High impact resistant blends of thermoplastic polyamides and modified diblock copolymers

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an impact resistant polymeric composition. More particularly, it relates to an impact resistant polymeric composition comprising a polyamide and a modified block copolymer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Thermoplastic polyamides, such as nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 are a class of materials which possess a good balance of properties comprising good elongation, high strength, high energy to break and stiffness which make them useful as structural materials. However, thermoplastic polyamides are quite sensitive to crack propagation. Consequently, a major deficiency of thermoplastic polyamides is their poor resistant to impact and their tendency to break in a brittle rather than ductile manner, especially when dry.
In general, improvements in the impact resistance of thermoplastic resins have been achieved by incorporating a low modulus rubber. Such a material facilitates the formation of triaxial stress distributions needed for optimum toughening. Moreover, good dispersion of the rubber phase as well as developing adhesion between the rubber and matrix contribute to efficient impact modification of these resins.
It is well known to those skilled in the art that hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and butadiene possess many of the properties useful for impact modification of plastics. These low modulus rubber materials display low glass transition temperature, a characteristic advantageous for optimum toughening at lower temperatures. Furthermore, these blocks copolymers contain little unsaturation which facilitates their blending with high processing temperature plastics without degredation of the elastomer phase.
Block copolymers are unique impact modifiers compared to other rubbers in that they contain blocks which are microphase separated into domains over the range of applications and processing conditions. These polymer segments may be tailored to become miscible with the resin to be modified. Good particle-matrix adhesion is obtained when different segments of the block copolymer reside in the matrix and in the rubber phase. This behavior is observed when hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene and butadiene are blended with resins such as polyolefins and polystyrene. Impact properties competitive with high impact polystyrene are obtained due to the compatibility of polystyrene with the polystyrene endblock of the block copolymer. Other polyolefins are toughened due to enhanced compatibility with the rubber segment.
Although the hydrogenated block copolymers do have many of the characteristics required for plastic impact modification, these materials are deficient as impact modifiers for many materials which are dissimilar in structure to styrene or hydrogenated butadiene. In particular, significant improvement in the impact resistant of polyamides with the addition of these hydrocarbon polymers has not been achieved. This result is due to poor interfacial interactions between the blend components and poor dispersion of the rubber particles. Poor interfacial adhesion affords areas of severe weakness in articles manufactured from such blends which when under impact result in facile mechanical failure.
The placement of functional groups onto the block copolymer may provide sites for interactions with such polar resins and, hence may extend the range of applicability of this elastomer. Such interactions, which include chemical reaction, hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions, are a route to achieving improved interfacial adhesion and particle dispersion, hence improved impact modification of polar thermoplastics.
Many attempts have been made to improve the impact properties of polyamides by adding low modulus modifiers which contain polar moieties as a result of polymerization or which have been modified to contain polar moieties by various grafting techniques. To this end, various compositions have been proposed utilizing such modifiers having carboxylic acid moieties and derivatives thereof, for example, Epstein in U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,358; Saito et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,076; Hergenrother et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,828; and Shiraki et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,628,072 and 4,657,971.
Epstein discloses a broad range of low modulus polyamide modifiers which have been prepared by free radical copolymerization of specific monomers with acid containing monomers. Alternatively, Epstein discloses the modification of polymers by grafting thereto specific carboxylic acid containing monomers. The grafting techniques allow for therein are limited to thermal addition (ene reaction) and to nitrene insertion into C--H bonds or addition to C.dbd.C bonds (ethylenic unsaturation). Though Epstein does disclose a broad range of polyamide modifiers, Epstein does not disclose or suggest the utilization of hydrogenated copolymers of alkenyl arenes and conjugated dienes nor, more particularly, modified selectively hydrogenated copolymers of alkenyl arenes and conjugated dienes as polyamide modifiers.
Saito et al. disclose polyamide compositions which contain a modified unsaturated aromatic vinyl compound/conjugated diene block copolymer as a polyamide modifier. The unsaturated block copolymer has been modified by grafting a dicarboxylic acid group or derivative thereof (e.g. anhydride moieties) at a point of ethylenic unsaturation via thermal addition (ene reaction). However, such modifiers and compositions containing same are deficient in that the weatherability and resistance to thermal deterioration are poor; and, therefore, the polymers and compositions have been used only in the fields where such properties are not required. Furthermore, it is also noted that the ene reaction is a reversible reaction.
Hergenrother et al. and shiraki et al. also describe a polyamide composition containing a block copolymer similar to that of Saito et al. However, in order to improve the weatherability and resistance to heat aging, both partially hydrogenate the block copolymer in their respective blends to an ethylenic unsaturation degree not exceeding 20 percent of the ethylenic unsaturation contained in the block copolymer prior to hydrogenation. Once the block copolymer is partially hydrogenated, the block copolymer is modified by grafting a molecular unit containing a carboxylic acid group and/or a group derived therefrom (e.g. anhydride moieties). Hergenrother et al. disclose grafting via thermal addition (ene reaction) utilizing the available residual unsaturation in the block copolymer. As such, Hergenrother et al. retained the deficiencies associated with the reversibility of the ene reaction. On the other hand, Shiraki et al. utilized free radical initiators to perform the grafting therein.
As is readily apparent in each of the foregoing prior art polyamide compositions utilizing alkenyl arene/conjugated diene block copolymers as polyamide modifiers, improved impact modification of the particular polyamide is achieved via specific interactions, between the modified diene block and the polyamide. Thus, to the extent that impact modification and strength mechanisms rely on the elastomeric properties of the diene block of the copolymer, these properties have been adversely affected by modifying the diene block in this manner.
On the other hand, Gergen et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,503, describe a polyamide composition containing a block copolymer which is a thermally stable, modified, selectively hydrogenated, high 1,2 content alkenyl arene/conjugated diene block copolymer grafted with at least one functional group utilizing the metalation process. Therein, the functional groups are grafted primarily in the alkenyl arene block. The grafting is conducted with excess butyllithium which neutralizes a portion of the carboxylic acid groups.
Further research and experimentation demonstrated that polyamide compositions containing the modified network forming block copolymers of Gergen at al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,503 yielded unexpected and significant impact property improvements. These new polyamide blend compositions contained network forming block copolymers having the carboxyl functional groups present in the acid form or in both acid and neutralized metal carboxylate salt forms.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, there is provided a super-toughened multiphase thermoplastic composition comprising a thermoplastic .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide and a modified alkenyl arene/conjugated diene non-network forming block copolymer wherein an effective amount of carboxyl functional groups, including carboxylic acid and carboxyl derivative functional groups, for super-toughening the multiphase thermoplastic composition are grafted to the block copolymer primarily in the alkenyl arene block. An .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide is a polyamide having at least two end groups, typically amine groups which are reactive with the carboxyl functional groups of the modified block copolymers utilized in the compositions herein. It has been surprisingly found that specific amounts of the carboxyl functional groups produces significant improvements in the impact properties of the overall blend. The modified block copolymer exists as discrete particles in the range of about 0.01 to 2.0 .mu.m, preferably about 0.05 to about 1.5 .mu.m and more preferably about 0.1 to about 1.0 .mu.m, and being adhered to the polyamide.
More particularly, there is provided a super-toughened multiphase thermoplastic composition comprising:
(a) one phase containing a thermoplastic .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide; and
(b) at least one other phase containing at least one functionalized, selectively hydrogenated non-network forming block copolymer to which has been grafted on the average an effective amount of carboxyl functional groups for super-toughening said multiphase thermoplastic composition, each functionalized block copolymer molecule comprising
(1) most effectively one block A, the A block being predominantly a polymerized alkenyl arene block and
(2) at least one selectively hydrogenated polymer block B, the B block prior to hydrogenation being predominantly a polymerized conjugated diene block,
(3) wherein substantially all of the carboxyl functional groups are grafted to the block copolymer on the A block,
(c) the phase (a) being present in a weight ratio of about 50:50 up to about 80:20 relative to the phase (b). These carboxyl functional groups may be in the form of carboxylic acids and salts and esters of the carboxylic acids. Furthermore, the functionalized block copolymer may be linear or branched, with the term "branched" also including symmetric or asymmetric radial and star structures.
The effective amount of carboxyl functionality for super-toughening the composition is that amount which yields a composition which when injection molded has a 1/8 inch dry as molded notched izod toughness value (ASTM-256) in excess of about 10 ft-lb/in (54.35 Kg-cm/cm) and experiences ductile, as opposed to brittle, failure. This effective amount of carboxyl functionality is on the average at least about ten (10) carboxylic acid functional groups per molecule of block copolymer and preferably at least about twenty (20) carboxylic acid groups. Most preferably, the carboxyl functionality is at least about forty (40) carboxyl groups per molecule of block copolymer. It is presently believed that the addition of about one (1) carboxyl functional group per aromatic ring is limiting. Within the lower range of carboxyl group functionality, the degree of esterification or neutralization with metal ions (salt form) appears to have an effect on the degree of impact modification. In the compositions herein, it is presently believed that on the average there be at least about ten (10) carboxyl functional groups per molecule of copolymer present in the carboxylic acid form-- at least when the copolymer is functionalized to a level within the lower portion of the carboxyl group functionality levels specified above. As such, as the functionality level increases, super-tough compositions may be attained at correspondingly higher and higher neutralization or esterification levels until no perceivable effect of the degree of neutralization or esterification on super-toughening remains.
