Patent Grant
8788009
The invention generally relates to sensor systems for detecting electrical signals within subjects, and relates in particular to electrocardiogram detection systems.
Conventional electrocardiogram (ECG) systems generally include an electrically conductive material that provides a conductive path between a surface of a subject and medical instrumentation. Sensors for use in biomedical applications such as ECG applications, are disclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,353, which discloses an electrically-conductive, pressure sensitive adhesive; U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,685, which discloses an electrically conductive adhesive hydrogel; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,508, which discloses a conductive hydrophilic pressure sensitive adhesive.
Such hydrogels typically contain some amount of water within a gel and require that the material be maintained in a sealed environment (e.g., in sealed packages) until being used. Such materials are generally not re-usable in environments where the humidity is not closely controlled. These limitations adversely affect both the cost of sensors that use such conductive adhesives as well as the amount of use that any particular sensor may enjoy.
The hydrogels perform as signal receptors via an ionically conductive mechanism and are therefore low impedance receptors. For example, the conductive electrode may include silver and silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), which typically has a sheet resistance of between 0.1 and 0.5 Ohms/sq-mil. The units Ohms/sq/mil are conventionally used to refer to surface resistivity (Ohms/square) over a volume, yielding Ohms/sq-mil. The conductive layer is deposited over a conductive carbon coated polymeric film (typically having an impedance range of between 1-1000 Ohms/sq/mil) and a conductive lead that is used to couple the electrode to monitoring equipment. The electrode layer serves as a transducer between the ionically generated biological signal and the electrical signal transmitted in the conducting solution. The chloride serves as the ion in the electrolyte. Current flows freely across the electrode because the Ag/AgCl chemical structures are stable.
When the hydrogel of an electrode is placed in contact with the skin, ions will diffuse into and out of the metal via the hydrogel. Copper has an electrode potential of 340 mV, which is a greater potential than exists in an ECG signal (˜1 mV). The reference electrode should therefore, cancel this potential, but in practice this is not the case. Electrode potentials change with time due to the ionic interaction. Also, any two electrodes and the underlying skin surfaces are not identical. For these reasons the electrode potentials differ. The electrode potentials appear as signal offset. Silver chloride (AgCl) has a potential of under 5 mV, which is easily handled by typical monitoring technology and will not interfere with the ECG signal. For this reason the AgCl produces low levels of noise (less than 10 μV) which is ideal for the ECG application since the amplitude of the heart palpitations that are required to be transmitted to the monitoring equipment.
The number of signal detecting devices used in a harness system may typically range from 3 to 13 electrodes or more. Employing a larger number of detection points provides that many points of reference are available for monitoring a subject, such as a patient's heart. As shown in
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0000663 discloses a water insensitive alternating current responsive composite that may be used as an adhesive or a polymeric film in a sensor, and provides that an alternating current signal on one side of the composite may be capacitively coupled to the other side of the composite by having the dielectric properties of the material change with the application of an alternating current field (e.g., exhibits dielectric dispersion) such that a charge is released from the composite at the other side of the composite responsive to the changing dielectric properties. The signal receptive materials of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0000663 are disclosed to have impedance values of about 100 kΩ or higher.
There remains a need, however, for inexpensive yet effective biomedical sensor harness and wiring systems that may be easily and economically employed in a variety of applications, and that provide improved sensitivity and useful information to a wide variety of medical personnel.
In accordance with an embodiment, the invention provides a biomedical sensor system that includes a high impedance conductive electrode having an electrode impedance of at least about 20 kΩ/sq-mil, and a dielectric material on a first side of the electrode for receiving a discharge of an electrical signal from the dielectric material responsive to the presence of a time varying signal adjacent a second side of the dielectric material that is opposite the first side.
In accordance with a further embodiment, the invention provides a method of detecting a time varying signal from a patient. The method includes the steps of: receiving the time varying signal from a patient; changing dielectric properties of a dielectric material responsive to the time varying signal from the patient; providing an output signal to a conductive electrode of a biomedical sensor; and providing the output signal to a monitor system via a signal path that has a resistance of at least about 1 Ω/sq-mil.
