particles that may be used as a filler to form an electrically lossy material include carbon or graphite formed as fibers, flakes or other particles. Metal in the form of powder, flakes, fibers or other particles may also be used to provide suitable electrically lossy properties. Alternatively, combinations of fillers may be used. For example, metal plated carbon particles may be used. Silver and nickel are suitable metal plating for fibers. Coated particles may be used alone or in combination with other fillers, such as carbon flake. The binder or matrix may be any material that will set, cure or can otherwise be used to position the filler material. In some embodiments, the binder may be a thermoplastic material such as is traditionally used in the manufacture of electrical connectors to facilitate the molding of the electrically lossy material into the desired shapes and locations as part of the manufacture of the electrical connector. Examples of such materials include LCP and nylon. However, many alternative forms of binder materials may be used. Curable materials, such as epoxies, may serve as a binder. Alternatively, materials such as thermosetting resins or adhesives may be used.
Also, while the above described binder materials may be used to create an electrically lossy material by forming a binder around conducting particle fillers, the invention is not so limited. For example, conducting particles may be impregnated into a formed matrix material or may be coated onto a formed matrix material, such as by applying a conductive coating to a plastic component or a metal component. As used herein, the term “binder” encompasses a material that encapsulates the filler, is impregnated with the filler or otherwise serves as a substrate to hold the filler.
Preferably, the fillers will be present in a sufficient volume percentage to allow conducting paths to be created from particle to particle. For example, when metal fiber is used, the fiber may be present in about 3% to 40% by volume. The amount of filler may impact the conducting properties of the material.
Filled materials may be purchased commercially, such as materials sold under the trade name Celestran® by Ticona. A lossy material, such as lossy conductive carbon filled adhesive preform, such as those sold by Techfilm of Billerica, Massachusetts, US may also be used. This preform can include an epoxy binder filled with carbon particles. The binder surrounds carbon particles, which acts as a reinforcement for the preform. Such a preform may be inserted in a wafer to form all or part of the housing. In some embodiments, the preform may adhere through the adhesive in the preform, which may be cured in a heat treating process. In some embodiments, the adhesive in the preform alternatively or additionally may be used to secure one or more conductive elements, such as foil strips, to the lossy material.
Various forms of reinforcing fiber, in woven or non-woven form, coated or non-coated may be used. Non-woven carbon fiber is one suitable material. Other suitable materials, such as custom blends as sold by RTP Company, can be employed, as the present invention is not limited in this respect.
In some embodiments, a lossy member may be manufactured by stamping a preform or sheet of lossy material. For example, insert 180 may be formed by stamping a preform as described above with an appropriate patterns of openings. Though, other materials may be used instead of or in addition to such a preform. A sheet of ferromagnetic material, for example, may be used.
Though, lossy members also may be formed in other ways. In some embodiments, a lossy member may be formed by interleaving layers of lossy and conductive material, such as metal foil. These layers may be rigidly attached to one another, such as through the use of epoxy or other adhesive, or may be held together in any other suitable way. The layers may be of the desired shape before being secured to one another or may be stamped or otherwise shaped after they are held together.
In some embodiments, separate conductive elements may be formed in a multi-step process. For example, it is known in the art to stamp multiple lead frames from a strip of metal and then mold an insulative material forming a housing around portions of the conductive elements, thus formed. To facilitate handling, though, the lead frame may be stamped in a way that leaves tie bars between adjacent conductive elements to hold those conductive elements in place. Additionally, the lead frame may be stamped with a carrier strip, and tie bars between the carrier strip and conductive elements. After the housing is molded around the conductive elements, locking them in place, a punch may be used to sever the tie bars. However, initially stamping the lead frame with tie bars facilitates handling.