To those skilled in the art, the degree to which the grafting reaction and particle size reduction occur, thereby promoting interfacial adhesion, together with the dispersion of the rubber within the blend typically contribute to impact toughening of the blend. The results herein demonstrate that functionalizing the alkenyl arene segment promotes covalent bonding between the modified block copolymer and the polyamide. Furthermore, the block copolymer also becomes well dispersed in the polyamide phase. However, there exist examples of compositions of a modified block copolymer and polyamide which are uniquely not super-tough yet grafting and good particle dispersion are observed. Hence, the super-tough blend compositions herein are unexpected and surprising.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Polyamides
By polyamide is meant a condensation product which contains recurring aromatic and/or aliphatic amide groups as integral pars of the main polymer chain, such products being known generically as "nylons." The polyamide matrix of the toughened composition of this invention is well known in the art and embraces those semi-crystalline and amorphous resins having a molecular weight of at least 5000 having a linear or branched structure. Preferably, these polyamides are .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides which have molecular weights from about 5,000 to about 50,000. Furthermore, the polyamides are preferably linear with a melting point in excess of 200.degree. C.
By ".alpha.,.omega.-polyamides" is meant those polyamides having at least two terminal groups, e.g. on each end of a linear polyamide, which are reactive with the carboxyl functional groups of the block copolymer utilized in the compositions herein. Preferably, these terminal groups are amines. Examples of such .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides are those polyamides that may be obtained by polymerizing a diamine which contains at least two carbon atoms between the amino groups thereof and a dicarboxylic acid or ester thereof. Suitable .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,071,250; 2,071,251; 2,130,523; 2,130,948; and 3,393,210, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Typically these polyamides are prepared by polymerizing substantially equimolar proportions of the diamine and the dicarboxylic acid. Furthermore, excess diamine may be employed to provide an excess of amine end groups over carboxyl end groups in the polyamide.
The term "substantially equimolecular proportions" (of the diamine and of the dicarboxylic acid) is used to cover both strict equimolecular proportions and the slight departures therefrom which are involved in conventional techniques for stabilizing the viscosity of the resultant polyamides.
Examples of the said diamines are diamines of the general formula H.sub.2 N(CH.sub.2).sub.n NH.sub.2 wherein n is an integer of from 2 to 16, such as trimethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, octamethylenediamine, decamethylenediamine, dodecamethylenediamine, hexadecamethylenediamine, and especially hexamethylenediamine.
C-alkylated diamines, e.g. 2,2-dimethylpentamethylenediamine and 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediamine are further examples. Other diamines which may be mentioned as example are aromatic diamines, e.g. p-phenylenediamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulphone, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulphone, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane; and cycloaliphatic diamines, for example diaminodicyclohexylmethane.
The said dicarboxylic acids may be aromatic, for examkplel isophthalic and terephthalic acids. Preferred dicarboxylic acids are of the formula HOOC--Y--COOH wherein Y represents a divalent aliphatic radical containing at least 2 carbon atoms, and example of such acids are sebacic acid, octadecanedioic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, undecanedioic acid, glutaric acid, pimelic acid, and especially adipic acid. Oxalic acid is also a preferred acid. Furthermore, the dicarboxylic acid may be used in the form of a functional derivative thereof, for example an ester.
Illustrative examples of .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides which corporated in the thermoplastic polymer blends of the invention include:
polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 6:6)
polyhexamethylene azelaiamide (nylon 6:9)
polyhexamethylene sebacamide (nylon 6:10)
polyhexamethylene isophthalamide (nylon 6:iP)
polyamide of hexamethylenediamine and n-dodecanedioic acid (nylon 6:12)
polyamide of dodecamethylenediamine and n-dodecanedioic acid (nylon 12:12).
It is also possible to use in this invention polyamides prepared by the copolymerization of two or more of the above polymers or terpolymerization of the above polymers or their components.
Also useful is nylon produced by Dynamit Nobel, which is the product of the dimethyl ester of terephthalic acid and a mixture of isomeric trimethyl hexamethylenediamine.
Preferred nylons include 6,6; 6,3; and 6,12.
The amount of polyamide included in such compositions may vary widely depending upon the properties desired in the composition. For example, as great as 99 percent by weight of the composition may be composed of polyamide. However, the amounts of .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide included in the "super-tough" compositions of the present invention may range from about 50 to about 85 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition. Preferably, the amounts of polyamide are from about 50 to about 80 percent by weight as these amounts impart excellent impact resistance to the fished composition.
SELECTIVELY HYDROGENATED BLOCK COPOLYMER BASE POLYMER
The selectively hydrogenated block copolymers employed herein are non-network forming and may have a variety of geometrical structures, since the invention does not depend on any specific geometrical structure, but rather upon the chemical constitution of each of the polymer blocks. Such polymers are described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 152,075, filed Feb. 5, 1988, the disclosure of which copending application is herein incorporated by reference. The number of blocks in the block copolymer is not of special importance and the macromolecular configuration may be linear or branched, which includes graft, radial or star configurations, depending upon the method by which the block copolymer is formed. The radial or star configuration may be either symmetric or asymmetric.
"Non-network forming block copolymers " means those polymers having effectively only one alkenyl arene polymer block A and at least one elastomeric diene polymer block B. Structural configurations included therein are represented as follows:
(1) B--A
(2) B--A--B
(3) (B--A).sub.n X
(4) (B--A).sub.y X--(B).sub.z
wherein A is a polymer block of an alkenyl arene, B is a polymer block of a conjugated diene, X is a residual group of a polyfunctional coupling agent having two or more functional groups, y and z are, independently, integers of 1 to 20 and n is an integer of 2 to 40. Furthermore, the above-mentioned branched configurations may be either symmetrical or asymmetrical with respect to the blocks radiating from X.
As is readily apparent from the foregoing structures, there is "effectively" only one alkenyl arene polymer block A. In structures (1) and (2) there is only one block A in each. In structures (3) and (4), each of the blocks A are molecularly attached to each other via a polyfunctional coupling agent and as such as in effect only one block A with B blocks radiating out therefrom. Thus, the integrity of the domains formed by A--B--A type polymers cannot be duplicated in these non-network forming block copolymers. Typical block copolymers of the most simple configuration (structure (1) above) would be polystyrene-polybutadiene (S--B) and polystyrene-polyisoprene (S--I).
It will be understood that both blocks A and B may be either homopolymer, random or tapered copolymer blocks as long as each block predominates in at least one class of the monomers characterizing the blocks defined hereinbefore. For example, blocks A may comprise styrene/alpha-methylstyrene copolymer blocks or styrene/butadiene random or tapered copolymer blocks as long as the blocks individually predominate in alkenyl arenes. The A blocks are preferably monoalkenyl arene. The term "monoalkenyl arene" will be taken to include particularly those of the benzene series such as styrene and its analogs and homologs including o-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene, 1,3-dimethylstyrene, alpha-methylstyrene and other ring alkylated styrenes, particularly ring-methylated styrenes, and other monoalkenyl polycyclic aromatic compounds such as vinyl naphthalene, vinyl anthracene and the like. The preferred monoalkenyl arenes are monovinyl monocyclic arenes such as styrene and alpha-methylstyrene, and styrene is particularly preferred.
The blocks B may comprises homopolymers of conjugated diene monomers, copolymers of two or more conjugated dienes, and copolymers of one of the dienes with a monoalkenyl arene as long as the blocks B predominate in conjugated diene units. The conjugated dienes are preferably ones containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of such suitable conjugated diene monomers include: 1,3-butadiene (butadiene), 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene (piperylene), 1,3-hexadiene, and the like. Mixtures of such conjugated dienes may also be used. The preferred conjugated dienes are butadiene and isoprene.
Preferably, the block copolymers of conjugated dienes and alkenyl arene hydrocarbons which may be utilized include any of those which exhibit elastomeric properties; and those butadiene derived elastomers which have 1,2-microstructure contents prior to hydrogenation of from about 7 to 100 percent, preferably from about 25 to about 65 percent, more preferably from about 35 to about 55 percent. Such block copolymers may contain various ratios of conjugated dienes to alkenyl arenes. The proportion of the alkenyl arene blocks is between about 1 and about 99 percent by weight of the multiblock copolymer, preferably between about 2 and about 60 percent, more preferably between about 2 and about 55 percent by weight and particularly preferable between about 2 and about 40 percent by weight. When the alkenyl arene content is not more than about 60 percent by weight, preferably not more than about 55 percent by weight, the precursor block copolymer has characteristics as a thermoplastic elastomer; and when the alkenyl arene content is greater than about 60 percent by weight, preferably more than 70 percent by weight, the precursor block copolymer has characteristics as a resinous polymer.
The average molecular weights of the individual blocks may vary within certain limits. In most instances, the monoalkenyl arene blocks will have average molecular weights in the order of about 1,000 to about 125,000, preferably about 1,000 to about 60,000, while the conjugated diene blocks either before or after hydrogenation will have average molecular weights on the order of about 10,000 to about 450,000, preferably about 10,000 to about 150,000. The total average molecular weight of the multiblock copolymer is typically on the order of about 11,000 to about 2,500,000. These molecular weights are most accurately determined by gel permeation chromatography or by gel permeation--low angle light scattering.
The block copolymer may be produced by any well know block polymerization or copolymerization procedures including the well known sequential addition of monomer techniques, incremental addition of monomer technique or coupling technique as illustrated in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,251,905; 3,390,207; 3,598,887 and 4,219,627, which are incorporated herein by reference. As is well known in the block copolymer art, tapered copolymer blocks can be incorporated in the multiblock copolymer by copolymerizing a mixture of conjugated diene and alkenyl arene monomers utilizing the difference in their copolymerization reactivity rates. Various patents describe the preparation of multiblock copolymers containing tapered copolymer blocks including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,251,905; 3,265,765; 3,639,521 and 4,208,356 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, various patents describe the preparation of symmetric and asymmetric radial and star block copolymers including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,231,635; 3,265,765; 3,322,856; 4,391,949; and 4,444,953; the disclosure of which patents are incorporated herein by reference.