In accordance with yet a further embodiment, the invention provides a biomedical sensor system that includes a first conductive electrode and a second conductive electrode. The first and second conductive electrodes are provided in contact with a signal receptive material that is contiguous with both the first conductive electrode and the second conductive electrode.
The following description may be further understood with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
b show illustrative diagrammatic views of a sensor system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention during use;
The drawings are shown for illustrative purposes and are not to scale.
It has been discovered that a high impedance continuous signal receptive material may be provided in accordance with the invention that may serve as a common attachment adhesive for multiple high impedance electrodes, for example, covering an array of sites, and further that an inexpensive high impedance connection system may be used with the multiple high impedance electrodes. The signal receptive material (SRM) is a high impedance (e.g., greater than 20 kΩ/sq.-mil) material that is responsive to a localized time varying signal, yet does not permit ionic conductivity throughout the material. Many advantages may be provided by such a system. A first of such advantages is simplicity of manufacturing. It is not necessary to register (align) the SRM to the individual electrodes. Instead, multiple electrodes may be placed on a common SRM. An additional benefit is that the increased adhesive area may allow for an optimal bond to the patient. The use of high impedance electrodes (e.g., greater than 50 kΩ/sq.-mil), and connection systems (e.g., greater than 50 kΩ/sq.-mil) also facilitate reducing the overall system cost and complexity of the electrodes. A flexible substrate could also be used as a supporting structure, and such a supporting substrate could be conformable and water vapor and oxygen permeable. Such substrate materials are commonly found for example, in medical applications for use in wound dressings and surgical drapes.
As mentioned above, a technical problem that prevents conductive composites such as hydrogel adhesives from being used in such a way is the fact that the hydrogels have low impedance along the X, Y, and Z dimensions. Thus, if such an adhesive were to span across two or more conductive electrode sensors, any signal generated at one site might be conveyed over the mass of the hydrogel, thus losing the signal specificity to a particular site. For a material to function properly in such an application it would have to have high internal impedance yet still be capable of detecting a biomedical signal and conveying some representative signal to the site specific electrodes.
In accordance with the invention, a high impedance sensor is employed, such as a sensor that is dielectric yet changes its dielectric properties in the presence of biomedical signals, which are typically time varying signals such as alternating current signals. Such a sensor may include a polymeric material and a polar material that is substantially dispersed within the polymeric material as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0000663, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Using the testing protocol that is described therein, such an adhesive may be provided. An example of such a polymeric material with a polar material substantially dispersed within the polymeric material is, for example, the EXH 585 adhesive product as sold by FLEXcon Company, Inc. of Spencer, Mass. This adhesive exhibits resistance values of about 200,000 Ohms. By comparison, hydrogels exhibit resistance values of less than 3,000 Ohms (for an individual electrode pair) as required by the American National Standards Institute and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (ANSI/AAMI) in accordance with standard EC12 for disposable ECG electrodes. Conventional hydrogels, in fact, must be more conductive than a patient's skin in order to function properly.
Utilizing the selection methods stated within U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0000663 for compatibility, organo-salts may be provided within the continuous polymeric medium. Non-tacky variants may also be formulated to have the same capacitive coupling, and thus signal responsive characteristics, as thermally activated adhesive systems. Non-pressure sensitive adhesive (non-PSA) variants may have desirable characteristics in some sensing applications, where the adhesion properties may not be needed or be desirable, such as, for example, a sensor array where the test subject is placed on top of the array and there is little to no movement of the test subject during the test.