Each conductive element of the illustrative lead frame 200 may have one or more contact tails at one end and a mating contact portion at the other end. As discussed above in connection with
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide signal and/or ground conductors with mating contact portions with multiple points of contact spaced apart in a direction that corresponds to an elongated dimension of the conductive element. In some embodiments, such multiple points of contact may be provided by a multi-beam structure using beams of different length. Such a contact structure may be provided in any suitable way, including by shaping beams forming the mating contact portions to each provide multiple points of contact at different distances from a distal end of the beam or by providing a mating contact portion with multiple beams of different length. In some embodiments, different techniques may be used in the same connector. As a specific example, in some embodiments, signal conductors may be configured to provide points of contact by forming at least two contact regions on the same beam and ground conductors may be configured to provide points of contact using beams of different length.
In the example of
In the embodiment shown in
Other conductive elements in lead frame 200, though not numbered, may similarly be shaped as signal conductors or ground conductors. Various inventive features relating to mating contact portions are described in greater detail below in connection with
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The spring force exerted by the feature 218 may facilitate electrical connection between the ground conductor 210 and the stiffener 328. However, it should be appreciated that the feature 218 may take any other suitable form, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of a spring tab for electrically connecting a ground conductor and a stiffener. For example, the feature may be a tab inserted into a portion of stiffener 328. A connection may be formed through interference fit. In some embodiments, stiffener 328 may be molded of or contain portions formed of a lossy polymer material, and an interference fit may be created between feature 218 and the lossy polymer. Though, in other embodiments, it is not a requirement that feature 218 make a mechanical connection to stiffener 328. In some embodiments, capacitive or other type of coupling may be used.
In the embodiment illustrated in
In some embodiments, connection at other locations may be made by features extending from the ground conductor, such as feature 216 (
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, the openings of the insert 400 may be shaped and positioned such that the insert 400 is in electrical contact with mating contact portions of ground conductors, but not with mating contact portions of signal conductors. For instance, the openings 410A and 430A may be adapted to receive and make electrical connection with, respectively, the mating contact portions 212 and 242 shown in
Similarly, openings 410B and 430B of the insert 400 may be adapted to receive and make electrical connection with mating contact portions of ground conductors in an anther wafer, and opening 420B of the insert 400 may be adapted to receive mating contact portions of signal conductors in that wafer. The connections, in some embodiments, may be made by sizing openings adapted to receive ground conductors to be approximately the same size as the ground conductors in one or more dimensions. The openings may be the same as or slightly smaller than the ground conductors, creating an interference fit. Though, in some embodiments, the openings may be slightly larger than the ground conductors. In such embodiments, one side of the ground conductors may contact the insert. Though, even if no contact is made, the ground conductor may be sufficiently close to the insert for capacitive or other indirect coupling. In yet other embodiments, insert 400 may be formed with projections or other features that extend into the openings adapted to receive ground conductors. In this way, the openings may have nominal dimensions larger than those of the ground conductors, facilitating easy insertion, yet contact may be made between the ground conductor and the insert. Regardless of the specific contact mechanism, ground conductors in different wafers may be electrically connected to each other via the insert 400, thereby providing a more uniform reference level across the different wafers.
Although
Moreover, it should be appreciated that insert 400 may be integrated into a connector at any suitable time. Such an insert may, for example, be integrated into the connector as part of its manufacture. For example, if insert 400 is used like insert 180 (
Though, a manufacturer of electrical connectors may incorporate such an insert into connectors before they are shipped to customers. Such an approach may allow existing manufacturing tools to be used in the production of connectors that support higher data speeds. Though, in other embodiments, an insert 400 may be integrated into another component of a connector. For example, front housing 130 (
Regardless of when and how an insert is integrated into a connector, the presence of an insert may improve the performance of the connector for carrying high speed signals.
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, ground conductors of the connector may be electrically connected to various other conductive members, which are represented as lines in
Turning now to
In the embodiment shown in
As discussed above, it may be desirable to have ground conductors that are relatively wide and signal conductors that are relatively narrow. Furthermore, it may be desirable to keep signal conductors of a pair that is designated as a differential pair running close to each other so as to improve coupling and/or establish a desired impedance. Therefore, in some embodiments, substantial portions of a column of conductive elements may have non-uniform pitch between conductive elements. These portions of non-uniform pitch may encompass all or portions of the intermediate portion of the conductive elements and/or all or portions of the conductive elements within the conductive elements within the wafer housing. For instance, in the example FIG. of 6, in the region 601 of the intermediate portions, distances between centerlines of adjacent conductive elements may differ, where a distance between centerlines of two adjacent signal conductors (e.g., distance s1 or s4) may be smaller than a distance between centerlines of a ground conductor and an adjacent signal conductor (e.g., distance s2, s3, or s5).