Though the afore-mentioned illustrative patents are slanted to producing network forming block copolymers (e.g. A--B--A), the non-network forming block copolymers of the present application may be prepared by an obvious variation or modification of these procedures; for example, (1) sequential polymerization of an A--B or B--A--B block copolymer; (2) utilizing a di-initiator to prepared a B--A--B block copolymer; (3) utilizing polyfunctional coupling agents to couple B--A--Li living copolymer segments to form a (B--A).sub.n X polymer, where X is the residual portion of the polyfunctional coupling agent incorporated as part of the polymer whose presence therein is of insignificant effect to the properties of the resulting polymer and where n is the number of block copolymer segments or arms attached to X; and (4) similarly utilizing polyfunctional coupling agents to couple B--A--Li living copolymer segments and B--Li living homopolymer or diene copolymer segments to form a (B--A).sub.y X--(B).sub.z polymer where X is as before and y and z represent the number of respective segments or arms attached to X.
It should be observed that the above-described polymers and copolymers may, if desired, be readily prepared by the methods set forth above. However, since many of these polymers and copolymers are commercially available, it is usually preferred to employ the commercially available polymer as this serves to reduce the number of processing steps involved in the overall process.
These polymers and copolymers are preferably hydrogenated to increase their thermal stability and resistance to oxidation. The hydrogenation of these polymers and copolymers may be carried out by a variety of well established processes including hydrogenation in the presence of such catalysts as Raney Nickel, noble metals such as platinum, palladium and the like and soluble transition metal catalysts. Suitable hydrogenation processes which can be used are ones wherein the diene-containing polymer or copolymer is dissolved in an inert hydrocarbon diluent such as cyclohexane and hydrogenated by reaction with hydrogen in the presence of a soluble hydrogenation catalyst. Such processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 27,145; 3,113,986; 3,700,748; 3,763,044; 3,772,196; 3,965,019; 4,036,910; and 4,226,952, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The polymers and copolymers are hydrogenated in such a manner as to produce hydrogenated polymers and copolymers having a residual ethylenic unsaturation content in the polydiene block of not more than about 20 percent, preferably less than about 10 percent, more preferably less than about 5 percent and yet more preferably at most about 2 percent, of their original ethylenic unsaturation content prior to hydrogenation.
MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMERS
The modified block copolymers according to the present invention are preferably grafted or substituted in the alkenyl arene block by the metalation process as later described herein. Exemplary reactions are given below, utilizing an exemplary styrene unit from a polystyrene segment of a suitable block copolymer. ##STR1##
The structure of the substituted block copolymer specifically determined by locating the functionality on the alkenyl arene block gives the block copolymer a substantially grater degree of thermal stability.
GRAFTABLE COMPOUNDS
In general, any materials having the ability to react with the metaled base polymer are operable for the purpose of this invention.
In order to incorporated functional groups into the metalated base polymer, electrophiles capable of reacting with the metalated base polymer are necessary. Reactants may be polymerizable or nonpolymerizable; however, preferred electrophiles are nonpolymerizable when reacted with metalated polymers such as those utilized herein.
The class of preferred electrophiles which will form graft polymers within the scope of the present invention include reactants from the following groups carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid derivatives such as their salts, esters and halides, epoxides, sulfur, boron alkoxides, isocyanates and various silicon compounds.
These electrophiles may contain appended functional groups as in the case of N,N-dimethyl-p-aminobenzaldehyde where the amine is an appended functional group and the aldehyde is the reactive electrophile. Alternatively, the electrophile may react to become the functional site itself; as an example, carbon dioxide (electrophile) reacts with the metalated polymer to form a carboxyl functional group. By these routes, polymers could be prepared containing grafted sites selected from one or more of the following groups of functionality type carboxylic acids, their salts and esters, ketones, alcohols and alkoxides, amines, amides, thiols, borates, anhydrides, and functional groups containing a silicon atom.
These functionalities can be subsequently reacted with other modifying materials to ultimately produce carboxyl functional groups appended thereon which are necessary for the impact modification effect observed and relied upon herein. In some cases, the reaction could take place simultaneously with the grafting process but in most examples it would be practiced in subsequent post modification reaction.
It is currently believed that the addition of about one electrophile per aromatic ring is limiting although the addition of greater than one electrophile for every two aromatic rings has not been observed. Thus, if carbon dioxide is used as the electrophile, this translates to about one carboxyl group per aromatic ring or one carboxyl group per every two aromatic rings.
NEUTRALIZATION OF MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMER
The carboxylic acid groups in the modified block copolymers of the present invention may then be "neutralized" by reacting the polymer with metal ions having a positive ionized valence state to obtain a metal salt. However, the improvement in impact properties resulting from the blend of the polyamide and the carboxylated block copolymer is greatly influenced by the type of polyamide, by the degree of carboxyl functionalization in the block copolymer, and by the degree of neutralization thereof.
The metal ions which are suitable in forming the neutralized block copolymers of the present invention are complexed or uncomplexed mono-, di- and trivalent ions of metals in Groups, IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IV and VIII, of the Periodic Table of Elements. These metal ions can be used alone or in any mixture thereof. Suitable monovalent metal ions are Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Cs.sup.+, Ag.sup.+, Hg.sup.+ and Cu.sup.+. Suitable divalent metal ions are Mg.sup.+2, Ca.sup.+2, Sr.sup.+2, Ba.sup.+2, Cu.sup.+2, Cd.sup.+2, Hg.sup.+2, Sn.sup.+2, Pb.sup.+2, Fe.sup.+2, Co.sup.+2, Ni.sup.+2 and Zn.sup.+2. Suitable trivalent metal ions are Al.sup.+3, Sc.sup.+3, Fe.sup.+3, La.sup.+3 and Y.sup.+3. Preferable metal containing compounds for neutralization of the carboxylated block copolymers herein are hydroxides, oxides, alcoholates, carboxylates, formates, acetates, methoxides, ethoxides, nitrites, carbonates and bicarbonates of the above-referenced metal ions.
The degree of carboxyl functionality and of neutralization may be measured by several techniques. For example, infrared analysis may be employed to determine the overall degree of functionality calculated from the changes resulting in the absorption bands associated with --COOH units. Additionally, the titration of a solution of the block copolymer with a strong base may be utilized to determine the degree of functionality and/or degree of neutralization (metal carboxylate salt content.) Neutralization as used herein is based on the percentage of carboxylate ions (--COO.sup.-) as compared to the total carboxyl group functionality, i.e., carboxylic acid plus the carboxylate ions.
In general, it was found that the added metal on reacts approximately stoichiometrically with the carboxyl functional groups (acid form) in the polymer up to about 80 percent neutralization. Thereafter, excess quantities of the metal compound are necessary to carry the neutralization to completion.
PREPARATION OF THE MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMERS
The polymers may be prepared by any convenient manner. Preferably, the polymer is prepared such that the functional groups are incorporated into the block copolymer primarily on the aromatic portion of the alkenyl arene block via metalation.
Metalation may be carried out by means of a complex formed by the combination of a lithium component which can be represented by R'(Li).sub.x with a polar metalation promoter. The polymer compound and the lithium component can be added separately or can be premixed or pre-reacted to form an adduct prior to addition to the solution of the hydrogenated copolymer. In the compounds represented by R'(Li).sub.x, the R' is usually a saturated hydrocarbon radical of any length whatsoever, but ordinarily containing up to 20 carbon atoms, and may also be a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon radical of e.g. 5 to 7 carbon atoms. In the formula R'(Li).sub.x, x is an integer of 1 to 3. Representative species include, for example: methyllithium, isopropyllithium, sec-butyllithium, n-butyllithium, t-butyllithium, n-dodecyllithium, 1,4-dilithiobutane, 1,3,5-trilithiopentane, and the like. The lithium alkyls must be more basic that the product, metalated polymer alkyl. Of course, other alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyls may also be used; however, the lithium alkyls are presently preferred due to their ready commercial availability. In a similar way, metal hydrides may also be employed as the metalation reagent but the hydrides have only limited solubility in the appropriate solvents. Therefore, the metal alkyls are preferred for their greater solubility which makes them easier to process.
Lithium compounds alone usually metalate copolymers containing aromatic and olefinic functional groups with considerable difficulty and under high temperatures which may tend to degrade the copolymer. However, in the presence of tertiary diamines and bridgehead monoamines, metalation proceeds rapidly and smoothly.
Generally, the lithium metalates the position allylic to the double bonds in an unsaturated polymer. In the metalation of polymers in which there are both olefinic and aromatic groups, the metalation will occur in the position in which metalation occurs most readily, as in positions (1) allylic to the double bond (2) at a carbon to which an aromatic is attached, (3) on an aromatic group, or (4) in more than one of these positions. In the metalation of saturated polymers having aromatic groups as is preferably the case herein, the metalation will occur primarily on am aromatic group and as a minor product at a carbon to which an aromatic is attached. In any event, it has been shown that a very large number of lithium atoms are positioned variously along the polymer chain, attached to internal carbon atoms away from the polymer terminal carbon atoms, either along the backbone of the polymer or on groups pendant therefrom, or both, in a manner depending upon the distribution of reactive or lithiatable positions. This distinguishes the lithiated copolymer from simple terminally reactive polymers prepared using a lithium or even a polylithium initiator in polymerization thus limiting the number and the location of the positions available for subsequent attachment. With the metalation procedure described herein, the extent of the lithiation will depend upon the amount of metalating agent used and/or the groups available for metalation. The use of a more basic lithium alkyl such as tert-butyllithium alkyl may not require the use of a polar metalation promoter.
The polar compound promoters include a variety of tertiary amines, bridgehead amines, ethers, and metal alkoxides.
