Patent Application
20090153067
The present application is directed to electronic ballasts. It finds particular application in conjunction with high intensity discharge (HID) lamps and the like and will be described with the particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the following is also amenable other types of lamps.
A ballast is an electrical device which is used to provide power to a load, such as an electrical lamp, and to regulate the current provided to the load. The ballast provides high voltage to start a lamp by ionizing sufficient plasma (vapor) for the arc to be sustained and to grow. Once the arc is established, the ballast allows the lamp to continue to operate by providing proper controlled current flow to the lamp.
Typically, after the alternating current (AC) voltage from the power source is rectified and appropriately conditioned the inverter converts the DC voltage to AC. The inverter typically includes a pair of serially connected switches, such as MOSFETs which are controlled by the drive gate control circuitry to be “ON” or “OFF.” To correct the above problems, a resonant mode at the frequencies higher than the fundamental frequency might be employed, which requires less current to flow through the inverter components. However, since a square wave is applied to the circuit that resonates at the third harmonic or higher of the fundamental switching frequency, the desired zero switching cannot be achieved. The inverter circuit might also encounter a capacitive mode of operation that would cause damage to the intrinsic diodes of the power MOSFETs. The inverter still cannot be operated continuously without excessive power dissipation in the inverter and must be pulsed “ON” and “OFF” to reduce power dissipation.
The following contemplates new methods and apparatuses that overcome the above referenced problems and others.
According to an aspect, an electronic ballast for igniting and operating a high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp comprises a resonant circuit with a high-frequency bus coupled to the HID lamp and which provides voltage to the HID lamp during operation after ignition, a control circuit, coupled to the high-frequency bus, and a self-oscillating inverter circuit with first and second gate drive circuits that generate a waveform input for the resonant circuit/The ballast further comprises a multiplier circuit that provides an initial DC voltage to ignite the HID lamp.
According to another aspect, an electronic ballast for operating an HID lamp comprises a resonant circuit coupled to the lamp and including a resonant inductance and a resonant capacitance, and a self-oscillating inverter circuit, coupled to the resonant circuit for inducing an AC current in the resonant circuit. The self-oscillating inverter circuit includes first and second switches connected between a bus conductor at a DC voltage and a reference conductor, and connected together at a common node through which the AC load current flows, and gate drive circuitry for controlling the first and second switches. The ballast further includes a clamping circuit, operationally coupled to the resonant circuit and configured to limit a voltage generated by the resonant circuit to a value that does not damage components of the ballast, and a multiplier circuit, connected across terminals of a ballasting capacitor serially coupled to the lamp, the multiplier circuit provides a DC voltage to boost an output voltage of the inverter to a value sufficient to ignite the lamp. The ballast further comprises a control circuit that supplies power to the inverter for a predetermined time each cycle.
According to yet another aspect, a method of igniting and operating an HID lamp comprises providing a voltage from a control circuit to a self-oscillating inverter circuit, generating an initial voltage in the inverter circuit and providing the initial voltage to a resonant circuit coupled to the inverter circuit, passing the initial voltage through terminals of a multiplier circuit, the terminals being connected across a ballasting capacitor serially connect to the HID lamp, and returning a DC boost voltage through the terminals to ignite the HID lamp.
With reference to
The ballast is coupled to one or more HID lamps 24, 26, . . . , 28. In one embodiment, the lamp(s) has a power output of approximately 400 W. The ballast circuit 6 can be employed with a high-voltage multiplier circuit (
The ballast circuit 6 includes the inverter circuit 8, a resonant circuit or network 10, and a clamping circuit 12. A DC voltage is supplied to the inverter 8 via a voltage conductor 14 running from a positive voltage terminal 16 and a common conductor 18 connected to a ground or common terminal 20. A high frequency bus 22 is generated by the resonant circuit 10 as described in more detail below. First, second, . . . , nth lamps 24, 26, . . . , 28 are coupled to the high frequency bus via first, second, . . . , nth ballasting capacitors 30, 32, . . . , 34. Thus if one lamp is removed, the others continue to operate. It is contemplated that any number of lamps can be connected to the high frequency bus 22. E.g., each lamp 24, 26, . . . , 28 is coupled to the high frequency bus 22 via an associated ballasting capacitor 30, 32, . . . , 34. Power to each lamp 24, 26, . . . , 28 is supplied via respective lamp connectors 36, 38.
The inverter 8 includes analogous upper and lower or first and second switches 40 and 42, for example, two n-channel MOSFET devices (as shown), serially connected between conductors 14 and 18, to excite the resonant circuit 10. Two P-channel MOSFETs may also be configured. The high frequency bus 22 is generated by the inverter 8 and the resonant circuit 10 and includes a resonant inductor 44 and an equivalent resonant capacitance which includes the equivalence of first, second and third capacitors 46, 48, 50, and ballasting capacitors 30, 32, . . . , 34 which also prevent DC current flowing through the lamps 24, 26, . . . , 28. The ballasting capacitors 30, 32, . . . , 34 are primarily used as ballasting capacitors.
The switches 40 and 42 cooperate to provide a square wave at a common or first node 52 to excite the resonant circuit 10. Gate or control lines 54 and 56, running from the switches 40 and 42 are connected at a control or second node 58. Each control line 54, 56 includes a respective resistance 60, 62.