However, at a mating interface, it may be desirable to have a more uniform pitch between adjacent conductive elements, for example, to more readily facilitate construction of a housing to guide and avoid shorting of mating contact portions of a daughter card connector and corresponding mating contact portions of a backplane connector. Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in
This change in pitch from intermediate portions of conductive elements to mating contact portions may be achieved with a jog in the beams themselves in the region 603 of the mating interface. Jogs may be included in signal conductors as well as in ground conductors, and the jogs may be shaped differently for different types of conductors. In some embodiments, a ground conductor may have a mating contact portion that is wider at a proximal end and narrower at a distal end. Such a configuration may be achieved by the beams of the same ground conductor jogging toward each other. For example, in the embodiment shown in
Accordingly, mating contact portions of a differential pair of signal conductors may be configured to be closer to each other near the proximal end and farther apart near the distal end. For example, in the embodiment shown in
Although
In the example shown in
Returning to
Though not a requirement, such a configuration may be used on connection with the “jogged” contact structure described above in connection with
In the embodiment illustrated, each of the contact regions is formed by a bend in the beam. As shown in
Accordingly, in the example illustrated, contact region 728a has a shallower arc than contact region 726a. The specific dimensions of each contact may be selected to provide a desired force at each contact region. In the configuration illustrated, contact region 728a exerts less force on a mating contact than contract region 726b. Such a configuration provides a low risk that contact region 726a will be forced away from a mating contact of another connector which might result if contact region 728a was designed with approximately the same dimensions as contact region 726a, but imprecisions in manufacturing, misalignment during mating or other factors caused deviations from the designed positions. Such a force on contact region 726a could cause contact region 726a to form an unreliable contact, possibly even separating from the mating contact. Were that to occur, contact formed at contact region 726a might be inadequate or a stub might form from the portion of the beam distal to contact region 728a.
Though contact region 728 may have a smaller size, contact region 728a may nonetheless exert sufficient force to short out a stub that might otherwise be caused by a mating contact of a mating connector extending past contact region 726a, The difference in force may lead to a difference in contact resistance. For example, the large contact region, which in the illustrated example is distal contact region 726a, when mated with a contact region from a corresponding connector, may have a contact resistance in the milliohm range, such as less than 1 Ohm. In some embodiments, the contact resistance may be less than 100 milliOhms. In yet other embodiments, the contact resistance may be less than 50 milliOhms. As a specific example, the contact resistance may be in the range of 5 to 10 milliOhms. On the other hand, the smaller contact, when mated with a contact region from a corresponding connector, may have a contact resistance in on the order of an Ohm or more, In some embodiments, the contact resistance may be greater than 5 Ohms or 10 Ohms. The contact resistance, for example, may be in the range of 10 to 20 Ohms. Despite this higher resistance, a contact sufficient to eliminate a stub may be formed. However, any suitable dimensions may be used to achieve any suitable force or other parameters.
Although specific examples of contact regions and arrangements thereof are shown in
In the illustrative configuration shown in
In some embodiments, the contact region R1 may be at least a selected distance T1 away from the distal end of the mating contact portion 854, so as to provide a sufficiently large wipe region. This may help to ensure that adequate electrical connection is made between the mating contact portions 822 and 854 even if the mating contact portion 822 does not reach the contact region R1 due to manufacturing or assembly variances.
However, a wipe region may form an unterminated stub when electrical currents flow between the mating contact portions 822 and 854. The presence of such an unterminated stub may lead to unwanted resonances, which may lower the quality of the signals carried through the mating contact portions 822 and 854. Therefore, it may be desirable to reduce such an unterminated stub while still providing sufficient wipe to ensure adequate electrical connection.
Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in
As discussed above, a contact force may be desirable to press together two conductive elements at a mating interface so as to form a reliable electrical connection. Accordingly, in some embodiments, mating contact portions of a daughter card connector (e.g., the mating contact portion 822 shown in
Furthermore, due to the deflection, the mating contact portion 822 may be at an angle θ from the mating contact portion 854. Because of this angle, it may be desirable to form the contact regions 826 and 828 such that the contact region 828 protrudes to a lesser extent compared to the contact region 826. For instance, in the embodiment shown in
The heights h1 and h2 may have any suitable dimension and may be in any suitable ratio. For example, in some embodiments, the height h2 may be between 25% and 75% of h1. Though, in other embodiments, the h2 may be between 45% and 75% or 25% and 55% of h1.
It should be appreciated that
The inventors have recognized and appreciated that avoiding unterminated portions of ground conductors, even though ground conductors are not intended for carrying high frequency signals, may also improve signal integrity. Techniques for avoiding stubs in signal as described above may be applied to ground conductors as well.
In the embodiment shown in
For example, in the embodiment shown in
Other techniques may be used instead of or in addition to the techniques as described above for improving signal integrity in a high speed connector. In some embodiments, relative positioning of adjacent pairs of signal conductors may be established to improve signal integrity, In some embodiments, the positioning may be established to improve signal integrity, for example, by reducing cross talk.
In the embodiment shown in
In the example of
In this case, ahead and behind act as an indication of distance from an end of the column of conductive elements. The starting points 1024A, 1024B, 1034A and 1034B are positioned along an edge of a connector and are a different distance from the end of the column, which in this case is indicated by a distance along the axis labeled D1. At the end points, these signal conductors have distances from the end of the column measured as a distance along the axis labeled D2. As can be seen, conductor 1022B starts out “ahead” of a corresponding conductor 1022A, but ends behind. Likewise, conductor 1032B starts out ahead of 1032A and ends behind. One pair thus crosses over the other to go from being ahead to being behind.
Without being bound by any theory of operation, this configuration is believed to be advantageous for reducing cross talk. Cross talk may occur when a signal couples to a signal conductor from other nearby signal conductors. For a differential pair, one conductor of the pair will carry a positive-going signal at the same time that the other conductor of the pair is carrying a similar, but negative-going, signal. In a differential connector, crosstalk on a signal conductor can be avoided by having that signal conductor equal distance from the positive-going and negative-going signal conductors of any adjacent signal carrying pair over the entire length of the signal conductor.
However, such a configuration may be difficult to achieve in a dense connector. In some connectors, for example, different wafer styles are used to form the connectors. The wafers of different style may be arranged in an alternating arrangement. Using different wafer styles may allow signal pairs in each wafer to more closely align with a ground conductor in an adjacent wafer than a signal pair. Such a configuration may also limit crosstalk because a signal from a pair in one wafer may couple more to a ground conductor in adjacent wafers than to signal conductors in the adjacent wafer.
However, the inventors have recognized and appreciated that crosstalk may also be reduced by routing signal conductors such that the spacing between a signal conductor and the positive and negative-going signal conductors in an adjacent pair changes over the length of the signal conductor. The spacing may be such that the amount of coupling to the positive and negative-going signal conductors in the adjacent pair changes over the length of the signal.
One approach to achieving such cancellation may be, near the midpoint of a signal conductor, to change the position of the position of the positive and negative-going signal conductors of the adjacent pair. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a connector may be made of at least two types of wafers. In at least one type of wafer, for each pair, one signal conductor may start ahead of the other signal conductor and end behind it. When such a wafer is placed adjacent a wafer with another signal conductor routed generally along a corresponding path as the pair in a parallel plane, that signal conductor will be, over half of its length closer to the positive-going signal conductor of the pair and over half of its length closer to the negative-going signal conductor. Such a configuration may result in, on average over the length of the signal conductor, equal separation between the signal conductor and the positive and negative-going conductors of the adjacent pair. Such a configuration may provide on average, the same coupling between the signal conductor and the positive and negative-going signal conductors of the adjacent pair, which can provide a desirable low level of crosstalk.