The tertiary amines useful in the metalation step have three saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups attached to each nitrogen and include, for example:
(a) Chelating tertiary diamines, preferably those of the formula R.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.y NR.sub.2 in which each R can be the same or different, straight- or branched-chain alkyl group of any chain length containing up to 20 carbon atoms, or more, all of which are included herein and y can be any whole number from 2 to 10, and particularly the ethylene diamines in which all alkyl substituents are the same. These include, for example: tetramethylethylenediamine, tetraethylethylenediamine, tetradecylenediamine, tetraoctylhexylenediamine, tetra-(mixed alkyl) ethylene diamines, and the like.
(b) Cyclic diamines can be used, such as, for example, the N,N,N',N'-tetraalkyl 1,2-diamino cyclohexanes, the N,N,N',N'-tetraalkyl 1,4-diamino cyclohexanes, N,N'-dimethylpiperazine, and the like.
(c) The useful bridgehead diamines include, for example, sparteine, triethylenediamine, and the like.
Tertiary monoamines such as triethylamine are generally not as effective in the lithiation reaction. However, bridgehead monoamines such as 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2] octane and its substituted homologs are effective.
Ethers and the alkali metal alkoxides are presently less preferred than the chelating amines as activators for the metalation reaction due to somewhat lower levels of incorporation of functional group containing compounds onto the copolymer backbone in the subsequent grafting reaction.
In general, it is most desirable to carry out the lithiation reaction in an inert solvent such as saturated hydrocarbons. Aromatic solvents such as benzene are lithiatable and may interfere with the desired lithiation of the hydrogenated copolymer. The solvent/copolymer weight ratio which is convenient generally is in the range of about 5:1 to about 20:1. Solvents such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols, should not be used because they destroy the lithiating compound.
Polar metalation promotors may be present in an amount sufficient to enable metalation to occur, e.g. amounts between about 0.01 to about 100 or more preferably between about 0.1 to about 10 equivalents per equivalent of lithium alkyl.
The equivalents of lithium employed for the desired amount of lithiation generally range from such as about 0.001 to about 3.0 per alkenyl arene hydrocarbon unit in the copolymer presently preferably about 0.01 to about 1.0 equivalents per alkenyl arene hydrocarbon unit in the copolymer to ge modified. The molar ratio of active lithium to the polar promoter can vary from such as about 0.01 to about 10.0. A preferred ratio is about 0.5 to about 2.0.
The amount of lithium alkyl employed can be expressed in terms of the lithium alkyl to alkenyl arene hydrocarbon molar ratio. This ratio may range from a value of 1 (one lithium alkyl per alkenyl arene hydrocarbon unit) to as low as 1.times.10.sup.-3 (1 lithium alkyl per 1000 alkenyl arene hydrocarbon units).
The process of lithiation can be carried out at temperatures in the range of such as about -70.degree. C. to about +150.degree. C., presently preferably in the range of about 25.degree. C. to about 75.degree. C., the upper temperatures being limited by the thermal stability of the lithium compounds. The lower temperatures are limited by considerations of production cost, the rate of reaction becoming unreasonably slow at low temperatures. The length of time necessary to complete the lithiation and subsequent reactions is largely dependent upon mixing conditions and temperature. Generally, the time can range from a few seconds to about 72 hours, presently preferably from about 1 minute to about 1 hour.
GRAFTING STEP
The next step in the process of preparing the modified block copolymer is the treatment of the lithiated hydrogenated copolymer in solution, without quenching in any manner which would destroy the lithium sites, with a species capable of reacting with a lithium anion. These species are selected from the class of molecules called electrophiles and must contain functional groups capable of undergoing nucleophilic attack by a lithium anion. A such, the modified block copolymer herein is the reaction product of an electrophile with an activated base (unmodified hydrogenated) block copolymer primarily at lithium anion sites on the aromatic substrates thereof, as opposed to the reaction product of an electrophile (strong Lewis acid) with an unactivated base block copolymer on the aromatic substrates thereof.
Such species will react to give polymer bound functional groups including but not limited to: ##STR2##
If necessary, the process also includes further chemistry on the modified block copolymer to carboxylate same. These grafted carboxyl functional groups may be present as carboxylic acids, their salts and esters, and combinations thereof. Additionally, carboxyl functional groups in any of these forms may be further reacted with other modifying materials to convert from one form to another, thereby varying the relative proportions of each of these carboxylate forms to the others. For example, grafted carboxylic acid groups could be suitably modified by esterifying same by appropriate reaction with hydroxy-containing compounds of varying carbon atoms lengths. Whether the all acid or partially neutralized or esterified form is preferable to produce the greatest improvement in impact properties is dependent upon the polyamide chosen for the blend. A simple Notched Izod toughness test (ASTM-256) on a test specimen (bar) molded from such blends is clearly indicative and within the skills possessed by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The desired degree of neutralization may be achieved by various methods. If the modified block copolymer is in an all acid form or in a partially neutralized form and additional neutralization is desired, neutralization is preferably carried out under conditions which allow for a homogeneous uniform distribution of the metal containing compound in the modified block copolymer. No particular reaction conditions are essential except that the conditions should preferably permit the removal of the neutralization product. More specifically, the neutralization reaction is preferably carried either (1) by adding the metal containing compound, directly or in solution, to a solution of the modified block copolymer and then, on neutralization, precipitating and separating the resulting polymer; or (2) by melt blending the block copolymer with the metal containing compound. The melt blending is preferably conducted at elevated temperatures to facilitate homogeneous distribution of the metal containing compound and to volatilize the neutralization product.
Alternatively, if the modified block copolymer is in an all neutralized salt form on in a partially neutralized form and additional acidification (i.e., reverse-neutralization) is desired, acidification is likewise preferably carried out under conditions which allow for a homogeneous uniform distribution of the acid in the modified block copolymer. The acid utilized is preferably an organic acid, for example acetic acid or critic acid. The resulting metal-salt acidification product is not believed to be harmful to the resulting modified block copolymer or blend incorporating same. However, the metal salt may be removed by conventional means if so desired.
As an additional alternative, the all acid and the all neutralized salt forms of the block copolymer may be blended with each other or together with the desired polyamide or polyamides by either the solution or melt blending method mentioned above, to achieve the desired degree of neutralization. It is to be understood, however, that the specific technique employed is not critical as long as it meets the requirements set forth above. The extent of the neutralization i.e., the degree to which the metal ion is linked with the carboxylate ion may be readily analyzed by titration methods.
It is not essential that the metal containing compound be added as such, but it is possible to form the metal containing compound in situ from components which react with each other in the desired manner in the polymer environment. Thus, it is possible to add a metal oxide to the all acid or partially neutralized block copolymer then add an acid such as acetic acid in the proper proportion and form the metal containing compound, i.e., the metal acetate, while the polymer is milled. The metal containing compound then neutralizes the block copolymer to the desired degree depending on the proportion of metal containing compound formed.
PREPARATION OF THE FINAL COMPOSITIONS
The toughened thermoplastic polymer compositions of the present invention can be readily prepared by using any conventional mixing apparatus which is normally used for mixing or blending of polymer substances. Examples of such apparatus are single or multiple screw extruders, mixing rollers, Brabender, Banbury mills, kneaders and the like. Alternatively, the blends may be made by coprecipitation from solution, blending or by dry mixing together of the components, followed by melt fabrication of the dry mixture by extrusion.
The polyamide blends of the present invention may be prepared by melt-blending the desired proportion of polyamide, ranging from about 50 percent to about 99 percent, with the desired proportion of the modified block copolymer, ranging from about 1 to about 50 percent. Taking economic and commercial considerations into account, the proportion of polyamide preferably ranges from about 70 percent to about 95 percent, or more preferably ranges from about 70 percent to about 90 percent, with the modified block copolymer making up the difference in the polyamide/block copolymer blend. However, to produce a super-toughened .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide blend, the proportion of .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide ranges from about 50 to about 80 percent by weight with the modified block copolymer making up the difference in the polyamide/block copolymer blend.
The impact properties of the blends of this invention are improved as characterized by a higher notched izod value over either the polyamide alone or in a blend with the base (unmodified hydrogenated) copolymer. The degree of impact properties desired may be controlled and varied by varying the degree of functionality (amount of functionality) and the degree of neutralization (quantity of ions) or esterification of the copolymer employed in the blend composition. Within this range of possible functionality, neutralization amd esterification levels, blends considered to be "super-tough" may be attained.
The effective amount of carboxyl functionality for super-toughening the composition (polyamide blend) is that amount which yields a composition which when injection molded has a 1/8 inch dry as molded notched izod toughness value (ASTM-256) in excess of about 10 ft-lb/in (54.35 Kg-cm/cm) and experiences ductile, as opposed to brittle, failure. This effective amount of carboxyl functionality is on the average in an amount from about ten (10) carboxylic acid functional groups per molecule of the copolymer to about one (1) carboxyl functional group per aromatic ring of the A blocks. Preferably, the range is on the average in an amount from about twenty (20) carboxylic acid functional groups per molecule of copolymer to about one (1) carboxyl functional groups per every two (2) aromatic rings of the A blocks. Most preferably, the carboxyl functionaling is from about forty (40) carboxyl functional groups per molecule to about one (1) carboxyl group per every two (2) aromatic rings.
Within the lower range of carboxyl group functionality, the degree of neutralization appears to have an effect on the degree of impact modification. In the blend composition herein, it is presently believed that on the average at least about ten (10) carboxyl functional groups per molecule of copolymer should be present as a carboxylic acid preferably at least when the copolymer is functionalized to a level within the lower portion of the carboxyl group functionality levels specified above. As such, as the functionality level increases, super-tough polyamide blends may be attained at correspondingly higher and higher neutralization or esterification levels until no perceivable effect of the degree of neutralization or esterification remains.
Thus, in short, an effective quantity of carboxyl functional groups present in the modified block copolymer is that necessary to attain super-tough polyamide/modified block copolymer blends, whether the carboxyl groups be in the all acid form, all carboxylate salt or ester form or somewhere in between. The super-tough characteristic of the blends of the present invention is readily verifiable by performing a 1/8" dry as molded notched izod toughness test (ASTM-256) on an injection molded test specimen.