With continuing reference to
The gate drive circuitry 64, 66 is used to control the operation of the respective upper and lower switches 40 and 42. More particularly, the gate drive circuitry 64, 66 maintains the upper switch 40 “ON” for a first half of a cycle and the lower switch 42 “ON” for a second half of the cycle. The square wave is generated at the node 52 and is used to excite the resonant circuit 10. First and second bi-directional voltage clamps 76, 78 are connected in parallel to the secondary inductors 72, 74 respectively, each including a pair of back-to-back Zener diodes. The bi-directional voltage clamps 76, 78 act to clamp positive and negative excursions of gate-to-source voltage to respective limits determined by the voltage ratings of the back-to-back Zener diodes. Each bi-directional voltage clamp 76, 78 cooperates with the respective first or second secondary inductor 72, 74 so that the phase angle between the fundamental frequency component of voltage across the resonant circuit 10 and the AC current in the resonant inductor 44 approaches zero during ignition of the lamps.
Serially connected resistors 80, 82 cooperate with a resistor 84, connected between the common node 52 and the common conductor 18, for starting regenerative operation of the gate drive circuits 64, 66. Upper and lower capacitors 90, 92 are connected in series with the respective first and second secondary inductors 72, 74. In the starting process, the capacitor 90 is charged from the voltage terminal 16 via the resistors 80, 82, 84. A resistor 94 shunts the capacitor 92 to prevent the capacitor 92 from charging. This prevents the switches 40 and 42 from turning ON, initially, at the same time. The voltage across the capacitor 90 is initially zero, and, during the starting process, the serially-connected inductors 68 and 72 act essentially as a short circuit, due to a relatively long time constant for charging of the capacitor 90. When the capacitor 90 is charged to the threshold voltage of the gate-to-source voltage of the switch 40, (e.g., 2-3 volts), the switch 40 turns ON, which results in a small bias current flowing through the switch 40. The resulting current biases the switch 40 in a common drain, Class A amplifier configuration. This produces an amplifier of sufficient gain such that the combination of the resonant circuit 10 and the gate control circuit 64 produces a regenerative action which starts the inverter into oscillation, near the resonant frequency of the network including the capacitor 90 and inductor 72. The generated frequency is above the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 10, which allows the inverter 8 to operative above the resonant frequency of the resonant network 10. This produces a resonant current which lags the fundamental of the voltage produced at the common node 52, allowing the inverter 8 to operate in the soft-switching mode prior to igniting the lamps. Thus, the inverter 8 starts operating in the linear mode and transitions into the switching Class D mode. Then, as the current builds up through the resonant circuit 10, the voltage of the high frequency bus 22 increases to ignite the lamps, while maintaining the soft-switching mode, through ignition and into the conducting, arc mode of the lamps.
During steady state operation of the ballast circuit 6, the voltage at the common node 52, being a square wave, is approximately one-half of the voltage of the positive terminal 16. The bias voltage that once existed on the capacitor 90 diminishes. The frequency of operation is such that a first network 96 including the capacitor 90 and inductor 72 and a second network 98 including the capacitor 92 and inductor 74 are equivalently inductive. That is, the frequency of operation is above the resonant frequency of the identical first and second networks 96, 98. This results in the proper phase shift of the gate circuit to allow the current flowing through the inductor 44 to lag the fundamental frequency of the voltage produced at the common node 52. Thus, soft-switching of the inverter 8 is maintained during the steady-state operation.
With continuing reference to
In the manner described above, the inverter 8 provides a high frequency bus at the common node 52 while maintaining the soft switching condition for switches 40, 42. The inverter 8 is able start a single lamp when the rest of the lamps are lit because there is sufficient voltage at the high frequency bus to allow for ignition. Additionally or alternatively the multiplier circuit ensures that sufficient power is available for lamp ignition.
With reference to
More specifically, prior to ignition, a capacitor 122 is discharged, causing a switch 124, such as a MOSFET, to be in the “OFF” state. When the inverter 8 starts to oscillate, the capacitor 122 charges via lines 126 and 128. The tertiary winding 110 is clamped by parallel-connected first and second Zener diodes 114, 116 that are coupled to the drain and source of the MOSFET 124. When a high-power start mode is employed in the controller 120, a high-frequency of the input signal causes the capacitor 122 to charge, which causes Zener diode 116 to turn on, which in turn causes MOSFET 124 to turn ON and the control circuit to start regulating. That is, once the capacitor 122 charges to a predefined voltage, such as the threshold voltage of the MOSFET 124, the MOSFET 124 turns ON and current is shunted away from the second Zener diode 116 that is connected to the source terminal of the MOSFET 124. The capacitor 122 is connected to a resistor 140 that is coupled to the cathode of diode 114, and a resistor 142 is connected to the gate and drain of the MOSFET 124. The resistor 142 is also coupled to the anode of the Zener diode 116. The circuit 108 further includes a Zener diode 144, the anode of which is connected to the gate of the MOSFET 124 and the resistor 142, and the cathode of which is coupled to the capacitor 122 and the resistor 140. A resistor 148 is coupled in parallel with resistor 140 and coupled to the cathode of Zener diode 114.
In one embodiment, the multiplier 200 is a low DC bias charge pump multiplier. During steady-state operation the multiplier 200 applies only a small dc bias (about 0.25 Volts) to the lamp which does not affect the lamp's operation or life.
It is to be appreciated that the foregoing example(s) is/are provided for illustrative purposes and that the subject innovation is not limited to the specific values or ranges of values presented therein. Rather, the subject innovation may employ or otherwise comprise any suitable values or ranges of values, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art.
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations.