By reversing the position of the signal conductors of each pair in every other wafer, each pair will have a relatively low level of crosstalk with its adjacent pairs. However, reversing the position of the signal conductors in the same pair, if the pairs are formed by conductive elements in the same column, may require non-standard manufacturing techniques in order to allow the conductors of the pair to cross over each other.
In some embodiments, a similar cross-talk canceling effect may be achieved by crossing over the pairs in adjacent wafers, as illustrated in
Without being bound by any theory of operation, it can be seen that the coupling between the pair formed by conductors 1022A and 1032A to pair 1022B and 1032B changes over the length of the pair in a way that tends to cancel out crosstalk. For illustration, conductors 1022A and 1022B may be regarded as the positive-going conductors of the pairs, with conductors 1032A and 1032B being the negative-going conductors. Near ends 1024A and 1024B, positive going conductor 1024B is between positive and negative-going conductors 1024A and 1034A of the adjacent pair, thus coupling a positive-going signal to both the positive and negative-going conductors of the adjacent pair. Because of the differential nature of conductors 1024A and 1034A, equal coupling of the positive-going signal does not create crosstalk.
However, negative-going conductor 1034B, is, near ends 1034A and 1034B, closer to conductor 1034A than it is to 1024A. This asymmetric positioning could tend to create negative-going cross-talk. However, the relative positioning the positive and negative-gong conductors are reversed at the other end, which tends to cancel out that crosstalk.
For example, near ends 1036A and 1026A, negative-going conductor 1032B is more evenly spaced relative to conductors 1024A and 1034A. Positive going conductor 1024B is asymmetrically positioned with respect to conductors 1022A and 1032A of the adjacent pair. Such a positioning could tend to create positive-going cross-talk. However, such positive going cross-talk would tend to cancel the negatives-going cross talk arising near ends 1024A and 1034A. In this way, by introducing a crossover, as illustrated in
Similarly, the wafer 1100B includes a group of four conductive elements identified collectively as conductive elements 1110B, whose mating contact portions are identified collectively as mating contact portions 1114B, and the wafer 1105B includes a group of four conductive elements identified collectively as conductive elements 1115B, whose contact tails are identified collectively as contact tails 1112B.
These groups, 1110A and 1110B may represent corresponding signal conductor pairs in adjacent wafers. Though, just one signal conductor pairs is described, it should be appreciated that the same relative positioning of other pairs may be provided for other pairs in the wafers.
As emphasized by the vertical and horizontal bands shown in
In this example, it can be seen that the crossover may be created based on the configuration of the conductive elements in the lead frames 1100A and 1100B. Because the configuration of the conductive elements is formed by a conventional stamping operation, a connector configuration with desirable crosstalk properties may be simply created as illustrated in
Various inventive concepts disclosed herein are not limited in their applications to the details of construction and the arrangements of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Such concepts are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” and “involving,” and variations thereof, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as possible additional items.
Having thus described several inventive concepts of the present disclosure, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art.
For example, portions of the connectors described above may be made of insulative material. Any suitable insulative material may be used, include those known in the art. Examples of suitable materials are liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyphenyline sulfide (PPS), high temperature nylon or polypropylene (PPO). Other suitable materials may be employed, as the present invention is not limited in this regard. All of these are suitable for use as binder materials in manufacturing connectors according to some embodiments of the invention. One or more fillers may be included in some or all of the binder material used to form insulative housing portions of a connector. As a specific example, thermoplastic PPS filled to 30% by volume with glass fiber may be used.
Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be within the spirit of the inventive concepts of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.
This application is a continuation claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/181,639, filed on Feb. 22, 2021, entitled “HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR,” which is a continuation claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/823,494, filed on Nov. 27, 2017, entitled “HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR,” which is a continuation claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/973,921, filed on Aug. 22, 2013, entitled “HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR,” which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/691,901, filed on Aug. 22, 2012, entitled “HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR,” each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
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20230099389 A1 | Mar 2023 | US |
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Child | 17181639 | US | |
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Child | 15823494 | US |