The improvement in toughness of the compositions herein is related to the amount of adherent sites in the modified block copolymer component and the degree of block copolymer dispersion. The blends of the present invention are unlike the interpenetrating networks formed by the binary polyamide/unmodified block copolymer blends of Gergen et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,041,103 and 4,242,470. Gergen et al. utilized selective extraction to establish the presence or absence of the interlocking nature and continuity of each of the components therein. Similar selective extraction experiments were performed on molded or extruded test specimens made from blends of the present invention and from blends of unmodified block copolymers with polyamide. The unmodified block copolymer in the test specimens herein coexisted as an interpenetrating network with the polyamide as evidenced by the retention of shape by in the injection molded bars when placed in a polyamide solvent, such as formic acid. However, when the test specimens utilizing the blends of the present invention were placed in formic acid, the test specimens disintegrated (lost all shape and form) in a facile manner leaving particles of the modified block copolymer. The foregoing established that the modified block copolymer in the test specimens herein coexisted as a dispersed phase within the polyamide.
Moreover, observations lead to the speculation that a grafting reaction is possibly occurring between the modified block copolymer and the polyamide in the blends of the present invention. The mechanism of adhesion and the role of the copolymer/polyamide interface to promote rubber (block copolymer) dispersion is not entirely understood. However, it appears that the grafting reactions and rubber dispersion process as interrelated. To some extent, enhancing the extent of reaction appears to facilitate rubber dispersion. Moreover, it appears that by increasing the block copolymer/polyamide interface more sites are made available for the unknown mechanism herein to operate upon. Therefore, though the block copolymer may be continuous or partially continuous within the polyamide, the block copolymer is preferably dispersed therein.
Although moderate toughening is achieved with the existence of a finely dispersed adherent rubber, these requirements do not uniquely define a super-tough composition. The super-tough behavior requires the existence of some level of grafting between the carboxyl groups, preferably in the carboxylic acid form, of the arene block within the modified block copolymer and an amine group of the polyamide. This level of carboxyl group functionality and grafting appears critical to dispersing the polymer and developing the appropriate stress distributions to induce matrix deformation and energy absorption. Hence, the super-tough blend compositions herein are unexpected and surprising.
The modified block copolymers utilized herein are more effective in toughening nylon 6 than nylon 6,6. The potential grafting reaction is facilitated between the polyamide and the carboxyl group functionality, preferably in the carboxylic and in the modified block copolymer due to the enhanced probability of reaction observed in .alpha.-polyamides.
A characteristic feature of the .alpha.-polyamides, such as nylon 6, is that these polyamides have only one terminal group, typically, an amine which is reactive with the carboxyl functional groups of the modified block copolymers utilized in the composition. However, .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides, such as nylon 6,6, have terminal reactive groups on each end. Thus, it is currently believed that if each of these two terminal reactive groups, particularly amine groups, react with a carboxyl group, particularly carboxylic acid groups, on a different modified block copolymer molecule, then the graft .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide molecules become tie molecules covalently, as opposed to physically, crosslinking the polyamide/modified block copolymer system into a three-dimensional network. The formation of such a network at the interface between the polyamide and modified block copolymer phases has two interrelated deleterious effects. Firstly, in s static sense, such a network at this interface would effectively reduce or prevent further reaction between the two phases by reducing and eventually prevent diffusion of the reactive species to the interface. Secondly, in a dynamic sense, once this covalent crosslinking has ensued, the flow or rheological characteristics of the two phases are severely restricted, thereby further reducing the ability of the two to further disperse during blending and allow reactive species to diffuse to the interface. On the other hand, as the .alpha.-polyamides, such as nylon 6, are monofunctional in the sense that they have only one reactive terminal group, .alpha.-polyamides are unable to covalently crosslink the polyamide/modified block copolymer interface. Thus, the diffusion and rheological characteristics of such blends favor better dispersion and a higher probability of exposing additional reactive species at the interface. Hence, a higher concentration of carboxyl group functionality is required in the modified block copolymer composition with nylon 6,6 compared with nylon 6 to achieve optimum toughening characteristics.
Furthermore, there appears to be ionic crosslinking occurring with in the alkenyl arene block domains. The reaction mechanism involved in the formation of the ionic alkenyl arene block domains and the exact structure of these ionic clusters within the respective domain is also not completley understood at the present time.
The neutralization effect herein is to be distinguished from ionic crosslinking as is disclosed in Rees, U.S. Pat. No. 3,264,272; Saito et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,076; and Gergen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,429. Rees and Gergen et al. ('429) utilize ionic crosslinking solely to improve the properties of the pure hydrocarbon polymer as opposed to improving the properties of polyamide blend compositions.
Rees is limited to ionic crosslinking in homopolymer systems in which the carboxyl groups are distributed throughout the homopolymer molecule. As such, Rees does not deal with copolymers and resulting alkenyl arene domain formation. On the other hand, though Gergen et al. ('429) addresses block copolymers, the carboxyl groups are distributed throughout the elastomeric diene block rather than the alkenyl arene blocks. As a result, the elastomeric properties of the diene block may be adversely affected; and the arene block domain phenomena is not advantageously utilized.
Saito et al. utilize ionic crosslinking to improve the properties of modified block copolymer which are to be blended with a thermoplastic polymer having a polar group thereby improving the impact resistance and hardness of the blend. In Saito et al., the block copolymer is modified by grafting maleic anhydride onto the conjugated diene portion thereof. As in Rees and Gergen et al. ('429), the elastomeric properties of the diene block may be adversely effected; and the arene block domain phenomena is again not advantageously utilized.
The polymer compositions of the present invention can further contain other conventional additives. Examples of such additives are reinforcing materials such as silica, carbon black, clay, glass fibers, organic fibers, calcium carbonate and the like, as well as stabilizers and inhibitors of oxidative, thermal, and ultraviolet light degradation, lubricants and mold release agents, colorants including dyes and pigments, nucleating agents, fire retardants, plasticizers, etc.
The stabilizers can be incorporated into the composition at any stage in the preparation of the thermoplastic composition. Preferably, the stabilizers are included early to preclude the initiation of degradation before the composition can be protected. Such stabilizers must be compatible with the composition.
The compositions of the present invention can be readily molded or formed into various kinds of useful articles by using any conventional molding, injection molding, blow molding, pressure forming, rotational molding and the like. Examples of the articles are sheets, films, foamed products as well as injection-molded articles, blow-molded articles, pressure-formed articles and rotational-molded articles having various kinds of shapes. These articles can be used in the fields of, for example, automobile parts, electrical parts, mechanical parts, packaging materials, building materials and the like.
To assist those skilled in the art in the practice of this invention, the following Examples are set forth as illustrations. It is to be understood that in the specification and claims herein, unless otherwise indicated, when the amount of the polyamide or block copolymer is expressed in terms of percent by weight, it is meant percent by weight based on the total amount of these materials which is employed in the melt-blending. Furthermore, it is to be understood that, unless otherwise indicated, when the amount of carboxylic acid (--COOH) or carboxylate ion (--COO.sup.-) is expressed in terms of percent by weight (% w), it is meant percent by weight based on the molecular weight of the corresponding base block copolymer. In these Examples, injection molded bars of these compositions were tested using the following test procedures in the dry-as-molded state:
Notched Izod toughened: at each end ASTM D-256
Flexural Modulus: ASTM D-790
Properties represent an average of at least five test specimens.
EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION
The base (unmodified) block copolymer used in the Examples was a polystyrene-poly(ethylene/propylene) (S-EP) block copolymer as shown in Table 1. The base copolymer was the product of selectively hydrogenating a polystyrene-polyisoprene (S-I) block copolymer (precursor block copolymer) effected by use of a catalyst comprising the reaction products of an aluminum alkyl compound with nickel carboxylates. The base block copolymer has a residual ethylenic unsaturation of less than about 2% of the original unsaturation in the poly(conjugated diene) block and has a residual aromatic unsaturation of greater than 95% of the original unsaturation in the polystyrene block.
TABLE 1______________________________________ BlockBase Styrene Styrene PolymerBlock Content Content Total Structure andCopolymer (wt. %) (wt. %) MW. Block MW.______________________________________A 28 28 158,800 44,500-114,300 (S-EP)B 28 28 157,500 44,100-113,400 (S-EP)C 38 38 106,400 40,400-66,000 (S-EP)______________________________________ Remarks: S Polymer block composed chiefly of styrene. EP Polymer block composed chiefly hydrogenated polyisoprene and referred to as ethylene/butylene. MW Number average molecular weight.
Per the following examples, the base block copolymer was first modified to varying degrees of carboxyl group functionality (content) by grafting carboxyl groups onto the polystyrene blocks via the metalation process described herein. The modified block copolymers were then further modified with lithium, sodium and zinc metals to form carboxylate salts at various acid to carboxylate salt contents (degree of neutralization).

EXAMPLE 1
Modified Block Copolymer
In this experiment, a modified block copolymer "O" was prepared utilizing the base block copolymer "A". A 5% (wt/wt) solution of the base block copolymer "A" (see Table 1) in cyclohexane (201 lb) was treated, in a closed vessel under nitrogen, with a titration indicator, 1,1-diphenylethylene (5 g, 0.03 mol). This solution was titrated with s-butyllithium solution to remove impurities. At the endpoint of the titration, a slight excess of s-butyllithium reagent was reacted with the indicator forming a benzylic anion which gave the solution a yellow/orange color; the persistence of this color was taken as an indication that the reaction mixture was now anhydrous and anaerobic. The reaction mixture was then heated to 40.degree. C. These conditions were maintained throughout the rest of the experiment.