To determine the impedance of a conventional hydrogel and for a sample of the above mentioned EXH 585 product, an HP 33120A Waveform Generator (as sold by Hewlett Packard Company of Palo Alto, Calif.), creating a 10 Hz sinusoidal waveform signal was used. This signal was then passed through a test sample meeting the ANSI/AAMI EC-12 specification, adhesive to adhesive configuration for tab electrodes. The response signal was received by a BK Precision 100 MHz Oscilloscope model 2190 as sold by B&K Precision Corporation of Yorba Linda, Calif. The resulting waveform display was compared to those produced from tests of various known resistances until an equivalent matching waveform was obtained. The known resistance value that produced the waveform exhibiting the best match to the test sample was then taken as the equivalent matching resistance value for that test sample.
The present invention provides that a contiguous high impedance signal receptive material (SRM) may be used that has many signal detection sites, and further that a high impedance connection system may be employed. Again, some advantages of such a system include ease of application to the patient, better total adhesion to the patient due to greater total bonding area, significantly less a chance of any single electrode coming loose, and the opportunity for using multiple site positions, whether or not in a defined combination, to yield a more accurate profile of, for example, the electrical activity of a patient's heart.
Another advantage in using high impedance SRM that does not use an ionic conductive mechanism to conduct biomedical signals is that it allows a lower cost conductive structure to be used for signal transmission. The need for a silver/silver chloride contact electrode is avoided and lower cost contacts such as vacuum deposited aluminum or a conductive carbon coating, or for that matter most conductive contact materials would be fully functional for use with the SRM.
When the biomedical signal 30 rises in amplitude, polar material 32 dispersed within a polymer 34 that is between the biomedical signal at the surface of the subject and a high impedance electrode 38 becomes aligned with the biomedical signal, while polar material 36 that is not immediately adjacent to the biomedical signal and the high impedance electrode 38 does not become aligned. In particular, when the polar material 32 becomes aligned as shown in
As shown in
In this way, a representative output signal is generated that is representative of the original biomedical signal at a specific site. The representative output signal is generated responsive to changes in the dielectric properties of the composite material (the SRM), and the dielectric properties are changed responsive to the presence of a time varying signal from within the subject. Because the SRM is not conductive, but is instead a dielectric, multiple sensor conductors may be placed near each other on a continuous SRM. The SRM, therefore, exhibits dielectric dispersion in a subset area of the SRM rather than over the entire SRM responsive to a signal that is local to the subset area.
While
The choice of the SRM, such as discussed above or any other similar SRM is based on two fundamental properties: 1) High impedance, such as for example, impedance greater than 200,000 Ohms measured as per American National Standard for Pregelled ECG Disposable Electrodes (ANSI/AAMI EC12); and 2) That the mechanism of signal transfer is not a function of ionic conductivity. This enables having, for example, a single SRM layer and multiple sensing pads leading to multiple conductive pathways, without having the signals interfere with one another. Capacitive coupling needs a conductive layer (other than a patient's body for example) to complete a capacitive structure, thus allowing for the option of having the SRM layer continuously extending across more than one sensing pad. This is not possible with low impedance, ionically conductive hydrogels.
For thin high impedance conductive coatings, such as printed lead wires or printed high impedance electrodes, surface resistivity characterizes the impedance. As discussed above, the surface resistivity of materials is reported in units of Ω/square area. The square is a dimensionless unit representing an area equal to the square of the width of the thin coating (W2). Typically those skilled in the art normalize this value to a coating with a thickness of 1 mil (0.001 inches), resulting in unit of Ω/sq-mil (Ohms per square per mil). Knowledge of a material's surface resistivity allows the calculation of the resistance for a given thin deposit of that material. For example:
The use of the high impedance SRM in the area of biomedical monitoring has several advantages. First, the high impedance electrode may be composed of lower cost materials rather than materials including costly silver/silver chloride. Further the use of non-metallic higher impedance conductors, to form the high impedance output contacts leading to the ECG monitor, would be acceptable. High impedance materials such as, but not limited to, a conductive carbon coating product from FLEXcon such as their EXV-216, or intrinsically conductive polymers such as the CLEVIOS family of products sold by H.C. Stark GmbH of Germany, or carbon nanotube dispersions such as Super IIiPCO nanotubes available from Carbon Nanotechnologies, Incorporated of Houston, Tex., could be substituted for the silver/silver chloride electrode of the prior art. Both the high impedance electrodes and the high impedance output contacts may be printed on a common supporting substrate. Further cost savings may be obtained from the ease of manufacturing as well as reduced thickness of the SRM.