The metalation reagent, s-butyllithium (2.8 lb of an 11% (wt/wt) solution in cyclohexane, 2,2 mol), was added to the reaction mixture over a period of 5 minutes. The metalation promoter, N,N,N,',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) (0.7 lb, 2.6 mol) was added with vigorous stirring. Metalation was completed within 10 minutes. The lithiated polymer cement was quite viscous and yellow in color. An aliquot of the cement was removed and treated with an excess of D.sub.2 O. This procedure placed a deuterium atom on the polymer at sites which had been lithiated. Analysis of the deuterated polymer using a Deuterium NMR technique found 93% of the deuterium was attached to the aromatic ring. Appropriate control experiments showed that the remainder of the deuterium label was at benzylic centers in the polystyrene segment and at allylic centers in the rubber of the polymer. These results showed that the polymer was lithiated principally in the styrene blocks.
The lithiated polymer was carboxylated by contacting the cement with carbon dioxide. This was accomplished at 40.degree. C. by mixing the reactant streams in a static mixer (11/2" ID, 24 element, KINIX static mixer, CO.sub.2 pressure 80 psig). The reactant, lithiated polymer stream was processed at a rate of 15 lbs/min. The carboxylation reaction is essentially instantaneous. The reactor product was acidified by the addition of 5 lbs. of acetic acid (38 mol). Modified block copolymer "D" was recovered by steam coagulation and dried at 50.degree.-60.degree. C. in a vacuum oven. The reactor product was acidified by the addition of 5 lbs. of acetic acid (38 mol). Modified block copolymer "D" was recovered by steam coagulation and dried at 50.degree.-60.degree. C. in a vacuum oven.
To measure the polymer bound carboxylic acid (--COOH) content of Polymer D, an aliquot of the finished polymer was dissolved in THF and titrated to a phenolphthalein endpoint using 0.01N KOH in methanol. The titration found 1.32% wt --COOH.
To determine the total carboxylate content, both --COO.sup.- and --COOH moieties of Polymer D, an aliquot of the finished polymer was dissolved in cyclohexane at a 10% solids level and treated with an equal volume of acetic acid. Control experiments had shown that the acid treatment converted polymer bound --COO.sup.- to --COOH species. The acidified mixture was repeatedly washed with H.sub.2 O until the wash sample was neutral to remove excess acetic acid and acetate salts. The fully acidified polymer was precipitated in isopropanol, dried and titrated as outlined above. The titration found 1.32% wt --COOH, the same result as had been observed for the as finished polymer. By difference, we concluded that the as finished product, Polymer D, contained no carboxylate salt; i.e. Polymer D was in the all acid form --COOH.
EXAMPLE 2
Modified Block Copolymer
In this experiment, a modified block copolymer "E" was prepared utilizing the base block copolymer "C". A 10% (wt/wt) solution of Polymer "C" (see Table 1) in cyclohexane (201 lb) was treated, in a closed vessel under nitrogen, with a titration indicator, 1,1-diphenylethylene (5 g, 0.03 mol). This solution was titrated with s-butyllithium solution to remove impurities. At the endpoint of the titration, a slight excess of s-butyllithium reagent was reacted with the indicator forming a benzylic anion which gave the solution a yellow/orange color; the persistence of this color was taken as an indication that the solution was now anhydrous and anaerobic. The reaction mixture was heated to 80.degree. C. These conditions were maintained throughout the rest of the experiment.
The metalation reagent, s-butyllithium (3.3 lb of a 10% (wt/wt) solution in cyclohexane, 23 mol), was added to the reaction mixture over a period of 5 minutes.
The metalation promoter, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) (0.7 lb, 2.6 mol) was added with vigorous stirring. Metalation was complete within 10 minutes.
The lithiated polymer cement was quite viscous and yellow in color. The lithiated polymer was carboxylated by contacting the cement with carbon dioxide. This was accomplished at 80.degree. C. by mixing the reactant streams in a static mixer (11/2" ID, 24 element, KINIX static mixer, CO.sub.2 pressure 70 psig). The reactant, lithiated polymer stream was processed at a rate of 15 lbs/min. The carboxylation reaction is essentially instantaneous. The reactor product was acidified by the addition of 5 lbs. of acetic acid (38 mol). Modified block copolymer "G" was recovered by steam coagulation and dried at 50.degree.-60.degree. C. in a vacuum oven.
To measure the polymer bound carboxylic acid (--COOH) content of Polymer "G", an aliquot of the finished polymer was dissolved in THF and titrated to a phenolphthalein endpoint using 0.01N KOH in methanol. The titration found 1.0% wt --COOH.
To determine the total carboxylate content, both --COO.sup.- and --COOH moieties of Polymer "G", an aliquot of the finished polymer was dissolved in cyclohexane at a 10% solids level and treated with an equal volume of acetic acid. Control experiments had shown that the acid treatment converted polymer bound --COO.sup.- to --COOH species. The acidified mixture was repeatedly washed with H.sub.2 O until the wash sample was neutral to remove excess acetic acid and acetate salts. The fully acidified polymer was precipitated in isopropanol, dried and titrated as outlined above. The titration found 1.0% wt --COOH; the same result as had been observed for the as finished polymer. By difference, we concluded that the as finished product, Polymer "G", contained no carboxylate salt; Polymer "G" was in the all acid form --COOH.
The remaining carboxylated S-EP polymers in Table 2, Polymers, "E", "F", "H", "I", and "J" were prepared by modification of the above procedure. These preparations employed varying amounts of the metalation reagent (promoter) relative to the amount of polymer substrate to lead to products having the corresponding carboxylate contents shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Ratio of CarboxylModified Base Carboxyl Group to Alkenyl Carboxyl GroupsBlock Block Functionality Arene Units in per molecule ofCopolymer Copolymer (% w-COOH) Base Block Copolymer Block Copolymer__________________________________________________________________________D A 1.32 2:19 46.6E B 1.6 56.0F C 1.9 44.9G C 1.0 23.6H C 0.6 14.2I C 0.4 9.4J C 0.25 5.9__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
Neutralized Modified Block Copolymers
In this example, modified block copolymers may be neutralized utilizing monovalent metal counterions, such as sodium (Na.sup.+) and lithium (Li.sup.+), and divalent metal counterions, such as zinc (Zn.sup.2+). The neutralized block copolymers may be obtained adding aqueous sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and zinc acetate solutions in THF, to the modified block copolymer (all acid). The modified block copolymers neutralized utilizing magnesium metal counterions may be obtained by neutralizing the respective modified block copolymer (all acid) with magnesium methoxide in anhydrous methanol. For those neutralized modified block copolymers having a metal carboxylate salt content greater than 80% based on total carboxyl groups, an excess of the metal carrying compound was utilized (typically five times stoichiometric) to ensure the high degree of neutralization.
Table 3 indicates the various neutralized block copolymers produced from the corresponding modified block copolymers for purposes of the following examples.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ % CarboxylModified Carboxyl Metal Groups % w % wBlock Copolymer functionality (% w) Counterion Neutralized Acid Salt__________________________________________________________________________D 1.32 -- 0 1.32 --K1 1.32 Li 80 0.26 1.06E 1.60 -- 0 1.60 --L1 1.60 Li 67 0.53 1.07F 1.90 -- 0 1.90 --M1 1.90 Li 57 0.82 1.08M2 1.90 Li 73 0.51 1.39M3 1.90 Li 91 0.17 1.73G 1.00 -- 0 1.00 --H 0.60 -- 0 0.60 0.63N1 0.60 Li 83 0.10 0.50I 0.40 -- 0 0.40 --J 0.25 -- 0 0.25 --__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
Effect of Rubber Content on Blend Impact Properties
In this example, the impact strengths and flexural moduli of molded test pieces of various polyamide blend compositions were measured. The thermoplastic polyamide used in this example was a commercial nylon 6,6 Zytel 101, a molding grade nylon obtained from Dupont. Prior to all processing steps, the nylon 6,6 and its blends were dried at 60.degree. C. for four (4) hours under vacuum with a nitrogen purge.
Blends of nylon 6,6 with both unmodified and modified block copolymer were prepared in a 33 mm diameter Werner-Pfleiderer corotating twin screw extruder. The blend components were premixed by tumbling in polyethylene bags, and then fed into the extruder. The extruder melt temperature profile was about 210.degree. C. in the feed zone, about 250.degree. C.-255.degree. C. in the barrel, and about 260.degree. C. at the die with an actual melt temperature of 283.degree. C. A screw speed of approximately 250 rpm was used. The extrudate was pelletized. Injection molded test specimens were made from pelletized extrudate using an Arburg injection molder (Model number 222-55-250). Injection temperatures and pressures of about 290.degree. C. to about 320.degree. C. and about 650 psig, respectively, were employed during the processing operations. The formulations and physical properties are shown in Table 4. Therein, sample, "O", "P" and "Q" are controls.
As is readily apparent from Table 4the addition of the modified block copolymer (F) significantly increase the impact strength of the polyamide (nylon 6,6). Additionally, improvements in the impact toughness of the modified block copolymer/nylon blends are surprisingly achieved without significantly sacrificing or compromising its flexural modulus (P and Q versus R and S). Furthermore, the addition of at least about 20 percent by weight of the modified block copolymer produces a super-tough polyamide blend material. A material is defined to be "super-tough" when the room temperature impact strength determined using ASTM-256 exceeds 10 ft-lb/in and a ductile failure is observed. Herein, a distinct brittle to ductile failure transition is observed between 10 and 20 percent by weight (more likely at about 15 percent by weight) of the modified block copolymer in the blend composition, whereas no such transition occurs in the blend containing the unmodified block copolymer.
TABLE 4______________________________________ SampleComposition (parts by weight) O P Q R S______________________________________Nylon 6,6 100 80 70 80 70Unmodified Block Copolymer -- 20 30 -- --(C)Modified Block Copolymer (F) -- -- -- 20 301/8" Dry as Molded 1.7 1.4 1.8 11.4.sup.a 14.0.sup.aNotched Izod (ft-lb/in)Room TemperatureFlexural Modulus 425 285 235 275 210(.times. 1000 psi)______________________________________ .sup.a Ductile failure.
EXAMPLE 5
Effect of Degree of Functionality on Blend Properties
In this example, the impact strength of molded test specimens of various polyamide blend compositions were measured. Herein, at a fixed nylon 6,6 (Zytel.RTM. 101) to block copolymer ratio of 80:20 and 70:30, the degree of functionality (carboxyl group content) was varied to measure the corresponding effect on the impact strength of the respective compositions. Specimens utilizing nylon 6,6 (Polymer O) and an 80:20 ratio of nylon 6,6 to unmodified block copolymer (Polymer P) and a 70:30 ratio of nylon 6,6 to modified block copolymer (Polymer Q) were prepared as controls.
As is evident from Table 5, increasing the degree of carboxyl functionality in the modified block copolymer results in a dramatic improvement in the impact strength of the polyamide blend compositions. At 20 wt % rubber loading a transition from a brittle to ductile failure mechanism is also observed between 1.9 wt % and 1.0 wt % carboxylic acid functionality whereas this transition occurs between 1.0 wt % and 0.4 wt % carboxylic acid functionality at 30 wt % rubber loading. Thus by incorporating more carboxyl group functionality in the alkenyl arene segment, the greater the probability of achieving grafting with the polyamide component which translates in part into improved impact properties. Therefore, the degree of functionality of the modified block copolymer provides another means by which impact modification of polyamides may be controlled.
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ Sample O P R T U V Q S W X Y__________________________________________________________________________Composition (% w)Nylon 6,6 100 80 80 80 80 80 70 70 70 70 70Block Copolymer C 20 -- -- -- -- 30 -- -- -- --Block Copolymer F -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- 30 -- -- --Block Copolymer G -- -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- 30 -- --Block Copolymer I -- -- -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- 30 --Block Copolymer J -- -- -- -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- 30Carboxyl Group -- -- 1.9 1.0 0.4 0.25 -- 1.9 1.0 0.4 0.25ContentCounterion -- -- H H H H -- H H H HRoom Temperature 1.7 1.4 11.4.sup.a 4.2 2.4 2.4 1.8 14.0.sup.a 12.9.sup.a 2.7 2.5Notched Izod.sup.b__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.a Ductile failure. .sup.b 1/8" Dry as Molded (ftlb/inch).
EXAMPLE 6
Effect of Molecular Architecture
In this example, the impact strength of molded test specimens at a fixed nylon 6,6 (Zytel.RTM. 101) to block copolymer ratio of 30:70 were measured. Herein, the molecular architecture was varied keeping the carboxyl group content constant to measure the corresponding effect on the impact properties of the respective compositions. Specimens utilizing nylon 6,6 (Polymer O) and a 70:30 ratio of modified block copolymers (Polymers Q and Z in Table 6) were prepared.
Table 6 depicts the effect of molecular architecture of the block copolymer on impact strength and the flexural moduli of the respective materials. The blend containing modified block copolymer possess super tough impact properties. These results demonstrate that the supertoughening does not depend on the geometrical structure, but on the carboxyl components present on the polymer block.
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________ 1/8" Dry as Molded Room Temperature Carboxyl Groups Flexural Impact ToughnessBlock Per Molecule of Modules (ft-lb/in)Sample.sup.a Copolymer Block Copolymers (Kpsi) RT.sup.b -20.degree. F. -40.degree. F.__________________________________________________________________________O -- -- 425 1.7 0.7 0.8Q C -- 235 1.8 -- --S F 44.9 210 14.0 -- --Z A -- 230 1.1 0.7 0.7AA D 46.6 235 .sup. 22.0.sup.c 4.9 3.5__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.a Except for Polymer O, all samples were formulated with 70 wt % Nylon 6,6 and 30 wt % block copolymer. .sup.b Room temperature. .sup.c Ductile failure.
EXAMPLE 7
Effect of Degree of Neutralization on Blend Properties
In this example, the impact strengths of molded test specimens of various polyamide blend compositions were measured. Herein, at a fixed nylon 6,6 (Zytel.RTM. 101) to block copolymer ratio of 80:20, the degree of neutralization (metal carboxylate salt content) was varied to measure the corresponding effect on these properties. Specimens utilizing only nylon 6,6 (Polymer O) and 80:20 ratio of nylon 6,6 to unmodified block copolymer (Polymer P) were prepared as controls.
As is readily apparent from Table 7, the effect of the degree of neutralization of the modified block copolymer on the impact properties of the nylon 6,6 blend is substantial. In this series of specimens, a brittle to ductile failure transition is observed between 0% and 57% lithium carboxylate salt concentration in the modified block copolymer incorporated in the nylon 6,6 blend composition. Be that as it may, impact modification is achieved throughout the entire range of neutralization levels. However, the optimum level of impact modification (i.e., supertough materials) is experienced when the ductile failure mechanism is present. Thus, precise determination of this transition is easily and readily determinable for modified block copolymers containing more or less carboxyl group functionality, different nylons, different nylon to block copolymer ratios and different metal counterions by performing the ASTM-256--1/8" notched izod impact test on specimens prepared from these various compositions. As such, the impact modification of nylon 6,6 utilizing these modified block copolymers may be controlled through the neutralization process prior to or during blending operations.
This example in conjunction with Example 5 suggest there is a unique composition of modified block copolymer containing carboxylic acid functionality which promotes super toughening in polyamide systems.
TABLE 7______________________________________Sample O P R BB CC DD______________________________________Composition (% w)Nylon 6,6 100 80 80 80 80 80Block Copolymer C -- 20 -- -- -- --Block Copolymer F -- -- 20 -- -- --Block Copolymer M1 -- -- -- 20 -- --Block Copolymer M2 -- -- -- -- 20 --Block Copolymer M3 -- -- -- -- -- 20Counterion -- -- H Li Li Li% Carboxyl Groups -- -- -- 57 73 91w/CounterionRoom Temperature 1.7 1.4 11.4.sup.a 4.2.sup.a 3.4 2.9Notched Izod.sup.b______________________________________ .sup.a Ductile failure. .sup.b 1/8" Dry as Molded (ftlb/inch).
EXAMPLE 8
Effect of Blending Conditions on Blend Properties
In this example, the sensitivity of the polyamide blend composition to blending conditions was evaluated. The composition was of a 70:30 ratio of polyamide (nylon 6,6, Zytel.RTM. 101) to modified block copolymer having a carboxyl group contents of 1.32 wt % and 1.6 wt % in the acid and partially neutralized with lithium counterion. Herein, the blending was effected using a Haake 30 mm twin screw extruder at 350 rpm and also using a Werner & Pfleider (W&P) 33 twin screw extruder at 250 rpm. IN the Haake equipment, the extruder melt temperature profile was about 240.degree. C. in the feed zone, about 270.degree. C. in the barrel and about 250.degree. C. at the die. In the W&P equipment, the extruder melt temperature profile was about 210.degree. C. in the feed zone, about 250.degree. C. in the barrel and about 260.degree. C. at the die with an actual melt temperature of 283.degree. C.
As is evident from Table 8, the blending conditions and equipment play an important role in achieving the desired impact modification. The samples prepared using the Haake resulted in supertough impact toughness using similar block copolymers with less acid functional sites per molecule (GG vs. HH). Samples GG provides the best working example showing a minimum of 9.3 acid groups per molecule of the block copolymer to induce supertoughening.
TABLE 8______________________________________Sample.sup.a EE FF GG HH______________________________________Block Copolymer A D K1 L1Twin Screw Extruder Haake Haake Haake W & PFunctionality (wt %) -- 1.32 1.32 1.6Counterion -- H Li LiAcid/Salt Ratio -- 100:0 20:80 33:67Carboxylic Acid -- 46.6 9.3 18.5Groups/Molecule1/8" Room Temperature 1.1 22.0.sup.c 19.5.sup.c 4.3Dry As Molded NotchedIzod Impact Toughness(ft-lb/inch)______________________________________ .sup.a All samples were formulated with 70 wt % Nylon 6,6 and 30 wt % block copolymer. .sup.b Ratio of carboxylic acid to metal carboxylate salt content. .sup.c Ductile failure.
EXAMPLE 9
Morphology Within Blend Composition
In this example, the dispersed character of the modified block copolymer with the .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide matrix was examined with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and solvent extraction experiments.
The compositions of the samples utilized herein had a fixed nylon to block copolymer ratio of 70:30. Nylon 6,6 (Zytel.RTM. 101) was used as the polyamide. The samples prepared utilized the base block copolymer "A" and modified block copolymer "D", which corresponds to samples EE & FF, respectively. Test specimens corresponding to these samples were prepared by extruder blending and injection molding the respective composition.
STEM observations of the blend structure were performed on cryogenically microtimed cross-sections. The number average means particle size was determined using standard image analysis techniques utilizing a Quantimett Image Analyzer Model No. 720 System 25. The results in Table 9 show that the mean particle size of the modified block copolymer is substantially smaller than the unmodified block copolymer. These results demonstrate the important role of the particle size in achieving the desired impact modification.
Once the samples were prepared, the samples were each initially suspended in formic acid, a good solvent for the polyamide. When the extruder blended, injection molded test specimen of the unmodified block copolymer and polyamide composition (DD) was placed in formic acid, the test specimen did not dissolve (6 to 10 days) and also substantially maintained its initial shape. These results suggest that the unmodified block copolymer and polyamide are bicontinuous.