Because multiple high impedance electrodes may be placed on a continuous SRM, registration to a specific electrode is not as critical as is the case with an ionically conductive hydrogel, which may reduce manufacturing costs. Also, the thickness of an SRM which operates through capacitive coupling may be less than that of an ionic electrolyte (e.g., hydrogel), which is often 300-625 microns thick. This extra hydrogel mass helps ensure a gap free skin contact, as well the ability to pick up the signals from the heart. In contrast, the intrinsic adhesion of the capacitively coupled SRM is more a function of the polymer base chosen. Thus adhesion may be better tailored to the needs of the application and the signal pickup is not a function of adhesive mass. The thickness of the SRM may, therefore, be for example between about 5 microns and about 200 microns. This provides, that the resulting biomedical sensor device (including a high impedance conductor, a dielectric material and an optional support material) may have a total thickness of less than about 250 microns, which is less than the thickness of a conventional hydrogel alone.
In fact there are advantages with respect to improved defibrillation overload recovery performance when using a thinner layer of the SRM (preferably 25-100 microns), consistent with maintaining adequate contact to the patient's skin. Thinner layers of the SRM would, of course, have cost advantages. These advantages would still be maintained even over a wider bonding area. The cost reduction motive has lead to the use of less and less contact area to save on the hydrogel and the silver/silver chloride cost. Using a capacitively coupled SRM, at a thinner, 5-200 microns deposition, even over a greater surface area, would still maintain a significant material and manufacturing cost advantage. Beside the economic advantage of using a low deposition of the signal receptive material, using a thinner signal receptive material provides for a greater anisotropic effect.
This cost advantage would be maintained even if the area of the SRM is greater than the area of the high impedance electrode. As shown in
As shown in
Further the devices of
An additional advantage of certain devices of the invention is that application of an array of electrodes on a continuous membrane to a patient, such as shown in
Also, since such a system operates by capacitive coupling, the signal transmitted possesses low current characteristics, permitting the system to possibly be more desirable in electrical shunting conditions such as a defibrillation event. The high impedance electrode as well as the trace impedances may also serve to shield the patient and the medical personnel from excess current exposure.
Additionally, the possibility of multi-sensing electrodes (as shown in
Also, the ability to use higher impedance electrodes also provides that lower total metallic content may be employed, including the output leads to the ECG monitor and of the total electrode (plus SRM), lessening the requirement that the electrodes would have to be removed prior to other diagnostic tests such as X-ray, computer-aided tomography scans (CAT scans) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses. Also, using non-metallic high impedance electrodes and output leads avoids many disposal problems concerning metals and metal salts.
An example of a sensor system of the invention that includes non-silver and silver chloride may be provided as follows. An ECG sensing electrode was constructed with the EXH-585 SRM material from the FLEXcon Company, Inc. of Spencer Mass. This adhesive operates via a non-ionic, capacitive coupling mechanism. The adhesive thickness was 25 microns, and applied to a 25 micron polyester film coated, on one side, with a conductive carbon coating (EXV-216 product from the FLEXcon Company) to a deposition of 25 microns, with an area of the conductively coated polyester not covered with the EXH-585 to allow an electrical contact to be made. The other end of the contact was to a GE Medical Systems model MAC 1200 ECG monitor. Three such pads were constructed and placed on a test subject, and an ECG reading was taken.