On the other hand, the test specimens corresponding to samples containing the modified block copolymer and polyamile composition (EE) readily disintegrated in formic acid (within 6 hours) leaving particles of the modified block copolymer which suggests the modified block copolymer exits as discrete particles within the polyamide matrix.
This example clearly demonstrates the effect of adding carboxyl functionality to the arene segment in the block copolymer, thereby developing a new composition when blended with polyamides.
TABLE 9______________________________________ Block Functionality Mean Particle SizeSample Copolymer (wt %) (um)______________________________________EE A -- 5.38FF D 1.32 0.37______________________________________
While the present invention has been described and illustrated by reference to particular embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the same lends itself to variations not necessarily illustrated herein. For this reason, then, reference should be made solely to the appended claims for purposes of determining the true scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A super-toughened multiphase thermoplastic composition comprising:
(a) one phase containing a thermoplastic .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide; and
(b) at least one other phase containing at least one functionalized, selectively hydrogenated non-network forming block copolymer, each block copolymer molecule comprising at least one hydrogenated conjugated diolefin block and at least one monoalkenyl arene polymer block to which has been grated on the average an effective amount of carboxyl functional groups for super-toughening the multiphase thermoplastic composition, the block copolymer molecule having substantially all of the carboxyl functional groups grafted to the monoalkenyl arene polymer block,
(c) the phase containing a thermoplastic .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide being present in a weight ratio of about 50:50 up to about 80:20 relative to the phase containing the block copolymer.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the carboxyl functional groups are carboxylic acids, their salts or esters.
3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the effective amount of carboxyl functional groups is on the average at least about twenty (20) of the carboxylic acid functional groups per molecule of the block copolymer.
4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the effective amount of carboxyl functional groups is on the average in an amount from
about twenty (20) of the carboxylic acid groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one (1) of the carboxyl groups per aromatic ring of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the effective amount of carboxyl functional groups is on the average in an amount from
about twenty (20) of the carboxylic acid groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one (1) of the carboxyl groups per every two (2) aromatic rings of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
6. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the effective amount of carboxyl functional groups is on the average in an amount from
about forty (40) of the carboxyl groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one (1) of the carboxyl groups per aromatic ring of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
7. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the effective amount of carboxyl functional groups is on the average in an amount from
about forty (40) of the carboxyl groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one (1) of the carboxyl groups per every two (2) aromatic rings of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
8. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the carboxyl functional groups are carboxylic acids.
9. The composition according to claim 2, wherein on the average at least about 10 of the carboxyl functional groups are carboxylic acid groups.
10. The composition according to claim 2, wherein a portion of the carboxyl functional groups are carboxylate salts or esters.
11. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the carboxylate salts are metal carboxylate salts of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of metals capable of forming metal ions having a positive valence state.
12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the metal ions are selected from the group consisting of uncomplexed and complexed metal ions.
13. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the functionalized block copolymer is characterized as having been prepared by the process which comprises
metalating a base block copolymer, and
reacting the resulting metalated block copolymer with effective amounts of at least one graftable electrophilic molecule containing at least one of the carboxyl functional groups or with effective amounts of an electrophile, wherein the electrophile is carbon dioxide, thereby preparing the functionalized block copolymer.
14. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the one phase contains from about 50 to about 80 percent by weight of said thermoplastic .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide.
15. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the one phase contains from about 50 to about 80 percent by weight of the thermoplastic .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides.
16. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide is selected from the group consisting of straight chain or branched chain .alpha.,.omega.-polyamides.
17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a polyamide obtained by polymerizing a diamine which contains at least two carbon atoms between the amino groups thereof and a dicarboxylic acid or ester thereof, and
(b) mixtures of two or more of these.
18. The composition according to claim 17, herein the polyamide is polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 6,6).
19. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the phase containing the block copolymer is dispersed within the phase containing the .alpha.,.omega.-polyamide.
20. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the phase containing the block copolymer has a particle size from about 0.01 to about 2.0 .mu.m.
21. The composition according to claim 20, wherein the phase containing the block copolymer has a particle size from about 0.05 to about 1.5 .mu.m.
22. The composition according to claim 21, wherein the phase containing the block copolymer has a particle size from about 0.1 to about 1.0 .mu.m.
23. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the functionalized block copolymer has a branched structure.
24. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the functionalized block copolymer has a linear structure.
25. The composition according to claim 1 wherein
(a) each monoalkenyl arene polymer block prior to hydrogenation is predominantly a polymerized monoalkenyl monocyclic arene block having an average molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 125,000,
(b) each hydrogenated conjugated diolefin block prior to hydrogenation is predominantly a polymerized conjugated diene block having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 450,000,
(c) the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks constitute about 1 to about 99 percent by weight of the block copolymer,
(d) the residual ethylenic unsaturation of the hydrogenated conjugated diolefin blocks is less than about 10 percent of the ethylenic unsaturation of the conjugated diolefin blocks prior to hydrogenation, and
(e) the residual aromatic unsaturation of the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks is greater than about 50 percent of the aromatic unsaturation of the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks prior to hydrogenation.
26. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks constitute about 2 to about 60 percent by weight of the block copolymer.
27. The composition according to claim 26, wherein the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks constitute about 2 to about 55 percent of the block copolymer.
28. The composition according to claim 27, wherein the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks constitute about 2 to about 40 percent by weight of the block copolymer.
29. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the grafted carboxyl function groups are present on the average in an amount from
about twenty carboxylic acid functional groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one of the carboxyl functional groups per aromatic ring of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
30. The composition according to claim 29, wherein the grafted carboxyl functional groups are present on the average in an amount from
about twenty of the carboxylic acid functional groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one of the carboxyl functional groups per every two aromatic rings of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
31. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the grafted carboxyl functional groups are present on the average in an amount from
about forty of the carboxyl functional groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one of the carboxyl functional groups per aromatic ring of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block.
32. The composition according to claim 31, wherein the grafted carboxyl functional groups are present on the average in an amount from
about forty of the carboxyl functional groups per molecule of the block copolymer to
about one of the carboxyl functional groups per every two aromatic rings of the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks, and
the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks have a minimum total average molecular weight of at least about 6,000.
33. The composition according to claim 25, wherein prior to hydrogenation:
(a) the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks are polymerized styrene and
(b) the hydrogenated conjugated diolefin blocks are selected from the group consisting of polymerized isoprene, polymerized butadiene, and polymerized isoprene and butadiene copolymer.
34. The composition according to claim 33, wherein the hydrogenated conjugated diolefin blocks are polymerized butadiene blocks having a 1,2 content of between about 35 percent and about 55 percent.
35. The composition according to claim 34, wherein the polymerized butadiene blocks have an average molecular weight of between about 10,000 to about 150,000.
36. The composition according to claim 35, wherein the residual ethylenic unsaturation of the polymerized butadiene blocks is less than about 5 percent of the ethylenic unsaturation present prior to hydrogenation.
37. The composition according to claim 36, wherein the residual ethylenic unsaturation of the polymerized butadiene blocks is at most about 2 percent of the ethylenic unsaturation present prior to hydrogenation.
38. The composition according to claim 37, wherein on the average the aromatic unsaturation of the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks is grater than about 90 percent of the aromatic unsaturation of the monoalkenyl arene polymer blocks prior to hydrogenation.
39. The composition according to claim 38, wherein the polymerized styrene blocks have an average molecular weight of between about 2,000 and about 60,000.
40. The composition according to claim 13, wherein prior to functionalization the base block copolymer is a polystyrene-poly(ethylene/butylene) block copolymer.
41. The composition according to claim 33, wherein the hydrogenated conjugated diolefin blocks are polymerized isoprene blocks.
42. The composition according to claim 41, wherein the polymerized isoprene blocks have an average molecular weight of between about 10,000 to about 150,000.
43. The composition according to claim 42, wherein the residual ethylenic unsaturation of the polymerized isoprene blocks is less than about 5 percent of the ethylenic unsaturation present prior to hydrogenation.
44. The composition according to claim 43, wherein the residual ethylenic unsaturation of the polymerized isoprene blocks is at most about 2 percent of the ethylenic unsaturation present prior to hydrogenation.
45. The composition according to claim 44, wherein on the average the aromatic unsaturation of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block is greater than about 90 percent of the aromatic unsaturation of the monoalkenyl arene polymer block prior to hydrogenation.
46. The composition according to claim 13, wherein prior to functionalization the base block copolymer is a polystyrene-poly(ethylene/propylene) block copolymer.
47. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the metal ions are selected from the group consisting of monovalent metal ions, divalent metal ions, trivalent metal ions and combinations thereof.
48. The composition according to claim 47, wherein the metal ions are selected from the group consisting of lithium ions, sodium ions, zinc ions and combinations thereof.
49. The composition according to claim 48, wherein the metal ions are lithium ions.
50. The composition according to claim 47, wherein at most about 95 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the metal ions.
51. The composition according to claim 47, wherein at most about 80 percent of the the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the metal ions.
52. The composition according to claim 47, wherein at most about 50 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the metal ions.
53. The composition according to claim 47, wherein at most about 10 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the metal ions.
54. The composition according to claim 49, wherein at most about 95 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the lithium ions.
55. The composition according to claim 49, wherein at most about 80 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the lithium ions.
56. The composition according to claim 49, wherein at most about 50 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the lithium ions.
57. The composition according to claim 49, wherein at most about 10 percent of the carboxyl functional groups are ionized by neutralization with the lithium ions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of abandoned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 140,007, filed Dec. 31, 1987, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,503, filed Aug. 16, 1985.

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Continuation in Parts (2)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	140007	Dec 1987
Parent	766215	Aug 1985

High impact resistant blends of thermoplastic polyamides and modified diblock copolymers

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

CPC

US Classifications

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US

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Abstract

Description

Claims

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (35)

Continuation in Parts (2)