The same subject was retested with Kendall Q-Trace electrodes from Tyco Healthcare Retail Services AG Corporation of Switzerland using an ionically conductive hydrogel system on a polyester film with a silver/silver chloride coating over a conductive carbon coating, to receive the signal picked up by the hydrogel. The sensor outputs are provided to the ECG monitor, and signals from the I, II, and III leads, as well as signals from the AVR, AVL and AVF leads are shown at 90, 92, 94, 96, 98 and 99 respectively in
As discussed above, another benefit of systems of the invention is the ability of the adhesive to cover in a continuous fashion two or more sensing electrodes. The SRM is not discreet with respect to a single electrode, but instead spans across, in the X, Y plane, several electrodes and still permits a strong, unique signal to be passed through the electrodes in the Z dimension. A series of tests were run to measure this effect.
A test fixture of electrodes was provided as shown in
Separate signals were applied at source connections 2S (to electrode 102) and 3S (to electrode 104). Test samples were placed in direct physical contact with both the source and monitor connections so that the source signals could transmit through the test samples and be received at monitoring connections 2M (electrode 122) and 3M (electrode 124). The electrode pairs (100, 120), (102, 122), (104, 124), (106, 126) and (108, 128) comprised five electrode pairs that are designed to be placed at certain conventional locations on a human subject for measuring signals from a patient's heart. The sensor outputs are provided to an ECG monitor, and the monitor may provide a composite heart signal, and/or may provide discrete signals representing certain portions of a composite signal, including for example, the traditionally used ECG signals from the I, II, and III leads and from the AVR, AVL and AVF leads.
Five tests were conducted as follows. Test 1 provided a control in that the first and second sets of electrodes were on contact with one another. Test 2 provided a second control that employed a conventional hydrogel material located between the electrodes such that neighboring electrodes (e.g., 100 and 102) were provided with discrete regions of hydrogel. Test 3 provided a third control that employed an SRM as disclosed above that was located between the electrode pairs but was not common to more than one source or monitor electrode. Test 4 employed a large area of an SRM as discussed above that spanned across all electrode pairs. For example, the SRM between electrodes 102 and 122 was also between electrodes 104 and 124 in a continuous film. Test 5 employed a conventional hydrogel that spanned across all electrode pairs.
As may be seen in
This demonstrated another huge advantage of the SRM, with high internal impedance. Thus a multi-sensor composite, such as discussed above may be constructed with each sensor electrode covered by a continuous layer of an SRM without loss of point signal fidelity. Such a device would have numerous uses in medical and non-medical monitoring and/or diagnostic applications.
As shown in
Additional resistance provided by the connecting electronics may be significantly higher than conventionally employed. For example, a lead 204 extending from the conductor 202 (including an optional further lead extension 206 coupled thereto) extending from the conductor 202 may be formed of a low cost high resistance material such as aluminum, silver (very thin), silver chloride (very thin), tin, copper, or a conductive carbon coating such as discussed above.
A flexible high impedance signal transport conductor 208 coupled thereto and to a monitor system 210 may be formed of a high resistance material such as conductive carbon, and may have a resistance of between about 0.012 Ω/sq-mil and about 106 Ω/sq-mil (and preferably between about 0.1 Ω/sq-mil and about 20 Ω/sq-mil). Such a cable may provide improved flexibility due to the relaxation of a need to have the cable be highly conductive.
The high impedance electrode 202 is a signal receptive patch that may consist of an Ag/AgCl, Cu, Sn, conductive carbon coating, or a signal conductor material with similar signal conducting properties. Leads 204 and 206 may consist of high impedance signal conducting traces that may consist of conductive carbon, conductive graphite, or a similar high impedance signal conductor. The resistance R5 represents the wire transmitter that transmits the signal to the cardiac output ECG machine.
The input impedance of the monitor affects signal transmission because of the functional characteristics of a voltage divider. In signal transmission, a signal's amplitude is divided among many series resistance elements proportionately. The input impedance of the ECG machine is still several magnitudes larger than the combined series impedance of elements R1-R5 in
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous modifications and variations nay be made to the above disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/081,843 filed Jul. 18, 2008, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety.
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